How to add an attic to an old brick house. We build an attic on an old house with our own hands

Nowadays, the desire to effectively use the entire area of the house is quite understandable, so many immediately plan to build an attic at the stage of designing a house, or in a certain way, as well as remove the roof and attach an attic floor with their own hands to the old house.

In fact, an attic is an attic, the design of which is regulated by SNiP standards, which entails modifications not only to the roof, but also changes in the thermal and waterproofing of the upper extension.

So that the attic with your own hands is reliable and does not cause harm load-bearing walls and the foundation of the house, and served for a long time, it is necessary to understand the specifics and know the design features of this type of superstructure. In the article we will talk about what materials an extension can be made from, as well as the specifics and nuances of the stage-by-stage construction of an attic with your own hands.

DIY attic floor above the garage

Main types of attics

Do-it-yourself attic construction begins with choosing the type of extension, the most suitable design for the main building, and making the project. For superstructures they use: hipped, domed, etc. determine the materials, design features of the building and the specifics that are assigned to the completion.

Depending on the specific nature of the main building, standard solutions are usually used when constructing an attic.

1.Gable; 2. Broken gable; 3.Single-level; 4.Multi-level

A single-level with a gable roof is an ordinary attic under a gable roof, converted into an attic. and the construction of such a room is not difficult, but the main drawback is the small internal usable space with a low ceiling.
A single-level roof with a sloping gable roof has four pitched planes, which are located at different angles. This type is somewhat more expensive and more difficult to design, but the result is a large interior space.
A single-level attic with remote consoles presents some difficulties during design and construction. But the spacious interior space and capability make up for the complexities of construction. A feature of the construction of such an attic frame is the displacement and extension of the extension beyond the sides of the house, and in appearance it is identical to a lean-to.
Multi-level extension with mixed roof support. This is a complex attic design that requires professional calculations and design not only of the room itself, but also. As a rule, such attic floors, with multi-level rooms, are planned together with the construction of the main house, as a solid structure.

Materials

The house is built on a foundation that is specially designed to support the weight of the structure. If the attic floor is planned initially, the load is calculated and applied at the attic design stage, so the attic floor can be built from any materials: monolithic attic made of concrete, brick, foam concrete, metal constructions, made of galvanized logs. But if the superstructure attic floor carried out after the construction of the house, the weight of the superstructure must be calculated in accordance with the load on the foundation and load-bearing walls. Accordingly, so that the superstructure does not damage the house, the material must be light, for example, wooden beams, frame-panel structures, in some cases the building is made of aerated concrete, which has good warmth and vapor barrier properties, and sip of panels.

Attic construction

Projects for attic floors involve the use of various materials for the walls, but, in essence, the design of the attic is pitched roofs leaning on the walls. Of course, different options for attic floor extensions have their own characteristics, but in general they consist of the following elements:

Roof.
A sheathing made of wooden boards on which the roofing and insulating materials are attached.
Ridge purlin - top truss structure.
— stiffening ribs, layered or hanging. In the attic, layered rafters are usually made.
Mauerlat - beams that are laid around the perimeter external walls and are connected to the walls with special fasteners. A rafter structure is attached to the Mauerlat.
Diagonal connections (bevels) for the reliability and strength of the attic; they are used to connect rafters, longitudinal beams and vertical posts.
Internal supports give the attic stability, if the attic area is large they support them ridge run and rafters.
An insulating layer consisting of waterproofing, sound and vapor insulators. Provides temperature conditions and moisture exchange between the main walls and roof.

The minimum distance from the floor to the highest point of the ceiling in accordance with SNiP should be 2.5 m. If the height is less, then the room is an attic.

We build an attic with our own hands, the main connecting nodes:
A – ridge knot. B – rafter+screed+stand. B – rafter + ceiling beam D – ceiling beam + rack + strut. D – rack + strut

Construction technology

The attic walls are drawn as close as possible to the walls of the main building, so achieving comfortable heat exchange is extremely difficult. It is very important to choose the right materials for insulation, make ventilation, the entire structure must be erected in accordance with the drawing and calculations, and wooden parts treated with fire retardant compound.

Do-it-yourself attic installation, how to properly attach the components

Rules for the installation of the attic floor

In order for a do-it-yourself attic to serve for many years, it is necessary to fulfill the conditions specified in SNiP standards:

should be 250 mm or more, it is better to use laminated timber. This thickness is due to the possibility of laying insulation between the rafters with a thickness of at least 200 mm.
Insulation materials should not lose their properties when high humidity, it is best to use foamed polystyrene, which has low weight and low heat transfer coefficient. Mineral wool absorbs moisture and breaks down.
There must be full ventilation, with hoods and vents, so that air can circulate freely under the entire surface of the roof of the attic floor.
It is imperative to install a vapor barrier layer inside.
On outside a waterproofing layer is laid on the rafters; it is recommended to additionally lay a layer of sound insulation.

Step-by-step instructions on how to make an attic with your own hands

Building an attic with your own hands is fraught with some difficulties, since the elements of the superstructure are at an angle, the installation of broken slopes and requires compliance with SNiP standards in the part “Loads and impacts”.

When making a drawing of the installation floor yourself, you need to accurately calculate the loads, angles of inclination, permissible weight of the structure, and, in accordance with preliminary calculations, select the appropriate type of attic and materials for construction.

Do-it-yourself attic construction begins with the installation of mooring strips around the perimeter of the house, usually timber with a cross-section of 100*100 mm is used for this.

Next we build the frame for the room. The racks can be made of timber with a cross-section equal to longitudinal beams, possibly made of foam concrete or metal. We fix the vertical posts at the corners of the post structure, and then install the beams between them, with a step of no more than 2 meters, equal to the location of the attic rafters. All parts are attached to metal corners, nail plates or self-tapping screws.

We build the frame of the internal attic space, instead of vertical ones wooden racks there may be a wall made of foam concrete blocks or a metal frame

We tighten the jumper over the rack and secure the structure. Use a construction cord to monitor the geometry of the building.

We attach the lower rafters to the resulting frame. The beam is cut to the calculated length, a groove is made at the base for reliable fastening to the Mauerlat, the top of the beam is cut off according to the calculated angle of inclination. The installation of the lower rafters is carried out in place and securely fixed.

