Often when working with wood and wood-based materials, it becomes necessary to drill an even round hole. You can use a jigsaw or a router, but such a tool is not always at hand or it is simply inconvenient to do the work with them. A woodworking ballerina can make the task easier.
What is a wood ballerina
Circular adjustable ballerina drill - a device that is designed for drilling round holes large diameter. The tool has simple design. It consists of a shank with a transverse rod on which movable carriages with cutters are attached. The rod has markings according to which you can set the required spread of the cutters relative to the center of the intended hole. A core drill is fixed in the middle of the shank. It serves as a centering element and support when drilling.
In addition to designs with two cutting elements located symmetrically, there are ballerinas with one cutter or even three. In the latter case, they are located on the base in the form of a disk with grooves.
Tool functionality
A high-quality ballerina is made of high-strength steel, which makes it possible to use the device in working with soft and hard wood.
This tool has an adjustable drilling diameter. This allows you to make holes of almost any diameter. The limitation of the drilling range depends on the size of the ballerina. Manufacturers produce devices with the following limits spread of incisors:
- from 30 to 120 mm;
- from 40 to 200 mm;
- from 40 to 300 mm;
- from 40 to 400 mm.
The maximum drilling diameter is limited by the rod on which the cutters are mounted. The minimum is the thickness of the shank.
The ballerina drill can be used in any places where the use of a jigsaw or hand router will be inconvenient. For example, this may be assembled and installed furniture, in the part of which it is necessary to drill a neat hole, given the limited space. Another example is an uneven (curved or concave) surface. It’s unlikely that you’ll be able to do everything smoothly and neatly with a jigsaw or milling cutter. It will be difficult to control the inclination of the tool relative to the surface. A ballerina can easily cope with this task.
Features of working with the tool
The principle of working with a circular drill is simple. A hole is drilled using a centering drill, and then the cutters are put to work. They gradually make a narrow groove, gradually cutting through the material in a circle to the full depth.
The materials used in working with the ballerina are varied: wood, fiberboard, chipboard, MDF, plasterboard, plastic. One common point is that the thickness of the part should be no more than 15-20 millimeters. This parameter is limited by the length of the incisors. Usually the manufacturer indicates the maximum drilling depth on the packaging. If you try to drill into thicker material, you may experience problems with ragged edges.
The use of a tool with one cutter is characterized by runout. This is caused by a lack of balancing relative to the longitudinal axis of the drill. The beating will be especially noticeable when cutting large diameter holes. Cut holes using a drill at low or medium speed. When working on drilling machine no such problems arise.
Also, a laminated or veneered surface can cause inconvenience when working. After passing through the decorative layer, drilling proceeds without problems.
A feature of the circular drill can be considered the ability to adjust the diameter. The distance between the cutters can be set using a scale on a rod or more accurately using a caliper. This is convenient if you need to make a hole without gaps for a pipe or round part.
The spacing of the cutters relative to the center is adjusted individually. It is necessary to align the cutting parts as accurately as possible. This will eliminate unnecessary effort during operation and extend the life of the tool.
How to choose and what to pay attention to
Choosing a high-quality circular drill is quite easy. The main thing is to know the main points that you should pay attention to first, but also not to lose sight of the little things.
The design is very important point: a woodworking dancer comes with one chisel or two or more. For frequent use, it is better to purchase an option with two or three cutting elements. It is easier to work with such devices and the quality of the processing performed will be at an acceptable level.
It wouldn't hurt to replace it individual parts. Inexpensive circle drills can have a solid shank with a permanent center drill and rod.
Metal, its quality determines its strength and ability to withstand workloads. Quality tool made of high-strength steel or alloys. The shank and cutter holders are shaped using a machine tool. The rod is usually stamped and made of the same metal.
Cheap options often use soft metal or alloys, which can be brittle. Under load, parts may become deformed or break. Such a tool will not last long and it will also be difficult to achieve accuracy from it.
The quality of workmanship, the main feature is the absence of backlashes and distortions. All parts must fit together and be securely fastened with fixing screws.
The markings of a high-quality ballerina's barbell are stamped. Sometimes the divisions are highlighted with bright paint for better visibility.
Cutters, high quality cutting elements made from hardened tool steel. They are secured to the holders with rivets or soldering. Solid cutters with holders (made of the same metal) quickly become dull and are not durable.
