Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (1931) - 5th General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, President of the USSR, Nobel Prize winner.
Biography of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeevich was born into an ordinary peasant family in the village of Privolnoye, Stavropol Territory. Gorbachev’s grandfather never joined the collective farm until 1937, but was an individual farmer, in the same terrible year was arrested. Accusing the peasant of Trotskyism was complete nonsense, and a year later he was fired. But Mikhail absorbed his grandfather’s stories about the Soviet regime from childhood and hence his organic rejection of totalitarianism. However, he tried to somehow reconcile this with communist ideals and, like his father, also became a communist and joined the party as a youth. In general, his biography was a classic example of the political career of a simple worker. He worked like a villager, from childhood, by the sweat of his brow. From the age of 13, he combined his studies at school with work as a machine operator on a collective farm and MTS. At the age of 17 he was awarded the order as an advanced combine operator.
1953 Gorbachev becomes a member of the CPSU. In 1955 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, after which he returned to Stavropol. Works as first secretary of the Stavropol city Komsomol committee, later elected first secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol.
- 1962 M.S. Gorbachev becomes the first secretary of the Stavropol City Committee of the CPSU.
- 1967 graduated in absentia from the Faculty of Economics of the Stavropol Agricultural Institute and after 3 years was elected first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU, and in 1971 - a member of the CPSU Central Committee.
- since 1978 Gorbachev has been Secretary of the Central Committee for Agriculture.
- 1980 he becomes a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee.
- March 11, 1984 M. Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the CPSU by 7 votes out of 10. Gorbachev is developing an ambitious program, called “perestroika,” to reform the Soviet system. Three principles in domestic policy that Gorbachev proclaimed were: glasnost - greater openness and accessibility of information and democracy - wider participation of citizens in political process; economic restructuring of the centralized and bureaucratic planned state economy. Gorbachev is developing broad activities in foreign policy, which is based on disarmament.
- After an inconclusive summit in Geneva in 1985 and a dramatic meeting in 1986 with the US President in Reykjavik, the Intermediate-Range Missile Treaty was signed.
- meetings between Gorbachev and R. Reagan in 1987 in Washington and 1988 in Moscow led to the establishment of relations between the USSR and the USA, into mutual understanding in the name of peace. Gorbachev made changes in Soviet politics By regional problems. The growth of Gorbachev's authority was also facilitated by the revelation of his will in the search for a peaceful resolution of conflicts in Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua, and Afghanistan. He put military doctrines under review and turned them into defensive ones.
Education of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
A simple peasant guy had a great thirst for knowledge. Gorbachev has two higher educations. First, he graduated from a prestigious university in the USSR - Moscow State University. Lomonosov, Faculty of Law.
Later, already as a party worker, he graduated in absentia from the Stavropol Agricultural Institute with a degree in agronomist-economist. It is interesting that at Moscow State University Gorbachev, although he was a Komsomol activist (secretary of the Komsomol organization of the faculty), willingly communicated with many freethinkers, of whom there were many in those days of Khrushchev’s “thaw”. Among his acquaintances was, for example, one of the leaders of the future “Prague Spring” Zdenek Mlynar.
After receiving a law degree, Gorbachev worked for a short time in the prosecutor's office in the Stavropol region. It is characteristic that even in these early years of his career, the young Gorbachev had no great illusions about the communist system.
Political views and the beginning of the career of Mikhail Gorbachev
Perhaps he explained what he saw as a “distortion of the correct ideas” proclaimed by the party and the regime, but he saw the realities clearly.
Quite quickly he was promoted to Komsomol and party work. In 1955-1962 he was the second, then the first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the Komsomol. Then he moves on to party work, where he rises from department head to first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU. He became the leader of a huge region at the age of 39!
It is interesting that in these 60s his candidacy was twice considered for work in the state security agencies, first for the post of head of the KGB of the region, then in 1969 Andropov considered his candidacy for the post of deputy chairman of the KGB of the USSR. It is worth remembering this in order to understand how ambiguous the ideological searches for the future leader of perestroika were.
It was Andropov, the chairman of the KGB, who was one of those who initiated the transition of the young Gorbachev to Moscow, to the highest echelons of the party hierarchy. And the second was none other than Suslov, one of the ideologists of the political regime during the Brezhnev stagnation. Gorbachev considers both of them his godparents in big politics, and not only because they dealt with him as a fellow countryman; he still has a high opinion of both of them today. Especially about Andropov, who, according to Gorbachev, honestly wanted changes in the Union for the better, of course, without going beyond the system.
So, since November 1978, Gorbachev has been in Moscow, he is the Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. And already in October 1980 he was elected a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, that is, at the age of 49 he entered the highest Areopagus of the leadership of the USSR.
Gorbachev as a politician
After the death of Stalin in March 1953, several years " palace coups"With the participation of his closest associates, Nikita Khrushchev established himself in Moscow. Almost a decade of his rule is, on the one hand, the debunking of totalitarian crimes, on the other, a series of voluntaristic socio-economic experiments. Finally, the Communist Party leadership carried out another quiet coup, sending in October Khrushchev resigned in 1964. Leonid Brezhnev was elected head of the Communist Party and then the Union.
It was not by chance that the 18 years of Brezhnev’s rule were called “stagnation”: indeed, after decades of upheaval, the repressions of the regime gradually began to be formally forgotten, moreover, de-Stalinization slowly faded away. Politically, there was a complete conservation of the crusty communist system, with a new cult of personality, Brezhnev’s, but in a modernized version, like the cult of the party. The “jubiliads” began - almost an annual celebration of one or another party-Soviet anniversary: 50-60 - the party, the Komsomol, the army, the USSR.
In the international arena, from Cuba to Vietnam, from Germany to Africa, support for communist and Soviet regimes continued - from insane cash injections to direct military aggression.
The economy began to hold on to gigantic natural resources countries, especially oil and gas. Plus, some strange economic experiments constantly continued under the guise of “reforms”. Of course, on a smaller scale than industrialization, collectivization or the development of virgin lands. But nevertheless, it happened, they started the “revival of Nechernozem” (read - the salvation of the indigenous Russian regions brought to ruin), then the turn of Siberian rivers to Central Asia, then land reclamation, then chemicalization. Finally, a high-profile political-economic project - BAM. Who has forgotten - this is the Baikal-Amur Mainline. This epic was accompanied by incredible propaganda noise. The construction of the BAM was planned for 9 years (1974-1983), but in fact it lasted for decades.
Brezhnev's successor, Yuri Andropov, who came to the post of General Secretary of the party directly from the Lubyanka, from the post of Chairman of the KGB of the USSR, was also already seriously ill and died in February 1984. Already at this moment, Gorbachev could become Secretary General and lead the Soviet Union, because he was the youngest, most energetic of the members of the Politburo and secretaries of the Central Committee. But it turns out that the turn of the Kremlin elders is not over yet. It was necessary to wait out the reign of Konstantin Chernenko. Even under Brezhnev, this unremarkable party servant ingratiated himself into the trust of the weak leader, and therefore had support among the Kremlin elite. The fact that a person who physically and mentally could not lead even a collective farm brigade became, formally, the head of the largest country in the world can only be explained by the very “role of the individual in history,” in in this case practically zero when the environment rule. The “heyday of stagnation” had not yet ended; the elders were still delaying the agony of the Union.
