GENERALS AND STAFF OFFICERS page 228
The structure of the Austro-Hungarian army reflected the political structure of the state. In the empire, sometimes called the "Dualist Monarchy", the creation of the General Army was agreed to be the main component of the armed forces, but both major parts had their own armies. Even within the Common Army, there were differences between regiments equipped according to the German model and those who wore the traditional Hungarian uniform.
commanders
After lengthy discussions, Austria-Hungary introduced in 1908 a uniform in the color "hechtgrau" (hechtgrau) or "pike gray". The color of the new material was something between gray and a color reminiscent of the greyish blue adopted in France. The generals wore uniforms of this color, equipped with hidden buttons and pointed pocket flaps. The uniforms were made to order, and they were of much higher quality than the uniforms worn by lower rank officers. Generals usually wore breeches, black cavalry boots, or boots with leather leggings if they were expected to have to travel on horseback. There was no edging on the breeches. But on the uniforms of the Hungarian generals there was a yellow-black "Hungarian pattern", the presence of which was supposed to emphasize the national identity. The generals also wore wide golden-black scarves, which soon had to be abandoned due to increasing losses, and golden-black lanyards attached to the hilt of the saber. One of the characteristic features of the uniform of the Austro-Hungarian officers was a hard cap (a truncated version of the shako), which was introduced in 1871 and was often found in black and hechtgrau versions. The kepi had a leather visor and a chin strap - black or hechtgrau. The kepi had the nickname "artificial brain". It was worn with a cockade with the imperial monogram ("FJI" from German Franz Josef for the Austrian and "IFJ" for the Hungarian generals, since 1916 - "K" for Karl) in front with a gold loop. The second most important hallmark there were buttonholes on a stiff standing collar. For field marshals, the buttonholes were golden oak leaves on a gold galloon on a scarlet background, for colonel generals - a gold zigzag galloon, a silver wreath and three stars, for infantry and cavalry generals - stars, but without a laurel wreath. Lieutenant generals (called field marshals-lieutenants. - Note. ed.) wore buttonholes with two stars, major generals - with one star.
staff officers
Austro-Hungarian staff officers wore the same uniform as their counterparts in linear parts. They wore uniforms with a standing collar and buttonholes of black silk with red edging, gold zigzag galloon and silver stars. In addition, they wore a lanyard and a scarf, but over time they limited themselves to only a lanyard attached to a dagger.
INFANTRYPage 229
In addition to light infantry, elite units and heterogeneous foreign volunteers, there were three types of infantry regiments in the General Army of Austria-Hungary. For example, there were regiments that were called German (although representatives of different nationalities served in them) and equipped accordingly, there were also Hungarian regiments. In 1914, four Bosnian regiments also appeared.
New form
The introduction in 1908 of the hechtgrau color form changed appearance Austro-Hungarian infantry. However, this step is not something radically new. In the 19th century, the Austro-Hungarian light infantry and technical troops wore uniforms gray color. Traditional white uniforms (which even then were light gray) were recognized as obsolete, and until 1908 the infantrymen wore dark blue uniforms, caps and overcoats. Some of these items continued to be worn during the war, mainly in militia units. The new uniform for all types of infantry was the color of hechtgrau (blue-gray) and fastened with hidden buttons. The winter version was sewn from a thicker material, had six zinc buttons and a stand-up collar (a neckerchief protected the neck). Summer option The uniform was made of linen and had a stand-up collar. Such a uniform was worn by soldiers in units deployed on the Adriatic coast, and specialists sent to serve in the army. Ottoman Empire. The uniform had shoulder straps and sometimes a roller that supported a gun belt or equipment belts. There were no shoulder straps on officer uniforms. The infantrymen of the German regiments wore straight trousers with fasteners at the ankles, in the Bosnian regiments they wore wide trousers, wide above the knees and tight below. In the Hungarian infantry regiments, they wore characteristic skin-tight trousers with yellow and black "Hungarian patterns" and piping on the seams on outside trousers. Most soldiers eventually got used to wraps and loose bloomers. Boots were usually made of brown genuine leather, but due to the total shortage, you could see shoes various kinds and colours.