Manufacturer, when choosing any tool and consumables, preference should be given to well-known and long-proven brands and brands. The most common are Topfix, Stayer, Irwin, Strum.
Purchasing an adjustable circular drill for use at home, or if you need to drill several holes, is completely worth it. This eliminates the need to purchase an expensive tool that may only be needed a few times.
We continue to understand the equipment with which you can work on wood. In general, wood can be drilled with different drills; in the last article we looked at its effectiveness and figured out how and where it is recommended to use it.
There are a great many types of wood drills and it often happens that they are ideal for some jobs, but not suitable for others at all. That's why House master must understand what and how to drill into wood. Today's article will be about screw drill, also called spiral.
It is for wood and will help out in cases where it is necessary to drill a deep hole. For example, you have a log house through which you need to stretch water pipe or bundle of cables. And only a twist drill can cope with thick wood. Of course, nothing prevents you from trying to use a regular one, however, as I already said, it is inconvenient to drill with it and it is not a guarantee that you will be able to complete the job.
As you can see, the tip is made in the form of a fine thread, which helps to screw the drill into the initial stage drilling. The ejection of chips occurs due to the screw edges (like any drill or brace), so drilling is easy. The shank is most often 6-sided, so the tool is securely mounted in the chuck of a drill or screwdriver.
It is necessary to work with such a drill at low speeds, so it is best to use one with speed control or a powerful screwdriver with big moment puffs.
But it is best, if possible, to use a low-speed drill with a speed of up to 800 (I recommend a rebir drill).
The most common use of such equipment is the fastening of logs. Workers who assemble log houses often come to our store and they buy “spirals” with a diameter of 25-28-30 mm and a length of 450-600 mm. As you know, in order to fasten the logs of a log house together, you need to drill them from above and insert iron reinforcement into the hole made. It is very important that the hole is drilled deeply, which is why a long drill is needed.
The standard range of lengths is as follows:
— 220 mm
— 450 mm
— 600 mm (the most popular).
To make holes with a diameter of 30 mm to a depth of 600 mm in wood, you need a very powerful power tool, so we recommend using a drill of at least 1000 Watt (and that is unlikely to be enough), as well as screwdrivers with a torque of at least 36 Nm. Of course, the most preferable option is a low-speed drill, which has a power of 1200 Watts; for such work you can’t imagine anything better. It is very powerful and easily pushes such a thick drill bit through solid wood.
The prices for such “consumables” are quite high, at least it is much more expensive than feather and Forstner drills. For example, 22*600 costs around 300 rubles. And the thickest ones come with a price tag of a piece of rubles. They are taken only when you need to drill a hole in the log house for sewer pipe and so on.
However, if you consider that the drill is powerful and heavy, and it is used to perform specific work, then you should not worry about the price. Because anyway, nothing else can drill through 3 logs at once.
Imagine the situation: you need to drill a round hole of large diameter in a log or tree that is located in the forest or in another place where there is no way to connect to electricity (or simply there is no electric drill and a suitable bit). What should I do?
There is one way in which you can drill big hole in wood and logs without power tools, using only hand strength. However, to do this you will first need to make a simple device.
The first step is to make a homemade wood drill. To do this, cut off a piece of suitable size. steel pipe. The diameter is selected depending on the diameter of the hole that needs to be drilled, and the length - accordingly, on the depth. Then the cutting teeth are set.
Main stages of work
At the end homemade drill it is necessary to drill a hole for an M12 or other diameter stud (depending on the pipe diameter used). After this, we cut off a piece of the stud of the required length and weld a self-tapping screw or screw to its end. The larger it is, the better.
It is necessary to weld 2 metal rods (round or square) to the top of the pipe to make it easier to turn the drill. If necessary, more rods can be welded.
Drilling a hole with a feather drill
At first glance, when the question arises about how to drill a hole in wood, most people have no doubt: just think, wood is not metal and can be drilled easily. Yes, this is partly true if you want to make not a hole in the wood, but a banal hole. And in order to drill a hole in wood correctly and efficiently, you need to listen to the advice of processing experts wooden structures, who are also called wood modelers.
Rules for drilling holes in wood
The rules are definitely simple, but following them will help you save your time, nerves and Consumables as wooden blanks and already finished parts. So, what you need to pay attention to:
- Before drilling, you need to accurately mark the location for the hole.
