Chemical preparations against leaf diseases in apple trees. What to do if rust appears on the leaves of apple trees? The leaves of the apple tree are covered

Rusty spots on the leaves appear both in young seedlings and in adult apple trees. Any damage to the leaves of the apple tree, including the appearance rusty spots, lead to a violation of the production of chlorophyll, to inhibition of the process of laying fruit buds. This reduces the number of apples and reduces the ability of the apple tree to resist frost, active sunbeams, various diseases.

Leaf rust is a fungal disease that manifests itself in red-brown spots on the leaves. outside sheet. The disease occurs already at the beginning of summer, if it is not treated, then spores mature, which, spreading through the air, infect other trees.

Rusty spots often appear on the leaves of apple trees that grow in the same or neighboring garden with conifers, especially juniper and cypress, as well as in areas located in the pine forest area. Rust is not the most dangerous disease, but if it is not treated, then the branches, the bark of the apple tree are affected, the leaves fall, and the resistance of the apple tree to frost decreases.

How to deal with rust on an apple tree

1. To prevent the appearance of rust on the leaves, try not to plant conifers on the site. If there are already such trees in the garden and you don’t want to get rid of them, then always keep your “hand on the pulse”: at the first sign of damage to the conifers, remove and burn diseased branches. When planting firs, junipers, cypresses on your site, try to plant them as far as possible from the apple trees.
2. Carry out preventive treatment with fungicides fruit trees. Rust, like other fungal diseases, begins its development in the spring, its development is especially fast at high humidity. Carry out the first treatment in early spring, when the sap flow has not yet begun, in order to destroy the overwintered spores of the rust fungus. The second treatment is carried out when the buds swell, before the leaves bloom. If the apple trees have already been affected by rust, then treat the apple trees at least twice a season in order to prevent the disease. Be sure to do two eradicating sprays in the fall. If you use Bordeaux liquid for processing, then before the leaves appear, use a 3% solution, and after the appearance of only 1%, in order to prevent leaf burns.
3. To prevent the fungus from overwintering in the garden, be sure to remove fallen leaves, but do not put them in compost, but burn them. Strip damaged bark, remove infected branches. In spring and autumn, whitewash the trunk and stem branches with lime with the addition of copper or iron sulphate. Dig up the ground under the apple trees.

Try to prevent the appearance of rust in your garden, carry out preventive treatments, take into account the proximity of apple trees to conifers, and take immediate measures when the first signs of infection appear.

Video

Fruit tree lovers often encounter a number of leaf diseases: the plates turn yellow, become covered with bright orange spots, sometimes the leaves turn brown and twisted. The problem of fungal invasions on apple and plum trees with similar symptoms leads to crop loss, and in some cases even to the death of the tree. What to do if the leaves of the apple tree turn red and curl and how to deal with this disease?

In the summer, when the trees are green and the fruits are just beginning to set, the experienced gardener's eye may notice the appearance of rust spots on some leaves. With the development of this inconspicuous disease on an apple tree, or any other fruit tree, the leaves will turn black, a yellowish coating sometimes appears on the trunk. But in order for the tree to reach such a state, it is necessary to for a long time ignore the appearance of rusty plaque on leaf blades.

To answer the question - why the leaves of the apple tree turn yellow, you should refer to the reference book on phytopathology. Yellowing of the leaves can be associated with a number of diseases, and sometimes even with an elementary non-compliance with all the physiological needs of the tree. If the leaves of a homemade apple tree suddenly curled up, lost turgor, acquired a yellowish tint - most likely you have problems with mineral nutrition tree. The treatment of such a problem can be dealt with without drugs - supply the plant with top dressing, water it on time and the symptoms will weaken over time and disappear altogether.

Rust on an apple tree is a very expressive and easily recognizable disease. It is caused by fungi from the Puccinuaceae family. The disease primarily infects the leaves, over time it can move to the trunk, shoots and even fruits. Rust of an apple tree has a number of expressive symptoms, such as the appearance of “rusty” spots on the leaves, which eventually become necrotic. Sometimes the leaves of the apple tree curl - also a characteristic symptom.

Danger

The fungus develops massively on leaf plates and pulls over most of nutrients tree. As the surface area of ​​sporulation increases, it not only prevents the leaf from developing normally, but also increases the surface area of ​​liquid evaporation, which will lead to large water losses from the leaflet. From this, the leaves of the apple tree curl. In addition, the fungus puts the tree in a mobilization state - the affected plants cannot grow normally, develop, form juicy, healthy fruits.

In fact, the rust that appears on the leaves of an apple tree is an uncharacteristic disease of this plant. The entire group of rust fungi is characterized by a complex life cycle and the presence of several hosts and types of sporulation. Since the apple tree occupies an intermediate role in this cycle, attention in the treatment of the disease should be paid not only to hygiene orchard, but also on the intermediate hosts of the fungus, which is juniper.

Treatment

How to treat rust and how should you treat your plant? Treatment of rust on leaves is a complex and painstaking process. In order to completely get rid of the disease, it is necessary to introduce into the apple orchard a whole scheme of treatments and measures necessary to eliminate the pathogen.

Of the agricultural practices in the fight against this disease, it is recommended to use a rare planting of trees so that the spores of the pathogen cannot quickly infect seedlings. Attention should be paid proper watering and feed. Trees "overfed" with nitrogen fertilizers become infected with rust much more often. However, if foci of the disease are detected, gardeners recommend using phosphorus and potash fertilizers as a maintenance agent for trees.

Do not forget about sanitary pruning of apple trees, which should be carried out in early spring and after harvest.

If rust has already appeared in your garden - you find blackened or yellowed leaves - it's too late to carry out prevention. In this case, treat the affected areas on the leaves and bark with copper or iron sulphate, covering it with grease from above. In case of severe damage, it is recommended to cut off the affected parts.

Disease prevention

In addition to the above measures, such as timely sanitation, a slight planting density, remoteness from juniper, proper mineral feeding and competent poly, it is recommended to treat trees with fungicides in the fight against leaf rust. The simplest, most well-known and affordable remedy today is the Bordeaux mixture. It consists of slaked lime and shows high efficiency in the fight against fungi of this family. Processing is carried out in dry, cool weather. Among other means, the most popular and effective are such fungicides as "Kuporoxat", "Abiga-Peak", "Champion", "Strobi", "Cineba", "Vectra".

It is also customary to use sulfur-based preparations. To eliminate rust, dilute the preparation in the recommended proportion and spray regularly against this pest. This precaution will keep your harvest healthy and strong.

Video "Rust on the leaves of fruit trees"

From this video you will learn how to deal with rust on fruit trees.

An apple tree, like any other horticultural crop, often encounters diseases and pests. Quite often, they infect leaves (especially small leaves), and if measures are not taken in time, the disease can lead to the death of the entire plant.