But not only the General Secretaries retreated. Back in late 1980, Alexey Kosygin, the head of government, a pragmatist who sought to somehow, within the framework of the system, reform the clumsy socialist economy, died. In January 1982, the “gray eminence” of the party and its main ideologist, Mikhail Suslov, died. In May 1983 - another member of the Politburo, Pelshe. In December 1984 - Minister of Defense Ustinov.
Chernenko died on April 10, 1985. And already on the second day, the emergency Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee elects Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. The line of people willing (or maybe able) to get to Olympus has dried up. It is characteristic that Gorbachev was supported (in reality, because formally they voted unanimously) and some representatives of the old elite, first of all, Andrei Gromyko.
Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary and President
From March 1985 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, and from October 1989 to June 1990 - Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the CPSU Central Committee.
During the attempted coup in 1991, he was removed from power by Vice President Gennady Yanaev and isolated in Foros; after the restoration of legitimate power, he returned to his post, which he held until the collapse of the USSR in December 1991.
He was elected as a delegate to the XXII (1961), XXIV (1971) and all subsequent (1976, 1981, 1986, 1990) congresses of the CPSU. From 1970 to 1990 he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 8-12 convocations. Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1985 to 1988; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from October 1988 to May 1989.
Chairman of the Commission on Youth Affairs of the Union Council of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1979-1984); Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1984-1985);
People's Deputy of the USSR from the CPSU - March 1989 - March 1990; Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (formed by the Congress of People's Deputies) - May 1989 - March 1990; Deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR 10-11 convocations.
On March 15, 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected President of the USSR. At the same time, until December 1991, he was Chairman of the USSR Defense Council and Supreme Commander of the USSR Armed Forces.
He was awarded the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize, but his international reputation suffered due to the suppression of democratic protests in the Baltic republics. After the failed coup in August 1991, the accelerated collapse of the USSR, Gorbachev's power weakened, and he resigned on December 25, 1991.
On November 4, 1991, the head of the department for supervision over the implementation of laws on state security of the USSR Prosecutor General's Office, Viktor Ilyukhin, opened a criminal case against M.S. Gorbachev under Article 64 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (Treason to the Motherland) in connection with the signing of resolutions of the USSR State Council of September 6, 1991. on granting independence to Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia; USSR Prosecutor General Nikolai Trubin closed the case, and two days later Ilyukhin was fired from the prosecutor's office.
On June 13, 1992, convened with the permission of the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR, the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee expelled M. S. Gorbachev from the party.
Gorbachev's role in "perestroika"
Perestroika began virtually immediately, in 1985. Although Gorbachev first used the term “perestroika” to define his policy only a year later.
Many media outlets picked up the term “perestroika” and it quickly became a symbol of tremendous changes in the USSR, such changes finally led to the disappearance of this state from the world map.
What did all these changes mean? What was the goal of Gorbachev and the party-Soviet leadership of the Soviet Union? What were the internal springs of the collapse of the USSR and to what extent did international factors contribute to this? All these questions are the subject of enormous analysis by historians, politicians, economists, and civil society in general. But here, of course, it is impossible to give such a detailed analysis. Apparently, all this was intertwined in a complex. It’s easier to use a banal but reasonable phrase that everything has its age - a person, a tree, a bird, a state, including an empire. And to say that, probably, the time has come for the death of the empire, imposed for several years by the Moscow rulers, and the communist experiment that continued for more than 70 years (for the first time in history) in the largest country in the world.
Among the many reasons for such radical changes are:
- the chronic lag of the USSR from the West in the economy, which raw materials could not compensate for.
- scientific and technological progress, despite considerable achievements here and in the USSR (largely associated with the military-industrial complex), still left the country on the sidelines of world development.
The USSR simply could no longer withstand the arms race, competing with the West, because 25 percent of the Union's budget was spent on military spending.
One should also mention such a rather curious circumstance as the planetary dissemination of information. The Internet was just gaining momentum. But satellite communications, super-powerful radio and television transmitters no longer made it possible to keep the USSR under an information blockade. Primitive jamming of radio voices no longer helped. To exaggerate, there was even such an opinion circulating: they say that the West issued an ultimatum to the leadership of the USSR with demands for democratic changes, otherwise the population of the Union would be “sprinkled” with so much about the real insides of the communo-empire, such propaganda would (and has already been) go against the Soviet regime! This is, of course, a somewhat primitive version, but, like similar primitives, it is still not without reason.
Reforms of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
During the period of Gorbachev’s activities as head of state and leader of the CPSU, serious changes occurred in the country that influenced the whole world, which were a consequence of the following events:
- Anti-alcohol campaign.
- The end of the Cold War.
- A large-scale attempt to reform the Soviet system (“Perestroika”). Introduction of the policy of glasnost, freedom of speech and press in the USSR.
- Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan (1989).
- Refusal of the state status of communist ideology and persecution of dissidents.
- The collapse of the USSR and the Warsaw bloc, the transition of most socialist countries to a market economy and capitalism.
One of the most popular Russian politicians in the West of the period last decades The twentieth century is Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev. The years of his reign greatly changed our country, as well as the situation in the world. This is one of the most controversial figures, according to public opinion. Gorbachev's perestroika causes ambiguous attitudes in our country. This politician is called both the gravedigger of the Soviet Union and the great reformer.
Biography of Gorbachev
Gorbachev's story begins in 1931, March 2. It was then that Mikhail Sergeevich was born. He was born in the Stavropol region, in the village of Privolnoye. He was born and raised in a peasant family. In 1948, he worked with his father on a combine harvester and received the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for his success in harvesting. Gorbachev graduated from school in 1950 with a silver medal. After this, he entered the Faculty of Law at Moscow University. Gorbachev later admitted that at that time he had a rather vague idea of what law and jurisprudence were. However, he was impressed by the position of a prosecutor or judge.
During his student years, Gorbachev lived in a dormitory and received one increased scholarship for Komsomol work and excellent studies, but nevertheless barely made ends meet. He became a party member in 1952.
Once at a club, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev met Raisa Titarenko, a student at the Faculty of Philosophy. They got married in 1953, in September. Mikhail Sergeevich graduated from Moscow State University in 1955 and was sent to work in the USSR Prosecutor's Office on assignment. However, it was then that the government adopted a resolution according to which it was prohibited to employ law graduates in the central prosecutor's offices and judicial authorities. Khrushchev, as well as his associates, believed that one of the reasons for the repressions carried out in the 1930s was the dominance of inexperienced young judges and prosecutors in the authorities, ready to obey any instructions from the leadership. Thus, Mikhail Sergeevich, whose two grandfathers suffered from repression, became a victim of the fight against the cult of personality and its consequences.
At administrative work
Gorbachev returned to the Stavropol region and decided not to contact the prosecutor's office anymore. He got a job in the department of agitation and propaganda in the regional Komsomol - he became the deputy head of this department. The Komsomol and then the party career of Mikhail Sergeevich developed very successfully. Gorbachev's political activities bore fruit. He was appointed in 1961 as the first secretary of the local Komsomol regional committee. Gorbachev is already in next year begins party work, and then, in 1966, becomes the first secretary of the Stavropol city party committee.