Do-it-yourself attic installation, photo of fastening the lower rafters, instead of vertical wooden posts there can be a wall made of foam concrete blocks or a metal frame

The next step is to install the upper rafters. The difficulty lies in maintaining the angle and centering of the structure as a whole.

Advice: To ensure that the angle of attachment of the rafters does not go astray, first a template is made from two boards that exactly corresponds to the connection of the rafters. The beams are cut to a template on the ground and then installed on the frame.

Do-it-yourself frame attic, installation of the upper rafter structure

Construction of an attic, construction of sheathing for roofing material

The next step is creating an insulating layer. It is recommended to use non-toxic and non-flammable materials, this is especially true if. WITH inside We lay a vapor barrier on the rafter frame and secure it with staples. Then, it is important that it fits tightly to the rafters, without gaps. We install lathing on the heat-insulating layer with a pitch of 500 mm, which will fix the insulation.

We build an attic with our own hands, installation of roofing material

We lay a waterproofing layer on the sheathing, which will protect the wooden elements from moisture. The roof is laid on the waterproofing.

Do-it-yourself attic construction, video materials clearly demonstrate how to correctly install rafters in practice.

This video shows typical mistakes made when installing an attic floor.

Features of adding an attic with your own hands to an old house

If you plan to complete the attic in an old private house or country house to create additional living space, then in this case The issue of dismantling the roof is relevant. You can dismantle it yourself; be sure to follow safety precautions so that the beams do not fall on your head.

The construction of an attic involves certain loads on the foundation and walls of the building. It is especially important to correctly distribute the loads on the walls, so before building the attic, the load-bearing wall structures are carefully strengthened.

Important: When designing, the strength of the walls should be taken into account, taking into account the wear and tear of the structure.

The ceiling of an old house is both the ceiling of the adjacent floor and the floor of the attic, so it is necessary to take into account the movement of warm and humid flows so that condensation does not form in the ceiling, and as a result, rot and fungi. To avoid problems, it is also necessary to waterproof the ceiling.

After completing the preparatory procedures, you can begin to join and construct the attic floor. During completion, it is important to strictly adhere to the design scheme for the construction of walls and. Violation of the project not only entails deviations from, but also improper distribution of the load on the supporting structures can lead to the destruction of the walls and foundation of the house.

The simplest and reliable way to increase the usable living space in an old house - this is a do-it-yourself attic. A video on how to build an attic floor in a frame house will help you avoid global mistakes and tell you the nuances of how best to build an attic with your own hands. Work carried out in accordance with the attic floor construction technology guarantees reliability and safe operation extensions.

Hello! Please tell me. We have an old house L-shaped, half-brick, inside insulated with adobe, the foundation under it is 30-35 cm strip to the ground, then the base is made of brick. The foundation for the extension was poured to make the house look right rectangular shape size 6.7x10. We want to completely remove the old roof and ceiling in order to raise the ceiling height and build an attic of 2 rooms under a gable roof. We are afraid that the walls and foundation will not hold up, how can we transfer the weight of the attic.

We thought about placing channel support beams around the perimeter of the old house close to the walls of the old house. and transfer the entire weight of the new roof onto them and the new extension. What's the best way to do this?

Tatyana, Novoaleksandrovsk, Stavropol Territory.

Hello. Tatyana from Novoaleksandrovsk!

Yes, such an option for redistributing the load from the weight of the roof (and from the new attic that you are going to install) exists. If the old foundation and half-brick walls are not sufficient to support the newly erected attic and the roof above it. And judging by the characteristics you provided, it is so.

Support beams are made of channel bars, alternatively from I-beams, round or profile pipes. If you make it from a channel, then preferably size no less than No. 16.

Although the design workshop can calculate for you a more accurate cross-section of supports. But to do this, you need to provide them with the entire list of materials from which you are going to make the attic and roof, as well as all their parameters. And the project can cost several tens of thousands of rubles, depending on the number of its sheets and the volume of the explanatory note.

And if we speak offhand, then approximately you will need to place the supports about a couple of meters from each other. With their deepening into the ground, also about a couple of meters, with concreting. Along the top of the supports, place a strapping from the same channel with its welding.

In addition, it is necessary to install at least two cross beams, which will simultaneously serve as connections opposite walls house and attic floor base and elements rafter system.

It should be said right away that the cost of these supports and additional elements will be decent. Since one linear meter channel No. 16 is estimated at different regions from 400 to 500 rubles. And how many of these meters you will need, calculate for yourself.

If you have never encountered such construction, then you should invite a knowledgeable builder so as not to mess up and then redo it. Remembering that life is most precious, and unreliable construction can threaten it.

That's all in a nutshell. Good luck!

Load-bearing structure of an attic in a private house

The attic and attic of a house are very similar in design. When constructing a superstructure, it is necessary to take into account everything weather the area in which the house is located. The floor being built on must withstand the wind and the pressure of the snow layer.

To build an attic, it is best to use the most durable materials. These are metal, wood or galvanized profile. If desired, you can use any combination of the above materials.

It should be noted that wood is best used where there is no electricity, since welding in such structures is difficult. Before working with wood, it must be antipyretic. This is fire protection for wood, it is needed to ensure that this material does not ignite in extreme situations.

A variety of frames, columns and rafters are load-bearing structures. They are attached along the perimeter of the outer wall.

It is best to choose lightweight materials for the load-bearing structure, as they can be assembled using bolts and rivets without using welding. These are wood or galvanized profiles.

In order to have an idea of how to build an attic, it is recommended to watch the video tutorial in the next tab.

Insulation pie in the attic floor superstructure

When building an attic structure, it is necessary to responsibly choose the material with which the superstructure is insulated.

There is no thermal cushion in the attic floor, so the room loses about 25% of heat.

Probably the best way to increase usable area of your own home is to replace the gable roof of the house with a mansard one. This way you can buy one, two or even three additional rooms, without carving out additional space on the site and without getting involved in the very labor-intensive processes of pouring a new foundation and erecting walls. And to find out how to make an attic correctly, you need to consider all the stages of its arrangement, starting with calculations and ending roofing covering roofs and finishing of the resulting additional premises.

In order for all the work to be successful, first of all you need to make sure that the existing walls (if the superstructure is being built in an old house) are able to withstand the additional load. This factor will determine whether such a construction project is worth undertaking, and if so, which attic roof design would be best to choose.