Diseases and their causes

Very often, gardeners notice that the leaves of their favorite apple tree have dried up, turned yellow, orange spots have appeared on them, or the flowers have not bloomed after the winter. Quite often, this garden culture withers and wilts in June, and holes appear on the plates. Such wilting disrupts photosynthesis, which is bad for the plant, and in most cases the tree dies.

Apple leaf diseases can be caused by microorganisms as well as uncomfortable growing conditions. At the same time, weather and improper agricultural practices most often cause infectious diseases, but those, in turn, create favorable conditions for the reproduction of viral and fungal microflora.

Fix issues related to improper care, simple, but getting rid of diseases caused by fungi and bacteria is much more difficult, and viral infections are not treated at all. Consider the most common diseases.

• Scab- often affects the leaves and fruits of apple trees, when dark spots appear on them with a light rim around the edges. If treatment is not done in time, then the scab spreads from the leaves to the fruits, the tree begins to wither, the leaves and ovaries crumble, and the fruits grow one-sided and cracked.

• Black cancer- a fungal infection, which manifests itself in the form of brown spots on the leaves, this is accompanied by fouling of the bark with tubercles with spore-bearing growths. The disease leads to fruit drop or mummification.

• leaf rust- quite often this problem occurs in gardens where apple trees grow in close proximity to juniper, this is where the rust pathogen likes to live and under any adverse weather conditions (rain, wind) it is easily transferred to fruit trees, where it makes itself felt with rusty convex spots with small dark brown patches. A total defeat leads to the fact that the leaves fall off in July, photosynthesis is accordingly disturbed, which leads to inhibition of fruit ripening.

• powdery mildew easily distinguishable from other crop diseases. With this disease, the leaf plates are covered with a brown coating, and then curl up and fall off completely. If the fungus struck the apple tree at the very beginning of the growing season, then in most cases it leads to the death of the entire plant.

• milky shine- a dangerous disease that can cover the entire plant. The first symptom of it is the appearance of a mother-of-pearl light gray shade of foliage.

• Moniliosis- affects the leaves, covering them with a lowered bloom of a grayish tint. Such spots quickly spread from the foliage to the fruits, turning them into an inedible fruit.

• Phyllostictosis- this disease is also called brown spotting, it manifests itself in the form of spots of dark yellow or gray color, their form can be absolutely any. In this case, the epidermis quickly transforms into a transparent film. Purely visually, this looks a bit like a pesticide burn, but the disease progresses rapidly and leads to the death of leaf tissues if no action is taken in time.

• Bacterial burn- this is a bacterial disease that does not immediately lead to the death of the plant - this process can take 2-3 years, so with timely treatment, you can defeat an unpleasant attack. Foliage with a bacterial burn takes on a charred appearance, this is accompanied by the appearance of dark spots in the bark and bending of the shoots.

The destruction of the vegetative parts of the tree inevitably leads to its death. There are cases of self-healing from this pathology on poor soils. The bacteriosis of the apple tree begins precisely with the foliage - the plates darken along the edges and gradually the lesion affects the petioles, the stem, and from there it passes to the wood. Very often, the first symptomatology does not alarm gardeners, but such an ailment can destroy an apple tree of any age.

Let's focus separately on viral diseases. They are not treated, and the affected plant should be destroyed and burned as soon as possible, otherwise the virus will spread to neighboring trees and destroy all fruit crops on the site. The leaves of the apple tree are most often affected by a mosaic disease - its first manifestations are expressed in white-green spots between the veins of the leaves, while in the heat they are slightly paler ( white coating should immediately alert gardeners). As the disease progresses, the leaves become quite brittle and fall off. Such early leaf fall deprives the plant of photosynthesis and inhibits the viability of the entire tree.

Among non-infectious pathologies, it is worth highlighting:

• Frosty sunburn- occurs as a lesion of leaf plates, bark and branches of a young apple tree against the background of a strong temperature drop or freezing. Leads to the complete death of the leaves.

• Chlorosis- quite often observed in plants cultivated on poor and depleted soils, while the tree receives less nitrogen, sulfur, magnesium and manganese. As a result, the leaf plates turn yellow and become almost white, while fruit growth stops, and their taste properties deteriorate sharply.

To help the plant, it is necessary to determine exactly what substance it lacks:

• If the leaves turn pale green, then this indicates about nitrogen deficiency, the apple tree needs urea or ammonium nitrate.
• If chlorosis is especially pronounced between the veins lower leaves- it says about magnesium deficiency. At the same time, the veins themselves retain a green color, and the leaf tissue between them first turns pale, and then completely turns yellow. In this case, foliar spraying with magnesium sulfate is highly effective.
• With interveinal yellowing of the apical leaves, the plant signals about iron deficiency, this often occurs when the plant is planted on carbonate soils or over-calcified soil.
• If the veins themselves turn yellow on the upper leaves - this is sulfuric chlorosis, the plant will be helped sulfates of potassium or magnesium.

• Rosette or small-leaved - with this pathology, the leaves of trees acquire an unusual claw-shaped or lanceolate shape, large rosettes of dozens of such modified leaves are formed on the tops of the shoots. The reason is most often related with zinc starvation, which inevitably leads to a weakening of the tree and a decrease in its productivity.
• About the lack of phosphorus signals the folding of the leaf plates with their edges down, and if they are twisted into a boat and wrinkled at the same time, it is necessary to feed the culture with potassium.
• Leaf crushing is often associated with nitrogen and zinc deficiency.

It should be noted that non-communicable diseases are quite easy to cure - for this it is necessary to carry out sanitary pruning, protect the plant from adverse temperature conditions and make nutritious top dressing.

Methods of treatment

Treatment of plant diseases should begin immediately after the discovery of a problem. Many ailments develop slowly and with a timely response, the chances of saving the plant are quite high, and in some cases it is even possible to harvest.

Special funds

Most often, for the treatment of apple trees, special preparations are required, which can be purchased at any specialized store.

With the development of fungal diseases, copper-containing preparations, for example, copper sulphate, differ in their universal effect. It is advisable to add a solution of green soap to it - this will ensure greater adhesion of the drug to the leaf blades. It has proven its effectiveness in cytosporosis and apple cancer.

A fairly low-risk drug that will help the plant and at the same time not harm humans, animals, or bees is Fundazol, which can be sprayed on an apple tree up to 5 times during the entire growing season.

With scab, Topaz or Hom preparations should be used. They are bred in accordance with the instructions and sprayed on the plant in the spring. The same products should be used when powdery mildew appears.

Treatment with Bordeaux liquid or other fungicides will help get rid of rust.

With a bacterial burn, the drug Gamair works well, it is quite harmless from the point of view of environmental friendliness. Many prefer Phytoflavin, it is a complex of streptothricin antibiotics.

But most botanists agree that bacteria develop immunity to this drug rather quickly.