Distinctive features
Infantry regiments differed in the color of their buttonholes and buttons made of white or yellow metal. The variety of colors used to decorate the uniform of 102 regiments was enormous, as the table on the adjacent page illustrates. It also shows whether the regiment is German or Hungarian, as well as the dominant ethnic group in it. Four Bosnian regiments not included in the table had dark red buttonholes. Insignia were also worn on the buttonholes. These were white stars (one for a corporal, two for a corporal, three for a platoon non-commissioned officer) or white stars plus a yellow galloon along the edge of the buttonhole for senior non-commissioned officers and gold or silver embroidery and gold or silver stars (depending on from the color of the buttons) for officers. In March 1915, a regimental button appeared on the collar of the uniform of cadet volunteers. The buttonholes themselves were clearly visible and well recognized by both their own and the enemy. Soldiers on the front lines tended to hide the buttonholes by turning the collar halfway so that only gold or silver details were visible. The infantry wore double-breasted overcoats with colored buttonholes in the shape of an arrowhead (they were called "passwords"). The sign of the marksman was a red lace.
Hats
Another distinguishing feature of the Austro-Hungarian soldier was a kepi. In the German and Hungarian units, hechtgrau-colored cloth caps with a black visor (sometimes made of leather) were worn. The kepi had an original valve, which was fastened in front with two regimental buttons and could be lowered to cover the neck and ears in winter. Above the regimental buttons was a cockade with the imperial monogram ("FJI" - in German units, "IFJ" in Hungarian and "K" after 1916). The Bosnians could be identified by their lambswool fez, originally red but usually gray when worn in the trenches. A black or gray tassel was attached to the fez with a rosette. they could wear caps if they wished. A variety of hazing emblems were attached to the cap. However, the most common in 1914 was the traditional emblem in the form of oak leaves.
Armament and ammunition
The equipment of the Austro-Hungarian infantryman was very heavy. One of its elements was a brown waist belt with a brass (later - from a gray alloy) buckle with a double-headed eagle at non-commissioned officers and privates and with the imperial monogram - for officers. Pouches with cartridges were hung on a belt. Each infantryman had four pouches with 40 rounds of ammunition in total and a bayonet for the Mannlicher rifle of the 1895 model. The entrenching tool was also hung on a belt. Personal property was stored in a hard, heavy satchel made of horseskin. A hechtgray or brown blanket and a folded overcoat or tent were usually laid on top of the knapsack. The pouch with spare cartridges was located below the knapsack. Bowler hats, bread bags and, after 1915, gas masks in cases completed the picture. The knapsack was especially annoying to the soldiers, and they often replaced it with a canvas backpack with straps, which usually relied on mountain shooters. There were several varieties of backpack in different colors. As shortages intensified, tarpaulin increasingly served as a substitute for leather in the manufacture of most items of equipment for Austro-Hungarian soldiers. Officers, as in most armies, on the battlefield were limited to a minimum set of equipment: a tablet, a bowler hat, binoculars and a pistol in a holster.
Changes
In the autumn of 1915, the hechtgrau uniform was to be changed to fieldgrau. Her uniform had a stand-up collar with a thin strip of regimental-coloured fabric. Later, a nettle-colored form was adopted. In addition, 4,000 khaki uniforms were issued (captured Italian uniforms were also used). By 1917, gray regimental numbers appeared on gray stripes (in Bosnian regiments, the letters “bh” were located in front of the number). They were sewn to shoulder straps and to the side of the cap. Of the other important innovations in the form of infantry, the adoption of a steel helmet should be noted. At first it was a German model, but soon a local version (Berndorfer helmet) was introduced, which was wider than the German one and usually painted brown or dull yellow.
light infantry
The Austro-Hungarian army included four regiments of rangers (the so-called Kaiserjager), who recruited from volunteers - residents of Tyrol, and 29 battalions of courier (as well as a regiment of Bosnian rangers). The huntsmen wore uniforms with bright green piping and four gold buttons (the Bosnians had silver). Officers wore a bronze hunting horn on their headdresses under the imperial cockade, while ordinary soldiers wore a regiment number engraved on the horn. The huntsmen wore nailed boots and alpine socks to the knees, and on the cap various emblems - from feathers to oak leaves. In 1917, the bright green trim was abandoned. Instead, patches appeared with blue inscriptions "TJ" for the Tyrolean chasseurs, "BHJ" for the Bosnian chasseurs, or "J" and battalion numbers.