- Choose the right one cutting tool. This refers to drills for working with wood, countersinks, pen drills with a drill depth limiter and annular cutters required diameter.
- When drilling, the tool (mostly a drill) must be held strictly vertically.
- Use drills designed for specific materials only.
- Wooden parts must be firmly secured in a vice.
- The cutting tool should be pressed firmly, but with uniform force.
Techniques for drilling holes in wood
Countersink hole for screw head
Let's start drilling simple holes for a screw or. Usually these holes are small in diameter and drilling them is not difficult. The only thing you need to do is to countersink the hole before drilling, that is, turn the surface of the wood under the screw head. To do this, firmly fix the wood and use a countersink to make a recess in it slightly larger than the height of the head of the screw or self-tapping screw. After this, firmly pressing a drill of the required diameter to the surface, drill the hole you need.
There are situations when you need to drill a “blind” hole for finger joint. To do this, you need to use a feather drill with a limiter, which is placed on the drill according to the size of the drilling depth
It is more difficult to make holes in large diameter wood, since the use of conventional cylindrical drills chips the surface of the material, damaging it appearance. To successfully cope with this task, feather drills and annular cutters are used.
Drilling with feather drills
Feather drill
For successful work when drilling feather drills secure the wood firmly in a vice and press the tip of the drill bit against the surface of the material. Then drill (at low speed) the hole until the tip of the drill appears at the bottom of the wood. Stop drilling and remove the feather bit from the hole, then turn the wood over, clamp it in a vice and drill the hole on the other side. This will prevent the block from splitting when drilling.
Drilling with an annular cutter
Wood annular cutter
An annular cutter is used for drilling holes in wood with a diameter greater than 38 mm. Drilling begins with a small-diameter guide drill, structurally connected to the cutter in one piece. This guide serves as a guide for the annular cutter.
Here are some tips from professionals that will surely help you when drilling holes in wood:
a) for vertical drilling, you can install a square parallel to the drill;
b) if you often have to do carpentry work, purchase a special stand for a drill, which allows you to hold the tool strictly vertically and controls the depth of the holes;
c) be sure to use a vice when drilling to avoid splitting the wood;
d) so that the outlet hole does not have chips, place an unnecessary block under the wooden part and drill them together. This is especially applicable when making holes in a thin board;
e) if you do not have a drilling depth limiter, wrap the drill in the area of limitation with bright electrical tape or masking tape.
For high-quality execution Even such a simple procedure as drilling holes in wood products requires the correct mode and the appropriate tool. When choosing a wood drill, you should take into account the characteristics of both the material being processed and the hole that needs to be made. On modern market There is a wide variety of drills designed for making holes in wood, so choosing a tool to solve certain technological problems will not be any particular problem.
Main types
The main parameter, depending on which wood drills are divided into different kinds, is the design of the working part. Based on this feature, wood drilling tools may fall into one of the following categories.
FeatherDrills of this type are used to make holes of medium diameter in wood - up to 25 mm. It is advisable to use such a tool in cases where the requirements for the accuracy of the geometric parameters, as well as for the quality of the holes, are not too strict. Among the most significant advantages feather drills It should be noted the low cost and ease of maintenance.
Core type tools are designed for drilling large diameter holes. In my own way design Wood crowns resemble a metal glass with a shank, the working end of which has cutting teeth. When such a drill rotates, its cutting teeth, interacting with the workpiece, cut out a circle of the required diameter on its surface.
Spiral
Spiral wood drills are also called screw drills. Their working part resembles a screw. They are used for drilling small diameter holes in wood. Due to the special drill designs related to screw type, when used, chips are effectively removed from the processing zone. The twist drill also ensures high precision and exceptional high quality processing being performed.
These are tools with the help of which, in products made of wood, they create not through, but blind holes with a perfectly flat bottom. In addition, if you use such a wood drill with additional accessories, can be drilled into wooden product square shaped hole.
With the help of such tools, it is possible not only to drill wood, but also to make grooves of various configurations in wood products. Drill of this type most often used in cases where complex processing is required wooden parts, and in order to drill a regular hole, use a twist drill, a pen or core tool.