Separately, it is worth dwelling on the activity of garden pests, which are highly prolific and active, which can lead to the destruction of foliage in a matter of weeks. When caterpillars appear (green larvae may also appear), the leaves and stems of the apple tree should be sprayed with chlorophos or nitrofen. If the plant was attacked by ticks, then karbofos, phosphamide, metaphos or colloidal sulfur can cope with the situation. In this case, it is necessary to spray twice, using different formulations.

Ants are considered a real disaster for any garden, since it is they who carry aphids, sending them to “graze” on a plant. It is easy to get rid of these unpleasant insects at home - for this they use Raptor or Combat brand products, however, in open space they will not give any effect. If you use the gel formulations of the same companies, then you can destroy not only ants, but also beneficial bees, and this is already fraught with a lack of pollination in the garden.

Therefore, gardeners most often use special traps with poison inside, which look like small washers with small slots. Getting into it, the ant comes into contact with a slow-acting poison, and then, upon returning to its anthill, gradually infects its relatives.

Folk methods

Unfortunately, folk methods to combat the disease of the foliage of apple crops have low efficiency. As a rule, they are not enough to get rid of serious plant diseases.

But some gardeners recognize only environmentally friendly drugs, so they spray the foliage and stems of a diseased apple tree with infusions of ash, garlic or chamomile.

As the first spray at the stage of bud formation, experienced gardeners prepare an infusion of a mixture of onion husks, garlic with shag or tobacco. three liter jar 1/3 is filled with prepared ingredients and poured with boiling water, let it brew for about a week and process the trunk and young shoots.

As soon as young foliage appears on a tree, they often become victims of an aphid attack, in which case a decoction of yarrow or bitter wormwood will help scare away uninvited guests. The same composition should be used to destroy ticks, caterpillars, as well as codling moths, weevils and sawflies. To prepare the infusion, 1 kg of grass is poured with three liters of water and infused for about a day, after which it is boiled over low heat for 20-30 minutes, cooled, diluted in a bucket of water and sprayed with foliage every week.

By the way, tomato tops help well against aphid larvae; for this, 2 kg of plant residues are poured with a bucket of water and boiled for half an hour with constant stirring. Before use, you can add a little green soap and spray the entire apple tree from the roots to the very top of the trunk.

A decoction of hot pepper will help get rid of small caterpillars, and you should stock up on such a composition in advance, since it will take 10-14 days to prepare it. The infusion concentrate is prepared from 1 kg of dried pods, filled with hot water. Before use, it is necessary to dilute the mixture to 10 liters and start spraying.

It must be borne in mind that pests quickly develop resistance to any spraying, so it is better to make several formulations and alternate them, only in this case the insect control will be as effective as possible.

Such compounds can help against simple pests, however, do not use them in case of fighting fungal and bacterial infections- their strength is clearly not enough, and in the treatment of an apple tree, the absence of potent agents can lead to the death of the plant in just one season. If the plant has developed, but the flowers have dried up after flowering, then you should pay attention to more serious chemicals to fight the disease.

The problem is easier to prevent than to treat. And this fully applies to diseases of trees, including all types of apple trees. Plant wilting is the most a big problem for gardeners. In order to avoid unwanted acquaintance with pathogenic microflora, regular preventive spraying should be carried out.

To do this, in early spring, on a warm and calm day, the trunks and shoots of trees should be treated with a solution of nitrafen or copper sulfate. The same treatment should be done immediately at the time of swelling of the first kidneys.

If for some reason it is not possible to protect the plant before the leaves bloom, you can try spraying the apple tree with Bordeaux liquid or urea at the time of flowering of the crop. Such a measure will not only save the tree from scab, but also destroy all the larvae of ticks, caterpillars and sawflies.

After the harvest is completed in the autumn, while the leaves have not yet fallen, the garden area should be sprayed with urea. It will destroy all insects that are preparing for wintering in the ground and tree bark.

It is very important to get rid of fallen leaves and other plant residues - it is in them that many pests and pathogens of fungal infections overwinter. At the same time, they should not be dug into the ground, but burned. It is necessary to monitor the crown of the tree, to prevent its thickening, since the plant must be constantly ventilated.

For diseases of the leaves of the apple tree and how to fight, see the following video.

Among lichens, representatives of the genera are common Cladonia, Hypogymnia, Parmelia , and among the mosses - Dicranum, Mnium and others. Lichen diseases are found everywhere on all berry bushes and trees.

The description of these diseases of apple trees should begin with the fact that they develop with dense plantings, poor ventilation, low illumination of the bushes, conditions of high humidity are created. Such conditions are very favorable for the development of lichens and mosses, pathogenic microorganisms that cause bark necrosis, stem and root rot. Any plant covered with lichens has a sparse crown and a weak growth of shoots; lichens from one tree or shrub quickly spread to neighboring ones.

Lichen thalli retain moisture on the surface of the bark, which can cause the formation of frost holes in severe winters, and many insect pests constantly overwinter under the thalli. The spread of lichens and mosses testifies, first of all, to the weakening of plants.

Seeing a description of the disease of apple trees with photographs, you can arm yourself with knowledge of the potential danger and start fighting it as recommended below.

Control measures. Constant cleaning and removal of thalli from trunks and skeletal branches and spraying plants in autumn with a solution of iron sulfate (300 g / 10 l of water).

Look at the lichen diseases of apple trees in the photographs, which show the most typical symptoms:

The main diseases of the bark and trunk of apple trees are caused by fungi and are combined into a group called cancer. Further in the material, these diseases of the bark of apple trees and their treatment are considered with a description of the characteristic features.

Ordinary, or European cancer of the apple tree.

The causative agent is a fungus Neonectria galligena (Bres.) Rossman & Samuels (syn. Nectria galligena Bres.). Elongated brown spots appear on the bark, which dry out and crack. Under them, ulcers with raised edges of callus tissue are exposed. Over the years, the ulcers increase and deepen, the wood gradually dies off. With the defeat of young plants, death occurs in 2-3 years.

On the trunks, an open form of cancer is revealed in the form of deep ulcers, on the branches - more often a closed form, in which the nodules grow together and a gap remains. With the mass manifestation of the disease, deep ulcers are also formed on the skeletal branches. In the affected wood, sporulation develops along the edges of the canker in the form of whitish-cream, drying out and darkening pads over time. The spores recharge neighboring branches and leaves.

Affected leaves become chlorotic, necrotic brown spots appear on them without bordering, the leaves gradually dry out and fall off prematurely. Brown spots appear on the fruit from the side of the stalk, which lead to rapid decay. The infection persists in the affected wood and plant debris.

The disease is widespread in almost all fruit and berry crops, ornamental and deciduous tree species. With thickened plantings, permanent re-infection of plants is possible. The disease often manifests itself on weakened planting material and in places of frost holes and mechanical damage bark of trunks and branches.