This is how the career of this politician gradually developed. Already then it appeared main drawback of this future reformer: Mikhail Sergeevich, accustomed to working selflessly, could not ensure that his orders were conscientiously carried out by his subordinates. This characteristic of Gorbachev, some believe, led to the collapse of the USSR.
Moscow
Gorbachev became Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in November 1978. The recommendations of L.I. Brezhnev's closest associates - Andropov, Suslov and Chernenko - played a major role in this appointment. After 2 years, Mikhail Sergeevich becomes the youngest of all members of the Politburo. He wants to become the first person in the state and in the party in the near future. This could not even be prevented by the fact that Gorbachev essentially occupied a “penalty post” - responsible for Agriculture secretary. After all, this sector of the Soviet economy was the most disadvantaged. Mikhail Sergeevich still remained in this position after Brezhnev's death. But Andropov even then advised him to delve into all matters in order to be ready at any moment to take full responsibility. When Andropov died and Chernenko came to power for a short period, Mikhail Sergeevich became the second person in the party, as well as the most likely “heir” to this general secretary.
In Western political circles, Gorbachev's fame was first brought to him by his visit to Canada in May 1983. He went there for a week with the personal permission of Andropov, who was the general secretary at that time. Pierre Trudeau, the prime minister of this country, became the first major Western leader to receive Gorbachev personally and treat him with sympathy. Having met other Canadian politicians, Gorbachev gained a reputation in that country as an energetic and ambitious politician who stood in stark contrast to his elderly Politburo colleagues. He developed a significant interest in Western economic management and moral values, including democracy.
Gorbachev's Perestroika
The death of Chernenko opened the way to power for Gorbachev. The Plenum of the Central Committee on March 11, 1985 elected Gorbachev as General Secretary. In the same year, at the April plenum, Mikhail Sergeevich proclaimed a course to accelerate the country’s development and restructuring. These terms, which appeared under Andropov, did not immediately become widespread. This happened only after the XXVII Congress of the CPSU, which took place in February 1986. Gorbachev called glasnost one of the main conditions for the success of the upcoming reforms. The time of Gorbachev could not yet be called full-fledged freedom of speech. But it was possible, at least, to talk in the press about the shortcomings of society, without, however, affecting the foundations of the Soviet system and the members of the Politburo. However, already in 1987, in January, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev stated that there should be no zones closed to criticism in society.
Principles of foreign and domestic policy
The new Secretary General did not have a clear reform plan. Only the memory of Khrushchev's "thaw" remained with Gorbachev. In addition, he believed that the calls of leaders, if they were honest, and these calls themselves were correct, could reach ordinary executors within the framework of the party-state system that existed at that time and thereby change the better life. Gorbachev was firmly convinced of this. The years of his reign were marked by the fact that throughout all 6 years he spoke about the need for united and energetic actions, about the need for everyone to act constructively.
He hoped that, as the leader of a socialist state, he could gain world authority based not on fear, but, above all, on reasonable policies and unwillingness to justify the country’s totalitarian past. Gorbachev, whose years in power are often referred to as “perestroika,” believed that new political thinking must triumph. It should include recognition of the priority of universal human values over national and class values, the need to unite states and peoples to jointly solve the problems facing humanity.
Publicity policy
During Gorbachev's reign, general democratization began in our country. Political persecution stopped. The pressure of censorship has weakened. Many prominent people returned from exile and prison: Marchenko, Sakharov and others. The policy of glasnost, which was launched by the Soviet leadership, changed the spiritual life of the country's population. Interest in television, radio, and print media has increased. In 1986 alone, magazines and newspapers gained more than 14 million new readers. All of these are, of course, significant advantages of Gorbachev and the policies he pursues.
Mikhail Sergeevich’s slogan, under which he carried out all the reforms, was the following: “More democracy, more socialism.” However, his understanding of socialism gradually changed. Back in 1985, in April, Gorbachev said at the Politburo that when Khrushchev brought criticism of Stalin’s actions to incredible proportions, it only brought great damage to the country. Glasnost soon led to an even greater wave of anti-Stalinist criticism, which was undreamed of during the Thaw.
Anti-alcohol reform
The idea of this reform was initially very positive. Gorbachev wanted to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed in the country per capita, as well as begin the fight against drunkenness. However, the campaign, as a result of overly radical actions, led to unexpected results. The reform itself and the further rejection of the state monopoly led to the fact that the bulk of income in this area went into the shadow sector. Quite a lot starting capital in the 90s it was made up of “drunk” money by private owners. The treasury was rapidly emptying. As a result of this reform, many valuable vineyards were cut down, which led to the disappearance of entire industrial sectors in some republics (in particular, Georgia). The anti-alcohol reform also contributed to the growth of moonshine, substance abuse and drug addiction, and multi-billion dollar losses were incurred in the budget.
Gorbachev's reforms in foreign policy
In November 1985, Gorbachev met with Ronald Reagan, President of the United States. At it, both sides recognized the need to improve bilateral relations, as well as improve the overall international situation. Gorbachev's foreign policy led to the conclusion of the START treaties. Mikhail Sergeevich, with a statement dated January 15, 1986, put forward a number of major initiatives devoted to foreign policy issues. The complete elimination of chemical and nuclear weapons was to be carried out by the year 2000, and strict control was to be exercised during their destruction and storage. All of these are Gorbachev’s most important reforms.
Reasons for failure
In contrast to the course aimed at transparency, when it was enough just to order the weakening and then actually abolish censorship, his other initiatives (for example, the sensational anti-alcohol campaign) were combined with the propaganda of administrative coercion. Gorbachev, whose years of rule were marked by increasing freedom in all spheres, at the end of his reign, having become president, sought to rely, unlike his predecessors, not on the party apparatus, but on a team of assistants and the government. He leaned more and more towards the social democratic model. S.S. Shatalin said that he managed to turn the Secretary General into a convinced Menshevik. But Mikhail Sergeevich abandoned the dogmas of communism too slowly, only under the influence of the growth of anti-communist sentiment in society. Gorbachev, even during the events of 1991 (the August putsch), still expected to retain power and, returning from Foros (Crimea), where he had a state dacha, declared that he believed in the values of socialism and would fight for them, leading the reformed Communist Party. It is obvious that he was never able to rebuild himself. Mikhail Sergeevich in many ways remained a party secretary, who was accustomed not only to privileges, but also to power independent of the people's will.
Merits of M. S. Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeevich, in his last speech as the president of the country, took credit for the fact that the population of the state received freedom and became spiritually and politically liberated. Freedom of the press, free elections, a multi-party system, representative bodies of government, and religious freedoms have become real. The highest principle human rights were recognized. The movement towards a new multi-structured economy began, equality of forms of ownership was approved. Gorbachev finally ended the Cold War. During his reign, the militarization of the country and the arms race, which had crippled the economy, morality and public consciousness, were stopped.
Foreign policy of Gorbachev, who completely eliminated " iron curtain", ensured Mikhail Sergeevich respect throughout the world. The President of the USSR was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 for activities aimed at developing cooperation between countries.