foreign parts
Austria-Hungary quickly set about forming units of Poles and Ukrainians to help them fight against Russia. The Polish legions were ready by November 1914. Legionnaires-infantrymen wore hechtgrau-colored uniforms (later they switched to feldgrau) with a stand-up collar and a characteristic square-top headdress and a cockade with a Polish eagle (the Poles also wore a lower rounded hat ). The 1st Legion wore red buttonholes (if available), the 2nd Legion wore green buttonholes. Officers and non-commissioned officers were distinguished by zigzag galloon and rosettes (which were replaced by stars in 1916 after protests, after which both were abandoned in favor of silver or gold galloon ribbons). In 1917, both legions were disbanded, and their personnel were partially transferred to the newly created Royal Polish Army. The Ukrainian equivalent (Ukrainian Legion, or "Sich Riflemen") was formed from volunteers - Ukrainians and Rusyns.
At first, the legion wore a hechtgrau uniform with blue buttonholes on a standing collar, then a nettle-colored uniform with a yellow-blue piping and a yellow-blue stripe on the collar. Soldiers wore caps with a V-neck in front of the crown, with a cockade and yellow and blue rosettes on the sides of the cap (in 1917 replaced by a metal version with a lion). A galloon was sewn onto the collar of an officer's uniform and silver rosettes were attached to indicate the rank. In 1917 helmets for officers were introduced. The Albanian legion was also formed in 1916 and had the task of maintaining order in Albania and preventing the Allied troops from reaching the Adriatic Sea. Legionnaires wore field gray uniforms and white or red lambswool fez with a cockade in the national colors (red and black). Most of the soldiers wore peasant robes with straps and used outdated equipment.
Assault battalions
As in Germany, these elite specialized infantry battalions were first formed for specific tasks. By the end of the war, there were already 65 of them (10 battalions were formed in the Landwehr, 11 in the Honved). The soldiers and officers of the assault battalions usually wore infantry uniforms. They went into battle wearing steel helmets, without knapsacks or conventional equipment, with only grenade bags, trench knives and barbed wire shears. They could be distinguished by metal dog tags usually worn on the chest, or emblems sewn to the sleeve. Most of these emblems featured an image of a skull.
Schweik. Illustrations.
Uniform. Buttonholes and stars of the military uniform of the imperial and royal army of Austria-Hungary.
The insignia of the military personnel of the army of Austria-Hungary were asterisks. They are mentioned in the novel so often that, I think, it makes no sense to give all the cases.
Table on the insignia of the army of Austria-Hungary:
The regiments of the Austro-Hungarian army, as mentioned earlier, were assigned their own colors. They are present on the uniform, allowing you to identify the regiment.
The so-called "instrument colors".
The instrument color of the Hasekovsky (Schweikovsky) 91st Infantry Regiment was "parrot green" in combination with yellow instrument metal.
That is, in addition to the instrument cloth, there were also colors of the instrument metal used on the uniform (blouse).
In total, there were more than 100 variants of regimental colors (combinations of instrument colors of cloth and metal).
For those wishing to get acquainted with the regimental color combinations in text format - here: http://ah.milua.org/vooruzhennye-sil...emperii-chast-2 .
"- In the Seventy-fifth Regiment," one of the
escorts, - even before the war, the captain drank away the entire regimental treasury, for
that they kicked him out military service. Today he is captain again.
One sergeant stole breech cloth for buttonholes, more
twenty pieces, and now ensign. But one simple
a soldier was recently shot in Serbia for what he ate in one
eat a whole can of canned food, which he was given for three days"
In 1916, in order to save money, the buttonhole of the instrument cloth was replaced with a strip of cloth.
Like a sergeant major.
Now a little about the color of the military uniform of the army of Austria-Hungary.