Control measures. Use of healthy planting material without any necrosis of the bark and ulcers on the shoots. Compliance with all agrotechnical requirements for growing this crop. Timely pruning of affected branches with ulcers and their burning. Separate ulcers in the forks of skeletal branches are disinfected with a 1% solution of copper sulfate and covered with oil paint on natural drying oil. Annual preventive spraying of the bark of plants before the leaves bloom with Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

Black cancer of the apple tree.

The causative agent is a fungus Sphaeropsis malorum Berck . Black cancer often begins to develop in the forks of the skeletal branches of trees. First, reddish-brown depressed spots form, then they darken, numerous black fruit bodies - pycnidia appear on the bark. The affected bark turns black, becomes bumpy and resembles goose bumps, eventually cracks, dries up and peels off the wood in whole layers.

Dark brown spots appear on the leaves and fruits, similar to black rot. When boles are affected, the disease causes the trees to dry out within 1-2 years from the moment the first symptoms appear. With dense plantings of trees, the disease quickly spreads from tree to tree, from apple trees to pears.

Only the defeat of the bark looks a little different: the cracks along the edge are deeper, the dead bark does not turn black, but is covered with numerous cracks and crumbles easily. With the spread of the disease on adult trees, dried skeletal branches have to be cut out annually, which is why the tree crowns become ugly. The infection persists in the affected bark and in the affected plant debris.

Control measures. Compliance with all requirements of agricultural cultivation fruit crops, the use of healthy planting material. Preventive annual spraying of trees, especially boles and skeletal branches, with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga Peak). Timely pruning of dried branches, removal of dried trees, cleaning of the affected bark, disinfection of wounds, cuts, saw cuts with 1% copper sulphate and coating with oil paint on natural drying oil.

Cytosporosis, or infectious drying of the bark of an apple tree.

The causative agents of this apple tree disease are fungi Cytospora schulzeri Sacc. and Syd. (syn. C. capitata Sacc. and Schulz.) and C. carphosperma Fr. - on an apple tree, C. microspora Roberh. - on apple and pear. The disease is manifested by browning and death of the bark of branches, skeletal branches and boles. Numerous convex stroma in the form of gray-brown tubercles are formed on the affected tissue.

At first they are submerged, then breaking through, obtuse-conical. The affected bark dries up, acquiring a finely bumpy appearance from the sporulation of the fungus, but does not exfoliate, but urinates. The fungus penetrates the plant through mechanical damage and spreads from the bark to the cambium and wood, causing premature drying of the branches. Fruit trees in nurseries are strongly affected during dense planting and with frequent pruning of the crown during the formation process. The spread of infection is facilitated by the weakening of plants from exposure to low temperatures, sunburn, mechanical damage to the cortex. The infection persists in the affected branches and bark of the trunks and spreads when using low-quality planting material.

Protective Measures for apple disease are the same as the treatments for black cancer.

Look at the manifestations of this apple tree disease in the photo, where all the typical symptoms of bark damage are clearly visible:

Spring diseases of apple trees actually develop during the winter, but their obvious signs begin to appear after the snow cover has melted and positive temperatures have been established. The following are the diseases of the branches of the apple tree, which are more common than others: their symptoms are shown and the control measures are described.

Study these diseases of apple trees and the fight against them with photos that richly illustrate each type of defeat:

Tuberculosis, or drying of branches, apple trees.

The causative agent is a fungus Tubercularia vulgaris Tode . The conidial stage of the fungus - Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. The disease occurs on many shrubs and deciduous tree species, causing nectrium necrosis (death) of the bark. During the growing season, leaves and shoots quickly turn brown and dry. Numerous brick-red sporulation pads up to 2 mm in diameter are formed on the surface of the affected bark; over time, they darken and dry out. The development of the fungus causes the death of the bark and bast of individual branches and shoots. Often, infection of plants in gardens begins with red currant bushes, for which tubercular necrosis is the main disease. The infection persists in the bark of affected shoots.

Control measures the same as against ordinary cancer.

Grebenshchik.

The causative agent is a fungus Schyzophyllum commune Fr. The comb settles on the branches and trunks of weakened, often frozen trees and causes the development of stem rot. It affects many fruit trees and shrubs and deciduous trees. On the affected bark, fruiting bodies are formed in the form of leathery thin hats of a grayish-white color with pronounced zonal stripes. The caps are numerous, sideways attached to the trunk or skeletal branches. As a result of the rapid spread of stem rot, the affected trees gradually dry out. The infection persists in the fruit bodies of the fungus and in the affected wood.

Control measures. Pruning and burning of fruiting bodies, stripping wood, removing dried branches and individual trees. Disinfection of wounds and saw cuts with 1% copper sulphate and smearing with oil paint on drying oil. Annual obligatory preventive spraying of trees before leafing out, so that the solution of the drug wets the bark, with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

The most common disease of the apple tree trunk is root rot, only scab competes with it in prevalence. We offer you to learn about the diseases of the trunk of apple trees and their treatment necessary information so that this defeat is not taken by surprise.

Root rot, or honey agaric, apple trees.

The causative agent is a fungus Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) P. Kumm. (syn.Armillariella mellea (Vahl.) P. Karst.), causes peripheral wood rot. Honey agaric grows on the roots of living trees and shrubs, as well as on stumps.

Under the affected bark of roots, butts, bases of trunks and shoots, the fungus forms a network of black flat cords - rhizomorphs, with the help of which it actively spreads. Numerous fruiting bodies are formed on the mycelium in the form of yellow-brown caps with a stem and with a membranous ring under the cap. The fungus persists in wood, in the soil in the affected plant residues, penetrates into the root system of trees and shrubs, causes the death of the wood of the roots and trunks, which is why the defeat of the honey agaric is called peripheral rot. The main signs of this disease of apple trees are visible to the naked eye: a variety of annular spots throughout the trunk, covered with a brownish coating.

Control measures. Preventive spraying of trunks and branches with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). Removal and burning of affected dead trees along with their roots. At the first signs of infection, the soil under the trees is shed with a solution of a copper-containing preparation. In industrial cultivation in the nursery, the roots and butt woody plants treated with a tank mixture: foundationazole (0.2%) + HOM (0.4%).

Apple scab.

The causative agent is a fungus Venturia inaegualis Wint . with conidial stage Fusicladium dendriticura (Wallr.) Fuck. Dark green, gradually turning brown velvety spots appear on the leaves from the upper side, the leaves turn yellow and fall prematurely. When infected in spring and early summer, the spots are large, later, with repeated infections, they are small, inconspicuous. Spores re-infect ovaries, less often young shoots, fruits become stained and become unusable. With the mass distribution of scab, the commercial qualities of fruits, decorativeness and winter hardiness of trees decrease. The development of the disease is favored by a damp cold spring and an abundance of precipitation in summer. The causative agent is highly specialized, that is, the fungus affects only the apple tree and does not spread to other trees. The infection persists in the affected plant debris.