It should be noted that the load on load-bearing walls will increase significantly - due to a larger number of rafters, due to the mass of interior decoration of walls and floors, windows and doors, insulation systems, as well as all elements of interior filling attic premises. All of these factors indicate that you need to start with choosing the optimal attic design, carrying out calculations, drawing up a project and drawings of the future superstructure.

Types of attic superstructures

According to current building regulations An attic is considered to be a room under the roof that has a height from the ceiling to the ridge of at least 2500 mm. If this parameter is less than the specified limit, then the room is considered an ordinary attic.

If the vertical posts that determine the height of the walls of the room are 1500 mm in size, then the attic space can be considered a full floor.
A semi-attic is an attic space in which there are no vertical posts at all, or if they have a height of 500 to 700 mm.

The basis of any roof structure is always triangles with their “rigid” structure

There are several types of attic superstructures, but the most popular of them are high gable and broken structures. Their popularity can be explained by simpler calculations, relatively simple installation work and ease of use. In third place, after gable and broken structures, we can name a single-pitch roof option, which is also sometimes used for arranging an attic. Unfortunately, not every house design can use this type of superstructure, since it requires not only reconstruction of the roof, but also raising the already built walls, which significantly increases the load on both them and the foundation.

If it is being built new house, and the second floor is planned in the form of an attic, then a pitched roof option is well suited for this purpose. In addition, this will help save on roofing material.

More complex structures - domed, hipped, and also with various cantilever projections arranged in the roof slopes (single-level and multi-level) are used extremely rarely and only in exclusive projects, since they have a complex design both in engineering calculations and in installation.

The figure below the numbers shows:

1 – Gable attic.

2 – Broken attic

3 – Single-level cantilever attic

4 – Multi-level attic.

Gable attic

Attic space under d a vuskat roof, which is arranged at an angle between the slopes of 80 ÷ 90 degrees at the ridge, can easily be converted into an attic. To create full-fledged residential premises under it, it will be necessary to carry out a number of necessary reconstructions, for example, very often it cannot be done without strengthening attic floor. All these alterations and plus to this - necessary insulation will certainly “eat up” a significant part of the usable space under the roof, so you should not expect that the rooms in such an attic will be spacious and with high ceilings.

Of course, if the dimensions (length and width) of the house are large enough, and the roof has a significant angle of inclination (45 degrees or even higher), then after the alterations you can count on a relatively spacious attic space.

broken roof

The room under the sloping attic roof will be much more spacious and with enough high ceiling. Such an attic can be easily divided into two separate rooms.

Interior of an attic made according to the “broken” type

The sloping roof has four planes of slopes. Place them under different angles— the upper slopes are called ridge slopes, and the lower ones are called side slopes. They, for the most part, act as walls.

This type of mansard roof is somewhat more difficult to design and install, but the result will delight you with spacious rooms and a respectable appearance of the house.

Single-level cantilever attic

This type of attic has even more complex design than the previous one, since it implies a displacement of the attic space to one side or the other.

Using this option for installing an attic, you can get spacious rooms, much larger in area than under a pitched roof.

The design of a single-level attic roof can replicate not only a gable, but also a single-slope version - this will depend on how much it is planned to move the console out of the attic and raise its ceiling.

Multi-level add-on

Multi-level construction is the most difficult to design and install. The help of qualified specialists will definitely be needed in its development and construction. The supports for the levels of the attic rooms are various rafter systems and ceilings, which are combined with the main one. Multi-level system involves the arrangement of rooms at different levels attic space, which is why the consoles should be located this way.

Having chosen the most desirable type of attic, you need to determine whether it is possible to install it on the old walls of the house, or whether they will have to be strengthened. Therefore, you need to make accurate calculations and draw up a project.

Roof truss basics

Most roofs, and attic roofs are no exception, have one of two types of rafter systems, or a combination of them. Each of these varieties has its own characteristics, which depend on the location of the load-bearing walls of the building.

Hanging system

A hanging rafter system is defined by the fact that it is supported only by two external main walls located along the length of the building, in which there are no internal main partitions.

Such a system is used provided that the distance between the main supports is no more than 13 ÷ 14 meters. In any case, this design puts a fairly large load on the walls and foundation of the building.

To weaken the loads in this system, various support structures are used. elements - crossbars, headstocks, struts, tightening, racks and other parts.

For example, the headstocks seem to suspend the entire system from the ridge beam using a tightening rod, and the struts pull the overlapping beams to the rafter legs.

For the attic floor in this system, it is necessary to use thick bars, logs or boards that are installed on the edge. Their thickness can be determined from the table given in this publication, taking as a basis the distance between the support points.

So that when using hanging system the ceiling was reliable and durable, you need to make accurate calculations, and if it’s difficult to do this yourself, then it’s better

Layered design

The layered system is distinguished by the fact that it has supports not only on the external main walls, but also on internal partitions, which have a foundation.

Therefore, when starting the construction of a house in which an attic is planned, you need to think in advance about the location of the internal capital partitions.

For a house with an attic, a layered system is the best option, since the beams covering the house will be firmly and securely fixed to the walls and partitions.

When constructing a broken attic roof structure, you can use combined option rafter system, that is, use elements of both hanging and layered systems.

Attic design

When drawing up a project for the construction of any type of attic, it is recommended to consider it in different projections in order to clearly determine the location of all supporting elements. When calculating all the parameters of the attic, they must be immediately included in the project.

Based on the calculations made, the locations and methods of installation of all structural elements of the rafter system are determined. Calculation is also necessary to accurately determine the materials needed for the construction of the attic and their parameters.

Design elements

Any of the wooden structures of the attic roof consists of certain elements that are connected to each other by connecting nodes having different configurations. To better understand the design of these connections, it is recommended to draw each of them, and when carrying out installation work, be sure to have this drawing on hand.