"Having conveyed all this, the ladies expressed to Captain Sagner their
a passionate desire to be present at the distribution of gifts. One of
even dared to ask for permission to speak to
soldiers, whom she called only "unsere braven
Feldgrauen" / Our brave gray overcoats (German) /.
Both built terribly offended mines; when Captain Sagner denied their request."
This story with the ladies happened at the time of the declaration of war by Italy, that is, on May 23, 1915.
Probably, there is a place for Hasek's banter over the ladies, who are accustomed to addressing German soldiers in German with speeches.
The thing is that at that time the Austro-Hungarian and German units had overcoats of various colors.
The color of the field uniform of the infantry units of Austria-Hungary was "hechtgrau" - "hetgrau" (pike gray, light gray with a bluish tint),
The color "hatgrau" itself as the color of the field uniform was introduced at the insistence of the Chief of the General Staff Konrad von Getzendorf in 1907, and since 1908 the field uniform was exactly the color "hatgrau" - gray-bluish.
It was at the beginning of the twentieth century after the Anglo-Boer and Russo-Japanese Wars the minds of the generals began to realize the need to disguise the infantryman, the introduction of a field uniform.
The color of the German field uniform is "feldgrau" - "feldgrau" (field gray, German infantry color. Soviet soldiers later called this color "mouse").
And only by order of April 17, 1915, they began to use the cheaper dye "feldgrau" - "feldgrau" to dye the field uniform of the army of Austria-Hungary, since it turned out that due to the deterioration in the quality of raw materials, the continuation of the production of fabrics of the color "hechtgrau" - "hetgrau" impossible.
Well, the most famous pre-war color of the uniform of the army of Austria-Hungary - "blue-gray" (blaugrau) - dusty blue.
In the Czechoslovak film of 1956, Schweik cuts through in the uniform of the color "hechtgrau" - "hetgrau".
Really used **** moose (specially for computer censorship - USED :) :) :)) for the manufacture of uniforms, gray cloth of any shades, and even trophy Italian dark green “grigio -verde".
Well, later, the saving of material came to awards (gold and silver for bronze and zinc), which I wrote about repeatedly in the topic.
The lower ranks of various regiments of the Austro-Hungarian army are depicted.
The numbers of the regiments are inscribed at the top left, readable, therefore without decoding.
The shelves are determined by the color of the buttonholes and fittings.
About the color of the buttonholes ("instrument colors") will be further.
Red pompoms - lines for excellent shooting.
It's only so frightening, - answered Schweik. - A soldier
should not be afraid of anything. If, for example, in a fight you fell into
toilet pit, lick your lips and move on into battle. And poisonous gases for
our brother - a familiar thing since the barracks - after
soldier's bread and peas with cereals. But the Russians say
invented some kind of thing specifically against non-commissioned officers.
- some special electric currents, added
voluntarily.-- By connecting with celluloid
stars on the collar of a non-commissioned officer an explosion occurs. Whatever
day, then new horrors!
Asterisks of the lower ranks and officers differed in size and execution.
The lower ranks are smaller with smooth rays. The officers, respectively, are larger and sewn.
Well, plus the width of the galloon on the cuffs of the sleeve mattered.
Illustrated with images below - artillery major and auditor general.
Asterisks mixed. Smooth (lower ranks) and sewn.
Stars from the personal collection of Dmitry Adamenko: the top row is sewn for officers, the bottom row is for non-commissioned officers.
Uniform of Emperor Franz Joseph from the Vienna Arsenal. The buttonhole of the field marshal, in the block of awards, the signs with the portrait of the emperor are reversed outward and the last in the block is the Russian Order of St. George, 4th degree, received from Nicholas I for participating in the suppression of the Hungarian uprising of 1848.
And on the neck - Ritter-Ordens vom Goldenen Vliese, that is, the Knight's Badge of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
Fragment of a corporal's jacket.
"The whole army is paralyzed! On which shoulder do they carry a rifle: on the left or on the right?
How many stars does a corporal have? Evidenzhaltung Militarreservemanner! Himmelherrgott [Accounting for the composition of the ranks of the reserve! Damn it (German)],
nothing to smoke, brother! Do you want me to teach you how to spit on the ceiling? Look, here's how it's done.