Control measures. Collection and removal (possibly composting) of fallen affected leaves. Spraying trees, starting from the green cone phase and, if necessary, summer time, considering the waiting time, one of the preparations: 1% Bordeaux mixture, HOM, Abiga-Peak, fast, rayok. It is easier to navigate the phases: before flowering and immediately after flowering.

Look at these apple tree trunk diseases in the photo, which shows the typical symptoms of a fungal infection:

Apple tree disease in which the leaves curl

powdery mildew- This is a disease of the apple tree, in which the leaves curl and quickly dry out, and the shoots stop growing.

Look at this disease of apple trees with a photo and description, it is also told about possible measures fight against fungal infection in the garden:

The causative agent is a fungus Podosphaera leucotricha Salm . On young inflorescences and leaves, spots of a grayish-white bloom may appear already in May, the spores of which re-infect the growing leaves and shoots. Affected leaves curl and dry out, shoots become deformed and stop growing. Affected buds do not form fruits, and with a later lesion, a rusty network of cork tissue appears on the fruit. Powdery mildew appears more often in thickened gardens or because of their low light and windy plantings. The disease is common on the apple tree, but it also occurs on the pear, only to a mild degree. The infection persists by fruiting bodies in the affected leaves and bark and by mycelium in the buds of the shoots, from which the primary infection of young leaves begins.

Control measures. Compliance with all the requirements of agricultural technology for growing fruit crops, timely removal of severely affected shoots from young trees, collection of fallen leaves and their composting. Preventive spraying of trees when the first symptoms of powdery mildew appear.

Apple tree rust.

The causative agent is a fungus Gymnosporangium tremelloides Hartig. (syn. G. juniperinum Mart.) , affects mainly leaves, less often shoots and fruits. Orange-red rounded cushion-shaped spots with small black dots appear on the leaves on the upper side, and orange cone-shaped aetsia form on the lower side, which turn brown over time. The apple tree is an intermediate host. The fungus overwinters and develops on the Cossack juniper. In spring, brown outgrowths with brown mucus appear in the cracks in the bark, and spores re-infest the leaves of the apple tree. With the mass spread of the disease, the leaves turn yellow prematurely and fall off. The infection persists in juniper plantings.

Control measures. Spraying trees before flowering or immediately after it with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

Brown spotting of apple leaves.

Pathogens - mushrooms Phyllosticta mali Prill, et Del. and Ph. Briardi Sacc . When the first fungus is damaged, large angular dark yellow spots appear on the leaves with a lighter middle and a thin brown rim. When affected by the second pathogen, the spots on the leaves are rounded or angular, light yellow in color, without bordering, up to 6 mm in diameter. In the necrotic tissue, over time, small dotted black fruiting bodies of the overwintering stage are formed. The leaves turn yellow and fall prematurely, which affects the maturation of the wood of the shoots and their frost resistance. The infection persists in the affected fallen leaves.

Control measures. Spraying trees in the spring before flowering and immediately after it ends with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak), collecting and removing fallen leaves.

The causative agent is a fungus Ascochyta piricola Sacc ., affects both the apple tree and the pear. The spots on the leaves are rounded, grayish, merging with each other, have no border. Over time, black scattered fruiting bodies of the overwintering stage form in the necrotic tissue. Affected leaves turn yellow prematurely and fall off. The infection persists in the affected plant debris.

Control measures same as against brown leaf spot.

Uniform yellowing of the leaves between the veins is associated with a large deficit in the supply of nutrients to young growing leaves. The reason for this may be frost cracks and the death of the bark or the spread of root and stem rot, as well as necrosis. With a strong manifestation of chlorosis, browning and drying of the leaves, the death of branches and trunks are observed in the future.

Control measures. Timely identification of the causes of chlorosis. Preventive spraying of trees in the spring, before the leaves bloom, with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). In case of mechanical damage and frost cracks, pruning, removal of the fruiting bodies of tinder fungi, all saw cuts and cracks are disinfected with 1% copper sulphate and covered with oil paint.

Look at these diseases on the leaves of the apple tree in the photo, where everything is visible characteristics lesions:

Moniliosis It is called the disease of apple seedlings, since it mainly affects young trees in the first and second year after their planting. On adult plants, fresh branches not protected by bark are affected.

Pathogens - mushrooms Monilia cinerea Bon. f. mali Worm, and M. fructigena Pers . The first pathogen causes a burn, in which flowers, ovaries, fruit twigs and leaves turn brown and dry out, but do not fall off for a long time. The second pathogen causes fruit rot.

Rot appears in places of damage by the codling moth. Numerous gray sporulation pads in the form of concentric circles form over time on decaying tissue. Spores are spread by wind, rain, insects and re-infect neighboring fruits. Infected fruits mummify (dry) and turn black. Remaining hanging on the branches, they are a source of constant infection.

See this apple disease in pictures that illustrate its gradual development with typical symptoms for each stage:

Control measures. Collection of carrion, removal of mummified fruits, pruning of dried branches. Spraying trees in spring, before flowering and immediately after flowering, with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). With a strong spread of monilial burn and fruit rot, the third spraying is carried out with the same preparations 10-12 days after the second spraying.

There are apple tree diseases with twisted leaves that need to be recognized as soon as possible, as they are a danger to other horticultural crops. Familiarize yourself with such apple leaf diseases in the descriptions further on the page: this will allow you to quickly recognize the signs of their appearance.

Pestalocium blotch of the apple tree.

The causative agent is a fungus Pestalotia malorum Elenk. and OM . The spots on the leaves are grayish-brown, rounded, merging. Over time, numerous black sporulation pads form on the necrotic tissue. Affected leaves turn brown and dry prematurely. The infection persists in the affected fallen leaves.

Control measures. Spraying trees in spring, before flowering and immediately after it, with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak), collection, burning of fallen leaves.

Tobacco necrosis virus on an apple tree.

tobacco necrosis virus Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) manifested by a systemic necrotic reaction. Irregular necrotic spotting appears on the leaves, which is concentrated, necrotic, the veins darken, the leaves die prematurely. Leaf deformation, dwarfism of plants, lack of flowering can be observed. The virus infects vegetable, industrial, fruit and berry, flower and ornamental crops. The range of host plants includes representatives of more than 40 families. It is transmitted with plant sap and zoospores of Olphidium brassicae.

Control measures. The use of healthy planting material, compliance with all the requirements of agricultural technology for growing crops. Timely pruning of leaves, branches with symptoms of a viral infection, removal and burning of severely affected young trees. Disinfection garden tools(knives, secateurs) in alcohol, cologne, 1% potassium permanganate solution after working with affected plants.

Look at these apple leaf diseases in the photo, which shows all the signs at different stages of the lesion:

Diseases of young apple trees most often have a mixed nature. They are caused by several pathogens at once. The most dangerous disease is the bark of young apple trees, which can develop after an unsuccessful wintering. If apple bark disease in adulthood usually proceeds slowly and the gardener has time to effectively treat it. But in young seedlings, everything is different. Trees can die in a matter of days.