The design of a sloping mansard roof includes the following components of the system:

Mauerlat - element, made from wooden beam and laid on the main walls of the building in its length. It serves to evenly distribute the load from the rafter system structure onto the wall and foundation. Rafter legs are installed and secured to the Mauerlat. This element is mounted both in a gable and in a sloping attic roof structure.
Floor beams, which are laid on the main walls of the building and form the basis for the future attic floor and the ceiling of the first floor, as well as for the installation of the entire rafter system.
The rafter leg consists of one straight element - bar or boards in a gable roof, or from two parts - in a broken structure. In a sloping attic roof, the upper part, fixed to the ridge, is called the ridge, and the lower part, which forms the walls of the attic, is called the side. Obviously, the side leg will be installed according to the layered principle, while the upper ridge rafter- usually becomes droopy
For the ridge, a beam or board of a certain thickness is used. Sometimes they do without this by connecting the upper ridge parts of the rafter legs, which form the ridge.
Racks are the supporting elements of the system. They support the rafter legs and relieve some of the load from the walls and foundation of the building. The racks will later become the sheathing for the walls, which will be installed during the finishing of the attic.
Bevels or other elements installed diagonally are additional supports that fasten the rafters and supporting beams, making the design of the system more reliable.
Between the rafter legs, for rigidity, bars are installed, called inter-rafter purlins - they also give rigidity to the system.

Carrying out basic calculations of the attic

It is quite difficult to independently develop a mansard roof project, since this process requires certain knowledge and skills in designing and carrying out specific architectural calculations. If you make mistakes, the attic structure will be unreliable, and in addition, its weight can damage the walls and foundation of the building.

Everything must be taken into account in the calculations - from the beginning of construction to the finishing of the premises.

However, if the design is not too complex, then you can try to cope on your own.

Calculation of ridge height

Size usable area attic space depends on the height of the roof ridge, and the latter is determined by the selected slope of the slopes - the smaller this angle, the lower the ceiling and, accordingly, the smaller effective area attic space.

N=L× tgα

N— ridge height;

L- ½ the width of the building (if we are talking about a gable symmetrical roof);

α - angle of inclination of the rafter system slope.

Diagram - for clarity

As an example, you can substitute the data used in the formula above:

Building size 8×10 m, slope angle 30°, tangent 30°= 0.58

H = 8/2 × 0.58 = 2.32 m

The height of the ridge will be equal to 2,32 m.

The process and all other related parameters are described in great detail, with all possible nuances and necessary reference tables, from a separate publication devoted specifically to this issue.

Square internal space attics

The technique used to determine the area of the attic space will make it possible to calculate the amount required material for the construction of a rafter system, for insulation and finishing. Particularly accurate calculations are important if the attic will be used for arranging additional living rooms, since they require special design.

Usually the entire area of the room under the roof is calculated, that is, both useful and the so-called "deaf". The living space is limited by installed racks, which will be the basis for the installation and finishing material of the walls. The area behind them is considered deaf, that is, most often not used.

The total area is calculated quite simply: the width of the overhangs on both sides is added to the width of the building. The resulting amount is multiplied by the length of the building.

It’s also easy to find the area of living space: to do this you need to measure the width attic space between the racks installed under one and the other roof slope, and multiply the resulting parameter by the length of the attic from gable to gable.

Roofing area

In order to determine in advance the amount of roofing material, it is necessary to calculate the total area of the roof slopes.

If you decide to install a broken or even more complex structure, you need to calculate the area of all sections of the roof. To do this, you need to divide it into separate geometric shapes, and then calculate the area of each of them and add up the results.

For those who do not firmly remember the formulas for calculating the areas of flat figures, a diagram is provided - a “cheat sheet”.

Shed roof area

If the attic roof is pitched, then its area can be calculated using the formula: Sabcd = Lcd × Lbd.

The area of one slope - nothing could be simpler

Pay attention to the picture. When calculating, not only the length and width of the rafter structure of the slope are taken into account - we must not forget about the eaves overhangs on all sides.

Gable roof

With a symmetrical arrangement of roof slopes, to calculate a gable roof, all that remains is to multiply the value obtained above by two.

For example, let's take the same example discussed above. The size of the building is 10×8 m. The angle of the slope is 30°, the height of the ridge H = 2.32 m. It is easy to determine the length of the rafters - S

S = Н / sin α = 2.32 / 0.5 = 4.64 m

We accept cornice overhang 0,7 m, gable overhang 0,7 m. Using the formula for a pitched roof, the area of one slope is calculated.

(10 + 2×0.7) × (4.64 + 0.7) = 60.88 m²

Then, to get the total area of the two slopes, the resulting result is multiplied by two.

Q = 121.76 m²

This technique is intended for calculating the continuous surface of slopes, without taking into account windows, ventilation ducts and chimneys.

If the roof has a very complex structure, then it is better not to take risks and still seek help from professionals who will make the necessary calculations using special computer applications.

When using slate, soft roofing, others profile materials, you can use a simplified calculation formula.

Let's start from the picture:

So, the following formula is applicable for calculation:

Q= K × (B + 2A) × (L+2C)

Q— the required amount of roofing;

IN — width of the building (along the gable wall);

A— the width of the planned roof eaves;

L- total length of the building;

C- width of the side overhangs of the roof.

TO is a coefficient that takes into account the angle of inclination of the slope relative to the horizon (α). By and large, it represents trigonometric function secant (sec), equal to the reciprocal of cosα.

In order not to go deep into theory, it’s easier to give a table of the coefficient TO in absolute, that is, numerical dimension:

Tilt angle, degrees	Factor K	Tilt angle, degrees	Factor K	Tilt angle, degrees	Factor K	Tilt angle, degrees	Factor K
1	1.0002	18	1.0515	36	1.2361	53	1.6616
2	1.0006	19	1.0576	37	1.2521	54	1.7013
3	1.0014	20	1.0642	38	1.2690	55	1.7434
4	1.0024	21	1.0711	39	1.2868	56	1.7883
5	1.0038	22	1.0785	40	1.3054	57	1.8361
6	1.0055	23	1.0864	41	1.3250	58	1.8871
7	1.0075	24	1.0946	42	1.3456	59	1.9416
8	1.0098	25	1.1034	43	1.3673	60	2.0000
9	1.0125	26	1.1126	44	1.3902	61	2.0627
10	1.0154	27	1.1223	45	1.4142	62	2.1301
11	1.0187	28	1.1326	46	1.4396	63	2.2027
12	1.0223	29	1.1434	47	1.4663	64	2.2812
13	1.0263	30	1.1547	48	1.4945	65	2.3662
14	1.0306	31	1.1666	49	1.5243	66	2.4586
15	1.0353	32	1.1792	50	1.5557	67	2.5593
16	1.0403	33	1.1924	51	1.5890	68	2.6695
17	1.0457	34	1.2062	52	1.6243	69	2.7904
		35	1.2208			70	2.9238

Let's return to our example:

Q= 1.1547 × (8 + 2 × 0.7) × (10+2 × 0.7) = 123.74 m²

Taking into account overlaps slate sheets– the result is practically the same as in calculations carried out by a different method. Of course, on advice experienced builders, to the resulting area when purchasing roofing material, another 10 ÷ 15 should be added %

(The figure shows a gable roof, however, the formula is fully suitable for calculations with the required level of accuracy for single-pitch or hip roofs. However, with a caveat - hip roof The steepness of the main and side slopes must match. If not, then the calculation is carried out for each pair of slopes separately, and then the value is summed).