Think about something before this, and your wish will come true. Do you like beer?
I can recommend you excellent water, over there, in a jug"
"Wasn't there
it would be much better if you were born some other
mammals and would not bear the stupid name of a man and a corporal?
This is a big mistake if you consider yourself the most perfect and
developed being. It is worth breaking off the stars for you, and you will become
zero, the same zero as all those who are on all fronts and in
in all the trenches they kill for no one knows what. If you
add one more star and make you a new look
animal, named senior sergeant, then you don't have everything
will be fine. Your mental horizons will narrow even more, and
when you finally lay your culturally underdeveloped head on
battlefield, no one in all of Europe will weep for you."
The image below captures just such a moment - the heir to the throne, Karl, attaches another star to the corporal's buttonholes, turning him into a Zugsführer. Soldiers have decorations on the cap with oak leaves (I already wrote about this, about the tradition of decorating caps with leaves or badges in the form of oak leaves)
but on the heir's cap is a Jaeger edelweiss.
Feldwebel, Honvéd regiment - Magyar, that is.
Stripes on the sleeve - one-year volunteer, volunteer.
"On the regimental report, he deprived
leave me for fourteen days, ordered me to dress up in some
inconceivable rags from the arsenal and threatened to argue with me
stripes."The Volunteer is something sublime, an embryo
glory, military honor, hero! yelled that idiot Colonel.
A Voltat issued after an examination in
corporals, voluntarily went to the front and took prisoner
fifteen people. The moment he brought them in, his
torn apart by a grenade. And what? Five minutes later the order came out
promote Voltat to junior officer! You were also expected
bright future: promotions and distinctions. your name would be
written in the golden book of our regiment!" -- Volunteer
spat. - Here, brother, what donkeys will be born under the moon. I don't care
on their patches and privileges, like the one that everyone gives me
day they turn: volunteer, you are a brute"
The corporal looked triumphantly at
volunteer and continued:
- He was argued volunteer stripes just for him
education, for writing to newspapers about bullying
over the soldiers
The "freelancers" - volunteers were admitted by persons corresponding to certain requirements, but not subject to conscription.
For a year they served as "freelancers", then they passed the exam for an officer's rank.
"-- Refused to clean the latrines in the guardhouse," replied
volunteer.-- They took me to the colonel himself. Well and
he is an excellent pig. He began to yell at me that I was arrested for
the basis of the regimental report, and therefore I am an ordinary
a prisoner that he is generally surprised how the earth wears me
and from such a shame has not yet ceased to spin, that, they say, in
the ranks of the army was person wearing patches
volunteer entitled to an officer's rank and
who, nevertheless, by his actions can only cause
disgust at the authorities. I answered him that the rotation of the earth
ball cannot be disturbed by the appearance on it of such
voluntarily, which I am, and that Nature laws
stronger than the stripes of a volunteer"
Until March 1915, all One-Year Volunteers (including Kadettaspirant) were worn around the cuff with a yellow silk lace 1cm with narrow black (red for k.u. Landwehr) with a gap in the middle. From March 1915, a small button in the center of the back of the collar flaps, the same as on the uniform, replaced the galloons on the cuffs. Photographic sources, however, show that individuals wore both types of insignia at the same time, at least until 1916.
Second Lieutenant (Lieutenant) of the 4th Regiment, Deutschmaster.
Form according to the requirements of 1910.
Awards here and further hung from the bulldozer, for beauty, all mixed up - soldiers and officers,
Yes, plus without taking into account the conformity of the time of the form with the time of the establishment of awards.
Lieutenant (Ober-Lieutenant) of the 73rd Infantry Regiment
Captain of the 93rd Infantry Regiment
"With the commander of the sapper unit, also a captain,
Sagner got to know each other very soon. A dylda flew into the office
officer uniform, with three gold stars, and, as if in
fog, not noticing the presence of an unfamiliar captain, familiarly
turned to Tyrla:
"What are you doing, little piggy?" Thumbs up you processed yesterday
our countess! He sat down in an armchair and, slapping himself with a
shins, laughed loudly. - Oh, I can’t, when I remember how
you threw up in her knees.