Bacterial cancer, or bacterial necrosis, of the bark of an apple tree.

The causative agent is a bacterium Pseudomonas syringae van Hall. (syn. Ps. cerasi Griffin) . Causes bacterial necrosis on both stone fruit and pome crops. The disease resembles a burn. Since spring, browning of the buds and bark of branches, blackening and drying of young shoots and leaves are observed. Black spots appear on the leaves, cracking along the edges of the leaf blades. The affected bark swells, swellings appear in the form of soft blisters, depressed spots often form with a purple-cherry border.

The wood of branches and stems rots, a sharp sour smell of fermented juice appears, and the trees die. Bacteriosis usually begins with linear necrosis of the cortex and progresses to broad streaks. In the chronic form of cancer, ulcers form on the branches and trunks, which gradually increase. Gum is abundantly secreted from ulcers. The affected wood turns brown and dies, the ulcers dry up. On a cut in the wood, caverns filled with mucus and gum formations are visible. The infection persists in the affected branches, and the bacteria are spread by wind, insects, pruning tools, and mainly with infected planting material.

Look at the manifestations of this disease of the bark of apple trees in the photo showing the characteristic signs of damage:

Control measures. Use of healthy planting material, compliance with all agrotechnical requirements for growing crops, timely removal and burning of affected branches and dried trees.

Disinfection of saw cuts, small ulcers and necrosis of the bark on boles with a solution of 1% copper sulphate and coating with oil paint. Preventive annual spraying of trees in the spring, before the leaves bloom, with a Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

Witch's brooms, or proliferation

These are apple fruit diseases that damage the ovaries at the budding stage.

Pathogen - phytoplasma Apple proliferation, Apple witch's broom . Symptoms of the disease appear in July-August. On the affected shoots of the apple tree, dormant buds wake up en masse and thin, erect side shoots with short internodes grow. The leaves on them are small, with short petioles and large stipules, the edges of which have sharp, atypically large teeth.

Fruits on infected branches develop small, on long stalks, flattened and tasteless. Diseased trees bloom later than the rest, they have greening and ugliness of flowers, leaf buds open in late dates and the leaves turn yellow and fall ahead of schedule. Often, abundant root shoots develop near the trunk. Affected seedlings have a compact appearance, due to reduced growth and bushiness of the tree. The disease is spread by grafting, budding, planting material, and possibly seeds. In addition to the apple tree, quince is also affected. The infection persists in the affected shoots.

Recommended control measures will tell you how to treat this disease in apple trees., among which the most important is the use of healthy planting material, compliance with all the requirements of agricultural technology for growing crops. Timely pruning of branches with witch brooms, removal and burning of severely affected young trees. Disinfection of garden tools - knives, pruners in alcohol, cologne, 1% potassium permanganate solution after working with affected plants.

Corking the skin of apple fruits is a non-infectious disease of the fetus. Slightly depressed brownish spots of corked tissue appear on the fruits, and their slight deformation is often observed. Late spring frosts during flowering gardens have a negative impact on the development of flowers, ovaries and young leaves. Frozen flowers and ovaries turn brown and fall off, the leaves are deformed and dry, and partially damaged fruits grow, but their skin becomes corky.

How this disease of apple trees manifests itself is shown in the video, which shows the most bright signs:

Control measures. With the expected drop in temperature during the flowering of gardens, it is recommended to make fires and create a smoke screen. Young trees and shrubs can be covered with spandbond or lutrasil.

Apple tree damage low temperatures.

In winters with low temperatures, frequent thaws and insufficient snow, bark, cambium, trunk wood are damaged in fruit trees, frost cracks appear on the trunk and skeletal branches. Sun-frost burns are observed with sharp daily temperature fluctuations, when the bark heated by the sun thaws during the day, and freezes again at night. Irregularly shaped light spots appear on the southern and southwestern sides of the trunk. In the spring, there is a slow bud break, and in the summer - a weak growth and drying of the shoots. At the end of summer, the bark cracks and falls off, the wood of the affected skeletal branches and stems dies off. On weakened trees, a fungal and bacterial infection spreads. Very often, the root system of the trees completely freezes, and the affected trees dry up at the very beginning of summer.

In most cases, branches and shoots break off under the weight of the first wet snow or a large snow cover. In some years, branches break under the weight of fruits or strong winds. This also often happens when transporting or planting trees, especially large trees. Therefore, since autumn, it is better to tie young plants with twine or rope and periodically shake off the snow from them. The first time after planting or transplanting, the plants should be tied to a support, this will protect against distortion and fractures of the trunks. Any mechanical damage and saw cuts of trunks and branches should be disinfected with a 1% solution of copper sulphate and covered with paint on natural drying oil. It is in the places of cuts that the wood cracks and dies, and the trees gradually dry out.

Watch the diseases of apple trees and their treatment in the video, which shows the basic principles of agricultural technology and tree care at different times of the year:

» » » Apples

Every experienced gardener knows that country work is not easy. A serious problem for the summer resident is the ailments of fruit trees, especially apple trees. Instead of juicy fruits, we get diseased trees with healthy pests.

Unfortunately, in our time there are many diseases that affect apple trees. The main thing is to detect the disease as soon as possible and start timely treatment, so that later you do not regret that the tree died. Let's talk about the most common diseases of apple trees.

- one of the most common and harmful diseases for your fruit pets

While the death of a tree with apple scab is rare, the tree suffers in a different way. The yield of the apple tree falls, the fruits are transformed into small, dry, twisted fruits. Reduced shelf life, loss of desired vitamins and minerals in fruits - a consequence of finding a harmful guest in your country house.

Pest Control Methods

Scab can and should be treated. There are several ways to fight:

1. Basic wrestling technique- This is the destruction of the affected leaves of the apple tree.

Every autumn, summer residents rake fallen leaves, sending them to compost, and cover them with 7-8 cm of soil. Cleaning of all rotten fruits from the site is also required. It is useful to spray trees with growth stimulants, thereby maintaining the health of trees.

1. Chemical treatment scab.

Scientifically proven drugs of chemical origin: fungicide "Rayok"; systemic fungicide"Strobe"; contact preparation "Abiga-Peak"; solution "Fitolavin".

Prevention of dark spots

1. Removal of all existing weeds;
2. Selection of extremely resistant varieties of apple trees;
3. Regular removal of deeply affected, fallen, rotten fruits;
4. Collection of precisely high-quality fruits intended only for seasonal storage;
5. Separate storage of absolutely all collected fruits.

Flycatcher - dots on apples

The name is just that because black dots appearing on apples during an illness resemble the biological waste of flies.

Elimination of the disease

When sick of this type apple trees need to be sprayed, as well as, if possible, to seize land cover. Preparations such as copper sulphate, oleocuprite can be safely used. All this must be done before spring. This will be the first stage of treatment. Later (second stage) spraying is carried out using copper oxychloride, phthalan. In a couple of weeks, the time will come for the third final spraying. It accepts previously used drugs of your choice. It is worth knowing that it is necessary to spray apple trees several times a season. Also, the solutions can be alternated with each other.