Total weight of troping system and roofing

It is equally important to correctly select the optimal material for the roofing and correctly make the sheathing for it. This calculation is carried out taking into account the length of the rafters and their slope angle.

The lathing for roofing material can be sparse, mixed or solid. For example, metal tiles, corrugated sheets or slate are fixed to a sparse sheathing, and soft roof- only for continuous.

When choosing a roof, you need to obtain information about its performance characteristics. The durability and reliability of the roof structure will depend on them. Roofing material must also be selected taking into account the specific region and its climatic conditions, especially factors such as temperature changes and strong winds.

An important factor is the weight of the roofing, especially if the attic roof is installed on old walls. Therefore, you should estimate the weight of the roof in advance and find out how much the load on the building structure will increase, and whether it will be acceptable.

Roofing material for attic roof	Roof slope	Material weight kg/m²
Asbestos cement slate sheets with medium profile	From 1:10 to 1:2	11
Slate with reinforced profile	From 1:5 to 1:1	13
Bituminous shingles	From 1:10 and more	6 - 8
Soft roofing with continuous sheathing	From 1:10 and more	9 - 15
Galvanized metal sheets with single folds	From 1:4 and more	3 - 6,5
Double folded	From 1:5 and more	3 - 6,5
Ceramic tiles	From 1:5 to 1:0.5	50 - 60
Cement-sand tiles	From 1:5 to 1:0.5	45 - 70
Metal tiles	From 1:5 and more	5 - 7
Ondulin	From 1:10 and more	3 - 3,5

Most often, soft roofing or ondulin is used to cover attics, since these materials are among those that have the lightest weight and are easy to install.

For example, you can calculate the weight of 1 square meter of roofing, where ondulin is used for covering, taking into account the sheathing and insulation - sprayed polyurethane foam. To do this, you need to find the sum of the weight of each of the materials and multiply by a factor of 1.1 (this factor takes into account the overlap on adjacent sheets of roofing material).

The weight of a flat sheathing, 20 mm thick (plywood or OSB) is 14 kg/m².
Insulation – polyurethane foam, 100 mm thick, has an average weight of 3 kg/m²
The average weight of ondulin is 3.3 kg/m²

We get in total:

(14 + 3 + 3.3) × 1.1=22.3kg/m²

To calculate the total weight load of the roof on the walls, you need to multiply the weight of one square meter by the area of the entire covering. In our example this will work:

M = 123.74 × 22.3 = 2751.82 kg.

A lot - almost 3 tons - is provided only by a very light roof covering with sheathing and also a very light type of insulation.

But this is not all! Effective on the roof snow loads V winter period, plus wind pressure, all year round. These parameters are also necessarily taken into account when calculating the necessary wooden elements the design of the rafter system and floor beams, and taking into account the total load of the roof structure on the walls and foundation of the building.

— Then, the entire system is covered with a vapor barrier film, which is secured to the joists with staples.

— Boards or plywood sheets can be laid on top of it.

— Decorative covering is laid on them — it can be linoleum, laminate, parquet board and other materials.

Additional insulation can be created by laying electric cable or infrared heated floors under the decorative covering. It is better to read about these possibilities separately in the article dedicated to

If the floor is mounted on floor beams, you will have to work from the side of the first floor.

— On the side of the lower room, boards are mounted on the floor beams. It is desirable that they be smooth; you can even use a floorboard for the subfloor.

— After that, a vapor barrier film is laid on these boards from the attic side, which will cover not only the subfloor, but also the floor beams.

— Another layer of vapor barrier is laid on top of it and attached to the beams.

- Then, logs are attached to this covering perpendicular to the beams.

— Another layer of insulation is installed between the joists; it is better to choose mineral wool for it, since it, when straightened, fits tightly between the bars, leaving no voids.

— Then it should also be covered with a vapor barrier material.

If you decide to cover the floor with one of the decorative coverings, then plywood sheets are laid on top of the logs, and then laminate, linoleum or other materials are laid on them. Again, nothing prevents you from using, for example, film floor heating in this case.

Installation of insulation on the walls and ceiling of the attic

Having finished installing the floor, you can proceed to installing the insulation on the walls.

— If material in mats is chosen for this process, then before laying it, sheets of vapor barrier material are fixed to the rafters.

It is fixed in such a way as to cover the entire space and deepen it between the rafters.

If the vapor barrier is fixed on the other side of the rafters, then the mats will independently adhere between two wooden surfaces.

— If one of them is selected, then there is no need to attach a vapor barrier film under it. Waterproofing, which is laid on the rafters on the outside of the structure, will be sufficient.

Spraying polyurethane foam - quickly and efficiently, but requires special equipment and work skills

To use this insulation technology, you must have special technological equipment, or you will have to invite a specialist who will do the work in one day. It is not easy to carry out this operation on your own without experience - in order to complete the work without harming your health, you need to know the technology of the process and have the necessary protective equipment.

After insulation works, wall cladding is being carried out.

Prices for popular types of insulation

Insulation

Attic wall decoration

Before you start decorating the walls, you need to resolve the issue with electrical wiring, the cable of which must be well insulated using double-layer corrugated pipes.

Once the electrical cable has been laid out, you can safely begin installing the finishing material.

Usually used for finishing wooden lining, drywall or plywood with a beautiful textured pattern.

