Why do you need table setting? Proper table setting: instructions for use

Evgeniy Sedov

When hands grow out the right place, life is more fun :)

Content

The ancient art of decorating a ceremonial feast, arranging dishes for a dinner party or family celebration, the ability to set it beautifully and serve it festively is called table setting. It is based on a set of well-established rules and customs, including the order of laying out cutlery and serving dishes, recommendations for the choice of decorations, and stylish decorative elements to create an elegant appearance. How to decorate a table for guests or husband?

What is table setting

The correct arrangement of plates, salad bowls and dishes, as well as the layout of cutlery, napkins and other small items necessary during a meal - all this is serving. This also includes the choice of tablecloths, napkins and other decorative elements. There are three types of serving: preliminary, banquet and “Bistro”. How they differ and what are the features of the procedure - all this is interesting to know not only for restaurant regulars, but also for ordinary housewives, because then their celebrations will be decorated in an interesting way.

Types of serving

The first type is the simplest. A set table with it involves a partial arrangement of dishes and cutlery for serving the dishes that come first on the menu. In this case, in the process of changing dishes, the entire set of dishes is replaced. Pre-service includes:

• table-knife;
• fork;
• teaspoon;
• pie plate;
• objects placed in the center (flowers, candlestick, porcelain figurines);
• red wine glass;
• wine glass;
• salt shaker, pepper shaker;
• a fabric napkin without a pattern.

Banquet service represents a one-time arrangement of plates, cutlery and decorative elements. Devices used in this type of serving:

• snack utensils (knife, fork);
• soup spoon;
• pepper shaker;
• bread plate;
• fish utensils;
• a plate for pies or other pastries;
• dessert spoon;
• soup plate;
• butter knife;
• saucer (oval or round);
• glassware;
• fabric or silk napkins (rectangular or square).

"Bistro" is simple variety arrangements for informal, non-formal occasions, a modern everyday option for lunch or breakfast. It is used in restaurants, hotels, hostels, self-service canteens and kebab shops, establishments that serve their own staff. The devices and their location depend on the specific menu, the style of the establishment, average cost dishes. Cover the tabletop with white cloth tablecloths and serve with paper napkins.

Table setting rules

The decoration of a table, especially a festive one, both in restaurants and cafes, and at home, should be carried out in accordance with generally accepted standards. Proper setting of the holiday table sets the tone for the holiday. If you choose the wrong dishes, you can ruin a gala dinner on the occasion of an event or an important business lunch. According to etiquette, certain napkins and glasses should be used - the choice depends on the type of meal (celebratory, for receiving guests, for a romantic date).

Tablecloth

The overall tone of the event can be set by the tablecloth. For a formal meal, it should be snow-white; for simpler meals, a cream color or color is allowed Ivory. Regardless of the event, the material must be immaculately clean and ironed. The presence of delicate decorative elements is allowed: lace, silk ribbons, perforation. Traditionally, the edges should hang 25-30 cm from the edge of the tabletop. In French and Italian restaurants, the edges are allowed to touch the floor. The material of the tablecloth should be natural: silk or cotton.

Types of plates

There are approximately 35 types of serving plates, but only about 5-6 are commonly used. The rules of etiquette stipulate that plates must be from the same set or, at least, made in the same style. The number and type of plates served depend on what dishes will be served and how many people are participating in the gala dinner. The main plates used in restaurants are:

• soup;
• a plate or bowl for mustard;
• herring fish;
• large and small flat plates;
• meat dishes;
• dessert shallow and deep;
• pie

Cutlery for table setting

To the right of the plate is a soup spoon, immediately behind it on the outer edge there is a fork and a knife for appetizers (meat), the last place is a tea or coffee spoon. Cutlery for the main course is placed immediately next to the plate, and the dessert spoon is located behind the plate. A small butter knife is placed on the pie plate. The devices must be polished using boiling water or special products until they shine. Some restaurants place a special napkin under the cutlery.

Glasses

The classic is two glasses: for wine and champagne. The remaining varieties for alcoholic beverages are agreed upon in advance; if necessary, glassware for strong alcohol (shot glasses, glasses for whiskey, liqueur) is added. Glasses are arranged in this order: for red wine, for white wine, for champagne, and then glassware for strong alcohol in the order in which it is served. In addition, there is a separate glass (wine glass) for drinking water or juice, it is placed on the left.

Napkins

If the problem of budget table decoration arises, then serving napkins will help solve it. Napkins are one of the essential accessories on the formal dinner table. There are two main types for serving - fabric and paper:

• Fabric napkins are larger in size, square, and made of linen fabric. Designed to be placed on your lap or for decoration.
• Paper napkins are used directly during meals, and they should be in the center of the tabletop - so that they are convenient to use. In addition, they must be accessible to every person sitting at the table. Napkins are placed in a napkin holder or in the form of figures as decoration. Paper napkins at official receptions and celebrations should be plain, without patterns.

You can beautifully arrange dishes for lunch or dinner at home. To do this, you need to buy a tablecloth, a set of cutlery and dishes. For home option You don’t have to have everything for serving; you should proceed only from your own needs and food preferences. To set a table for one person you need:

• tablecloth, napkins (paper or fabric);
• deep and flat plates;
• table spoon, tea spoon, dessert spoon and fork;
• table-knife;
• tea pair (jam rosette), wine glass;
• glass for water.

For dinner

Procedure:

• The tablecloth must be spread on the table, a flat plate should be placed, and a deep plate should be placed on top of it.
• To the right and left you need to put cutlery for the main course, followed by snack bars.
• Place a teaspoon or coffee spoon in front of the plate.
• A pair of tea or a wine glass is placed on the top right.
• If desired, you can decorate the table with fabric napkins, flowers in vases or candles.

Dining table

Recommendations on how to properly set a table for lunch for one person are no different from those for setting dinner. With the exception that for dinner the table is not decorated with anything other than napkins or flowers. In addition, instead of a white tablecloth for dinner, you can use special plastic or silicone substrates - they are more practical and can be easily washed off food and spilled drinks.

For guests

During lunch, serving for guests is done in a similar way, only the number of cutlery and plates on the table changes. Decorations are almost never used; the tablecloth can be replaced with decorative stands for hot dishes. If dinner is provided for guests, then light snacks and alcohol (wine, liquor) should be served, and coasters should be replaced with a white tablecloth.