Milling drills are designed for drilling round hole and its subsequent boring to the desired shape. Used when working with wood and thin metal
The tail part of drills intended for wood processing usually has cylindrical shape, but manufacturers also produce them with shanks of other configurations. So, on the modern market you can buy drills for woodworking, the shanks of which can be:
- triangular, optimally suited for fixation in a three-jaw chuck (tools with a triangular shank are ideally transmitted torque, and even very significant loads are not able to turn it in the chuck);
- hexagonal (tools with such shanks can be installed in both a standard and a three-jaw chuck, but there is a very high risk of the drill turning when subjected to heavy loads);
- conical (tools with shanks of this type are used primarily for equipping production equipment);
- tetrahedral (a rarely used shank shape, which, however, provides high stability tool against rotation in the chuck).
Areas of use and design features
As mentioned above, in order to drill a quality piece of wood, it is very important to choose the right drill bit. When making this choice, it is necessary to take into account both the characteristics of the material being processed (in particular, its hardness) and the type of hole that needs to be made. That is why it is very important for home craftsmen and specialists whose activities are related to the processing of wooden blanks to understand both the varieties and functionality wood drill.
Twist (screw) drills
A twist or screw drill can be produced with two types of working tips: conical and with special scoring tips. If we compare both types according to the degree of their effectiveness, then it is almost at the same level. However, they differ in the load taken by the tool during wood processing. Thus, in the design of the working head of a drill with a scoring tool, there is a jumper, which causes significant loads to be transmitted to the entire body of the tool. They do not have this drawback, which, in addition, are much better centered on the surface of the workpiece. The conical head immediately enters the material, and the drill does not move to the side. Meanwhile, spiral drills with scoring tools, due to their design features, allow you to create holes in wood with higher precision.
Drilling wood using a spiral tool allows you to get precise and neat holes with smooth edges and smooth surface internal walls. Tools of this type can be used for drilling wood of any species and almost any hardness, as well as materials made on its basis (chipboard, MDF, plywood, etc.). If the drill is driven into the material being processed at a low speed, there will be no need to frequently remove the tool from the hole being created to remove accumulated chips.
When designing and making drills screw, much attention is paid to them geometric parameters. This, in particular, includes the angle of inclination of the helical groove, as well as the ratio of the dimensions of the elements of the working part in the cross section. The angle of inclination of the helical groove and the degree of its roughness work surface influence the efficiency of chip removal during processing. Geometry cross section the working part determines the strength characteristics of the drill.
The most vulnerable from the point of view of breakdowns are long wood drills, the diameter of which does not exceed 3 mm. The risk of breakage increases with incorrect selection of drilling modes, as well as careless use of the tool. All long wood drills should be handled with great care. A long drill, the cross-section of which can be any size, is used to create holes whose depth is 20–30 times their diameter.
The category of spiral drills also includes Lewis auger drills, used to make deep holes of significant diameter in wood. Structural elements, of which such an auger drill consists, is a massive spiral (auger) encircling the central rod of the tool.
In order for such a drill to plunge into the material being processed in given point, on its working part there is a threaded tip. Because the outside surface screw is processed to mirror shine, the inner walls of the hole being made are also perfectly smooth. One more distinctive feature The design of this tool for woodworking is a small angle of inclination of the groove, through which chips are removed from the processing area.
Spiral type tools designed for drilling wood are available in a wide range of working diameters. If you need to drill large-diameter holes, you should carefully select the equipment with which the drill will be used. In these cases, it is necessary to use a low-speed device, and not a conventional drill, which is not designed to work with large-diameter tools.
Feather type drills
For making deep holes of large diameter, the dimensional accuracy and quality of which are not too demanding high requirements, you can use inexpensive feather-type drills. They are produced in the range of diameters 10–60 mm and various (including significant) lengths. If the lengths feather drill is not enough to make a deep hole in the tree, it can be extended using a special extension. However, when using such a device, which allows you to increase the processing depth by another 30 cm, extreme care should be taken, since the junction of the tool and the extension is not very rigid.
When drilling holes in wood using feather drills, you should also not apply strong pressure to the tool, which is a rather fragile structure.
Forstner drills
Only a Forstner drill can cope with such a difficult technological task as drilling holes with a flat bottom in wood products. His cutting edges located on the rim and side surface. Thanks to this design feature The fibers of the treated wood are trimmed before the main drill blades come into contact with them, which helps to obtain a hole with straight edges and a smooth inner surface.