For any of these materials, it is advisable to rafter legs And vertical racks make a sheathing from slats with a cross-sectional size of approximately 20 × 70 mm. These guides are fixed in increments of 500 ÷ 600 mm. In addition to the fact that the sheathing of slats becomes the basis for fastening the finishing, it also forms a ventilation gap between finishing material and vapor barrier.

made quite simply. It makes the walls smooth and neat, ready for painting, pasting with traditional wallpaper or even applying liquid wallpaper.

Therefore, plasterboard finishing should be chosen by those homeowners who like to frequently change the interior design of their premises.

Finishing walls with clapboard is a longer and more labor-intensive process than. For such cladding, a lathing with the above parameters is also perfect. The only thing you need to think about is the direction of the lining boards, that is, it should be located vertically with the sheathing oriented horizontally and vice versa.

If desired, after installation the wood can be varnished water based or give it a deeper color by using stain.

Wood is amazing stuff, which is able to create a special atmosphere in the room with the aroma of the forest, which has a positive effect on the structure and well-being of the residents. That is why natural lining very often chosen for covering the floor, walls and ceiling of the attic.

Video: insulating an attic space and finishing it with clapboard

You can come up with a wonderful finish using plywood. But only if it will not be covered with paint on top, then you need to choose quality material, having a beautiful natural pattern. Plywood is installed much faster than lining, and makes the walls even, covering large surfaces at once.

This material can be covered with varnish, paint or any type of wallpaper, but you can leave the walls in their natural state, only by carefully cleaning out possible defects in the form of protruding splinters or burrs.

Building an attic is a rather labor-intensive and complex process that requires high experience in the construction trade. If no one has any idea about the above-described technological operations, then you shouldn’t undertake it yourself - it’s better to invite professional craftsmen to carry out the work. They will get rid of unnecessary problems and will build the attic according to the project conceived by the owner of the house.

Video: example of construction and finishing of an attic

1.What kind of roofs can be used for mansard buildings

2. Why attics are becoming popular

3. What types of mansard roofs are there?

4. What you need to know when building an attic

5. Requirements for mansard roofs

6. Possibility of using the attic floor

The final stage of any construction is the installation of the roof, and in the case of building the roof of a private house, it is important to determine not only the materials necessary for the work, but also the design and shape of the roof.

The most rational ones today are mansard roof projects, through which you can significantly save money and equip additional premises.

In this case, it becomes possible not only to make the attic look more attractive, but also to use it to increase living space. By what criteria can you understand that this is an attic floor?

Firstly, it is located on the top floor. Secondly, to create its façade, a broken or sloping roof is used either partially or completely.

Considering construction requirements, then the level of intersection of the roof with the facade should not exceed 1.5 meters from the attic floor.

If the attic roof design does not provide for this, then the room cannot be called an attic - it will remain well equipped, but still an attic.

Architects note that mansard roofs give any home a special presentability, and also help increase its practical functions.

If, when planning the attic floor, it is difficult to place interior spaces into a conventional triangle, then choose a more suitable angle of the attic roof, for example, with broken slopes, as shown in the photo.

The main advantage of attic buildings is the ability to use an existing foundation, that is, even with capital construction The area of the land plot will remain unchanged.

In a word, this roof is economical option arrangement of additional living space used in modern construction.

What roofs can be used for attic buildings

Depending on the type of roof you choose, you will get an attic of one shape or another, as a rule, they are triangular, broken, asymmetrical, located throughout the house or in a specific part of it.

Types of mansard roofs:

The most simple option The installation of a pitched roof is considered.
Such a roof looks like an inclined plane attached to load-bearing walls of different heights. Such variants of mansard roofs are very rare due to the significant reduction in internal space.
Gable or gable roofs, consisting of two slopes fixed in opposite directions, are very popular among developers. This type of roofing is characterized by ease and speed of installation, as well as high structural strength.
In the attics of small houses or dachas (see: “Attic in a dacha, advantages and disadvantages”), sloping roofs, which are a subtype of gable roof, look good (read: “What types of roofs with an attic are there”).
Hip and half-hip roofs are considered more complex in design (they are referred to as hipped roofs).
It is noted that such projects of houses with a mansard roof are aimed at maximizing the use of usable space.
On rounded and polygonal buildings, a domed, pyramidal or conical roof will look great.
In this case the roof mansard type It is built in several stages and requires maximum accuracy in calculations.

Why attics are becoming popular

The increase in demand for the construction of attic premises is due to a number of reasons, including:

equipment of additional living space without using an additional plot;
external attractiveness of the building;
the possibility of increasing construction density;
expansion of an already used house, while residents do not need to move anywhere;
short construction period;
A minimum budget is sufficient to install the premises.

What types of mansard roofs are there?

Among the large number of proposals, you should pay attention to the main options for the attic roof used in construction:

a gable or sloping roof;
for a single-level structure, remote consoles can be installed;
the construction of a two-level attic can be carried out using supports of a mixed type (read also: “ Finished projects baths with an attic").

When selecting the types of mansard roofs, it is important to take into account the level of expected load on the structure as a whole.

Even if the owner of a cottage or house does the construction of the attic on his own, the creation of the project and calculations of maximum permissible loads are entrusted to specialists. As for the style of roofing design, there are a lot of options offered here, varying in appearance and cost, however, initially the choice must be consistent with the operational and design requirements(cm.: " Mansard roof: features and stages of construction").

What you need to know when building an attic

Not everyone can independently draw up a project for the attic roof of a private house and carry out the installation work correctly, so it is better to immediately assign responsibility for the implementation of the planned activities to professional builders (read also: “Possible projects of attic houses”).

Before starting to create a project, you should analyze the layout of the base of the building and the structure of its roof.

If the design of an attic roof is carried out as an additional floor to a long-used house, then an assessment of the quality of its foundation and load-bearing base, as well as the level of possible load on them, is required.

One-story houses with an attic are becoming increasingly popular.

Because the attic structure must be very light, then the appropriate building materials are purchased.

Attic sloping roof, detailed in the video:

Requirements for mansard roofs

All projects of attic roofs of private houses are drawn up taking into account the requirements listed below:

Roofing materials must have a minimum weight.
Metal tiles, metal sheets, etc. are great for this.
For internal and external cladding work, as well as the construction of partitions, light profiles or plasterboard are used.
Because of large area surface in contact with the external environment, the level of heat loss in the attic is much greater than in the lower floors, so special attention should be paid to the thermal insulation of the roof. Builders, as a rule, recommend mineral wool or any modern lightweight insulation.
Additionally, vapor barrier and waterproofing are installed (read also: “Attic in a private house - stages of superstructure”).