For the holiday

Arranging your own lunch for the holiday is a labor-intensive task, because... At celebrations, many dishes are served and a large number of people are present. For the holiday, the table is decorated with vases of flowers and fruits. At home, you don’t have to follow the rules regarding the arrangement of plates and cutlery, but only use a tablecloth, napkins and make sure that every guest feels comfortable.

Beautiful table setting

Vases with flowers, satin or silk ribbons, porcelain angel figurines, and napkin rings are used as decoration. The following things contribute to creating a festive atmosphere: balloons, streamers, elegant tablecloths. Decorations for serving are selected in accordance with the holiday - a wedding, anniversary or romantic dinner. The main decorative elements are a tablecloth and fabric napkins.

Classical

Traditionally, for a casual lunch or dinner, the tabletop is decorated with flowers or napkin rings. For classic table setting, the main condition is the impeccable cleanliness of the tablecloth, napkins, cutlery, and utensils for spices. To set the table beautifully, but at the same time avoid excessive solemnity, you can choose napkins in bright, saturated colors - this move will help brighten up a boring meal.

Banquet room

Decorating a table for a large banquet is not an easy task. In this case, they try to make all decorative elements in the same style or color. They are selected according to the type of banquet: anniversary, corporate party or other event. More often they use bright napkins, fresh or artificial flowers. First of all, the wishes of people ordering a gala dinner are taken into account.

Wedding

When serving a wedding dinner, the emphasis is on the places for the newlyweds, which are decorated with symbols of love (hearts, roses, posters with wishes, figurines of swans). Places for the newlyweds are marked with separate glasses (decorated or tied with ribbons). The wedding banquet is served with white dishes with a gold or silver border. The tablecloth is only snow-white, symbolizing the purity of the newlyweds’ feelings.

Table setting for two

To create a romantic atmosphere, when serving dinner for two, it is customary to use candles, a basket in which fruits and alcohol (wine or champagne) are beautifully placed. The tablecloth is chosen scarlet or white. The dishes are placed opposite each other, but in such a way that the person sitting opposite can be reached without effort by hand. There is not a lot of dishes and cutlery provided for two people, the emphasis here is on romance.

The main problem when arranging a meal for round table top- a small space, so the meal is served only with the necessary cutlery, deep and flat plates, a knife, fork for the main course, and a glass for wine. The rest is served as needed. A vase with a bouquet of flowers, a dessert or a bottle of wine, decorated with a red or black napkin, is placed in the center.

For a birthday

Table decoration for a birthday involves an emphasis on the solemnity of the event. Serving dishes and choosing the right decorations, including decorating desserts, will help with this. How to set the table beautifully? It all depends on the personality of the birthday person:

1. A children's birthday table can be decorated using various toys, cardboard or paper cartoon characters.
2. A young girl or older woman traditionally uses fresh flowers, original desserts, vases with exotic fruits, napkins, rosettes, and stylish dishes made of multi-colored glass to decorate a formal meal.
3. It is customary for men to decorate a festive lunch or dinner laconically, with the help of beautiful contrasting napkins and tablecloths, with classic cutlery and white dishes.

Serving a festive sweet table

For an event with a lot of sweets or a holiday that only includes desserts, it is not customary to use decorative elements. Multi-tiered plates, pyramids, and special stands for cake pops or muffins are used. It is better if everything is selected in the same color scheme. If you use additional festive decorations, the design will turn out to be pockmarked, overly pretentious and tasteless.

Table setting ideas

To surprise family and guests at celebrations or during regular meals, the following serving options can be offered:

1. Spring. The tabletop is covered with a tablecloth, and fresh flowers and herbs are used as decorations. A linen napkin is placed on the plate, and a flower is placed on top. If desired, you can use a green tablecloth and decorations in the form of insects (chafer bugs, ladybugs). Fresh salad leaves are served at the beginning of the meal.
2. Decoration for tea. Tea pairs are placed on a tablecloth of any color and decorated with bright napkins. You can use spectacular cutouts for cookies and small desserts (marshmallows, sweets, muffins). In the center of the composition is a large teapot, around it are rosettes with jam and honey.
3. Breakfast at the dacha. The tablecloth is either not used at all, or linen in a natural gray color. Used as decoration ceramic tableware, enamel bowls with flowers in water.
4. Hen-party. The tablecloth is used in fresh, bright colors (pink, coral, blue). Dishes are placed in a minimal amount (glasses, wine glasses, champagne or martini glasses), the main area is occupied by desserts, snacks, and drinks. You can decorate the surface with flowers and decorative beads.
5. Children's holiday. They use oilcloth napkins of bright colors, plain or with images of cartoon characters or animals; the entire surface of the tabletop is occupied by sweets: sweets, pastries, fruits, cakes.

Video

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Compliance with table setting etiquette primarily indicates good attitude the owner of the house to the guests. However, recently you can find a properly set table only at various kinds of official events, banquets or buffets. You need to please your loved ones on ordinary days, creating a festive atmosphere with the help of colorful decorations. In this article we will talk about the basic rules of table setting, various directions and interesting ways decoration.

Table etiquette or how to properly set the table

If you are invited to a dinner party for the first time, the number of cutlery and their order can be confusing. A well-organized festive dinner means proper placement of cutlery on the table, adherence to table etiquette and decoration appropriate for the event. To learn how to use cutlery correctly, you need to understand a few points.

Rule No. 1: forks, spoons, knives are placed in the order in which dishes are served (appetizers, soup, meat or fish, fruit, dessert). Each item on the table plays its role.

General rules for table setting suggest the following tableware arrangement patterns:

• a snack plate is placed in front of the guest;
• on the left is a cake plate or paper napkin with additional cutlery;
• on the right are knives and spoons, and on the left are forks;
• Wine glasses and glasses, as well as dessert cutlery, are placed in front of the main plate;
• There is a napkin on the appetizer plate.

Rule No. 2: serving items should be used for their intended purpose. The utensils located on the right side are taken and held while eating in the right hand, and those located on the left - with the left hand.

The question of how to use a knife deserves special attention. It is necessary that the end of the handle rests in the palm of the right hand, the thumb and middle fingers clasp the base of the knife from the side, and the index finger lies on the surface of the handle. This will make it more convenient for you to cut off the desired piece of meat or fish, and you won’t have to blush in front of strangers.