At the same time, some indecisiveness of Mikhail Sergeevich, his desire to find a compromise that would suit both radicals and conservatives, led to the fact that transformations in the state’s economy never began. A political settlement of contradictions and interethnic hostility, which ultimately destroyed the country, was never achieved. History is unlikely to be able to answer the question of whether someone else could have preserved the USSR and the socialist system in Gorbachev’s place.
Conclusion
The subject of supreme power, as the ruler of the state, must have full rights. M. S. Gorbachev, the leader of the party, who concentrated state and party power in himself, without being popularly elected to this post, in this respect was significantly inferior in the eyes of the public to B. Yeltsin. The latter eventually became the President of Russia (1991). Gorbachev, as if compensating for this shortcoming during his reign, increased his power and tried to achieve various powers. However, he did not follow the laws and did not force others to do so. That is why Gorbachev’s characterization is so ambiguous. Politics is, first of all, the art of acting wisely.
Among the many accusations brought against Gorbachev, perhaps the most significant was the accusation of indecisiveness. However, if you compare the significant scale of the breakthrough he made and the short period of time he was in power, you can argue with this. In addition to all of the above, the Gorbachev era was marked by the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan, the holding of the first competitive free elections in Russian history, and the elimination of the party's monopoly on power that existed before him. As a result of Gorbachev's reforms, the world has changed significantly. He will never be the same again. Without political will and courage, it is impossible to do this. Gorbachev can be viewed differently, but, of course, he is one of the largest figures in modern history.
Led the country from March 11, 1985 to December 25, 1991. Positions held: General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionMarch 11, 1985 - March 14, 1990
President of the USSR
March 14, 1990 - December 25, 1991
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich (b. 1931), President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (March 1990 - December 1991). Born on March 2, 1931 in the village of Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeisky district, Stavropol Territory, into a peasant family. At the age of 16 (1947) he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for high-threshing grain on a combine harvester.
In 1950, after graduating from school with a silver medal, he entered the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov. He actively participated in the activities of the Komsomol organization of the university, and in 1952 he joined the CPSU.
After graduating from university in 1955, he was sent to Stavropol to the regional prosecutor's office. He worked as deputy head of the agitation and propaganda department of the Stavropol regional committee of the Komsomol, first secretary of the Stavropol city Komsomol committee, then second and first secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol (1955–1962).
In 1962, Gorbachev went to work in party bodies. Khrushchev's reforms were underway in the country at that time. The party leadership bodies were divided into industrial and rural. New management structures have emerged - territorial production departments.
The party career of M. S. Gorbachev began with the position of party organizer of the Stavropol territorial production agricultural administration (three rural districts). In 1967 he graduated (in absentia) from the Stavropol Agricultural Institute.
In December 1962, Gorbachev was approved as head of the department of organizational and party work of the Stavropol rural regional committee of the CPSU. Since September 1966, Gorbachev has been the first secretary of the Stavropol city party committee; in August 1968 he was elected second, and in April 1970 - first secretary of the Stavropol regional committee of the CPSU. In 1971 M. S. Gorbachev became a member of the CPSU Central Committee.
In November 1978, Gorbachev became Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee on issues of the agro-industrial complex, in 1979 - a candidate member, and in 1980 - a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. In March 1985, Gorbachev became general secretary of the Communist Party.
1985 is a tragic year, a milestone in the history of the state and the party. The reborn “communist” launched the mechanism for the collapse of the Great Country by reforming the party-state organism. This period in the country's history was called "perestroika" and was associated with a complete betrayal of the ideals of socialism.
Gorbachev began with a large-scale anti-alcohol campaign. Alcohol prices were increased and its sale was limited, vineyards were mostly destroyed, which gave rise to a whole range of new problems - the use of moonshine and all kinds of surrogates sharply increased, and the budget suffered significant losses. The anti-alcohol campaign was carried out in a country that had not yet experienced the shock of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
In May 1985, speaking at a party and economic meeting in Leningrad, the General Secretary did not hide the fact that the country’s economic growth rate had decreased and put forward the slogan “accelerate socio-economic development.” Gorbachev received support for his policy statements at the XXVII Congress of the CPSU (1986) and at the June (1987) plenum of the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1986–1987, Gorbachev and his corrupt supporters set a course for the development of glasnost. These degenerates understood glasnost not as freedom of criticism and self-criticism, but as a way for everyone possible ways discredit the achievements of the Soviet system. Through the efforts, in particular, of the secretary and member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee A. N. Yakovlev, a worthy successor to Goebbels, lies, elevated to the rank of state policy, poured out from all means mass media. The XIX Party Conference of the CPSU (June 1988) adopted the resolution “On Glasnost”. In March 1990, the “Press Law” was adopted: achieving a certain level of independence of the media - independence from the truth, from conscience, from everything that makes the word - the Word.
Since 1988 full swing"The process has begun." The creation of initiative groups in support of “perestroika”, “glasnost”, “acceleration”, the creation of “popular” and essentially anti-people fronts and other non-state public organizations led to an aggravation of interethnic contradictions, and interethnic clashes occurred in some regions of the USSR.
In March 1989, during the elections of people's deputies, Gorbachev and his henchmen experienced a shock: in many regions, secretaries of party committees, proteges of Gorbachev's team, failed in the elections. As a result of these elections, a “fifth column” came to the deputy corps, praising the successes of the West and critically assessing the Soviet period.
The Congress of People's Deputies in May of the same year demonstrated a fierce confrontation between various currents both in society and among the parliamentarians. At this congress, Gorbachev was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Gorbachev's actions caused a wave of growing criticism. Some criticized him for being slow and inconsistent in carrying out reforms, others for haste; everyone noted the contradictory nature of his policies. Thus, laws were adopted on the development of cooperation and almost immediately on the fight against “speculation”; laws on democratizing enterprise management and at the same time strengthening central planning; reform laws political system and free elections, and immediately - about “strengthening the role of the party”, etc.
In domestic politics, especially in the economy, signs of a serious crisis have appeared. The shortage of food and everyday goods has increased. Since 1989, the process of disintegration of the political system of the Soviet Union was in full swing.
In the first half of 1990, almost all union republics declared their state sovereignty (RSFSR - June 12, 1990).
On December 8, a meeting of the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus took place in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus), during which a document was signed on the liquidation of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev announced his resignation as President of the USSR. 16:47 9.08.2011
Gorbachev was caught in duplicity and bickering.
The German Der Spiegel received 30 thousand pages of documents from the archives of the President of the USSR
Mikhail Gorbachev, through whose efforts the great power the USSR was destroyed, has now lost the secrets kept in his personal archive of those times. The German weekly Der Spiegel came into possession of 30,000 pages of documents that were secretly copied from the archives of the first and last president of the USSR by the young Russian historian Pavel Stroilov, now living in London. He gained access to them while working at the Gorbachev Foundation, which is located in Moscow at Leningradsky Prospekt, 39. About 10,000 documents are stored there that Gorbachev took from the Kremlin when parting with power, says the article, the contents of which are provided by the website InoPressa.ru .