“Yes,” Tyrle agreed, smacking his lips with pleasure, “
it was great fun yesterday"
Senior officers and generals have a gold lace on the cuffs of their uniform sleeves.
Junior officers have no galloon.
Fragment of a major's tunic
Major of artillery.
"A gentleman entered the car with red and gold stripes. This is
was one of the inspecting generals, traveling around all
railways"
There were no red and gold stripes in the army of Austria-Hungary. Probably sick Yaroslav Gashek
dictation of the novel, he made a reservation, calling the galloon sewing on the sleeve stripes (for those who are not aware of "stripes" - this is a longitudinal edging on the sides of uniform pants).
So, about the stripes on the general's trousers.
As indicated in the article by S.V. Clothespins ( with remarks by D. Adamenko) "For the usual dress uniform, as well as for everyday wear, with both versions of the general's uniform, there were so-called "service" uniforms, which almost did not differ in cut from the dress uniforms described above, but made of gray-blue cloth. Pants with double scarlet ( and scarlet edging between them) stripes were officially called blue-gray, but in practice they were worn in dark blue, almost black ( actually black)"
.
As for the stars on the buttonholes, they were either gold embroidery with a silver buttonhole, or vice versa - silver with a gold buttonhole.
You can see both options below.
Colonel's uniform of the 80th Infantry Regiment.
Gold embroidered stars on a silver field.
Colonel. Three stars embroidered with silver thread on the gold field of the buttonhole.
Legal general (auditor general) - correspondence to major general.
Picture with the generals from Dmitry Adamenko
1- inspector general of artillery in festive uniform; 2 - auditor general in festive uniform; 3 - adjutant general in festive uniform;
4 - field marshal in festive uniform; 5 - inspector general of engineering troops in festive uniform; 6 - "German" general in everyday uniform;
7 - general in field uniform; 8 - "Hungarian" general in festive uniform; 9 - "Hungarian" general in full dress;
10 - "Hungarian" general in everyday uniform; 11 - inspector general for the military medical department in a festive uniform.
Table-scheme for Austro-Hungarian insignia for Russian imperial army
__________________
Thinking about the large silver medal "For Courage" that was received by a carpenter from Vavrova Street in Kralovskie Vinohrady named Mlichko ...
Armed forces of the Warsaw Pact countries. Hungarian people's army. September 25th, 2017
Hello dear.
We continue our conversation with you about the armies of the Warsaw Pact. And I hope you enjoy it :-))
Let me remind you that last time we recalled the armed forces of Czechoslovakia. If anyone missed it, you can see it here:. Well, or by the tag Army.
Today we will talk a little about the armed forces of the Hungarian People's Republic. And to be honest, for me they had a strange army.
Hungarians have always loved (and what is important - they knew how to fight). Apparently genetic memory. I believe that, except for the Japanese, it was the Hungarians who were the most powerful and combat-ready ally of the 3rd Reich in World War II. And after the war, they simply could not forget how to fight. But despite the fact that Hungary was the most "Western" of the people's democracies - a sort of showcase of the achievements of socialism with its blackjack and whores, bright shops and even Formula 1 flourished under the gentle management of Janos Kadar (even such a term was "goulash communism" was invented) - they were never fully trusted.
J. Kadar
Perhaps the whole thing is in 1956, when a powerful anti-government uprising took place in Hungary. There they removed Rakosi, who had "drifted" and softened the regime greatly, but there was no trust.
This also applied to the army, although the Hungarian armed forces, together with the SA troops, crushed this uprising. But nevertheless .... until 1990, there were more Soviet troops on the territory of the Hungarian Republic than Hungarian ones.
So, the armed forces of Hungary were called the Hungarian People's Army (Magyar Néphadsereg).
They were in the second echelon of the forces of the Warsaw Pact. Hungary in a possible military conflict was supposed to act against Austria with the support of Soviet troops.
The Hungarian People's Army was divided into 2 types of troops:
Ground troops
Air Force and Air Defense.
The border guards belonged to the department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The Minister of Defense led the army. One of the most famous, perhaps, was General of the Army Istvan Olah.
There were several military educational institutions in the country, the main and most important of which was National University defense named after Miklós Zrinyi. 