Rule No. 3: table decoration involves the use of all kinds of decorative elements: a white ironed tablecloth, lace napkins, colorful runners and fragrant flowers.

To better understand the principle of table etiquette, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the video material presented below. You will learn a lot of useful things and will forever forget about the problem of improper use of cutlery.

On video: serving and serving rules.

Scheme and sequence

There is no single correct option for setting the table, because each country has different traditions regarding this issue. Much also depends on the menu, the number of dishes and their focus. Do not forget that depending on the time of day, the design of the kitchen or dining room can vary greatly.

It is customary to set the table according to the following order: tablecloth, dishes and cutlery, wine glasses, glasses, glasses, napkins, decor.

Let's start with the tablecloth - it should be perfectly ironed and match the nature of the event. So, for a dinner party, models in neutral shades are suitable, and for Sunday tomorrow with the family, there is nothing better than a bright tablecloth and napkins with unusual drawings. Average length of this product is 25 cm. This figure is far from accidental - an excessively large descent of the tablecloth will look sloppy, and a small one will look awkward.

The smoothed fabric should cover the entire surface, and the corners should fall against the table legs, covering them evenly.

Choose a tablecloth that is the right size

Next comes the arrangement of dishes and cutlery. In a number European countries, and in Russia too, it is customary to first exhibit porcelain and glass plates, saucers, wine glasses and glasses. When setting the table, it is important to consider that all items will change depending on how the dishes are served. That is why it is better to place dishes and cutlery at a distance of 1 cm from each other, starting from the edge of the table.

Selection and placement of tablecloths and runners

Every housewife keeps an elegant white tablecloth in her closet. However, you should not limit yourself to just one model; now in stores there is wide choose products in a variety of sizes, colors and styles. For rectangular tables tablecloths 50 cm longer than the tabletop are suitable, and for round or oval ones - 100 cm wider than the diameter of the table.

Designers insist that the color of the tablecloth be combined with the shade of the curtains and the overall style of the room. The main thing is to iron the fabric well, and the choice of colors depends only on the preferences of the residents of the house. You can choose a traditional beige or white bed, or choose a more custom option.

Another new way to decorate a table is to use plain table runners and placemats. You can see examples of such decoration in the photo below.

Plates placement

First, deep, wooden or salad plates are placed on napkins or special tracks. Not far from them are tea utensils and dishes for desserts. The distance from the edge of the table to the dishes should be about 1.5-2 cm. It is also recommended to place a paper napkin under the appetizer plate so that it does not slide on the tablecloth.

Next in order is the layout of the cutlery. According to the rules of etiquette, they are laid out according to the number of courses and placed with the back side facing the table. On the right are spoons and knives, on the left are forks. In most cases, there is one set of cutlery for each person.

If you want to amaze your guests, you can additionally set the table with bright glasses, glasses, special forks, tea and dessert spoons.

Serving glasses, glasses, wine glasses

The plates are followed by glasses - they are arranged from largest to smallest. The choice of items depends on the guests' preferences regarding certain drinks. These can be glasses for water, glasses for white or red wine, glasses for juice, as well as glasses for strong drinks.

Glasses are located on the right, glasses on the left, forming straight line. It is allowed to arrange dishes and cutlery in two rows if there are a large number of participants in the event.

Before serving glasses on the table, make sure the dishes are clean. All items must be thoroughly washed, wiped with a towel and made sure there are no chips or other defects.

Selecting and serving napkins

Classic table setting involves the use of plain napkins in neutral shades. As with the arrangement of cutlery, there are no clear rules for the placement of napkins. They can be beautifully stacked next to a snack plate (designed for bread, tarts and salads) or placed in a water glass, decorated with decorative rings and ribbons.

If you're setting the table for dinner, simply place napkins on the side of each plate, as shown below.

On video: how to properly set the table.

Table decor (finishing)

An excellent table decor option is a tablecloth made from synthetic material. This solution is suitable for both home gatherings and a festive dinner, the main thing is to choose the right color. It is easy to care for such a tablecloth - it does not wrinkle, does not wear out and retains its original appearance for a long time. As an addition, fabric napkins, plates, and lace runners are used.

To make your living room interior elegant, cozy and unforgettable, place a bouquet of fresh flowers, a bowl of fruit, an antique sugar bowl and crystal glasses on the table.

Cutlery in modern style They are distinguished by a variety of shapes, shades and their unique functional features.

Types of serving

The table decoration may vary depending on the time of day and the nature of the festive dinner. In this case, banquet, buffet, tea and coffee serving are distinguished. However, certain differences exist. Breakfast requires a minimum number of dishes to serve the table, and during dinner there is always a large number of dishes and cutlery on the table.

For breakfast (+ Sunday breakfast)

This is the simplest type of table setting. Snack plates are placed first, then cups, glasses and small saucers. A teaspoon is placed on top of the latter. If your family uses egg cups or butter bowls, don't forget a teaspoon. A deep bowl (for porridge or cereal) is placed on a snack plate.

Sunday breakfast cannot be imagined without tea, which is why there is a coffee pot or teapot in the center.

You can decorate the table with flowers, unusual napkins and various decorative elements. Family Sunday breakfasts are becoming a good tradition in many homes; they bring loved ones closer to each other. The key point in setting the table for breakfast is to create a good mood and comfort during the meal.

Dining

There are several types of table settings for dinner. It all depends on the number of dishes and their nature. Cover the table with a white tablecloth, place one flat and one deep plate (for soup or salad). If there are dishes on the menu that cannot be eaten from shared dishes, add a snack plate. Arrange cutlery according to proper etiquette. Beautifully folded napkins are perfect for table decoration.

A distinctive feature of the table setting for dinner is the installation of a salt shaker and other items for spices and seasonings.

Full evening

You can set the table not only for family members, relatives or friends, but also for unfamiliar guests. Preliminary serving in accordance with all the canons is the key to the success of any dinner party, because everyone should be comfortable and comfortable. The decor of the table creates a special atmosphere that is conducive to intimate conversations, wonderful memories and plans for the future.