And Gorbachev kept these secrets from the public for good reason. Yes, Gorbachev used certain documents from the archive in his books, which “greatly annoyed the current Kremlin leadership,” the publication says. But “most of the papers still remain hidden,” and mainly because “they do not fit into the image that Gorbachev himself created for himself: the image of a purposeful, progressive reformer who, step by step, changes his huge country to his own taste.”
The documents obtained by Der Spiegel “reveal something that Gorbachev was very reluctant to make public: that he submitted to the flow of events in the dying Soviet state and often lost his orientation in the chaos of those days. And besides, he behaved duplicitously and, contrary to his own statements, from time to time teamed up with hardliners in the party and army. The Kremlin chief thus did what many statesmen do after resigning: he subsequently greatly embellished the portrait of the brave reformer.”
By the end of his inglorious reign, Gorbachev appears as a completely pathetic beggar, who humiliatingly asks Western “friends” to save him from the inevitably approaching collapse. By September 1991, the publication says, the economic situation of the USSR had become so desperate that Gorbachev, in a conversation with German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher, had to “throw away all pride.” Talking with the future federal president, and at that time State Secretary of the German Ministry of Finance Horst Köhler, Gorbachev tried to remind him of his services to the world: “How much did our perestroika and new thinking save? Hundreds of billions of dollars for the rest of the world!
Ex-Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Helmut Kohl left a significant mark on Gorbachev’s archive. Kohl was “in great debt” to the Soviet leader, since Gorbachev did not interfere with the unification of Germany and its entry into NATO. At the same time, the Soviet leader, as evidenced by the publication in Der Spiegel, considered Kohl “not the greatest intellectual” and “an ordinary provincial politician,” although he had significant influence in the West. However, by 1991, Gorbachev’s faith in Kohl became “limitless” - apparently due to the desperate situation in which the leader of the USSR found himself at that time. In telephone conversations from that time, Gorbachev “complains and complains, these are the pleas of a drowning man for help,” writes Der Spiegel. With the help of Kolya, Gorbachev is trying to “mobilize” the West to save the USSR. In addition, he is looking for support against his “worst rival, Boris Yeltsin,” whom, as it soon turns out, both underestimate. “Gorbachev wants to continue to be accepted abroad as the head of a great power, but behind the scenes he is forced to beg,” notes the German weekly.
The archive obtained by Der Spiegel includes minutes of discussions in the Politburo and negotiations with foreign leaders, recordings of telephone conversations of the Soviet leader, and even handwritten recommendations given to Gorbachev by his advisers, Vadim Zagladin and Anatoly Chernyaev. The latest documents from this list clearly show both the nature of the relationships that have developed within Gorbachev’s team and his lack of independence in decision-making.
Thus, in January 1991, “under pressure from the special services and the army,” Gorbachev agreed to an attempt to restore order in Lithuania, the publication Der Spiegel notes. Two days before the storming of the television center in Vilnius, which killed 14 people, Gorbachev assured US President George H. W. Bush that intervention would occur “only if blood is shed or riots break out that will threaten not only our Constitution, but also human lives" Gorbachev’s assistant Anatoly Chernyaev wrote a letter to his boss about this with the following content: “Mikhail Sergeevich! Your speech in the Supreme Council (regarding the events in Vilnius) meant the end. This was not the speech of a significant statesman. It was a confused, hesitant speech... You obviously don’t know what people think about you - on the streets, in shops, in trolleybuses. There they only talk about “Gorbachev and his clique.” You said that you want to change the world, and with your with my own hands You’re ruining this work.”
In general, the publication summarizes, the archive shows “how erroneously... [Gorbachev] assessed the situation and how desperately... he fought for his post.”
Gorbachev himself, of course, does not share this assessment of his activities as head of the Soviet state, as evidenced by the interview that the former USSR president gave to the Austrian newspaper Die Presse (translated by InoPressa.ru), which coincided with the publication of Der Spiegel. Here he regrets the collapse of the USSR, but continues to justify the “reforms” he undertook then: “The Soviet Union then needed modernization and democratization, and then the outdated model of Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev, which worked through orders, control and party monopoly, collapsed " No, this destroyer of the USSR does not admit that he threw out the baby with the bathwater.
Moreover, a person who has ruined a great country still believes he has the right not only to evaluate its current leaders, but even to give them recommendations. “I’m trying to give an objective assessment of events,” Gorbachev said, answering a journalist’s question about why he either praises or criticizes Putin. “During his first term in office, he managed to prevent the partial collapse of the country, so he already occupies a certain niche in history.”
Commenting on the current political situation, Gorbachev said: “The next 5-6 years will be decisive. Two polar camps have already emerged, one of which advocates modernization, and the other seeks to retain power. For what? To preserve the extracted wealth? However, he continues, “if Medvedev does not run, it will not lead to disaster, as many claim. However, it is very important which camp wins. If Medvedev becomes the head of the reform camp, he will need a lot of strength and support. He has potential." Well, Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev, we can congratulate you: there is a new addition to your camp, and what a one! Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev himself with his zero electoral support...
Reflecting on the fate of the country, Gorbachev, however, does not forget about his beloved self. Answering a question from a correspondent of an Austrian publication about how he himself assesses the recent release from custody after a short detention of ex-KGB officer Golovatov (the same one who commanded the Alpha group in Vilnius in January 1991), as well as the intention of the Lithuanian authorities to summon Gorbachev himself for questioning, Mikhail Sergeevich begins to make excuses. Apparently, the threat of being called to Vilnius for interrogation seriously worried him. According to Gorbachev, when the atmosphere in Vilnius became tense, the Federation Council was convened, at which it was decided to find a political compromise by sending representatives of the three republics. “We wanted to find a political solution to the problem. And who provoked whom, who gave the order to shoot, and who fired, I don’t know. No such orders came from me. I don’t understand what testimony Lithuania expects from me,” “Gorby” panics.
Truly a telling confession. The president of the world's largest power, who in 1985 (when he headed the country) had such power that no other person in the world possessed, only 6 years later complains that without him someone gives the order to shoot and someone even shoots. These are the kind of bad people you come across - they don’t listen to the President of the USSR...
Now, however, we already know quite reliably who planned and carried out the provocation in Vilnius in January 1991: KM.RU talked about how then “friends shot at their own.” And Gorbachev still tells us fables about some disobedient uncles from the leadership of the USSR, who allegedly prevented him from reaching a peaceful agreement with the Lithuanians. Well, the leader was then caught by a great country, which, thanks to his efforts, ceased to exist in just 6 years! Such leaders must be judged for this, as the famous political scientist Sergei Chernyakhovsky rightly noted today on the pages of our portal. Judge, and not allow interviews to be freely distributed to foreign media.
Source: www.km.ru FROM THE BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONICLE OF M.S. GORBACHEV
1931, March 2. Born in the village of Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeisky district, Stavropol Territory, into a peasant family.
1944. Starts periodically working on a collective farm.
1946. Assistant combine operator at MTS.
1948. As a schoolboy, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for special success in harvesting.
1952. Joins the CPSU.
1955. Graduates from the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University.
1956–1958. First Secretary of the Stavropol City Committee of the Komsomol.