The best results in treatment can be achieved if only the treatment is carried out before the main causative agent of the disease still penetrates the plants, so you should not lose your vigilance.

powdery mildew

A fungal disease that is distinguished by its transient spread throughout the dacha area. Mushroom spores spread rapidly through rain, wind and human error(through country inventory).

The disease is detected by summer residents in the spring during active bud break. The virus spreads to the entire surface of the apple tree, settling with a white coating. The fruits deteriorate, lose their taste, often die. When the tree becomes completely ill, the ovaries begin to fall off, the branches dry and die. In this case, the dew becomes an expressive brown color.

Prevention of occurrence

1. For better disease prevention and protection against dew, three times spraying of still healthy trees with fungicides.
2. Healthy pollination with sulfur at least four times, but only in the summer.
3. The room with seedlings must be ventilated a sufficient number of times, performing a clear humidity regime and avoiding strong drafts.

If you decide to grow powdery mildew-resistant apple varieties, then prerequisite is the cutting of diseased shoots. They need to be removed both in winter and in spring, especially at the end of flowering, when the organs of the tree become clearly visible.

How to get rid of white plaque

1. Compliance with the key methods of agricultural technology, that is soil drying prevention.
2. Fulfillment of all points disease prevention.

Fruit rot - why did it appear and what to do?

Apple trees are one of the most common diseases of fruit trees in general. Scientific name - apple moniliosis.

Rot surpasses scab in its harmfulness several times, because it tends to massively infect trees.

signs

Foci of the disease occur in several places at once, spreading over the surface of the entire fetus. The pulp of the fruit becomes soft, unsuitable for nutrition. After a week, brown spots are transformed into blurry yellowish circles. This is the oppressive spores of the fungus, through which the infection entered the garden.

Branches and rotten fruits left on the apple tree are also sources of infection.. If the sanitization of the tree is not carried out properly, then the damage to the fruit increases. Later, the formations harden, and the subsequent multiplication of bacteria occurs in them. Fruit rot can visit your garden several times a season.

Causes

• Damage and cracks in the bark of a tree;
• The relationship of infected fruits with healthy individuals;
• Damaged apple peel;
• The presence of other diseases in the apple tree;
• Susceptible varieties of apple trees.

How to deal with this problem

1. Pruning dried branches, bad fruits and dry leaves;
2. Recycling from an apple tree;
3. Appropriate seasonal fruit harvesting ;
4. spraying crowns;
5. Treat other illnesses apple trees;
6. Try treat all existing infections;
7. Protect apple trees from mechanical and chemical damage.

Cytosporosis

Cytosporosis is a common fungal disease, which affects for the most part only weak and old apple trees. It causes individual focal drying of the tree bark.

The bark affected by the disease usually dies off, and impressive cracks appear in its place.

Already dead pieces of the bark are covered with a viral fungus, which appears as small tubercles. The old branches are also not insured, which cease to be part of the tree if the disease is not defeated. Weak from frost and the scorching sun, the tree dies after about 5 years of fighting the disease..

Pathogens

Cytospore fungus is the main causative agent of this disease. Its size is very small, no larger than an ordinary bacterium. The virus hibernates in cracks in the bark or in clots, the so-called spores. Rain and wind carry it to other trees, where he also settles down in the blink of an eye. A person can infect his tree with cytosporosis simply by using garden shears.

Prevention and treatment

It is important to follow a number of rules in the treatment of apple cytosporosis:

1. Man needs to keep his trees healthy, increasing their resistance to disease.
2. Fertilize with potash and phosphate fertilizers trees known to be disease-prone
3. Preventive spraying trees with fungicides.
4. Usage resistant apple varieties.

Agrarian and technical measures play a huge role in the fight against cytosporosis, because effective pruning of branches, necessary fertilizers, regular watering can save a tree's life.

For the prevention of cytosporosis whitewashing of trunks and skeletal branches is obligatory (for 10.5 liters of water: 3 kg of lime, 300 g of vitriol and 1 kg of clay).

bacteriosis

Bacteriosis is a very serious disease caused by specific types of bacteria. It can strike a tree abruptly and unexpectedly, killing it within one season.

In diseased trees, the bark is covered with dark spots., which will later cause the bark to die off. The indentations formed by the disease guarantee cracking and peeling of the bark. The buds begin to turn black, completely taking on the color, while the leaves are framed around the edges. All foliage eventually curls up, withers and hangs on the tree in black icicles. The disease can proceed quickly and chronically.

In a quick scenario, the tree dies in one summer. In the chronic variant, the tree becomes ill and dies off gradually over the next few years.

It is easiest to detect a disease or its prerequisites in May.

Measures to combat bacteriosis of apple trees

• At the very beginning of the development of this disease, it is recommended treat wood with 50% zinc chloride three times with an interval of 3-4 days.
• Autumn and spring cut off affected branches with a capture of 7-8 cm of healthy tissue.
• Disinfect the cut 1% copper sulfate solution, or 3% iron sulfate solution, or 5% carbolic acid with a mandatory coating of garden putty.
• The best option - carry out the prevention of bacteriosis in early spring, then when the hated disputes are actively multiplying.

milky shine

Milky shine is a little-studied disease, and scientists and breeders know little about how to deal with it. There is a version that the shine appears due to freezing of the tree trunk or acute starvation of the plant (water or mineral).

It is considered that infection occurs through poisonous mushroom , whose spores enter the tree through cracks or other damage in the bark. The sheen itself is a gray metallic color, but this is only on the upper side of the sheet. From the bottom, the color changes from purple to brown during the period of illness.

The spores of the fungus infect wood mainly in damp, wet weather.. At such a time, it is better to refrain from pruning, so as not to replenish the mechanical wounds of the apple tree trunk. The disease spreads from one branch to whole hollow parts of the tree in a few years.

signs of milky shine

At the same time, science does not know exactly what kind of fungus affects trees and what methods of struggle to use against it. It is known that the virus penetrates the wood, destroying it. Outwardly, the disease is invisible until the leaves are covered with a metal curtain.. Fruits due to this disease become tasteless, unsuitable for storage and consumption.

How to fight?

It is necessary to grow zoned trees, acquire disease-resistant breeds, monitor the winter hardiness of an individual, that is:

• do not grow trees in wet, swampy areas;
• do not deprive the apple tree of a spectrum of fertilizers to increase immunity;
• water the trees abundantly only in the first half of the growing season;
• autumn and spring, the trunks should be coated with lime milk (2 kg of lime per 10 liters of water) with the addition of copper sulfate;
• cut and burn heavily affected parts of the tree;
• clean the bark from mechanical damage and cracks, disinfect them with a solution of copper sulfate (10-20 g per 1 liter of water).