For the holiday to be a success, it is necessary to observe following rules table etiquette:

• A perfectly clean, ironed tablecloth. It is advisable that the product be made of thick fabric (this will prevent the dishes from clinking when dropped and protect the surface from spilled liquid).
• To decorate a festive table, it is not acceptable to use dishes and cutlery of different colors. Give preference to monochromatic options from one set. All decorative elements (vases, coasters, napkin rings) should be sparkling clean, the same goes for dishes.
• It is prohibited to serve corked bottles of champagne or wine. All alcoholic drinks are served in open bottles and then poured into wine glasses. One cloth napkin is placed next to the glasses.

Banquet room

Banquet service is not much different from full evening service, but there are some peculiarities of this type registration So, shallow plates are placed at a distance of 1 cm from each other, starting from the center, first on one side, then on the other. They should be clearly opposite one another. Snack and pie saucers are placed on these plates. Next stage– placement of cutlery at a distance of 0.5 cm from a shallow plate.

A distinctive feature of the banquet is the decoration of the table with special personalized cards, which indicate personal information event participant. They are located to the left of the wine glasses.

Buffet room

Buffet table setting is becoming increasingly popular; it is used at private parties, official events and during informal communication between business partners. There are two options: one-sided and two-sided serving. Each has its own distinctive features. In the first case, the table is decorated only on one side and is placed near the wall. The second one is usually used at corporate events, weddings and anniversaries.

Serving is done on both sides in accordance with a special scheme. The main thing is that you can take the dish without making much effort (that’s why the table occupies the entire central part of the room).

When serving a buffet, it is especially important to maintain equal intervals between cutlery and other items. They begin to set the table by arranging glass and crystal glassware, after which vases with flowers and bottles of alcoholic beverages are placed in the center of the table.

The labels on the bottles should be facing the same direction. IN certain situations(when there are many guests) a separate table is allocated for drinks and snacks.

Coffee shop

The nature and basic provisions of coffee etiquette directly depend on the drinks chosen. It can be Turkish coffee, classic coffee, Italian expresso. Stronger drinks prepared on the stove are served in porcelain cups from one set. A geyser coffee maker can help you create the perfect coffee drink - this is an ancient secret of the peoples of the East.

When pouring coffee, make sure that the cups are only two-thirds full (this allows guests to add a little milk or cream).

Coffee table setting includes three elements - a saucer, a cup and a teaspoon. Additional items include a dessert plate that can hold cakes, and cutlery for fruit or sweets. The arrangement of dishes should begin with desserts. When all the guests have arrived, you can start preparing drinks.

Teahouse

If each guest is assigned a certain place at the table, then the basis for serving is the principle that a cup and saucer with the necessary list of cutlery and a small plate for desserts are placed in front of each participant in the tea party. The main dish is located in the center of the table. This could be a bowl of pastries, a cake, an apple pie, a bowl of fruit.

Particular attention is paid to the decor; all elements must be evenly spaced around the perimeter of the table. It is customary to leave the teapot and the kettle with boiling water on the edge. In the case of a samovar, it is placed clearly in the center.

When inviting friends for tea, make sure that you have enough tea sets (it is better if there are 1-2 more than the expected guests).

In conclusion, it is worth adding that table setting is, first of all, an individual design of the surrounding space. Don't limit yourself to just one arrangement of objects; show your imagination and decorate the table with incredible decor and fresh flowers. Informal creativity and compliance classical rules table etiquette is the key to a successful holiday dinner, Sunday morning and friendly gatherings with friends over a cup of aromatic coffee.

10 etiquette secrets from aristocrats (1 video)

Table setting

Background

Table setting. This is a very difficult task. Once upon a time it served as a sign of coming from a difficult family. A symbol of a beautiful life, which gradually spread to ordinary houses. In some places it is still one of the important qualities of a hospitable and decent home. And who would refuse a beautifully decorated banquet? Thus, table setting is quite a necessary thing if you want to impress your guests.

What was it like in the Middle Ages? Especially in the early Middle Ages? In fact, they didn’t know about table setting back then. Yes, they ate in a certain order, drank wine, lit candles and fireplaces. But how far the medieval feast was from the modern holiday is impossible to describe. We ate with our hands. They drank from rough goblets. If there were dishes, as a rule? it was made of clay or wood and rather rough. And then they ate from the recesses in the table. In addition, a major feast usually ended in a major drinking session. We slept side by side. The sewage could have just been poured nearby. Although this would be too much for the Middle Ages. In short, at the beginning of the Middle Ages little was known about customary manners. It was the wrong time and the wrong morals. And life is not so simple, but much more saturated with dangers. And in drunken fights at the table, they tried to avoid killings, otherwise all the feasters could be brought to justice. But, if there were more than seven guests, then it was possible to avoid responsibility, as this would border on the loss of noble persons, who often die in battles and tournaments, in duels and in confrontation with robbers. Not out of nobility, but in the Middle Ages there were enough people who preferred illegal and very bloody fishing.

Medieval decoration was ascetic. Dresses are much simpler. Even the ladies were far from the image of Madame Pompadour, for a completely objective reason - etiquette was just being formed at that time, and old traditions were partly being revived. Charles, nicknamed the Great, turned the feast into a ritual. He decided to revive the ancient traditions of the Romans and Greeks. During meals, he preferred to either listen to music or invite readers to read aloud. At the table there were servants, a manager and a steward. The hall was decorated. Carpets, candles, animal skins, simple furniture such as tables, benches - everything was ready for the holiday on demand. Spoons were not particularly popular, so they ate meat from knives and gold utensils. We drank wine. Dancers, singers, jesters entertained the guests. The owner himself usually did not skimp on gifts.