Possibility of using the attic floor

It should be noted that roof designs with an attic can be created for any residential space, including a bedroom, office, children's room game room, gym or sports hall for the personal use of the home owners. And when you glaze the structure in the attic, you can create your own vegetable garden or green corner (read the article: “Roofs of houses with an attic: forms and varieties”).

Today, having an attic in the country is not only a normal activity, but also an indicator of the owner’s material well-being.

location additional floor it depends on personal preference - someone will take everything free place, and one will be enough to do only part of it. But in addition to the heavy lifting part of the imagination, you need to know how to build a loft, taking into account all the nuances of a particular room. Accurate planning and right choice building materials - ensuring a satisfactory result and comfortable placement of housing.

MANSARD DESIGN

When constructing an attic space in wooden house should be considered:

The surface area depends on the angle of the roof.
The greater the slope, the greater the surface area.
Roof shape. The best option is a slippery roof, which helps to rationalize space.
Characteristics of the design of future spaces and the structure of the entire building.
Particular attention should be paid to auxiliary elements.
Load it up on the roof. Where necessary, rafters are installed to increase the strength of the structure.
Arrangement of communication system elements in accordance with fire safety requirements.
The need to install windows.
The distance from the ground to the middle of the window is no more than 200 cm. Optimal lighting is achieved if the window size is one tenth of the floor area.

To maximize the correct calculation of load-bearing elements, the attic design should be carried out at the stage of preparation of the new building. The building layout includes beams, supports, posts, rafters and wall reinforcement. In this case, the maximum height of the superstructure should be 2.2 m, and its width should be at least 3 m.

Additionally, you should carefully consider where the stairs and windows will be.

WOOD MACHINERY PRODUCTION

The optimal solution for choosing materials for an additional floor frame is wood. In addition to the aesthetic appearance, wooden walls have low conductivity, which helps maintain heat in the room. The environmentally friendly frame “breathes” and absorbs decomposition products of oxygen and other chemical compounds.

With clear correspondence step by step guide building a wooden loft with your own hands can be quite quick. The main thing is to determine the consumption of building materials and clearly plan the desired design.

Attic renovation

After removing the walls to the desired height and creating the floor, you can proceed with upgrading the additional floor.

First, the attic wall is built, if it was included in the layout. In this case, a material similar to that from which wall walls are made is used. Wooden wall covered with a bond, according to which another layer of liner is used to protect against the negative effects of the external environment.

Half-walls allow you to install a table whose height is higher than human height, ensuring free movement throughout the room. The choice depends on the purpose of the attic, the construction of the building itself and other details of the layout.

Fixing walls and installing Mauerlat

If the height of the attic wall is more than 0.7 m, in order to avoid cracks, it is necessary to increase the strength of the structure.

For this purpose, reinforcement or gluing of the walls to which the Mauerlat is attached is performed. The binders are reinforcing bars intercepted with special clips. It strengthens the entire volume of walls, the thickness of which determines the distance between the reinforcement.

Attention: no welding - connection is made only with clamps!

To make the blank under the bundle, we use U-shaped blocks in which the skeleton will be laid.

In addition, hairs at a distance of 1.2 cm are installed at a distance of 1 m for subsequent installation of Mauerlate. The frame is then sprayed with concrete after it is fully hardened, which can be continued during the construction of window gutters.

Mauerlat falls onto the armada and is tightly tied to the wall.

If you want to do this, you will need 1.5cm bars. If you don't have the length you need, you can connect multiple short links using an anchor.

Before installing Mauerlets, the humidity of the armadies was ensured in advance roofing felt. The rods represent drilled holes, which are positioned so that the anchors can easily penetrate the grooves.

Do-it-yourself attic - additional space for your home

The screws must then be firmly screwed in and the formed structure must be left for a few days before being screwed down.

ATTIC INSULATION

Regardless of the purpose of the lower attic, the space must be insulated due to significant heat loss through the roof. In addition, due to thermal insulation, the risk of rotting of wooden upgrades and molds is reduced.

Mineral wool or polystyrene is used as a heater.

The use of any material has its advantages and disadvantages.

As practice shows, the optimal material design for internal thermal insulation is basalt wool.

Ceiling insulation from the inside

Before installing thermal insulation on the ceiling, all small cracks must be removed, after which you can continue with waterproofing.

To do this, a waterproofing film is attached to the rails to protect the surface from moisture penetration.

If you want, you can place the box as close as possible between it and the rafters basalt slabs. Depending on the thickness of the thermal insulation material, they are laid in one or several layers.

To prevent moisture penetration, it is recommended to install a vapor barrier suitable for parchment or polyethylene foil. Attach the vapor barrier to the rafters with studs or polymer adhesives.

It insulates plasterboard, beam or plywood ceilings.

Heating of floors and floors

To insulate an attic floor, you must first apply a layer of vapor barrier, then heat the space between the joists and trim the wood planks.

The walls of an attic room should only be insulated if they are not formed on the slopes of the roof. Before insulating the wall, it is necessary to level the surface and remove all laces.

The procedure for laying thermal insulation material is the same as on the ceiling, the obligation is the presence of only a container.

MANSARD VENTILATION

Suitable ventilation device — prerequisite for reliable attic heating.

Air circulation is necessary to prevent burning of wooden shears and corrosion of reinforced elements.

Poor ventilation also leads to wetting of the insulation and deterioration of heat transfer. To avoid adverse effects on roofs, it is necessary to install a ventilation gap.

And from the inside of the roof pie, you must allow free air movement.

The holes for its exit are made in the area of the roof ridge, and in case of absence, it is advisable to install a special special ventilation element on the ramps.

INTERIOR STRUCTURES ATTIC

The completion of the attic depends on the personal wishes of the owner and the purpose of its location.

Elements of attic decor are no different from the design of any other room.

Here are used ceiling ceilings, wall cladding, bamboo fabric or plasterboard. You can create a very comfortable environment by going around or painting the walls in one or more tones. Important factors when choosing a design include the size and configuration of the attic, lighting, location of windows and doors, and availability of materials.