1958–1962. Second and then first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the Komsomol.
1962, March. Party organizer of the Stavropol territorial production collective farm and state farm administration. December. Approved by the head of the department of party bodies of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU.
1966. Elected first secretary of the Stavropol city party committee.
1967. Graduates in absentia from the Faculty of Economics of the Stavropol Agricultural Institute.
1971. Elected member of the CPSU Central Committee.
1978. Elected Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
1979. Candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee.
1982, May. At the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, the USSR Food Program for the period until 1990, the development of which was supervised by M.S. Gorbachev, was approved.
1985, March 11. Elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. April 23. Presents a report at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party “On the convening of the next XXVII Congress of the CPSU and the tasks associated with its preparation and holding.” Promotion of the concept of accelerating the socio-economic development of the country. May 17. The resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On measures to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism”, adopted on May 7, is published. The beginning of the anti-alcohol campaign.
1986, February 25. Makes a Political Report at the XXVII Congress of the CPSU. May 14. He appears on Soviet television with information about the Chernobyl accident that occurred on April 26.
1987, January 27–28. Conducts the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, at which the ideas of perestroika as a universal concept are improved, in contrast to its previous interpretation as the transformation of individual aspects of social life. May 30. Authorizes the resignation of the Minister of Defense, Marshal S. Sokolov, and the Commander of the Air Defense Forces, Marshal A. Koldunov, in connection with the landing on May 28 on Moscow's Red Square of an airplane piloted by a German citizen, M. Rust.
1988, March 13. An article in “Soviet Russia” by N.A. Andreeva “I can’t give up principles”, perceived as anti-perestroika, directed against the policies of M.S. Gorbachev. June 28. Report at the XIX All-Union Party Conference “On the progress of implementing the decisions of the XXVII Congress of the CPSU and the tasks of deepening perestroika.” October 1st. Elected at a session of the Supreme Council as chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
1989, February 16. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, carried out on the initiative of M.S. Gorbachev, has been completed.
1990, March 15. At the Extraordinary Third Congress of People's Deputies he is elected President of the USSR. March 27. Presides over the first meeting of the Presidential Council of the USSR. the 14 th of July. After the completion of the XXVIII Party Congress at the Plenum of the Central Committee last time elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. August 13. A decree of the President of the USSR is published on the restoration of the rights of all victims of political repression of the 20s–50s. October 15. Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. 28 of October. Resolution on political no-confidence in the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev, adopted by the All-Union Conference of the “Unity for Leninism and Communist Ideals” society, headed by N.A. Andreeva. November 7. During a festive demonstration on Red Square, an attempt is made to assassinate M.S. Gorbachev. The shooter, a resident of Kolpino A.A. Shmonov, was detained. December 14. He declares in the Kremlin that he has decided to use the monetary portion of the Nobel Peace Prize he received for the needs of protecting people’s health.
1991, June 5. Gives the Nobel lecture in Oslo. August 19. Vice-President of the USSR G.I. Yanaev issues a Decree on his assumption of duties as President of the USSR in connection with the “illness” of M.S. Gorbachev. August 22. Returns to Moscow from Foros after the failure of the Emergency Committee action. 24 August. Resigns from his duties as General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and recommends that the party Central Committee dissolve itself. August, 26th. Suspension of the activities of the CPSU throughout the USSR. November. The head of the department for supervision over the implementation of laws on state security of the USSR Prosecutor's Office V.I. Ilyukhin initiates a criminal case against President M.S. Gorbachev under Article 64 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (treason) in connection with the secession of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia from the USSR. December 8th. Signing in the absence of M.S. Gorbachev by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus the Belovezhsky Declaration on the dissolution of the USSR and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). December 23. Official registration in Moscow of the “International Fund for Socio-Economic and political studies"(Gorbachev Foundation). December 25th. Resigns as President of the USSR and addresses the people on television with a farewell speech.
1993, February. Meetings of the “Public People's Tribunal” were held in Moscow, created by the left opposition to try M.S. Gorbachev, who was accused of the collapse of the USSR.
1995, March 1. Conducted in Moscow by the Gorbachev Foundation Round table dedicated to the 10th anniversary of perestroika. May. Speaks at a conference dedicated to the 5th anniversary of the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, with the idea of forming a single Centrist coalition.
1996, March 1. Declares at a press conference at the Postfactum agency his intention to run for the post of President of Russia. 2nd of March. Materials dedicated to the 65th anniversary of M.S. Gorbachev are published in the Russian and foreign press. March 22. While in St. Petersburg, he publicly confirms his decision to run in the presidential elections of Russia. April June. He travels to the regions of Russia, conducts an election campaign under the slogan “I started the reforms - it’s up to me to complete them.” April. An incident during M.S. Gorbachev’s election trip in Omsk: unemployed M.N. Malyukov hit him on the head, explaining his actions with a desire to slap him in the face. June 16. Does not receive voter support in the presidential elections of Russia.
1998, June. Ceremony for awarding an honorary doctorate of science from Northeastern University Boston (USA) in the discipline “International Relations”. October. The US black organization “National Civil Rights Museum” awards M.S. Gorbachev the Freedom Prize for 1998.
1999, March 15. In Cambridge (Great Britain) he takes part in the scientific symposium “Russia on the threshold of the new millennium”. Celebrates the 9th anniversary of his election as President of the USSR. April. Speaks at a meeting of Nobel Peace Prize laureates in Italy condemning the armed confrontation between NATO and Yugoslavia.
Source of information: A.A. Dantsev. Rulers of Russia: 20th century. Rostov-on-Don, Phoenix Publishing House, 2000 Events during Gorbachev’s reign:
1985, March - at the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected general secretary (Viktor Grishin was considered the main rival for this post, but the choice was made in favor of the younger Gorbachev).
1985 - publication of the “semi-prohibition” law, vodka on coupons.
1985, July-August - XII World Festival of Youth and Students
1986 - accident at the fourth power unit Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Evacuation of the population from the “exclusion zone”. Construction of a sarcophagus over a destroyed block.
1986 - Andrei Sakharov returns to Moscow.
1987, January - announcement of “Perestroika”.
1988 - celebration of the millennium of the baptism of Rus'.
1988 - the law “On Cooperation” in the USSR, which laid the foundation for modern entrepreneurship.
1989, November 9 - the Berlin Wall, which personified the "Iron Curtain", was destroyed.
1989, February - the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan is completed.
1989, May 25 - The First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR began.
1990 - the accession of the GDR (including East Berlin) and West Berlin to the Federal Republic of Germany - the first NATO advance to the east.
1990, March - introduction of the post of President of the USSR, who was to be elected for five years. As an exception, the first President of the USSR was elected by the Third Congress of People's Deputies, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev.
1990, June 12 - adoption of the declaration of sovereignty of the RSFSR.
1991, August 19 - August putsch - an attempt by members of the State Emergency Committee to remove Mikhail Gorbachev “for health reasons” and thus preserve the USSR.
1991, August 22 - failure of the putschists. Banning of republican communist parties by the majority of union republics.
1991, September - new supreme body The authorities of the USSR State Council, headed by USSR President Gorbachev, recognize the independence of the Baltic union republics (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia).