Since the 11th century, the presence of women as guests at a feast became acceptable, which contributed to a more civilized behavior of the guests. They began to use one dish and cup for two. The rule of not rushing in eating and drinking was added to etiquette. Do not wipe oily hands and cutlery on party clothes. It was possible, however, to absolutely freely use the edge of the tablecloth as a napkin. A salt shaker was added to the festive table. However, it was more often a rather guarded object. It was believed that poison could be added to salt, so the salt shaker was rarely used. In the 16th century, Europeans began to use knives and spoons. Later a fork was added, which was borrowed from the Venetians. The Venetians used a fork for eating, since the fruits were juicy, they should not stain their clothes - so they invented the fork for this purpose. But the conversation about the fork was not over. In France it was considered a normal five-fingered fork, quite short for that time. The clergy advocated for the restoration of the feasts of the past. Tablecloths and napkins firmly entered into everyday life, becoming commonplace for large feasts of the nobility. Gradually moving to small feudal lords. Yes, and to the people. Tureens and dishes made of silver and tin appeared. Porcelain was still expensive. It was supplied from China. Noble people could afford a lot. But porcelain was very expensive even for them. Therefore, the assumption arose that it would be nice to produce porcelain directly in Europe. Duke Ehrenfried Walter succeeded in this with his assistant Joachim Friedrich in 1707. Red clay and kaolin were used. Thus, the long-awaited invention of porcelain reached Europe.
1710 A porcelain manufactory arose in Meissen. But it was not possible to maintain the monopoly for long. The method of making porcelain is no longer a secret.
In 1781, England began to mass produce porcelain products. Coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate - all this gave rise to special utensils for consumption.
In the 19th century. In Germany and Austria there is special style Biedermeier More precisely, it dates from 1818-1848. The round table is like the center of the salon. It is customary to decorate the table with a vase of flowers. Green decorations from ferns to palms take their place as part of the table setting.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the culture of feasts improved, lunch became shorter, and table speeches became fashionable. A variety of cutlery has been introduced. Table etiquette itself is becoming more diverse. Many cutlery is based on materials such as nickel, bronze, silver and gold - however, nickel silver and cupronickel remain. The napkins are folded in a certain way for greater aesthetics.
1855 Gas lighting appeared in America. Already in 1860, kerosene lamps occupied their niche. A little later they are replaced by incandescent lamps.
The current century combines the rationalization of work and time. After World War II, food and food culture are not Europeanized, but Americanized to a greater extent. Many rituals are abolished and simplified. Instead of a round table there is a buffet table. All kinds of fast foods have firmly occupied their niche. For better or worse, simplifying food has not always been a qualitative success. The quantity was increasing. However, to this day there are connoisseurs and representatives of high society who prefer the old traditions in table setting. It's your choice what to use.

A few tips on setting the table and serving dishes correctly

1. The festive table must be covered with a cloth tablecloth, but if this is an ordinary family meal, then you can use oilcloth and small napkins (including paper ones).

2. Plates should be placed at a distance of 2 cm from the edge of the table.

3. Place the cutlery on the right side of the plates in such an order that the one that will be used first is the one on the far right. For those placed on the left, the leftmost one should be first.

4. The knife should be placed with the blade towards the plate, and the fork and spoon with the concave side up.

5. Place a glass for drinks in front of the knife edge, and a salad bowl to the left of the plate.

6. Place the folded napkin to the left of the plate or on the plate.

7. Salt shakers should be located close to each appliance, so it is recommended to place them on big table several small salt shakers.

8. The table can be decorated with low bouquets in small vases (the flowers should be alive and not crumbling).

9. When food is served, the dish is brought from the left side, holding it with the left hand, and the used dishes are collected from the right side (you cannot place the plates one on top of the other directly with the cutlery placed on them - then everything on the tray can crumble).

10. Drinks are poured from the right side, holding the bottle or jug right hand, into a glass standing on the table.

11. The soup is served in a soup bowl with a spoon, which is used to pour it, and the broth is served in special cups and eaten with a dessert spoon (average in size between a soup spoon and a tea spoon)

12. The hot appetizer is served on the dish in which it was prepared.

13. The meat is served cut into beautiful slices with a simply decorated side dish, salad or vegetables.

14. Fish, if it is not portioned, is served on a platter with a fork and spoon or spatula.

15. The butter is served on a dessert plate and small knife to it, and to the sliced ​​cheese - a knife and spatula.

16. Bread is served on the table in slices in a basket with a napkin placed under it.
A set table should evoke appetite, not only at the beginning, but throughout the entire meal. Therefore, you need to make sure that the table is in order at all times, that empty dishes, dirty plates and cutlery are removed on time. You should also remove anything that is not needed for the next dish, such as the salt shaker before dessert.

WITH table setting for tea or coffee

When setting such a table, they use a coffee or tea set. For each guest, plates are placed under the pastry or cake a few centimeters from the edge of the table. On the right side, at a slight angle from the plate, a cup (handle on the right, parallel to the edge of the table) with a saucer is placed. The teaspoon is placed on the saucer behind the cup with the handle facing to the right. The cake fork or spoon should be to the right of the plate. If sandwiches, snack cakes, and savory pies are served during a coffee feast, then a dessert plate is placed for each guest, a fork for snacks is placed to the left of it, a fork for the cake is placed to the right, and a knife for snacks is placed behind it. Very often “evening tea” replaces light dinner. Then you can not just serve tea in cups, but place a samovar or kettle next to the hostess, and she will pour the tea herself. Vases with jam and sweets are placed in the center of the table, next to them are rusks with cookies, plates with thinly sliced ​​lemon, carafes of juice, liqueurs, cream, and milk. You can serve dessert wine, cold meat, ham, etc.

WITH
Setting for an informal dinner with friends

First, set out a dinner plate on which you can put a napkin. On the left are a dinner fork and a salad fork, on the right are a dinner knife, a teaspoon and a soup spoon, in front of them are a wine glass and a water glass.

Serving for a formal dinner, for large quantity guests

ABOUT
Focusing on the center of the table, we place the central, first plate, on the right and left sides of which we will place the remaining items. Stepping back from the edge of the table 2-3 cm, place the dinner plates, then the snack plates on them. The distance between the plates of people sitting next to them should be 70-80 cm. To the left of the plate, place 2 forks - a large dinner fork and a smaller salad fork, with the horns facing up. There is a napkin behind the forks. The napkin can be on the right side, if there is no space on the left, the napkins can be placed in a fan, cap, or triangle on the salad plate. To the right of the plates are located: a dinner knife with the tip inward, the next one is a teaspoon, and the next one is a soup spoon. Next to the right is a cup and saucer (usually they are not placed on the table until dessert is announced). Glasses are placed higher on the right - at the very top for water, then for red wine, the last one for white. We place a cake fork and a dessert spoon in front of the plate, and a plate and a bread knife to the left in front of the forks and napkin. And before the whole set there is a card with the name of the guest.

Napkins

Napkins for table setting

A napkin (French “serviette”) is a handkerchief or soft piece of paper intended for wiping lips and hands during and after meals. The ancient Romans used it at the table. Nowadays, both paper and linen napkins are widely used.