Characteristics of attic construction
Step by step - production stages
How to build an attic with your own hands
The final phase of mansard roof construction

The presence of an auxiliary roof can significantly increase the usable area of privately owned apartments. To save money, many owners are considering building a DIY loft.

According to experts, this is quite possible if you study the relevant information.

Characteristics of attic construction

One of best options- break down the attic.

It is spacious and, after proper refinement, will become a complete living space. When such a roof is installed without an accurate calculation, it cannot do this.

It should be noted that when designing an attic with roofing, the recommendations of SNiP should be taken into account.

It is necessary to take into account several shades of this part:

If the building is built on a field where a mild climate prevails with frequent windy weather and very little snow, the roof may be sloped at a slight angle.
If there are snowfalls and heavy downpours in your area of residence, flat roof should be relaxed.
It is absolutely necessary to equip with high-quality acoustic, hydro- and thermal insulation, since the attic should be the same living room as the other rooms in the house.
The best roofing material for the construction of a mansard-type roof is considered to be slate or tiles.
Some owners install metal caps incorrectly, but when cold weather sets in, they have trouble keeping their attic space warm. Construction Materials should be chosen with fire-resistant and moisture-resistant properties, since the roof always consists of wooden elements. To better preserve them, such surfaces are treated with antifungal agents.
If you build an external staircase with your own hands while building a roof, you can save usable space in your home.
An internal staircase will be more comfortable for residents, but it will take up a lot of square meters. There is another option - the placement of a ceiling ladder, which practically does not cover the space. As for the propeller design, its comfort is questionable.

Step by step - production stages

When the attic is raised with your own hands, the production stages will be:

Wooden beams with a size of 10x10 cm are installed in the waterproofing.
How to make an attic

In this case, the best waterproofing material is roofing felt or only in rolls, which makes it convenient even in the absence of the appropriate skills. If the ceiling in the house is wooden, then there is no need to place additional beams under the main beams.
Below is the installation of racks on bearings with the same cross-sectional size.
These shelves serve as a kind of fence for attic walls. They should be installed at a distance of no more than two meters. To provide quality work At this stage, hand drawings of the attic roof will be made.

If you do not have the necessary knowledge, you can contact the experts.
Each stand must be completely accurate and use lugs and clamps to secure them. The installation accuracy must be checked according to the level and, if necessary, place these elements in a specific location. Once the rack is installed, they are aligned on both sides. Sheets of simple plywood or dry walls are used on the inside, and panels are made on the outside.
It is important to install the heater between the posts.
In addition, an upper beam with the same cross-section is installed. He can somehow strengthen it. When building a mansard roof, the main thing is that the beams are firmly and firmly installed.
At this stage, the Mauerlat installation, which is the support for the rear leg, is located at the bottom of the structure.
Thanks to this element, the roof ramp is fixed to the walls. For Mauerlat you need a stick or plate that has a part of 40x40 centimeters. Place waterproofing underneath to prevent rotting.
If the Mauerlatt is well located, it will protect the roof of the house from the effects of wind, in winter from snow and other loads.
For thorough fixation, use wire with a cross-section of 5 millimeters, preferably annealed, which is designed for gluing. If you want power to stand, the wire is built directly into them.
At the next stage, in accordance with the technology for installing attic roofs of private houses, it is necessary to install rafting feet. Firstly, the mark on the Mauerlat frame and the raft are marked in the rafting areas. Typically the installation step is 100-120 centimeters.
The scissors are made of completely flat plates with a cross section of 4-5 inches and a width of 15 centimeters.
Rafting legs should rest on required element buildings are on the crest of the shaft. This is not necessary if the rafter length does not exceed 8 meters.
They are then treated with normal stretching.
Installation of fillets is carried out in the same way as with rafters. To make things easier, it starts with two extreme elements.
Pull the cord between them and point to it when you install the next filler. Once installed, they are attached to the floor slab, which serves as a barrier to wind and precipitation.
Before creating a mansard roof, you must determine the location of the windows when drawing the drawings.
The window opening must be at least 12-13% of the surface of the side walls. Where you install windows, it is necessary to strengthen the rafts. To do this, place strips that will become the top and bottom of the window in which the frame is mounted and attached.

How to build an attic with your own hands

Then make sure everything previous works done correctly.

Using a level, you need to check all the dimensions of the tiles and beams from the roof cufflinks that make up your own hands. It is also necessary to ensure that the structural elements are rigid and securely fastened to ensure that the insulation is everywhere. Minor deficiencies may need to be addressed.

You may want to contact an experienced builder to evaluate the quality of work on your home's attic, as the roof needs to be strong, secure and durable.

If everything is fine to set up the attic, and the structure is not in danger, you can move on to next stages construction:

Once the roof skeleton is complete, the box rails are further attached to the rafters.
The step of their installation depends on the roofing material chosen to cover the roof.
After installing the rail, a hiberbarrier is applied to it. Most commonly used conventional polyethylene films for this purpose. This is cheap and at the same time protects the quality of the attic against moisture penetration. Secure it with construction clamps. The film should cover from bottom to top.
Thermal insulation material is installed on top of the film layer.
One of best insulation- mineral wool. This light material, safe for health, retains heat perfectly. In addition, minvat does not allow the spread of rodents in the house.
In the place where the roof is located, the installation is carried out in a similar way to the installation of polyethylene foil.
The roof material is laid in the same way that it loads the elements towards each other. It must be ensured that in areas where the roof is damaged, the tops of the roof roofs protrude above the bottom.

This point is very important, because incorrect installation results in the fact that even with light rain the attic roof will begin to leak and that wooden structure will gradually become useless.
Install the skates so that after construction is completed, precipitation cannot get under the roof.

The final phase of mansard roof construction

Once the main portion of the attic is complete, continue installing the doors and windows that are part of the roof structure.

The roof cake in this case is multi-layered, so noise, heat and waterproofing are guaranteed inside the attic.

If the decision on the stairs has not been made, it is better to choose external option, which will be simpler and cheaper. Over time, you can add a staircase to a room, losing some room in the house.

You should pay attention to reverse work if there is a living room in the attic.

However, for those who have ever renovated their homes, this type of work will not be difficult.

Even if you decide to invite a team of experienced builders, information on how to build a roof will not be superfluous.

This will allow you to control the work on the construction of the attic on the roof.