If all efforts to combat the disease are in vain, then it is advisable to destroy the infected trees.

V Lately in the gardens, the phenomenon of black crayfish is increasingly spreading. Apple trees are the most susceptible to this disease. can rake entire arrays, so it is considered as an extremely dangerous and serious incident.

"Antonov fire" - the second name of black cancer has a basis fungal disease , which affects weakened and old trees, slowing down its development so much that it cannot heal itself.

First, brown spots are formed on the painful area, pressed into the bark. At the very beginning of the development of the disease, the tubercles are very small. Gardeners just don’t notice them, missing the opportunity to cure the tree ahead of schedule. In the future, the bark begins to crack, char and, in the end, disappears.

Symptoms

• Spots on leaves. In early spring during the blooming of the leaves, strange spots are found on them. The lesion looks mild, but later increases in size. Purple spots are covered with a black crust, the bodies of a black virus.
• Leaves fall prematurely. Shortly before fruit ripening, the apple tree begins to shed leaves affected by cancer. The yield is reduced, the quality is deteriorating - the changes are noticeable immediately.
• Fruit rot. Instead of a long-awaited harvest, you get rotten fruits covered with brown spots.

Why does the trunk of an apple tree turn black with black cancer?

Symptoms of black cancer:

• The formation of brown spots on the bark, which are invisible at first,
• Sooty black coating on the bark,
• Charring of the affected area on the trunk of a tree,
• Healthy bark rises, peels off,
• Cracks and other damage are located on the entire surface of the bark,
• Over time, the condition of the tree only worsens.

How to treat?

1. High agricultural technology- it effective protection from black cancer of apple trees

The main thing is not to forget about:

Therapeutic measures are based on point No. 1 (agrotechnics). Preventing a disease is easier than curing a tree.

Active treatment is carried out in the spring. It consists in cleansing the wounds of the diseased and healthy cortex. Disinfect the diseased bark with a 2% solution of copper sulfate. Copper-based eco paints for bark are also effective.

root cancer

Root cancer is a bacterial disease. Nodules form on the roots of the tree different size that are starting to rot. Bacteria penetrate through soil pests.

Appearance of root cancer

It looks like tumors of a whitish hue, soft in structure. The outgrowths can reach 12 cm in diameter, compacting to a solid wooden state.

It is noted that a diseased tree sharply increases in growth, after which it begins to settle.

Maliciousness:

Root growths create a nutritional deficiency for the tree, reduce its resistance to the environment and durability, and also delay sap flow, reducing productivity.

Measures to combat root cancer

• Before planting seedlings, they need carefully inspect for defects or external signs illness.
• If growths are found, they should be removed, and disinfect the place on the vine.

Saplings of new trees are best planted in place of cereals or legumes. It is this soil that will serve as a good basis for growth. Also, planting mustard next to an apple orchard is a good prevention against root cancer.

Rust on an apple tree

Rust on an apple tree is a common and very dangerous plant disease in the garden.. It is not difficult to unravel the rust - formations (pustules) appear on the apple tree. They have a variety of sizes and shapes, but when cracked, they are showered with a rusty-colored powder. This is a viral fungus.

Signs of rust on an apple tree

1. Raised spots and stripes rusty in color with a characteristic powder.
2. Drying and falling off leaves.
3. star-shaped growths on yellowish leaves.

Rust fungi spend the winter on juniper bushes, so this pleasant neighborhood is best avoided.

Why is rust dangerous?

1. Causes complete death of leaves, and then other parts of the tree.
2. Decrease in winter hardiness, fruit quality, yield in general, tree loss in general.
3. Moisture loss, which means slowing down photosynthesis in plants.

Treatment

• Protect the apple tree from juniper in general or green spaces.
• Remove all diseased parts of the tree if it is already infected.
• Spray the damaged areas with chemicals.
• In the spring, resume cleaning the affected areas, followed by disinfection.

Brown spotting (phyllostictosis)

It affects the leaves of not only apple trees, but also pears, plums, quince. Angular, rounded spots with a brown rim appear on the leaves.

The spots may merge with the color of the leaves, covering the entire surface. In the center of the pigments there are clear black dots, the mushrooms themselves. The affected tissue (leaves) exfoliates in the form of a transparent film, and then dies off.

Brown spotting occurs when trees are treated with concentrates, so summer residents think that spots are a specific reaction of trees to pesticides. Young leaves are infected to a greater extent, which then lose their elasticity and juicy color.

The disease develops in conditions of humidity and poor ventilation, where there is stale air.

Protective measures against leaf disease

• Preference is given to disease-resistant varieties of apple trees;
• Compliance with agrotechnical, chemical rules of care;
• Application of fertilizers, fertilizing, spraying and natural solutions.

Disease control measures

1. Growing resistant varieties.
2. On the household plots- collection and burning of fallen leaves.
3. In industrial gardens - plowing to destroy the affected leaves.

Prevention of diseases of apple trees

It is necessary to carry out the prevention of any diseases, both in young and adult plantations. Particular attention should be paid to apple trees that do not have biological protection against pathogens.. And, of course, it is important to acquire new garden crops, bursting with health and beauty. To Apple orchard pleased with the harvest, you need to know general rules care and hazards that can be avoided.

1. Viruses.

For the premature prevention of viral diseases, a system is being implemented to protect apple trees from pests. It includes spraying against aphids and cicadas. For this, insecticides available in your stores are used.

1. When to spray an apple tree?

In early spring before bud break, as well as in mid-autumn before the first cold weather. This prevention destroys insects and fungal plants, which encroach on the health of apple trees or, conversely, develops the tree's immune system against them.

1. natural immunity.

The main prerequisite for the normal growth and development of a tree is that it has stable immunity. This can be achieved by following the rules for caring for the apple tree: fertilizer, top dressing, watering, pruning, weed control, tillage, spraying against bugs. All these procedures will be the key good health your garden pet.

1. Small leaves.

So that your garden is not exposed to small leaves among the trees, you can plant alfalfa near the apple plantation, which provides nearby plants with phosphates, zinc and copper.

1. Apple whitewash.

The schedule for whitewashing apple trees is 2 times a year. At the same time, remember that you need to whitewash not only the tree trunk, but also the branches of the lower tier.

1. Apple tree nutrition.

Top dressing is carried out 3-4 times per season. Root top dressing is designed for soil penetration, and external top dressing is a spraying method. The rule is that in dry weather we use liquid top dressing, and in wet weather we use dry top dressing.

1. Pruning of branches and processing of a trunk.

Sanitary pruning is the removal of broken and diseased branches. Bark cleaning is carried out in without fail, after which all cracks on the bark are treated with pitch.

1. Digging the soil.

After removing weeds and excess plants, start digging the soil to a depth of 10 cm. Try not to injure the roots of the tree. While digging around the perimeter, scatter mineral fertilizers, which are perfectly absorbed by the roots in this period.

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