1991, December - the heads of three union republics: the RSFSR (Russian Federation), Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and the Republic of Belarus (BSSR) in Belovezhskaya Pushcha sign the “agreement on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States,” which declares the termination of the existence of the USSR. On December 12, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR ratifies the agreement and denounces the 1922 treaty on the formation of the USSR.
1991 - December 25 M. S. Gorbachev resigns from the post of President of the USSR, by decree of the President of the RSFSR B. N. Yeltsin, the state of the RSFSR changed its name to " Russian Federation"However, it was enshrined in the constitution only in May 1992.
1991 - December 26, the upper house of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR legally liquidates the USSR.
The only President of the USSR recently celebrated his 84th birthday, but still continues to be active in public life. The houses where Gorbachev lived during his career changed from a modest rural house in Privolnoye to the luxurious state dacha “Barvikha-4”.
Malaya Rodina - Stavropol Territory
Mikhail Gorbachev was born in 1931 in the village. Privolny, Stavropol Territory. His childhood years were also spent there: in small house No. 16 on Naberezhnaya Street. In the 70s, M. Gorbachev’s mother sold the building, and now pensioner Valentina Ivanovna lives there. In addition to the house there is land: the parents of the former president were peasants, as were both his grandfathers on his paternal and maternal sides.
In the same village, another house has been preserved where Gorbachev lived - on Shkolnaya Street. The village authorities offered it (with the consent of the owner) to the local Orthodox parish, but the priest refused because he considered that maintenance would be too expensive. The house itself is closed, but the residents look after the surrounding area, clean it and put it in order.
At one time there were plans to create a museum for Mikhail Gorbachev, but ultimately they were never realized. There are no personal belongings of the ex-president left in the village, except for photographs that are stored in the central village museum. As far as is known, the owner himself last appeared in Privolny in 2003.
Life in the capital
M. Gorbachev moved to the capital with his family in 1978. He owned an apartment on top floor V luxury house on the street Kosygina. He lived there from 1986 to 1991.
When he was General Secretary, security was located in the same building on the ground floor, for which a separate apartment was allocated.
Both premises were eventually acquired by Igor Krutoy. According to unconfirmed reports, the composer paid about $15 million for M. Gorbachev’s own apartment. A few years before this purchase, I. Krutoy also purchased a “security apartment.”
For some time, even before moving to the house on the street. Kosygin, the future president occupied an apartment in a nine-story building at 10 Granatny Lane. The place where Gorbachev lived is also known as Pavlov’s house.
After the Kremlin
After the “dissolution” of the USSR and the emergence of independent states in its place, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as President. In 1991, the heads of 7 CIS member countries signed an agreement that provided for a pension, a dacha, a car and security for the former “master” of the Kremlin.
As a result of the agreement, he was given a state dacha in the Moscow River complex, located 14 km from Moscow. Judging by media publications, in 2004 it was still the home of the ex-president. However, the place where Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev lives is much more famous. It was also presented to him in San Francisco. The office of his Gorbachev Foundation is located there.
"Real German"
According to information published by Anatoly Kholodyuk in the article “House” in Bavaria, where Gorbi lives,” in 2005, Mikhail Gorbachev with his daughter Irina and granddaughters moved to Rottach-Egern, to Castle Hubertus (Bavaria). The place where Gorbachev now lives is much more suitable for an elderly person than cool Moscow.
His first villa until 2007 was located on Aignerweg 2a, three hundred meters from the Church of St. Lawrence. In 2007, the family acquired the so-called Hubertus Castle, located on the Kreuzweg street. Formally, the house is registered under the surname Virganskaja (Yulia Virganskaya is the daughter of M. Gorbachev).
The “castle” where Gorbachev now lives consists of two large buildings. Previously it housed the Bavarian Orphanage. Despite his age, the ex-president leads an active life: articles about him appear in Munich publications from time to time, and a few months ago, in December 2014, he held a presentation of his second book, “After the Kremlin,” in Moscow.
Dachas
A separate topic for discussion is the dachas where Gorbachev lived. Somewhere he spent more time, somewhere less. The buildings where the ex-president visited include the first and second state dachas in Livadia, Mamonova dacha, Stalin’s “near dacha” in Fili-Davidkovo (currently within Moscow), the Foros “Zarya”, known thanks to the events of 1991, “ Barvikha-4".
State dacha No. 11, the so-called “Zarya” facility, is located in the bay between capes Foros and Sarych. It was chosen personally by the Secretary General, and construction was completed in 1988.
The ex-president of the USSR, in addition, could use a five-story building in Musser (Abkhazia), located right by the sea, with a berth for submarines and stained glass windows personally decorated by Zurab Tsereteli.
Construction of this dacha began immediately after his election as Secretary General in 1985. Unlike the resting places of previous Soviet leaders, it is made luxuriously - there are guest rooms, an elevator, handmade stained glass windows, expensive marble trim, porcelain and bronze chandeliers, a jacuzzi, and expensive furniture. The construction of this splendor dragged on until the collapse of the USSR. Now the building is empty.
"Barvikha-4"
The residence in Abkhazia is not the only place that bears the imprint of the personality of the former president of the USSR. In the late 80s, more precisely, by 1986, on the site of the Botkin-Guchkov estate (not far from the village of Razdory), the state dacha “Barvikha-4” was built especially for M. Gorbachev.
It could rightfully be called the house where Gorbachev lives - the president’s family used it from 1986 to 1991 and spent a lot of time here. The residence occupied 66 hectares. A beach was installed on the territory, and a water canal was built from the Moscow River to the residence.
"Barvikha-4" was built in record time - in six months, and inside, in addition to the beach and river, there was also a children's playground, gardens, an enclosure for dogs, a tennis court and a gym, even in case of emergency evacuation of the president.
After the resignation of Gorbi, as the Germans call him, from the post of President of the USSR, the dacha became the use of the first President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin.
Regardless of where Mikhail Gorbachev lives, he is always surrounded by comfort. From the time of the ascent to the Soviet “Olympus” until today, residences have replaced each other, but it has always remained high.
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev is a Soviet and Russian political and statesman. The last General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, as well as the last Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. From 1989 to 1990 - First Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. He was the only president of the USSR (from 1990 to 1991).
Mikhail Gorbachev went down in history as a great personality. He was included in the list of the most influential government figures not only in Russia, but also in a number of other countries. socialist republics. During his reign, a number of large-scale changes took place in the Soviet Union that affected the whole world. This was the so-called period of “Perestroika”.
Mikhail Gorbachev has in his track record a large number of awards and honorary titles. In 1990 he received the Nobel Peace Prize.
In 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev founded the Gorbachev Foundation, which conducts research on Perestroika.
The biography and career growth of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev is full of interesting facts. There are a huge number of supporters of his work, but many also blame Mikhail Gorbachev for the collapse of the USSR.
Height, weight, age. How old is Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev is quite a handsome man. He always exuded confidence and inner strength. All of him appearance and the voice that sounded from the podium captivated the listeners. Many were literally interested in everything about the President of the USSR, including his physical parameters, such as height, weight, age. Everyone who was born during the Soviet Union probably knows how old Mikhail Gorbachev is. The politician is now 87 years old.