D
To set a festive table, as a rule, linen napkins of the same color as the tablecloth are used. They should be well ironed and slightly starched. In order for napkins to look beautiful on the table, you need to learn how to fold them correctly and beautifully.

The simplest ways to fold napkins: in a triangle (Fig. 1, A), envelope (Fig. 1, b), rocket (Fig. 1, V), cone (Fig. 1, d), pipe (Fig. 1, e), pocket (Fig. 1, e).

Rice. 1. Methods for folding napkins

P
Let's get acquainted with a more complex method of folding napkins for the holiday table. Fold the napkin in half; the resulting half is folded again to form a square, which is then folded diagonally to form a triangle. Then fold its left and right corners and secure it as shown in Figure 2, A.

Rice. 2. Folding napkins for the holiday table

To diversify this method somewhat, bend the half obtained by folding the triangle forward, the left and right corners inward (Fig. 2, b).

A linen napkin can be shaped into a candle. First, it is folded into a square, which is then bent obliquely, then bent from the edge about 5 cm, rolled into a tube and its edges are secured (Fig. 2, c).

To liven up the table, you can put a fresh flower or a sprig of spruce or pine on each napkin.

For the everyday table, instead of fabric napkins, paper napkins are used, which are more economical. They can also be folded into a variety of fancy shapes.

Here, for example, is how to make a “peacock tail”. Two different sizes The napkins must be placed one on top of the other, folded into an “accordion” shape, bent in half and placed in a glass (Fig. 2, d).

You can make a “double candle” using two different sizes and colors of paper napkins. The napkins are placed one on top of the other, folded so that the small one is on the outside, and rolled (Fig. 2, d).

There are other more complex ways folding napkins. Paper napkins can be given different shape and patterns. To do this, fold it 4-5 times and cut out the edges with scissors, then make punctures in the form of patterns with an awl. The napkin will look much more beautiful.

Students should also be taught how to correctly and beautifully place napkins on the table. A folded napkin is placed near the device, you can put it on a pie plate. Napkins look beautiful when inserted in a cone into tall glasses, glasses, or placed in wicker, knitted, wooden, or metal rings.

Paper napkins are also used for serving baked goods. Pans with various portioned dishes (omelet, scrambled eggs) are also placed on them.

The sight of a beautifully and neatly set table arouses appetite, promotes better secretion of gastric juice and digestibility of food.

LANGUAGE OF CUTLERY

A well-mannered lady will never pick her teeth with a fork or put food into her mouth with a knife. Because he knows: with the help of cutlery, you can either eat culturally... or communicate with the waiter in the language of cutlery that he understands.

1. If you want to take a break from eating, place the knife and fork on the plate crosswise: the tines of the fork are facing down, the knife lies under the fork. This way the waiter will understand that it is too early to clear your plate. The position when the knife and fork lie on the edges of the plate has the same meaning; fork - tines down.

2. In the orderly rows of “piece of iron” canteens, as it turned out, there are individual owners: seafood cutlery, soup spoons, tea spoons and coffee spoons are invariably salted. As you can see in the picture, there are pairs of utensils for the second main hot course, snack bars and fish forks and knives, as well as a fork and spoon for spaghetti. Snail tweezers and a snail fork can also work together, but instead of a special thin one, a regular small snack fork can be used.

H. If you don’t like the dish and you want your plate to be removed, place the device crosswise. In this case, the fork should lie with its teeth up, and the knife should be on it.

4. You really liked the dish and would like to try another portion - then place the knife and fork crosswise: the tines of the fork are facing up, and the knife lies under the fork.

5. You can signal the end of the meal to the staff by placing the fork and knife parallel to each other so that their handles, like the hands of a round clock, point to “half past six.”

And the art of table setting has a thousand-year history. Each era had its own feast culture. In addition, at different nations there were their own ways of decorating the table and serving dishes, corresponding to national culture and traditions. And today there are quite a lot of types of table settings, so let’s try to understand only the basic rules of table setting according to etiquette and its design.

The main elements of table setting are: tablecloth, dishes, cutlery, napkins and various decor. In order for all these items to be placed correctly on the table, you need to adhere to some rules, as well as a certain sequence of actions.

On the eve of the feast, decide on the number and type of dishes, napkins, cutlery, etc. - this will depend on the number and type of dishes, the number of guests, and the reason for the feast.

We set the table according to etiquette

Tablecloth

It is chosen depending on the type of feast, color range dishes, the interior of the room - it should be in harmony with the curtains and upholstery. Usually preference is given to light shades. A snow-white tablecloth looks especially elegant.

However, tablecloths can also be colored - plain or with a pattern around the edge. But keep in mind that tablecloths that are too colorful and bright will tire the eye and distract from the dishes on the table. If you are using a dark tablecloth, match it with light-colored dishes.

According to the rules of etiquette, the tablecloth should be of such a size as to cover the legs of the table (rectangular or square), and its ends should hang evenly by 25–30 cm on all sides, but not fall below the level of the seats.

Spread the tablecloth on the table as follows: open it, then take it from one side by the ends, lift it, shake it and sharply lower it down. At the same time, a layer of air is formed between the table and the canvas - it facilitates further leveling of the tablecloth. Never stretch the canvas or pull it at the corners!

• If the table is polished, place an oilcloth under the tablecloth.
• Give preference to fabric tablecloths, especially from natural materials– they will create a truly homely or festive atmosphere.
• Whatever tablecloth you choose, remember the main rule - it must be perfectly clean and ironed.

Cutlery and crockery

After the tablecloth is covered, begin laying out the plates and cutlery.

Dishes

Consider the etiquette of arranging plates:

• Snack plate - should be located opposite each chair and at a distance of approximately 2 cm from the edge of the table.
• A bread or pie plate is placed to the left of the snack plate at a distance of 5–15 cm.
• If several dishes are provided, a dining plate should be placed under the appetizer plate.

During the feast, when changing dishes, plates are replaced in a timely manner.

Cutlery

Place the tablespoon and knife on the right, and the fork on the left. The dessert spoon is located behind the plate - with the handle facing to the right.

According to the rules of etiquette, they first begin to use cutlery from the outer edge, replacing them with cutlery towards the plate as the dishes change.