Service life (since 1976) - 2 years.
To ground forces included tankers, signalmen, artillery, chemists, good landing units and even small units of sailors. The ground forces in the 80s were divided into 2 armies.
The 5th Army (headquarters in Sehesfehervar) consisted of:
7th motorized rifle division (headquarters in Kiskunfeledyhaz)
8 motorized rifle division (headquarters in Zalaegerszeg)
9th motorized rifle division (headquarters in Kaposvár)
11 Panzer Division (state in Tata) 
3rd Army (headquarters in Ceglede) consisted of
4 motorized rifle divisions (headquarters - in Gyongyos)
15 motorized rifle division (headquarters in Nyiregyhaza)
The headquarters of the Air Force and Air Defense Forces was located in Veszprem and consisted of an air defense brigade (headquarters in Budapest) and 2 aviation divisions (headquarters in Veszprem and Miskolc).
The total strength of the Hungarian People's Army was about 103,000. The troops had 113 combat aircraft, 96 combat helicopters, 1300 tanks, 2200 armored personnel carriers, 27 artillery mounts, 1750 machine guns, etc. But at the same time, one must understand that the majority of their fleet was made up of old cars. Only 100 were new T-72s, and the rest were T-54As and T-55s, plus a huge number of T-34-85s mothballed or formally in active service.
Well, we already talked about the Hungarian copy of AK here: 
Until the military reform of the late 50s, the Hungarian troops followed the uniform and insignia Soviet army. The only difference is that the red star was thinner and was located in a white circle on weapons and uniforms. Then it was accepted new form green-brown colors, the basic element of the Hungarian military uniform of the twentieth century returned - the horned field cap. From long overcoats, soldiers and officers were transferred to quilted jackets with a fur collar.
It's funny that the ordinary in Hungary was always called Honved, that is, the defender, the warrior. Also called the famous football club, native to the great Puskas, Grosic, Kocis and co :-))
Hungarian troops participated in almost all the exercises of the ATS and also participated in the suppression of the Prague Spring of 1968.
Well, in the end, as always - some interesting photos :-) 
To be continued...
Have a nice time of the day
On the left - an infantry soldier, summer 1942; In the center is a cavalry major, July 1941; On the right is a major general in dress uniform, 1942.
Private infantry, summer 1942.
The pre-war summer uniform of the Hungarian army consisted of a light single-breasted khaki tunic. Rolling up the sleeves was allowed only in 1941, during the summer campaign. Such a tunic (with a characteristic collar, chest pockets and front closure), as well as the fact that trousers are allowed to be worn without suspenders, was "innovative" in European military uniforms. The Hungarians imagined themselves to be the bearers of European civilization in Eastern Europe and spoke contemptuously about the Soviet practice of wearing an army tunic outside, considering it "Slavic barbarism." Riding breeches and leather anklets are traditionally Hungarian. This soldier of the 2nd Army does not wear any insignia. He carries a standard 8mm Steyr Stutze rifle on his shoulder. On the soldier’s head is a helmet of the 1938 model, almost identical to the German helmet of the 1935 model, but having a rectangular bracket at the back, which made it possible to attach it to the belt on the march.
Major of the cavalry, July 1941
This officer, probably the commander of a mountain rifle squadron, is dressed in a field officer's uniform, which is similar in everything to the full dress, only the blue buttonholes laid down by cavalry units without galloon. The Hungarian cavalrymen inherited the field cap from the Austro-Hungarian cavalry, although in the Hungarian army it was already worn by servicemen of all branches of the armed forces. On the cap, the insignia in the form of golden stripes are arranged in the same sequence as on the cuff of the overcoat, while the wider stripes are located above the thin ones. The embroidery on the garrison cap is of the same color with the insignia of the military branch: it was blue for the cavalry until October 1, 1942, when it was replaced by dark blue (for "mobile troops"). french standard view, with gold officer buttons. On both shoulders, thin gold epaulettes with red threads are another legacy of the Austro-Hungarian army. Before the war, officers of all branches of the armed forces (except for cavalry, artillery and horse-drawn vehicles) wore epaulettes only on the right shoulder. Unusually, this officer still wears a leather belt, which in units trained under the guidance of German instructors, in war time usually not worn.