Mikhail Gorbachev is a tall man, his height is 181 centimeters and his weight is 90 kilograms. “Mikhail Gorbachev - photos in his youth and now” is still a popular request on the Internet.
The combination of the zodiac sign - Pisces and the eastern horoscope - Goat, gives us a strong, strong-willed and self-confident person.
Where does Mikhail Gorbachev live now?
Where does Mikhail Gorbachev live now? – the question is quite interesting. There is no exact answer to this. Various sources names places that are different from each other.
But still, the majority are confident and cite official data that Mikhail Gorbachev and his family live in Germany, more precisely in Bavaria. They moved there more than 10 years ago. Perhaps the reason for the move was ardent criticism of the management activities of the President of the USSR, and he could no longer stay in his homeland.
Mikhail Gorbachev's house for a million euros was probably not discussed only by the lazy. The President actually purchased property in the resort town of Rottach-Egern - “Castle Hubertus”. The area is very beautiful - stunning landscapes, nature and a river where you can fish.
Biography and personal life of Mikhail Gorbachev
The biography and personal life of Mikhail Gorbachev began in the village of Privolnoye, Medvedensky district, Stavropol Territory. The future politician was born on March 2, 1931 into a Russian-Ukrainian peasant family. His father is Sergei Gorbachev, a Russian who fought in the Great Patriotic War, where he died. Mother - Maria Gorbacheva, Ukrainian. Mikhail Gorbachev has younger brother– Alexander Gorbachev, military man, served in missile forces special purpose. Died in 2001.
Since childhood, Mikhail Gorbachev combined study and work at MTS and a collective farm. At the age of 19 he became a candidate member of the CPSU. In 1952, Mikhail Gorbachev became a member of the CPSU, and this is how his political career began.
After graduating from school, he entered Moscow State University. Lomonosov without exams for the Faculty of Law. After graduating from university, he was assigned to the regional prosecutor's office, where he worked for only a few days, because... was invited to Komsomol work.
Mikhail Gorbachev's political career grew rapidly. Party service gave him the opportunity to receive a second higher education as an economist. It is known that Mikhail Gorbachev was repeatedly considered for a position in the KGB.
Soon Mikhail Gorbachev becomes a deputy of the Supreme Council and heads the commission on youth affairs.
The political and social biography of Mikhail Gorbachev is quite rich. He holds a number of significant positions in the state. And in 1989 he already became Chairman of the Supreme Council. Soon he was elected First President of the USSR. This happened in 1990.
With the coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev, the “Perestroika” stage began, which was marked by a number of political and social reforms. All his policies were aimed at improving economic indicators in the country due to the increase in the number of industries, the development of the scientific and technological field, the increase in social indicators, etc. But the approved system failed. Shortages, discontent among the population and the unification of anti-Soviet groups are some of the negative results of Mikhail Gorbachev’s campaign.
Soon the economic situation in the Soviet Union began to deteriorate, and many countries decided to secede. In 1991, the President of the USSR signed documents on the withdrawal of the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union. Later, based on this fact, a criminal case was opened against Mikhail Gorbachev. On December 25, 1991, the President of the USSR resigned.
After his resignation, Mikhail Gorbachev began new life. He owned shares Russian newspaper, wrote many literary works. Mikhail Gorbachev also lectured at universities across the country. In general, he continued to be involved in social and political activities
In 1996, Mikhail Gorbachev put forward his candidacy for the post of President of Russia, but received less than one percent. Later, in 2001, he becomes the leader of the Social Democratic Party.
The personal life of Mikhail Gorbachev is not as varied as his social and political activities. The politician was married once and forever. His wife was Raisa Gorbacheva, a wonderful woman and adviser in business. Raisa Gorbacheva died in 1999.
Mikhail Gorbachev's only daughter, Irina, was born in the family, and she gave her parents two granddaughters. Ksenia is the first granddaughter of Mikhail Gorbachev, married twice, and has a daughter, Alexandra. Anastasia is the second granddaughter of Mikhail Gorbachev, married, and works as the chief editor of the site.
Family and children of Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev's childhood and youth were filled with sorrowful colors. The father, who went to the front, died. The village where little Gorbachev lived was occupied by German troops and was liberated only six months later. His grandfathers were repressed.
All these events were very memorable for Mikhail Gorbachev. From his youth, he carried the idea of changing the political system of his native country, so that the family and children of Mikhail Gorbachev would live happily and have a future without war.
Mikhail Gorbachev was married once and has one child.
Daughter of Mikhail Gorbachev - Irina
The daughter of Mikhail Gorbachev is Irina Virganskaya-Gorbacheva, the only child of the politician. Born January 6, 1957.
Irina received a medical education, but later retrained as an economist. He is now vice president of the Gorbachev Foundation.
In 1978, she first married a vascular surgeon at the Moscow First City Hospital, Anatoly Virgansky. In 1993, the family broke up.
Since 2006, she has been married to Andrei Trukhachev, a businessman who is involved in transportation.
Irina has two children - Ksenia and Anastasia. The girls are already quite old, live independent lives and are famous personalities. So, for example, Ksenia is a model, married and has a daughter, Alexandra, who was born in 2008. Anastasia is a graduate of MGIMO and works as chief editor at the Internet site Trendspace.ru.
Mikhail Gorbachev's wife - Raisa Gorbacheva
Mikhail Gorbachev's wife is Raisa Gorbacheva, the only and beloved wife of the President of the USSR. The First Lady of the Soviet Union was born on January 5, 1931 in Rubtsovsk. Graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University. Mikhail Gorbachev and Raisa Gorbacheva met at a dance, and on September 25, 1953 they officially registered their relationship. In 1957, a daughter, Irina, was born into the Gorbachev family.
Raisa Gorbacheva often appeared on camera with her husband. She accompanied him to all social events and trips. She was also an adviser on many socio-political issues. Raisa Gorbacheva could always support dialogue at any level.
The first lady of the USSR dressed elegantly, for which she received respect from European women, but she irritated some Soviet girls.
Funeral: date of death of Mikhail Gorbachev
As often happens, in 2013 there were rumors that Mikhail Gorbachev had died. Then many media outlets picked up the news that the first and only President of the USSR had passed away. By the way, one of the first to report the news that Mikhail Gorbachev had died was a representative of the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The information seemed so reliable that many began to look for where the influential politician was buried in order to guide him on his last journey. But a day later, it became known that the information was not true. Mikhail Gorbachev, fortunately, turned out to be alive and still lives in Germany.
And today you can find information and even videos on the topic “Funeral: date of death of Mikhail Gorbachev.”
Instagram and Wikipedia Mikhail Gorbachev
Instagram and Wikipedia of Mikhail Gorbachev are frequent requests on the Internet. It is known that the politician, due to his age, does not have accounts in in social networks. But Wikipedia reveals to us the personality of Mikhail Gorbachev very well.
Here you can familiarize yourself with the biography of the politician, his political and social activities. Also here are the works of Mikhail Gorbachev, there is information about his awards and honorary titles. The information is completely true and is publicly available on the Internet. The article was found on alabanza.ru