Try to maintain the distance between the cutlery and the plate, as well as between neighboring devices– it should be 0.5–1.0 cm.

Drinkware

Glasses, glasses, wine glasses are designed for only one type of drink. The wine glass is located on the right, and the water glass on the left. Usually they are displayed along one line, but always no more than three items. In case of full serving, drinkware is placed in two rows.

Adviсe:

Before serving, be sure to thoroughly wash and wipe all cutlery - there should be no smudges or stains on them. Buff them to a shine using stiff cotton towels or multiple layers of paper towels.

Napkins

They play an important role in table setting. There are a lot of options for folding napkins - this is a real art that you can talk about a lot. Let's focus only on the basic rules.

• The material of the napkins is chosen depending on the type of feast.
• For a festive table, fabric napkins (cotton or linen) are more suitable; sometimes they can be replaced with paper ones - in this case they are placed under the right edge of the plate.
• The color of the napkins can be any - to match the tablecloth, candles or flower arrangements on the table, although contrasting colors are also allowed.

Cutlery with spices

They are placed at the final stage of serving. Typically, these devices are installed on special stands in the central part of the table. There must be salt and pepper on the table, and also, in accordance with the menu, mustard, vinegar, vegetable oil and other seasonings.

Decor elements

Choice decorative ornaments depends, first of all, on the occasion of the feast: a business meeting, wedding, anniversary or birthday, new year holidays and so on. And also from the style in which the apartment is made. For example, red napkins with turquoise color(you can read about this beautiful shade.)

For a dinner party, it is better to stick to a neutral decorating style, but if close people or friends come to visit you, the decorating style can be more free.

Figurines of the bride and groom, doves, as well as items in the form of wedding rings or hearts are suitable for the wedding table.

For a birthday, create bright accents with the help of decor, and if it’s a children’s name day, use images of your favorite cartoon characters.

Compositions made from pine branches, Christmas tree decorations, tinsel, candles, etc., as well as New Year-themed figurines and souvenirs, will look beautiful on the New Year's table.

The decoration of any table, regardless of the type of feast, will be flowers - bouquets or compositions of fresh flowers, as well as floral arrangements of dried flowers. However, when using them as decoration, pay attention to some points:

• make sure that none of the guests are allergic to flowers;
• do not choose plants with a strong aroma, it will mix with the smell of the dishes or interrupt it;
• Place a vase of flowers at some distance from cutlery and dishes so that pollen or petals do not accidentally fall onto the guests’ plate.

Adviсe:

All decorative elements should be combined not only with each other, but also with the overall interior.

Do not choose decorative elements that are too tall - they should not interfere with guests seeing each other and communicating freely.

Don't use too much decor - remember that everything needs moderation.

The festive table should not only be abundant delicious dishes and delicacies. Try to decorate it in an original and correct way, because a beautifully set table is an indicator of your hospitality and good taste.

Every self-respecting housewife should know the basic rules of table setting etiquette. This is the art of arranging cutlery beautifully in accordance with the rules of good manners. Table setting has a rich history: each era had its own rules for table decoration, which changed over time. Of course, there are many subtleties and nuances, but it is not at all necessary to apply them all. Enough to know basic rules table setting.

General rules for table setting

A table set according to the rules of etiquette is always pleasing to the eye and is a pleasant place to spend time having a leisurely conversation. The basic serving rules are quite simple.

• All cutlery must be perfectly clean. To achieve sparkling cleanliness, you need to wipe them with a damp, warm towel. Then wipe dry thoroughly.
• Make sure that there are no smudges on the cutlery or utensils.
• An important component of serving is the tablecloth. It must be perfectly ironed. You need to cover the table with it so that the edges lightly cover its legs. They should hang down by about 25-30 cm. There is no need to additionally cover the tablecloth with oilcloth, because this is not accepted by the rules of good manners.
• The number of cutlery depends on the number of dishes that will be served at the table.
• Appliances should be arranged the same way for each guest.

By following these basic rules, your table will always be decorated in accordance with etiquette.

Tablecloth on the table

• A classic and win-win option is snow-white tablecloth . She always looks elegant and solemn.
• However, there is no need to be afraid to experiment. It should be selected depending on the general color palette cutlery, interior and type of feast. But one thing Golden Rule yes: the tablecloth should be combined with curtains and upholstery.
• Usually preference is given to light shades. But they can also be colored, plain or with a pattern. But the pattern should be located along the edge, because excessive variegation can distract the attention of guests. If you prefer a dark-colored tablecloth, then the cutlery should be a light shade.
• Nowadays there is a large selection of tablecloth shapes and materials, but usually choose it in a rectangular or triangular shape. It is best to choose one made from fabric, especially from natural materials - it will add even more comfort to the feast. The size should be such that its edges can cover the table legs, and the ends should hang 25-30 cm, but not be lower than the level of the seats.

The tablecloth for table setting is laid out as follows: opened, taken by the ends on one side. Then it is lifted, shaken and sharply lowered down. This makes it easier to level it out. But you don’t need to stretch it too much and pull the corners.

If the surface is polished, then you should put oilcloth under the tablecloth. The main thing is that it is clean and well ironed.

Cutlery - layout diagram

To location cutlery According to etiquette, you need to approach it responsibly. There is no need to put all kinds of cutlery on the table. They must correspond to the holiday list of dishes. Cutlery is divided into individual (which each guest has) and auxiliary - they are needed in order to lay out dishes.

• IN table etiquette It is customary to first place dishes made of earthenware or porcelain, then place the cutlery, and only then place glass or crystal.
• Glasses and wine glasses should be placed holding them by the stem.
• According to the rules of etiquette, the spoon and knife should be placed to the right of the plate, and the fork to the left.
• You need to use utensils starting from the outer edge, changing them towards the plate as you change dishes.
• The distance between the cutlery and the plate should be 0.5-1 cm.

The figure shows the location of cutlery. Of course, the set of forks, spoons and knives depends on what dishes will be served on the table. Glasses with wine glasses are also selected depending on the drinks.

Serving plates

There is an order in which the plates are laid out.

• Snack plate - it is placed in front of each chair at a distance of approximately 2 cm from the edge.
• Pie plate (bread) - it is customary to place it on the left side of the snack bar at a distance of 5-15 cm.
• If you serve several dishes, then place a dining room under the snack bar.

It is the responsibility of the housewife to promptly replace the plates with clean ones.

Serving with napkins

They are an integral part of serving. Folding napkins beautifully is a real art. The more solemn the holiday, the more elegantly they can be folded.

The material is chosen depending on the type of feast. You can take it for a holiday cotton or linen e. They are usually intended to be placed on guests' laps.

If you decide to use paper, then they are removed under the right edge of the plate. Or they are placed in general availability.

Napkins can be any color, the main thing is that they are folded beautifully and neatly.

Spice utensils

They are usually placed on the festive table at the very end of the table setting. They are placed on special stands in the center of the table. So you can use small boards or saucers as stands. This must include a salt and pepper shaker, as well as additional mustard, vinegar, vegetable oil and other spices.

Drink glasses

You need to remember about the glasses when serving. They can be made from either glass or crystal. Small glasses are intended for stronger alcohol. Therefore, there should be a wine glass, a glass, a glass, and glasses on the table.

Selected depending on the color of the drink. For red wine they should be larger than for white wine. Champagne is served in special glasses. There are also special beer glasses. Vodka is usually served in glasses.

The following set of cutlery must be present on the table:

• pie plate;
• snack bar;
• wine glass;
• saucer;
• coffee cup and saucer.

Bread can be served in a wicker basket, and butter can be served in a butter dish made of ceramic or porcelain - this way it retains its taste. Sausage and cold cuts are served in an elongated plate. Cheese is served in one piece on a porcelain board, with a knife for cutting cheese placed next to it.

The snack plate is placed opposite the center of the chair, and the pie plate is placed to the left of it. The knife is placed to the right of the snack plate, with the blade facing it. Fork - on the left side, tines up. The teaspoon is placed with the handle to the right, parallel to the table. Vases with flowers, napkins and utensils with spices are placed in the center.

How to serve lunch and dinner correctly

The dinner table is set in such a way that guests can be served conveniently and quickly. To do this, place the snack plate on a stand, with the pie plate on the left side. Cutlery is placed between them - a knife and a spoon on the right, and a table fork on the left. And in front of the cutlery is a wine glass.

Also, when setting the table for dinner, you should place a ladle with which to pour the soup. This must be done carefully so as not to stain the tablecloth. If you drip a little, you need to blot the stain with a napkin. The main thing is not to attract the attention of guests, so as not to disturb the calm flow of the conversation.

Dessert table setting

For setting the dessert table, it is permissible to choose a brighter tablecloth. Ideal option will use special tea set. It is customary to place beautiful lace napkins in the center of the table and under tea cups. Serving a sweet table according to festive etiquette consists of the following cutlery:

• cups and saucers (the cup must be turned with the handle to the right);
• teaspoons (placed on a saucer, it is also permissible to place spoons behind the cup parallel to the table, with the handle on the right side);
• small teapot;
• a large kettle for boiling water;
• Setting the table for dessert involves using a sugar bowl in which lump sugar is served along with tongs, or a special bowl;
• a bowl for jam or preserves is placed on the left side;
• lemon for tea is served on a special tray with a two-pronged fork for spreading;
• The milk jug is placed on the pie plate on the guest's right side.
• A plate for bread and sweets should be placed in front of each guest. Diagonally on the right side of it is a cup and saucer, and a teaspoon is placed next to it. A special spatula for serving the cake should be placed on the right side of the main plate.
• The saucers are placed on the table, tea or coffee is poured into cups only when all the guests have taken their seats. Sweets are served on an elegant table: buns, pies with sweet filling, cakes, muffins, sweets and fruits. Alcoholic drinks include wine and liqueurs.

For a youth group you can make a buffet table. It is served with a stack of plates (8-10 pieces in one stack). Cloth napkins are placed behind it. Glasses and wine glasses are placed next to the drinks. If the company has smoking people– Ashtrays are placed at the ends of the table.

Festive table setting

Banquet table setting helps create a festive mood. The main thing is not only to serve the dishes correctly, but also to decorate the table beautifully. Table setting for a banquet depends on what dishes are served at the holiday. But there are principles of classic holiday table design.

Chairs must be placed at a distance of 50 to 80 cm from each other so as not to violate the personal space of guests.
The tablecloth should be light colors; bright and dark colors are best left for tea tables. Its edges should hang no more than 20-30 cm. To prevent the knocking of dishes from distracting guests from the conversation, oilcloth or oilcloth is laid under the tablecloth. soft cloth. But the main thing is that it is perfectly ironed and clean.

A napkin is placed on a serving plate and a plate intended for hot food is placed on it. A pie plate is placed on the left side of the snack plate so that they are on the same line. The serving plate should always remain in its place, and others can be replaced while dishes are being served.

There should be no more than 3 pairs of forks and spoons. To the right of the serving plate, place a soup spoon, a snack knife and a table knife, with the blade facing the plate, and the forks are placed on the left side. Only an oyster fork can be placed on the right. Place the forks with their tines up, and the spoons with their convex side on the table.
The principle of arrangement: the dish that is served first is the distant device.

Decor

Setting a festive table is also an opportunity to show your creative possibilities. You need to pay attention to decorative items - using flowers is a win-win option. Usually they are placed in the middle of the table - it can be a bouquet or composition.
It is important to consider the following nuances:

• so that none of the guests are allergic to them;
• the bouquet should not contain flowers with a strong aroma;
• The vase with the bouquet must be placed at a distance from the cutlery.

On New Year or a romantic date, you can choose more original decoration table. On New Year's feast you can put a composition made from pine branches, Christmas tree decorations, tinsel. Candles are perfect for a romantic evening. On the table, the holiday atmosphere will be conveyed by objects in the form of wedding rings, figurines of the bride and groom, and doves.

You should be especially imaginative when decorating a table for a child’s birthday. Can be attached to the back of chairs Balloons, and a bright detail will be pictures from your favorite cartoons. It is important that all decorative elements are in the same style. They should not be too high so that guests can see each other. The main thing is not to overdo it with decoration, so that the table setting at the holiday and the decoration complement each other.

Depending on the interior and imagination, festive or dinner table can amaze guests with its sophistication. And additional serving elements will add brightness and originality to it. The listed design principles are not complicated and are an indicator of good taste.

Video: how to properly set the table

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