Major general in dress uniform, 1942
The Hungarians considered themselves the successors of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire and modeled their dress uniform on the model of the imperial army dress uniform. By 1942, the previously existing "hussar" cut (uniform embroidered with cords) replaced another one (shown in the figure). The matte black cap completely copies the imperial model, with the only exception that it is not wearing the imperial, but the Hungarian national cockade in the front on top. Trousers, identical to the Imperial Salonhosen, were black with narrow red stripes for officers and wide double stripes for generals. All braid and metal parts for the officer's uniform were made of gold. Senior officers of the infantry, artillery, high command, mobile and engineering units wore red buttonholes, while other buttonholes had the colors of the corresponding type of troops. Non-commissioned officers of the regular units wore a similar uniform, but the color of caps and trousers was changed to khaki, and gold to silver. In the buttonhole of this general is the German Iron Cross of the 2nd degree, and on the chest are Hungarian and Austrian awards, made in the "imperial" manner - with triangular ribbons.
Left - senior sergeant of the border guard, 1941; In the center - the senior corporal of the parachute division "Saint Laszlo", 1945; On the right is a junior sergeant of armored units, late 1942.
Senior Sergeant of the Border Guard, 1941
The battalions of the border troops were ordinary infantry military units. However, they were formed separately from the army in order to circumvent the restrictions of the Treaty of Trianon. Many border units were stationed in occupied Northern Transylvania and Ruthenia. This non-commissioned officer wears the standard uniform with the insignia of the border troops. The ordinary field cap has a soft visor that can be raised, but the caps of the border guards and mountain rangers had hard visors. The emblem of the cap, like that of the infantry, is green, with a green cock feather and a gold hunting horn with the image of the battalion number. On the tunic - shoulder straps of the color of the military branch and silver sergeant's buttons, buttonholes and Chest sign in the form of an eagle - belonging to the border troops. In battle, field epaulettes of khaki color and matte buttonholes were worn, and the feather was removed. The silver triangle on the left sleeve has a double piping - black and the colors of the military branch, which gives it out as a sergeant of the regular units.
Senior corporal of the parachute division "Saint Laszlo", 1945
The St. Laszlo Division is named after the medieval king St. Vladislav I. Formed on October 20, 1944, it quickly earned an excellent reputation in battle. The division recruited specially selected fighters from other military units and young volunteers, and the elite parachute battalion became the basis for the formation. The division received German weapons, and the uniform of this paratrooper has character traits German uniforms. He is wearing a standard field uniform, although the paratroopers in addition to it had a knee-length camouflage landing tunic. His field cap does not have the traditional brown chevron with insignia, by then the usual rule for those who participated in hostilities. By 1944, the "Carpathian" field cap was very widespread. The buttons are brown for junior sergeants and enlisted men, and his "wings" indicate that he has been trained as a paratrooper. The characteristic Hungarian breeches and shoes gave way to simple trousers and boots, the latter possibly German. His weapon is a Hungarian machine gun of the 1943 model.
Junior sergeant of armored units, late 1942.
The Italian influence on the uniform of the Hungarian army was eventually replaced by the German one, but this sergeant still clearly resembles an Italian soldier. In addition, his black leather helmet is an Italian style, model 1935. The Hungarians also used field caps and steel helmets. An improved leather helmet with earmuffs and a more square helmet were released later. His leather jacket is similar to Italian designs, although a pre-war Czech khaki jumpsuit was also used. The buttons were silver for senior non-commissioned officers. The collar of the jacket is lined with khaki uniform fabric, but it is not clear if the buttonholes were designed to be worn with such a jacket. In any case, part of the collar of the field tunic is visible from under the wide collar of the jacket. The field buttonholes are clearly missing a silver sergeant's piping, but they are dark blue, as is customary for armored units. Pants and shoes - standard, infantry. The weapon is a pistol of the 1937 model.
Abbott P., Thomas S., Chappel M. Germany's Allies on the Eastern Front. M., 2001. S. 34 - 35, 42 - 43, 46 - 47. Tags: