How to grow porcini mushrooms at home. Growing porcini mushrooms at home

If you decide to grow mushrooms yourself, it is better to start with oyster mushrooms. Growing these mushrooms at home does not require studying complex theoretical information or special skills. Oyster mushrooms are not as demanding as other species (for example, champignons). Another argument in their favor will be high productivity. You can make a lot of them delicious dishes, the taste of which will not leave anyone indifferent. Let’s figure out what are the ways to grow oyster mushrooms and how to cope with the difficulties that beginners encounter.

Growing methods, their pros and cons

There are two ways to grow oyster mushrooms at home - extensive and intensive.

Positive aspects of the first method:

• it does not require the creation of special conditions, since ripening requires a natural environment;
• for the same reason, the extensive method does not have to spend a lot of money;
• In addition, in this case the mushrooms do not need constant observation.

But there are also negative points:

• the appearance of the crop depends entirely on the time of year and suitable weather;
• the ripening period is quite long;
• due to the impossibility of control, it will not be possible to turn this hobby into a business and grow mushrooms at home for sale.

With intensive technology, the conditions for growing are created by the mushroom grower himself at home.

Advantages of the intensive method:

• the ability to control the time of harvest;
• You can also regulate the amount of harvest - when using this method there will be more of it;
• Thanks to this, it is possible to sell mushrooms and compensate for costs.

Some cons:

• you will have to put in more effort and spend a lot of time planting;
• Cash investments will also be required to create the necessary conditions for the house.

At intensive method mushrooms ripen in the basement or other suitable room.

Selection of mycelium

First of all, you need to purchase “seeds” - in mushrooms they are called mycelium. Recently, this has been much easier to do - there are many online stores with mail delivery throughout the country. But there are also local companies. Beginning mushroom growers who fear failure need only purchase one kilogram of mycelium. The result will be about three to four kilograms of mushrooms. You can purchase the material in advance. The mycelium can be stored in the refrigerator for up to two months, but should not be placed in the freezer. The mycelium is not allowed to come into contact with the skin, so when opening the package, do not forget to wear gloves.

When purchasing, pay attention to the following recommendations.

• Check reviews for a store or individual seller.
• Even if you are an experienced mushroom grower, purchase a small amount of planting material from a new supplier for the first time.
• Study all the information about the selected variety, the time of mycelium fouling, and resistance to mold.
• Check the expiration date on the packaging.
• Immediately after delivery, check the temperature of the mycelium - it should be about +20 degrees Celsius.
• There should be no black or green spots on the mycelium.
• The color of the “seeds” is bright orange, interspersed with yellow.

Growing on stumps

If you are a beginner and are not yet ready to invest a lot of effort and money in growing mushrooms, try the extensive method.

To plant oyster mushrooms this way, you don’t need a lot of materials.

• Stumps that are on the site of your house. But they can be sown only at the end of April or beginning of May, when a constant high temperature has established.
• Trimmings from such deciduous trees, like beech or aspen. They should be no more than half a meter in height and fifteen centimeters in diameter.

Carefully check each stump - there should be no mold on them.

If the wood is dry, soak it in water for several days. Only in such conditions can the mycelium develop.

The technology is as follows:

• drill or cut out six-centimeter recesses in the stumps (they should be staggered);
• the mycelium is placed in these holes;
• then they need to be covered with moss;

There is another way - you need to saw off a two-centimeter thick disk from the top of the stump. Apply a layer of mycelium to the cut. Cover with disk. For strength, nail it down.

After sowing, stack the logs on top of each other in a room where the temperature is maintained at +15. Leave them there for three months, covered with film or thick cloth. By the end of the period, a white coating will appear on the stumps. This means it’s time to “plant” them. To do this, dig holes in the ground at a distance of half a meter and fill them with wet leaves. Hemp is placed in them - to a depth of fifteen centimeters. The soil around them should always be moist.

The harvest will appear at the end of summer. You can collect it throughout the fall. For the winter, the planting should be protected by covering it with straw.

Preparing to grow in the basement

To grow oyster mushrooms intensively at home, you will need to prepare a basement that meets the following requirements:

• it must maintain a temperature of +15 degrees;
• a good ventilation system is needed in the basement;
• its depth can reach five meters;
• you need to create bright lighting;
• there must be a source of clean water in the basement.

Other types of premises are also suitable:

• cellar;
• poultry house;
• greenhouse;
• garage;
• cowshed

The main condition is that this basement should not be adjacent to the living rooms of the house, as spores can cause allergies.

The next important condition for obtaining a harvest is a good substrate. This is a nutrient medium through which mushrooms will grow. To prepare it you can use:

• buckwheat husk;
• wheat straw;
• barley straw;
• corn cobs.

Grind one of these materials or a mixture of them. Fill it with warm (up to twenty-five degrees) water for twenty minutes. Stir the mixture periodically. Drain this water and fill the container with hot water (not boiling water). Cover with something heavy and leave for five hours. Drain the water, squeeze out the substrate (remaining liquid can cause mold) and add nutrients (urea and superphosphate).

Planting in the basement

In this growing technology, not only the place and basis for planting are important. The vessels also need to be prepared. Usually oyster mushrooms are grown in bags. At home, regular garbage bags of as large a volume as possible are also suitable.

Make holes in them at intervals of twenty centimeters. The mushrooms will come out through these holes.

The bags need to be filled with substrate and mycelium. The bottom layer should be the substrate - pour fifteen centimeters of the mixture. Sprinkle it with a layer of mycelium. Alternate them, filling the volume of the vessel by 2/3. The bags need to be moved to the basement and placed on top of each other or hung from the ceiling.

Planting care

In the first days of growing oyster mushrooms, it is most important to maintain suitable conditions.

• The temperature in the bags will increase, but it is important to ensure that it does not reach +30 degrees (when growing at home, in a small basement, it is enough to use a fan for this).
• Keep flies out of your basement.
• After three days you can turn on the lighting.
• The humidity in the basement should be about 95% (for this you need to spray the walls and floor with water, but not the oyster mushroom plantings themselves).

When collecting oyster mushrooms you also need to follow some rules.

• They should not be cut, but twisted out of the substrate.
• After harvesting the first harvest, it is important to maintain the same conditions in the basement for two weeks, then another batch will soon appear.

Conclusion

Oyster mushrooms are the most suitable mushrooms for growing at home. They do not need special care. Conditions for their development are easy to maintain even at home.

There are two ways to grow them. One of them requires less effort, but the result will be a long wait for the harvest. For the other, you need to prepare the room, but thanks to this you will quickly get a large number of mushrooms.

Choose the method that seems most successful to you and feel free to start planting. In this case, you will be satisfied with the result.

Growing mushrooms at home allows you to pamper yourself with this tasty and useful product, and can also be an excellent source of additional income. Oyster mushrooms are one of the most simple types mushrooms of their kind. Anyone who decides to try their hand at mushroom growing can feel like a master growing oyster mushrooms. This variety is very unpretentious and does not require special care. Where is the best place to grow oyster mushrooms at home and what is needed for this? Let's try to figure it out!

Features of growing oyster mushrooms: necessary conditions and premises

Oyster mushrooms or oyster mushrooms are a unique species that can germinate on any soil, be it dry grass, thyrsus, coffee grounds or even cotton fabric. This low-growing plant is able to extract nutrients from everything in its environment. Another advantage of the species is its rapid growth rate. Already two weeks after sowing, the first harvest can be harvested.

Growing oyster mushrooms does not require any special knowledge or skills. The optimal place for growing oyster mushrooms will be the basement or cellar of a private house. Oyster mushrooms are not heat-loving, and they do not need a lot of light. If you don't have a basement, they can be grown in a greenhouse at your dacha or barn. Despite the simplicity and lack of excessive care for mushrooms, the growing room must be properly prepared.

The following equipment must be installed in the premises and created special conditions for growing oyster mushrooms:

Video: room for growing oyster mushrooms in the basement

Note! If there is fungus in the room, it is better not to use it as a greenhouse. High humidity, which is necessary for growing mushrooms, will only aggravate the situation; the disease will affect the crops, they will become inedible and poisonous.

How to grow oyster mushrooms at home: growing technology

Having decided on the location of the mushroom greenhouse, thoroughly disinfected the room and installed the necessary equipment, you can begin the process of growing mushrooms. The technology for growing oyster mushrooms involves several stages.

Video: step-by-step instruction breeding oyster mushrooms at home

Substrate preparation

The key to a rich harvest is a high-quality substrate. Although it is generally accepted that oyster mushrooms are indiscriminate in this regard, the soil must still be fertile.

The best substrate for growing oyster mushrooms are:

• dry straw of wheat, barley and buckwheat;
• sawdust hardwood;
• sunflower seed husks;
• dried corn stalks and cobs.

Select the amount of substrate according to the number of mushrooms you want to grow. Thus, one bag for growing oyster mushrooms is designed for 5 kg of substrate. All components of the substrate must be clean and dry, there should be no mold or rot on them, they should not be rotten. It is best to disinfect the selected base through heat treatment. Next, you need to grind these components to a fraction of 4-5 cm and mix. Repeat the heat treatment for two hours and squeeze.

Actually, the substrate for growing oyster mushrooms is ready.

Selection and purchase of mycelium

For growing oyster mushrooms at home, it is best to use grain mycelium. It is very convenient to sow and does not require additional processing.

When purchasing mycelium, pay attention to it appearance. The grains must have yellow with a slight orange tint. It is strictly forbidden to buy mycelium on which dark spots are visible - this is the first evidence of the presence of mold. You can also determine the quality of planting material by smell; it should be fresh and smell like mushrooms. If you smell a slight ammonia smell, it means the mycelium was not stored correctly and has spoiled.

Be sure to pay attention to the manufacturer's company, it is better if it is well-known and major manufacturer on the seed market, read reviews from gardeners on the Internet. Do not buy a large amount of mycelium at once, take a test batch. If the mycelium germinates without problems and forms good and healthy mycelium, you can purchase a large batch.

If you want to make oyster mushroom mycelium yourself, then read this article.

Landing

Before planting, the mycelium must be placed in the room where the oyster mushrooms will grow for a day. This is done in order to equalize the temperature and the mycelium does not die from shock.

To grow oyster mushrooms in bags, it must first be disinfected or thermally treated. An effective treatment method is washing with a bleach solution.

The optimal bag volume should be at least 5 kg.

1. The bag is filled layer by layer with substrate and mycelium. For every 5 centimeters of substrate there should be about 0.5 cm of mycelium. The top and bottom layer in the bag should be the substrate.
2. After filling the mushroom block, the bag is tied tightly at the neck.
3. Then small holes are cut at a distance of 10 cm from each other, with a diameter of no more than 2 cm. The cuts are best made in a checkerboard pattern.

Attention! Planting mycelium and growing oyster mushrooms are carried out in separate rooms, as there is a high risk of infection of mycelium.

Video: how to perforate a mushroom block

Further care

During the period from planting to the formation of myceliums, temperature indoor air should be 18°C ​​- 20°C. As soon as they are visible first formations of mushrooms, the temperature is reduced to 13°C - 15°C. This is the optimal temperature for growing all types of oyster mushrooms.

It is very important to support humidity air. Watering the substrate is strictly prohibited, as the mycelium begins to rot in wet soil. Even if the mycelium survives, all the mushrooms will become sick, rot and dark spots will begin to appear on them. To achieve optimal humidity in the room, you can hang wet sheets or any other wet fabric. Open containers of water are left near heating appliances, in this way the moisture evaporates faster and saturates the air.

Harvesting

The fruiting period of oyster mushroom is only 30–35 days, which is a very short period. The thing is that these mushrooms have a very high frequency of fruiting: every 7 - 9 days. That is, already 9 days after planting the mycelium, you can harvest the first full harvest.

It is customary to cut mushrooms carefully with a knife so as not to damage the main root attached to the mycelium. When picking mushrooms, you cannot cut off absolutely all the fruits from one mycelium. It is necessary to leave 2 - 3 of the smallest mushrooms on the stem, otherwise the mycelium may dry out and stop bearing fruit.

Video: how to properly harvest oyster mushrooms

Important! After the last mushroom harvest has been harvested, the substrate and bags must be disposed of. They are not suitable for reuse. The room is well cleaned, ventilated and disinfected. It will be possible to re-cultivate mushrooms only 2 weeks after all harvesting work.

Video: technology for growing oyster mushrooms

Diseases and pests of oyster mushroom: control measures and precautions

It happens that during the fruiting period the mushrooms begin to hurt. The cause of such diseases can be a variety of factors. If all disinfection work has been carried out in the room, diseases should not disturb the crop.

The main number of fungal diseases lies in the substrate. As a rule, bacteria enter along with wet and rotten straw.

Important! If you are not sure about the quality of the substrate, it subjected to heat treatment before planting mycelium. It is placed in a large container and poured with boiling water, after which it is boiled for 2 hours, then squeezed out and dried.

In a damp substrate, the mushrooms begin to rot, the stems darken and become soft. This disease is called dark rot. If, nevertheless, it overtakes the plantings, it is necessary to remove all diseased plants along with the substrate.

It is necessary to very carefully monitor the condition of the mushrooms from the formation of the mycelium until the last fruiting. If one of the myceliums is infected, you will have to throw away the entire package, and this will significantly reduce the yield increase.

Summarize. Based on all of the above, you can understand that this is a very simple but labor-intensive process. To do this, you will need to purchase special equipment, prepare the premises and fertile soil, and also purchase high-quality mycelium. Next, it all depends on your patience and hard work. With proper care, you can collect up to 9 kg of mushrooms from one bag. Growing oyster mushrooms is excellent option to gain first experience in the field of mushroom growing.

Video: how to grow oyster mushrooms at home

Growing mushrooms on own plot- not only an exciting, but also a profitable business. If you're new to mushroom growing, try starting with oyster mushrooms. These are unpretentious, but very prolific mushrooms. Some people grow them for themselves, while others have been able to make a profitable business out of oyster mushrooms. After all, with 1 kg of mycelium you can get up to 4 kg of mushrooms!

Oyster Mushrooms

There are two ways to grow oyster mushrooms: intensive and extensive.

Growing oyster mushrooms intensively

This method involves growing mushrooms in artificially created conditions. The mushroom grower’s task is to provide a microclimate that will be most favorable for the growth of oyster mushrooms.

Mycelium preparation

Purchased mycelium for growing oyster mushrooms

Ready-made mycelium can be bought in the store. For your first growing experience, you don’t need to purchase a lot of material - 1 kg is enough.

Mycelium of oyster mushroom

Principles for choosing mycelium:

• buy from trusted sellers;
• look at the color: the mycelium should be white, interspersed with orange and yellow (there should be no green or black spots);
• carefully read the information on the packaging (variety, shelf life, fruiting speed);
• check the temperature of the bag with mycelium: it should not exceed 20ºС;
• take a sniff: the bag should not emit an ammonia smell.

After purchasing, the bags with mycelium need to be cooled slowly. Before planting, they are stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of 3–4ºС. The maximum shelf life is 2–3 months.

Before placing it in the substrate, the mycelium is removed from the refrigerator, warmed in a warm room to the temperature of the substrate (so that it does not die from thermal shock) and crushed.

Grinding mycelium

Important! All work with mycelium is carried out under sterile conditions. The room and work surface are disinfected, and the mushroom grower wears gloves.

Substrate preparation

The amount of substrate should be 10 kg of material per 1 kg of mycelium.

Substrate preparation

Any plant waste is suitable for the substrate:

• wheat or barley straw;
• chopped leaves, stalks and ears of corn;
• cleaning sunflower seeds;
• buckwheat husk;
• wood sawdust.

Important! The starting material must not be rotten or moldy!

To disinfect the substrate and saturate it with moisture, treat the material with water or steam. There are three processing options:

• boiling dry material in hot water;
• steam treatment of dry material;
• steam treatment of wet material.

Heat treatment of the substrate

The first method is used most often. The raw materials are placed in a tank, filled with water and boiled for 1.5–2 hours. Then the water is poured out, the substrate is put under pressure and cooled to 25ºC.

In order for the mycelium to develop comfortably, the humidity of the substrate must be optimal.

Advice! How to check the humidity level? You need to take a lump of material in your hand and squeeze it. If the material springs well, but no water flows out of it, the humidity is ideal. If it gets too wet, you need to let the excess moisture drain.

After cooling, the substrate is crushed into pieces 4–5 cm in size.

Laying mycelium

The mycelium and substrate are placed in bags in a sterile room: in a room intended for incubation.

Step 1. The room is treated with chlorine. Work is carried out with gloves, all tools are wiped with alcohol. Grow bags must also be sterile. To disinfect, place them in a bleach solution for a couple of minutes.

Step 2. If you are growing oyster mushrooms for the first time, take 2 small bags, each of which will hold 5 kg of material, and put the mycelium and substrate there. Fill the bags with substrate and mycelium

Fill the bags with substrate and mycelium

Advice! There are two ways to add mycelium to the substrate. The first option involves mixing the substrate and mycelium on any surface and then placing the material in bags. The second is laying in layers. You need to take a bag, pour 5–6 cm of substrate into it, then 0.5 cm of mycelium. And so on to the very top.

Convenient bag filling device

Step 3. Make holes in the bags through which the mushroom clumps will grow. The cuts are made in a checkerboard pattern every 10–15 cm. The length of the cut is 1–2 cm. You can make perforations in the form of holes, “crosses” or “checkmarks” to obtain more compact splices.

The photo shows the holes for oyster mushroom germination

The bags must have holes for mushroom germination

Step 4. The finished blocks are placed in the germination room in such a way that the cut sides have unlimited air access.

Bag arrangement option

Incubation

Incubation takes 10–20 days. At this time, provide the mushrooms with a favorable microclimate:

• indoor humidity – 70–80%;
• room temperature – no more than 25ºС;
• the temperature inside the bags is no more than 30ºС, otherwise the mushrooms will not sprout;
• reduce the temperature using fans, but never ventilate;
• Do wet cleaning daily.

If everything is done correctly, after 3-4 days you will see that white threads of mycelium begin to spread across the substrate. After 10–20 days, the mycelium will grow throughout the bag. It will acquire a whitish color and a characteristic mushroom aroma. Incubation is over and fruiting time begins.

Substrate germination

Video - Growing oyster mushrooms at home

Fruiting

After the end of the incubation period, transfer the bags with mycelium to the fruiting room.

Oyster mushroom fruiting

Important! The cultivation room should be located away from a residential building. Growing mushrooms release spores, which are a powerful allergen.

Mushrooms require a favorable microclimate:

• temperature – no more than 10–15ºС;
• humidity in the room – 90–95%;
• lamp lighting daylight– 10–12 hours a day;
• place a humidifier in the room;
• irrigate the walls and floor with liquid, but in such a way that it does not fall on the mycelium;
• Ventilate the room every 6–8 hours.

Growing mushrooms

After the formation of caps, the mushrooms require daily irrigation. Spray water from above 1-2 times a day so that it flows down the oyster mushroom caps. During this period, pay special attention to the ventilation of the room: moisture may cause the mushrooms to rot.

Harvesting

After 1.5 months, the mycelium will delight you with fruits. After removing the first mushrooms, new ones will appear in 2–3 weeks. The mycelium can bear fruit up to 4 times, but 75% of the harvest will come from the first 2 waves.

The first harvest can be collected

To prevent the mycelium from rotting, the mushroom clumps must be twisted out without leaving stems in the substrate. After harvesting, sort out the substrate, remove rotten elements from it and place it back in bags. With proper care, the mycelium bears fruit for up to six months.

The photo shows the harvest of oyster mushrooms

After the 4th harvest, dispose of the substrate or use it as garden fertilizer.

Growing oyster mushrooms extensively

Growing oyster mushrooms extensively

This method involves growing mushrooms in conditions close to natural.

1. Prepare stumps or logs on which mushrooms will grow. Oyster mushrooms love the wood of willow, poplar and linden, but a good harvest can also be obtained from aspen stump.

   Logs for growing oyster mushrooms

   Scheme of mycelium laying

2. Wet the logs, make several deep cuts on their surface with a knife and add mycelium purchased in advance. Cover the holes with tree bark or moss.
3. Place the finished logs in the garden. You should choose a shady but well-ventilated place. The main thing is that the stumps should not be exposed to direct sunlight, otherwise the mycelium will die. Place the logs in small depressions and cover them with earth for stability. You can put leaves or sawdust in the holes.
4. Water the logs thoroughly and cover with film. If the weather is dry, oyster mushrooms require daily watering.
5. After 1.5–2 months you can harvest the first harvest. In one season, logs bear fruit up to 3–4 times.

   Oyster mushroom harvest

Next year the logs will bear fruit again if you don’t forget to water them. The mycelium will retain fertility for 3–5 years.

The harvest can be harvested within 3-5 years

Both growing options have their own advantages and disadvantages. To make it easier for you to choose a method for growing oyster mushrooms, pay attention to the table.

The essence of the method	Growing takes place in natural conditions	Mushrooms are grown in artificially created conditions
Tools and materials	Mycelium, tree stumps, moss, film	Mycelium, substrate, bags, humidifier, fan
Room	Garden	Two rooms: for incubation and for cultivation
Target	Grow your own mushrooms	Grow mushrooms for sale
Advantages	Low costs	High yield, independent of season and weather; mushrooms ripen quickly
Flaws	Productivity depends on the weather; fruiting occurs only in the warm season	The need for additional costs and two premises

Video - Oyster mushroom on stumps, Extensive method of growing mushrooms

Video - Oyster mushroom, spent blocks, good harvest

Growing oyster mushrooms in the home basement is a trend that came from the 90s. Craftsmen mastered this business from scratch, planted entire plantations in such conditions and built a business on them. Growing oyster mushrooms is not difficult - it is important to follow the step-by-step algorithm and instructions. This article contains expert recommendations on where to start the process and how best to carry it out. Photo and video tips are provided to help beginners.

Step 1: Preparing the room

To organize home cultivation of oyster mushrooms, you will need a properly equipped room, high-quality mycelium (mycelium), and a suitable substrate. Mushrooms are grown in the basement in two ways:

1. Natural. Minimum costs for equipment, but not more than one harvest per year.
2. Intensive. It requires investment to create and maintain the microclimate necessary for oyster mushrooms in the basement. But it allows you to harvest several crops per season, regardless of weather conditions.

Advice. Mushroom pickers often choose the second option. This technology will allow you to feed your family and sell some of the mushrooms.

You should not count on a safe and healthy harvest if you cannot create and maintain the following conditions in the basement:

• purity;
• air temperature in the range +10…+20 °C;

It’s easy to grow oyster mushrooms on your own

• humidity - 85-90%;
• constant air circulation, well-functioning ventilation;
• absence of pests and mold.

General cleaning at the first stage will help identify problems in the basement. A total rearrangement or refurbishment of the premises may be necessary. To grow mushrooms in winter, take care of the tightness and insulation of the basement. Then, to maintain the microclimate in cold weather, one heater will be enough for you, which will turn on for 2-3 hours.

Cover ventilation openings with mosquito nets. Mold can be removed manually using special means or vinegar solution. As a preventive measure, a normal balance of temperature and humidity is sufficient. Remove pests using disinfestation: smoke bombs or chemicals. Further work in the basement you can start no earlier than in a week.

Step 2: Substrate Preparation

When using an intensive growing method, the substrate acts as a comfortable, moist and breathable environment. It protects oyster mushrooms from mold damage. Experienced mushroom pickers use deciduous shavings tree species. It is easier for beginners to work with buckwheat or sunflower husks, barley or wheat straw, and dry corn stalks.

An important task is to properly prepare the substrate for growing

Before use, prepare the material:

1. Make sure it does not contain fungal microorganisms.
2. Heat-treat the raw material: steam the dry or moistened substrate, boil it in water. In the latter case, let the liquid drain for several days. The optimal saturation with moisture is when, when squeezed by hand, the substrate springs, but does not ooze water.
3. Cool and grind the material.
4. Place the substrate in plastic bags with small holes. Transfer them to a separate, disinfected, warm room to plant mycelium.
5. Use bleach to treat surfaces. The same sterilization is needed in the basement.

Step 3: purchasing quality mycelium

In order not to make a mistake in choosing a basis for mushroom propagation, follow these recommendations:

1. If you are not sure about the quality of the mycelium you are purchasing, take several small batches from different suppliers.
2. When purchasing, study the data on the variety and strain, productivity, resistance to mold, and how long it takes to save the crop.
3. The optimal temperature of the mycelium is about +20 °C. Check that you are not being sold overheated material.
4. The mycelium should not emit an ammonia smell and be covered with black or green spots. A healthy color is bright orange.

Oyster mushroom mycelium

After collection, the seed mycelium is stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of +3...+4°C. Under such conditions, ordinary mycelium will retain productivity for up to 3 months, substrate - for up to 9 months. Ask the sellers about compliance with these conditions. After purchasing mycelium:

• place the bags separately in a well-ventilated room;
• leave for a couple of hours at room temperature;
• Before adding, chop the mushroom base without opening the bag.

Attention! It is necessary to open the package and carry out all subsequent operations only with gloves, in a sterile environment. After opening, treat the mycelium with a disinfecting solution.

Step 4: laying mycelium

You will need a sterile table. The bags also need to be treated with a disinfecting solution and then with water. During work, turn off the ventilation, close the windows and doors. Mix directly on work surface substrate and mycelium. Correct proportions for mycelium:

• domestic raw materials - 3-5% of the total volume of the substrate;
• foreign-made product - 1.6-2.5%.

Pour the mixture back into the bags and tamp down. The optimal weight of one bale should be 5-15 kg. Flatten the bags slightly and, using sharp knife, make slits on both wide sides. The length of one is 0.5 cm. This technique will lead to the fact that the mushrooms will break through in bunches.

Plant the mycelium under sterile conditions.

Place bags on racks or shelves in the same room. The bags should be located at least 5 cm from the walls and each other and be well ventilated from all sides. The most favorable air temperature is about +25 °C. In a block with a substrate it may be slightly higher. Sowing care is simple:

• do not ventilate the room;
• Wipe the floor and surfaces with water and chlorine solution every day.

Attention! Do not allow the mycelium to overheat at +30 °C or higher.

Step 5: Growing Oyster Mushrooms in the Basement

The bags should remain in a warm room for 18-25 days. After this, they should be moved to the basement. There the blocks are placed vertically. They can be placed on top of each other, but a gap of at least 0.5 m is required between the columns. The first mushrooms can be collected after 1.5 months. after the formation of mycelium.

Growing oyster mushrooms in the basement

In the basement you need to maintain optimal conditions for growing oyster mushrooms. The desired lighting intensity is 5 W/sq. m. To ensure that the body of the mushroom matures dense and not watery, use a humidifier or sprayer for irrigation. Water at a temperature of +10...+25 °C should be supplied from top to bottom no more than twice a day. After watering, ventilate the room.

Attention! Oyster mushrooms produce a lot of spores. To prevent them from causing allergies, the basement must be isolated from the living rooms.

Subsequent waves of fruiting in oyster mushrooms occur at intervals of 2-3 weeks. Between these periods, any remaining mushroom stems should be removed. Sort through the bags. If you notice mold, take it out of the room. Such a substrate will work as an organic fertilizer on the site. Growing oyster mushrooms in the basement is easy, especially if you prepare well for the process.

Growing oyster mushrooms at home: video

Growing mushrooms in private households, in country houses and even in apartments is becoming fashionable today. Firstly, in the store mushroom products are not sold at a low price. Secondly, homemade mushroom, grown without the use of unknown chemicals, is environmentally friendly and safe for consumption. Thirdly, mushroom growing can be done profitable business, or at least a good source additional income. Fourthly, this is a very interesting and exciting hobby. You take a substrate, place mycelium in it, and create conditions. And he begins to grow “like mushrooms.”

Growing champignons at home for beginners

Before you start growing champignons

You need to think carefully and weigh your desire and capabilities on two scales. If they are approximately at the same level, it is worth taking the risk. Information for beginners: growing champignons at home is a more labor-intensive process than growing oyster mushrooms. But less long-term and more effective than growing porcini mushrooms.

Certain costs will be required for the purchase of materials, arrangement of the premises, as well as patience and certain skills. Provided that suitable premises you already have it and you just need to create favorable conditions in it.

Room

It should be moderately cool, such as a cellar or basement. If there is neither one nor the other, it is difficult to advise anything. Perhaps a garage or greenhouse will do (during the cold season). In spring and early summer, before the onset of extreme heat, champignons can be grown without any room at all. The main thing is that the air temperature should not be higher than +20°C. Indoors, in the case of year-round cultivation, the temperature should be constantly maintained in the range of +12°C... 18°C, and humidity in the range of 65-85%.

Room for growing champignons

Substrate

The most important item on the list of prerequisites for the successful cultivation of champignons can be called the substrate (or as it is also called for its composition - compost). The following composition is generally accepted as a fruitful version of compost.

1. Horse or cow manure (or pig or bird droppings, which can be taken, but is not advisable).
2. Straw.
3. Urea.
4. Superphosphate.
5. Gypsum.
6. Alabaster flour.

Substrate for growing champignons

Table. Proportions of components for making compost from mullein or horse manure.

Table. Proportions of components for making compost from bird droppings.

By the way! To cover an area of ​​one square meter with mushroom compost, you will need compost made from 40 kg of straw base (other components, according to proportions).

Video - How to disinfect mushroom substrate

How to compost

It is better to carry out this procedure in the air or, as a last resort, in a regularly ventilated room. During the process of ripening compost in a heap, where the straw is layered with manure and watered, the heat can rise to +70˚C. There is an intense release of carbon dioxide, water and ammonia vapor into the atmosphere. Of course, a person should not breathe this mixture for long.

It is good to place the compost site in the sun (the higher the temperature inside this “layer cake”, the faster and better the compost will ripen). But it is worth providing shelter from rain, since heavy rain can wash out from the compost all the useful components necessary for the growth of future mushrooms.

Compost pit for preparing substrate

Advice! If it is not possible to protect the compost heap with a canopy from precipitation, cover it with roofing felt or thick film before the rain. Be sure to lift the film from the sides, leaving the sides open.

The straw for the substrate must be fresh, dry, free from mold and other defects. Before laying, the straw is soaked in a large tank of water for a day. If there is no such reservoir, spread the straw on polyethylene and water it generously several times a day, without letting it dry out.

Laying the compost heap

The straw and manure prepared in this way begin to be laid in layers.

The first layer is straw. Then - manure or droppings.

Each layer of straw is sprinkled with ammonium nitrate and urea in the proportions indicated in the table.

Each layer of straw is watered abundantly with water.

In total there should be at least 3-4 layers of straw and, accordingly, the same amount of manure.

You need to finish the laying with straw.

Give everything a final watering to keep the compost heap moist at all times.

The height of the pile must be at least a meter. Length and width are arbitrary.

Preparing compost for growing
champignons

For a week the multilayer structure basks in the sun. Then comes the moment of the first shake-up. The procedure is carried out with a pitchfork. Shaking out a compost heap is no easy task. But it cannot be neglected, since for speedy composting it is necessary to ensure oxygen access inside.

During the first shaking, gypsum is added. It will improve the structure of the compost.

The second shake-up is carried out without waiting for the next week, 3-4 days after the first. This time superphosphate and chalk are added.

Important! If the pile in the sun is slightly dry, it is watered generously. You cannot let the compost dry out; its formation will stop.

The third and fourth shaking is carried out after four subsequent days. After three weeks, the compost heap will lose its pungent ammonia smell and turn a pleasant chocolate color. The straw in the compost will acquire a soft structure and will be torn with your fingers.

Ready compost for growing champignons

A high-quality compost substrate, completely ready for use, does not stick to the palm, springs in the fist when squeezed, and leaves a wet but not dirty mark on the skin.

Advice! If you have over-moistened the pile, and moisture literally flows out of the compost when compressed, it should be spread out to dry (but not dried, just reduce the humidity to 60%), adding half the amount of chalk.

The finished substrate is filled with racks, boxes or other containers where champignons will be grown. The temperature of the substrate must be reduced before introducing the mycelium.

The process of laying compost for germination

Preparation of the substrate for further planting of mycelium

If you plan to grow mushrooms in a room specially designated for this enterprise, for example, on the earthen floor of a cellar, compost is poured directly onto the floor in a layer of 70 cm, forming beds with an area of ​​½ m² or 75x75 cm.

1. If you have installed racks in the basement on which future mushroom harvests will carefully grow, they must be equipped with sides, and then the compost can be laid directly on the racks in a layer of 45 cm.
2. If cultivation is planned in boxes, which can be placed in stacks in the same basement or cellar (no more than two meters in height), because champignons do not need light for development, compost is poured into boxes. Backfill layer – 25 centimeters
3. If you grow mushrooms in open or greenhouse soil, the compost is rammed directly onto the surface of the ground, 25-30 cm high. Planting begins in early spring, when the ground thaws. Canopies are made over the open ridge to protect from precipitation and sunlight that is too intense for shade-loving champignons.
4. The compost is compacted well by hand and the surface is carefully leveled.

Racks for champignons

Mycelium

After the preparatory work, the most important moment comes - planting the mycelium. Mushroom mycelium can be planted at a soil temperature no higher than +28°C at a depth of 5 cm. You need to check the temperature with a thermometer. This is important because exceeding even two degrees will kill the mycelium.

The planting material for growing champignons, like other cultivated mushrooms, is sterile mycelium, which is grown in special laboratories. Two varieties of champignons have been selected for cultivation:

• bisporous white;
• bisporous brown.

Champignon mycelium

Their taste and nutritional value do not differ significantly. The only difference is the color of the mushroom, according to its name, white or brown. They sell mycelium or mycelium in bags or jars. Packaging is usually 1-2 kg. The mycelium of both varieties is grown in two ways - on manure and on cereals.

The first, dung mycelium, will be needed for planting 500 g per m² of area. Grain – not 100 g less.

Planting mycelium

The dung mycelium is a rather monolithic lump, which before planting must be divided by hand into small pieces, the size of half a matchbox.

1. The mycelium prepared in this way is laid out on a large tray in one layer. In the soil, a wedge-shaped peg is used to lift part of the top layer so that a piece of mycelium can be placed there.
2. Planting is done in a checkerboard pattern with a cell distance of 20 cm.
3. Part of the mycelium is covered with a substrate no more than 3 cm thick.

Compost overgrown with champignon mycelium

Grain mycelium is an ordinary grain on which fungal spores are “planted.” Its sowing is done as you would sow any grain.

1. The top layer of compost, 3 cm wide, is removed from the bed or box.
2. “Mushroom grains” randomly scatter over the surface.
3. The compost is poured back in and lightly pressed down so that there is no void between it and the grains.

Champignon grain mycelium

By the way! Wild mushroom mycelium is also suitable for growing homemade champignons. If you find a place where champignons grow, take a closer look at the soil. The soil, permeated with a “web” of whitish-gray mushroom spores, is quite suitable for starting your mushroom plantation.

Caring for a champignon plantation

After you have planted, the temperature in the room is maintained high. This required condition– mycelium germination will not begin at below +24°C and above +26°C. At this time, in the initial phase of mycelium growth, do not expect immediate “sprouting”. Champignons are not vegetables. They grow deep into the soil, gaining a foothold and forming future harvest. At low temperatures, growth is insufficient; at high temperatures, the formation of a fruiting body is weak.

Rules for harvesting champignons at home

Compost humidity should be constantly maintained in the range of 55-60%. As soon as it dries, the mycelium “freezes” and stops growth. The compost is moistened superficially, from a sprayer, so that water does not flood the mycelium, otherwise it will mold and die.

It will take 12 days for the mycelium to grow deeper. After this, the temperature in the room necessarily decreases. Either the heating is turned off, or the transoms and ventilation holes are opened - all methods are good to reduce the temperature to +18°C...20°C.

By this time it is necessary to prepare the soil for backfilling. The mycelium will grow upward not on compost, but from nutritious soil of the following composition:

• turf land;
• loam;
• sandstone;
• fine-textured peat soil.

Any of the listed structural types will do. The main thing is that the soil is not heavy. To add “airiness” and ensure air penetration into the fungal spores, the soil is sifted onto a coarse sieve.

Agricultural practices and timing of their implementation when growing champignons

Before backfilling, the soil is moderately moistened. And cover it with a 3-4 cm layer of compost.

Maintaining temperature within specified limits. – +16°С... 18°С, plus or minus two more permissible degrees.

Maintaining humidity in the range of 65-85% (air) and not higher than 60% - earthen layer.

Intensive daily ventilation of the room to remove accumulated carbon dioxide.

You can collect the first homemade mushrooms from your own plantation on the 35-40th day. One fruiting cycle lasts about two months.

Agricultural practices and timing of their implementation when growing champignons (continued)

Despite all the apparent difficulties and conventions, the growing process, starting from the moment of compost preparation, takes no more than four months. In two months of fruiting, the crop can be harvested 6-7 times. From 5 to 10 kg of mushrooms are collected from a square meter of ridge. The next harvest ripens after 5 days.

Champignon harvest

Important! Mushrooms must be collected at the stage when the film between the stem and cap is intact and tightly connects them. Opened mushrooms with darkened (for white varieties) plates and damaged film, the remains of which can only be seen on the stem, are best not eaten.

When harvesting champignons, do not cut them with a knife. The mushrooms are twisted out with a gentle hand movement. The holes formed after collection are sprinkled with soil and slightly moistened.

Video - Growing champignons at home (part 1)

Video - Growing champignons at home (part 2)

Video - Harvesting champignons

When my father retired, he was at first happy: how much freedom! But along with freedom, a dangerous diagnosis came to him, for a long time dormant in his body: diabetes. The doctor warned: to live, you need to move, plus a strict diet. Dad thought for a moment and decided to plant a garden.

This is where the action is for the whole summer! And in winter he grows mushrooms. He started with stumps, now he has found clients for purchases and filled the entire basement with bags, evicting his mother and her rolls from there (they are now forbidden to him anyway due to the high sugar content). And stewed mushrooms are just what you need!

What you need to successfully grow mushrooms

• Mycelium (you can buy it in stores like “Everything for the Gardener” or order it on the Internet). For the first time, a kilogram will be enough for you. If you take it in your hands, look at the package: black and green spots are bad, it’s rotten. An ammonia smell is also considered a bad sign. If you order online, read reviews about the seller.
• The substrate, as well as the container in which the mushrooms will germinate. Most often these are synthetic bags, but some people manage to use what they have on the farm. For example, plastic boxes. And here is the result:

• Rooms that can be equipped as a “mycelium”: one for incubation (closed and not cold - say, a pantry or a former garage), the second for ripening mushrooms ( better basement, in which there is lighting and you can slightly regulate the temperature). It is better not to grow mushrooms in the house - everyone will be bothered by the specific smell + constant excess moisture. And spores, which are considered a strong allergen! They are strictly forbidden to be inhaled by children, and they can also harm adults.

Bag growing technology

The most popular. Even if your entire basement is filled with potatoes and other vegetables, you can cover them and hang a bag or two of mushrooms. And none of the neighbors will look at your mini-production and sarcastically ask how the harvest is.

Preparing mycelium

• After purchase, it is kept in the refrigerator at 3-4 degrees, for a maximum of 3 months. If the package arrives by mail, it cools slowly and is placed in the refrigerator.
• Before use, the mycelium is also heated slowly. If you throw it into the substrate cold, the unfortunate mycelium may die from thermal shock!
• Carefully disassemble the mycelium bar into small pieces.
• It is better to not just wash the table on which you will work, but to disinfect it, and put rubber gloves on your hands.

Preparing sawdust (substrate)

For 1 kg of mycelium take 10 kg of sawdust.

Although, of course, it could also be:

• straw (barley or wheat will suit you),
• dry corn (cobs, leaves and stalks, dried and cut into pieces no larger than 5 cm),
• husks from sunflower seeds or buckwheat.

The main thing: the substrate should not rot!

For insurance, it is also disinfected. You can simply boil your sawdust in boiling water, or you can spray it with steam (both dry and wet).

In order for the mushrooms to “hatch”, the sawdust must be moistened. It is difficult to say the exact amount of water; look at their appearance: sawdust compressed in a fist should not drip, only spring. If you pour in too much, let the water drain and only then use the substrate.

Packing bags

1. The work room (where the bags will hang) must be thoroughly whitewashed with lime, this will disinfect the room. The tools also need to be processed.
2. To begin with, take small bags - say, 5 kg. They can be any color, not necessarily white or transparent.
3. The mycelium and substrate can be mixed on the table and then loaded into bags. Or do it differently: fill the bag in layers. 5 cm of sawdust - 0.5 cm of substrate, then again 5 cm of sawdust...
4. Carefully cut holes up to 2 cm in length in the walls of the bags - this is where your oyster mushrooms will peek out. The larger the hole, the larger the “families” will be. Leave 10-13 cm between the slits.
5. Air must flow to the bags from all sides, so it is better to hang them by the “tail” to hooks attached to the ceiling. Racks are also considered a good option.

Germination of oyster mushrooms (incubation)

The first signs of mushrooms will appear in 10-20 days. But if the bag is transparent, you will see threads of revived mycelium crawling inside within 4 days.

But this is only provided:

• not too hot temperature (maximum 25 degrees),
• high humidity (70 to 80%).

To cool the room and bags (they should not overheat), you can install a fan. But ventilation is prohibited.

Mushrooms also need wet cleaning - do it daily.

Harvest ripening

The bags are transferred from the storage room to the basement. Here the mushrooms grow and are cut off.

Conditions that oyster mushrooms need now:

• Low temperature (15 to 10 degrees).
• Even higher humidity (up to 95%). A purchased air humidifier, as well as regular spraying of walls and floors with water, will help achieve these percentages. The main thing is not to get caught in the bags.
• 10, or even better - 12 hours of illumination (for this it is better to take fluorescent lamps, but some people also use ordinary “Ilyich bulbs” and are also satisfied with the result).
• Regular ventilation (2-3 times a day).
• Spraying "families" of mushrooms. Carefully pour water onto the caps, but so that all of it flows down and does not stagnate in the mushrooms, otherwise they will begin to rot. Repeat the procedure every day.

The first harvest can be harvested 1.5 months later (do not cut the mushrooms, but twist them - this will protect the mycelium from rotting). Moreover, you need to wait much less for the next harvest - it will arrive in 15-20 days.

In general, one mycelium can produce 4 crops, but the largest are the first two.

Used sawdust can be thrown away. Although if you have a garden, the old substrate can be used as fertilizer for trees and bushes.

Growing oyster mushrooms on chocks (that is, stumps)

If businessmen call the previous method intensive (since everything grows quickly and in large quantities), this one is extensive: slowly but surely.

Of course, this is no longer an option for making money, but rather for yourself. On several fresh pieces of wood you can grow mushrooms for the whole winter, and also distribute 2-3 baskets to your godfathers.

Suitable for you: linden, poplar, willow or aspen.

It's simple: water the stumps thoroughly, make deep cuts in the bark, place the mycelium there, place the chocks in the shade and wait for the mushrooms to start peeking out. And then decide whether to let them grow to the size of chops or cut them down into babies convenient for canning.

Just don’t keep these stumps in a distant garden, otherwise the neighbors will think that “it just grew on its own,” and they’ll secretly trim your mushrooms.

This video will tell you more about this method:

Folk tricks: do-it-yourself mycelium

Not everyone knows, but you don’t have to buy mycelium.

You can make it at home. For example, using these tips:

And you can make it even easier if you have a basket of mushrooms collected somewhere. Use the peelings from them (cut off lower parts with soil). Mix them with a few kilograms of wet straw and grow them as described above. Of course, the harvest will not be for sale, but it will be enough for your family.

Growing mushrooms in the countryside or on personal plot– simple and profitable. Having created with his own hands suitable soil for the growth of the mushroom, the farmer will be able to sell and eat honey mushrooms, porcini mushrooms, chanterelles, shiitake and oyster mushrooms at a high price, without significant financial costs.

• Growing champignons
• Growing oyster mushrooms at home
• And in conclusion

Growing champignons

Today, growing mushrooms has become a fairly profitable and widespread agricultural activity. Growing champignons at home is certainly not an easy task, but it is completely worth it when you get real profits and a fresh homemade product. Growing mushrooms, especially those that are popular for food, can become a real business for you if you pay enough attention to cultivation and care. In the warm season, as well as in latitudes with mild climates, mushrooms can be grown annually both in open ground and in greenhouse conditions.

All mushrooms are quite capricious regarding light and temperature. Therefore, the optimal growing conditions will be a temperature not lower than +12 degrees. With high humidity of about 80% and complete shade. A huge advantage of mushrooms such as champignons and oyster mushrooms is that they can be grown in a multi-tiered manner, thereby saving space; the basement may be the ideal place.

For mushrooms, it is necessary to prepare a special nutrient mixture from the soil. A mixture of manure, straw or sawdust is quite suitable. This mixture is prepared approximately a few weeks before the mycelium is added to the substrate. The growth and productivity of mushrooms will directly depend on the quality of the soil. At enterprises that grow mushrooms on an industrial scale, about 200 kilograms of straw or finely chopped sawdust are used for half a ton of manure. To improve the soil and saturate it, it is enriched with ammonium sulfate, and the substrate is stored in a cool, dark place, avoiding direct sunlight on the mixture. The prepared mixture must be stirred every week, adding 20 kilograms of gypsum once and mixing well.
After three to four weeks, the mixture for growing mushrooms will be ready.

It will be very convenient to place wooden decks or pallets in a basement or greenhouse; you can pour the soil directly onto the prepared surface, not forgetting to water the substrate from time to time.

If you are new to growing mushrooms, then it is better to purchase material in the form of mycelium in a specialized store. Spore myceliums are sold in special containers; they come from dung and grain. The dung mycelium is divided into equal pieces and placed in the substrate to a depth of about 5 centimeters; it is better to place them in a checkerboard pattern so that the distance between the seedlings does not exceed half a meter. In order to save space. Grain myceliums are sown a little differently: grains are laid out on a layer of substrate, and then covered with a layer of soil of about 5 centimeters. The optimal temperature for the development and growth of mycelium is considered to be +25 degrees, then after ten days, the temperature should be reduced to 20 degrees, and the surface of the substrate should be covered with an even layer of soil of 3 centimeters. After a week, the temperature is lowered to +16 degrees; in a month you can expect the first champignons.

Growing honey mushrooms at home

An equally important mushroom variety that is grown by mushroom pickers at home is considered to be honey fungus. Its unpretentiousness and easy care for the mycelium make honey mushrooms a very popular mushroom. The most common way to grow honey mushrooms is to breed them in wooden tubs. This growing method is widespread because it can be used both on a personal plot and on specially prepared forest land. The main advantage of growing honey mushrooms is their low financial cost, as well as the ease of propagation of mycelium. Growing honey mushrooms in wooden tubs is mainly done by amateur mushroom pickers.

Almost any variety of honey mushrooms is suitable for breeding honey mushrooms at home. The seating area can be wooden logs, tubs, or troughs made of hardwood. But coniferous tree species are not used in growing mushrooms, as they can cause bitterness in the grown product due to the high resin content. Growing honey mushrooms is a fairly simple procedure, and differs little from the cultivation of other myceliums. The procedure for cultivating honey mushrooms itself involves infecting the wood platform with mycelium or planting raw materials. It is necessary to make cuts in the thickness of wooden containers for planting or drill holes, and then fill the recesses with mycelium or planting material. After the procedure of filling with mycelium, the holes are covered with the prepared substrate. The most simplified option for growing honey mushrooms is to fill a rotten stump with mycelium by infecting the bark and crevices, and then sprinkle it with rotted manure mixed with straw in a 1:1 ratio.

Monitor the quality of your planting material, since it is difficult to acquire high-quality mycelium or mycelium. For home growing honey mushrooms, grain mycelium, which is purchased in specialized stores, is perfect. Also, a fairly common option for seeding material is pieces of wood infected with spores. Infected wood can be found in the forest yourself and recognized by a white coating, as well as a specific mushroom smell. Such myceliums are carefully removed using a knife or file, divided into pieces, and introduced into prepared cracks in prepared stumps. Before removing forest mycelium, make sure that the mushrooms are edible.

After the procedure with the introduction of mycelium, for accelerated development mycelium, you can isolate the mushroom plantation with cellophane, and with proper care, the harvest of honey mushrooms can be obtained by autumn. Climatic and other factors (such as the quality of the mycelium, humidity and wood) directly affect the rate of growth and development of honey mushrooms. The mushroom harvest will not immediately please you with its abundance. When growing mushrooms on your site, take into account the fact that mycelium and fungal spores can adversely affect tree roots, as well as wooden buildings. Therefore, exclude the possibility of infection of fruit trees with fungal spores. After the mycelium has been introduced into the soil, fruiting of the mycelium will last about 6 years. Mushroom plantations are quite aggressive, so it is better to fence them off with grooves filled with sand so as not to harm garden plants.

With the growing popularity of mushroom farms, mushroom sticks have also become widely known. Special wooden sticks infected with fungal spores. The ease of working with such raw materials cannot but rejoice; the sticks are simply inserted into tree bark or holes, and then covered with wet sawdust or small straw. This method of growing honey mushrooms is suitable for a garden plot, but on industrial enterprises, for growing honey mushrooms they use only grain mycelium.

Growing oyster mushrooms at home

Another common mushroom with excellent taste is the oyster mushroom. There are quite a few ways to grow oyster mushrooms. This article will describe a method that is suitable for both hobbyists growing mushrooms in small batches and large production. In wild natural conditions, oyster mushroom grows on stumps and deciduous trees. The optimal temperature for the development of mycelium is +25 degrees. Then, at a temperature of +14-16 degrees, fruiting begins, for up to 5 weeks. The sizes of oyster mushrooms range from 5 centimeters to 30, the color of the mushroom is gray, with a brown tint. Oyster mushroom is a fairly aromatic mushroom with good taste. These mushrooms are also suitable for pickling and pickling, as well as frying and making soups.

So, the substrate for growing oyster mushrooms must be prepared in advance. A mixture of sawdust, small straw and sunflower husks will serve for it. The substrate must be clean, without the presence of foreign objects; in addition, it is better to boil the sawdust before preparing the soil to destroy harmful microflora. Afterwards, the substrate is dried on film, spread out in a thin layer.

Temperature and humidity are important for growing mushrooms, so the room must be equipped with everything necessary, clean and well ventilated. Oyster mushroom grows well in basements equipped with heating appliances, hoods and lighting.

You can start planting mycelium after meeting all the necessary conditions for growing mushrooms, namely after preparing the substrate and premises. Oyster mushroom mycelium can be purchased at specialized enterprises and farms, as well as in gardening stores. You can start sowing after the substrate has been placed at the bottom of ordinary plastic bags or bags, then on a layer of 8 centimeters, the mycelium of 3 centimeters is laid out, broken into pieces, and covered with substrate on top, and so on, one by one, to the top. The bag is bandaged, the contents are compacted, then cuts are made on the bag at a distance of 2-3 centimeters for further growth of mushrooms and removal of excess moisture.

Bags filled with mycelium are placed vertically, about half a meter apart, to allow oyster mushrooms to grow. It will be easier if the bags are formed in such a way that the location of your mushroom “bed” does not cause you any inconvenience later. You should be able to move freely between bags for ease of watering and harvesting. You can arrange the bags in tiers if the room is high enough, which will increase the cultivation area. The optimal temperature in the room is considered to be 19-25 degrees, when the mycelium begins to develop, the contents of the bags will turn white, as the spores will penetrate deeper into the substrate. Watering bags with mycelium is done once a day. If you comply with all the requirements when cultivating myceliums, then within three weeks, your mushroom bed will delight you with the first fruits.

In order for mushroom fruiting to develop actively, some mushroom gardeners resort to tricks. To do this, the substrate germinated with mycelium is stimulated with a low temperature from +3 to +6 degrees, this temperature is maintained for about two or three days, then you need to leave the substrate in bags, making fairly wide holes there, or remove the substrate and leave it without bags and not water it for a week. After a week-long lack of moisture, the substrate is watered abundantly with water at room temperature, and then once a day, ventilate the room with mycelium, the air temperature in the room should be +15 degrees.

For the first week, your mycelium does not need lighting, but then it is necessary to organize sufficient bright artificial lighting above the bags with mycelium. After the mycelium begins to bear fruit, a new harvest of mushrooms can be obtained every three weeks, however, over time, productivity will decrease, which will serve as a signal to replace the substrate and introduce a new batch of mycelium, that is, to restart the cycle. From every 100 kilograms of substrate, experienced mushroom pickers receive about 50 kilograms of fresh mushrooms. It is very important, before the start of a new cycle of fruiting of the mycelium, to disinfect the room in order to get rid of the pathogenic environment of the predecessors. The approximate number of cycles per year will be 4-7, depending on care and growing conditions.

Growing porcini mushrooms in the garden

Growing porcini mushrooms in personal plots is not a painstaking procedure and is quite simple. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly popular. If you don’t want to spend money on buying mycelium, then you can do without it, just find the mycelium and the place where porcini mushrooms grow. You can collect mature mushrooms and prepare your own mixture with porcini mushroom spores. To do this, mature porcini mushrooms are crushed and filled with clean water, left in a dark place for a day. Thus, you will get a solution containing numerous spores of the white fungus. Next, you need to follow the plan, choose a dark place, preferably under deciduous trees, and organize something like a garden bed. To do this, we fertilize the ground with rotted manure mixed with chopped straw or sawdust, mix everything thoroughly with the soil, mix it, level it and water the prepared soil with the prepared mixture. It must be taken into account that porcini mushrooms enter into symbiosis only with deciduous trees, and do not like the scorching sun.

Another way to grow porcini mushrooms is to remove the mycelium from the old place and move it to your own plot. The main thing is to properly organize the place for planting the mycelium. Pay attention to what trees the mycelium grew under in a forest or clearing, and the structure of the soil; this will help to establish fruiting in the future on your site. So, after removing the mycelium, collect enough soil from this place so that it is enough to add to the soil on the site after laying the mycelium. We loosen the soil, fertilize it with manure, pour out the brought soil, and loosen it again. Then we make depressions in the prepared soil and lay out pieces of mycelium, sprinkling it on top with a mixture of sawdust, straw, sunflower husks or forest soil, then lightly moisten it. The myceliums should not be filled with water, and the soil should not be allowed to dry out, that is, the place where porcini mushrooms grow must be constantly moistened.

Mature parts of porcini mushrooms can also be used as seed material. Porcini mushrooms must be chopped, the soil loosened, fertilized with compost and crushed hardwood sawdust. Planting is carried out as in the previous version, only crushed mushroom is added. Then the soil is moistened and sprinkled with chopped straw on top. Both fresh mushrooms and slightly dried ones will do; these mushrooms are laid out in a dense layer on the prepared soil and watered every day; after the soil becomes infected with spores, the mushrooms can be removed. With proper selection of the place for planting porcini mushrooms and compliance with fertilization and planting technologies, the harvest will appear next year. Reproduction will occur progressively, from a few mushrooms to entire mushroom families, and in another year you will be able to get about two kilograms of porcini mushrooms from your mushroom plantation.

These methods of breeding and growing porcini mushrooms are suitable only for amateur mushroom growers. The described growing methods are widely used in areas where the necessary mushrooms grow in sufficient quantities. Industrial production of porcini mushroom is established mainly in Poland. But also ours domestic manufacturer does not stand aside, increasing the volume of mushroom production.

Unfortunately, in our time, mushroom cultivation technologies lag behind world producers, although previously mushrooms were bred on an industrial scale in Russia. Today, mushroom cultivation is rather an amateur activity, undoubtedly profitable. The price coefficient on supermarket shelves is quite high, but mushroom cultivation on an industrial scale is not yet practiced in our country at the proper level, preferring to import foreign mushrooms.

If you want to grow porcini mushrooms, it is worth considering the fact that their mycelium differs from other varieties in that it grows together with the roots of trees, forming a kind of symbiosis, and without it the development of the mycelium is not possible. Therefore, the cultivation of porcini mushrooms should take place near the trees growing on your site. It’s even better to organize your own mushroom farm in the adjacent forest belt.

Growing chanterelles at home

Breeding chanterelles, like other mushrooms, is based on the basic rules of mushroom cultivation. Planting a mushroom next to a tree is done using spore infusion, pieces of mycelium or seed material, with the assistance of a layer of forest soil. The composition of forest soil is rich and nutritious, and the upper humus layer is responsible for the development of mycelium. The bulk of the soil is rich in microelements and organic compounds; it also contains fungal spores, from which fruits then grow. Therefore, when growing chanterelles on your site and preparing myceliums for planting, choose a place where their main population is concentrated, cut off the mushrooms, carefully remove the mycelium and, together with the soil, transfer it to your site.

The removal of forest soil should be carried out near trees; the optimal time for harvesting is considered to be the beginning of autumn or early spring. Layers of soil at least 20 centimeters thick are dug out. In the area where the soil is infested with chanterelles, the bottom layer of forest soil is used. The organization of a mushroom mini-farm should take place in a cool, shaded place, among trees. We bury the mycelium in the ground and sprinkle it with chopped straw. Maintain proper humidity.

If you previously noticed a place where a lot of chanterelles grow, mark this place. However, the absence of mushrooms cannot guarantee that the mycelium is dead, it is simply possible that the season was less fruitful; the main criterion should be that the mushrooms were previously noticed in this place. Fungal spores remain in the soil for a long time and are not afraid of bad weather and suppression of fruiting. They continue to exist remarkably well using a minimum nutrients, taking advantage of his security.

So that forest soil can serve good soil for a future mushroom farm, it must go through a certain stage preliminary preparation. This preparation method will improve the quality of forest soil. To properly prepare forest soil, it is packaged in plastic bags and dried in a cold room, the main thing is to leave oxygen access to the soil. The soil can be stored in such conditions for up to a year, without harming fungal spores, but pathogenic microorganisms will die without moisture. As a result of this kind of training, the mushroom spores will get used to drought conditions and become more resilient.

It is better to plant chanterelles on the site in early spring; increased humidity and warm weather will contribute to better implantation of the mycelium into the soil and its further development. Previously harvested forest soil must be mixed with garden soil in a 1:1 ratio, pour the mixture from the soil into the prepared depressions, add mycelium or a prepared solution of chanterelles there, and cover it with fine straw or rotted leaves on top to protect the mushroom bed from drying out. Watering must be organized in such a way as not to harm the mycelium; it is better to water in small portions, slightly moistening the soil, because water stagnation should not be allowed. The mycelium can simply die from excess moisture as a result of rotting.

Chanterelle has not yet become widespread, although it has an excellent taste and contains quite a few useful substances. Only a few mushroom gardeners grow chanterelles on their plots. However, it is quite possible that chanterelles will soon prove themselves and the mushroom industry will turn its attention to these mushrooms. And we can all be content with tasty and healthy mushrooms that can even treat gastrointestinal diseases.

Growing shiitake mushrooms at home

Unpretentious, easy to grow and very healthy mushroom Shiitake is extremely popular in foreign countries. Foreign industrial companies grow this mushroom in huge quantities. And for good reason. In terms of beneficial properties, the mushroom is not inferior to its relatives; it strengthens the nervous system and has a tonic effect. It contains the optimal amount of amino acids for humans.

Traditional places for growing shiitake mushrooms are tree stumps and logs. In the land of the rising sun, this mushroom is very popular. In our country, shiitake mushrooms are grown on sawdust from deciduous trees. The largest harvests can be obtained if these mushrooms are grown on an enriched, specially prepared substrate, which is formed into blocks and infected with mycelium.

The main component of the substrate for growing shiitake is beech, birch, oak, and ash sawdust, enriched with special fertilizers. Sawdust coniferous trees not suitable for cultivation. The content of esters and resin substances in them will have a disinfecting effect and only hinder the development of mycelium. The size of sawdust also plays an important role in growing mushrooms. Since too small ones will clump together and disrupt aeration, slowing down the growth of the mycelium. Sawdust can be mixed with wood chips for better gas exchange. In order for shiitake mushrooms to please you with a harvest, the soil must be sterilized before colonizing the mycelium. The fact is that the mycelium of shiitake, like all other mushrooms, develops more slowly than pathogenic microorganisms that can harm the mycelium in the future and leave you without a mushroom harvest.

The substrate infected with mycelium should not be too wet or dense; a bacterial infection will develop in such soil. Substrate for industrial production Shiitake is stored in bags, then sterilized and used for its intended purpose. However, there are other methods of preparing the substrate yourself. It is not difficult to prepare the substrate; the sawdust is sterilized by heat treatment, cooled, dried, then seeded with mycelium, and then packaged in plastic bags. Thus, the mycelium develops in a warm temperature, the mycelium grows for a month and a half, and then the contents of the bags are taken out and mushroom beds are formed in the basement or other room intended for growing mushrooms.
The entire process of packaging and contamination of soil with mycelium must be carried out in compliance with sanitary standards. Fruiting on open formed blocks lasts about six months.

The cultivation time for shiitake mushrooms in compliance with the thermal treatment of the soil, be it sawdust or other substrates intended for this purpose, is shorter than real outdoor cultivation. This method of growing mushrooms is called intensive; harvesting, subject to all the requirements of this method, occurs year-round, in specially designated areas indoors. To increase the development time of mycelium, special fertilizers and enriching additives are added to the soil. Sources can be elements of organic origin and nitrogen-containing ones. You can freely purchase ready-made additives for growing mycelium and increasing shiitake fruiting in specialized stores, or you can use compost or rotted manure. To increase the acidity level, as well as for the purpose of enrichment, in addition to organic matter, a dose is added to the substrate mineral fertilizers, in the form of crushed chalk, bone meal, gypsum, or ready-made store-bought ones.

And in conclusion

Any variety of mushrooms is suitable for home cultivation. With proper care and compliance with all the rules for growing mushrooms, even on your own plot you can organize a fruit-bearing mushroom farm, second only to the industrial one in production volumes, but undoubtedly superior in terms of the safe characteristics of the resulting product. Growing mushrooms can also be an excellent business for your family; at a minimum cost, you will get maximum profit and provide yourself with the freshest mushrooms all year round.

This article will describe the technology in detail. With the help of advice and clear descriptions, the harvest will be excellent in any place that is chosen for cultivation: in the basement, in the garden or in the apartment.

Before you begin the actual planting process, you need to choose the type of mushrooms you plan to cultivate. There are several of the most picky varieties:

• woody:
  • shiitake;
  • oyster mushrooms;
  • honey mushrooms
• soil:
  • Champignon;
  • ringers.

For their growth, it is necessary to create the simplest conditions, which will require very little investment. The harvest of these varieties is consistently high and is harvested several times a year.

People who professionally grow mushrooms often grow forest varieties - porcini mushrooms or chanterelles. But their cultivation is technologically more difficult and more expensive. In addition, the room and substrate must be prepared more carefully. The same is true with truffles. They are expensive to sell, but they are also much more difficult to grow. They germinate only on the root systems of certain tree species and require certain conditions - temperature regime and humidity.

Features and Rules growing mushrooms at home

There are certain requirements, compliance with which will help you get a good harvest:

Advice! Systems should be installed in the room to maintain temperature, humidification and ventilation, thanks to which it will be possible to change conditions depending on the phase of the growing season.

It is necessary to install racks with containers. They will store the nutrient substrate. It is better to make them from metal so that the material can be stored longer, because the conditions for wood will be completely unsuitable. Oyster mushrooms and honey mushrooms can also grow in polyethylene bags in which the substrate is placed.

Another room will be required to store and process the crop. It is very important that the place of preparation of the substrate, the infection of the blocks with mycelium and the place where the crop will grow are located separately. These can be separate rooms, or one separated by partitions. Then they will maintain the sterility necessary for the growth of fungi.

For business

A business built on growing mushrooms turns out to be quite profitable. The costs of organizing and maintaining the process are not high, and the first income can be received after the first month. The harvest ripens quickly and without special costs.

In the bank

Growing in a jar is the easiest method. Honey mushrooms are most often grown this way. But, if the variety does not matter, you can try this method.

How does this happen:

• the substrate is poured into a jar;
• boil the container for about two hours over low heat;
• after cooling, mycelium is sown on the surface of the compost;
• The neck must be covered with gauze;
• leave at room temperature for an average of three weeks for the mycelium to germinate;
• during this period no special lighting mode is required;
• after the mycelium has sprouted, the jar must be moved to a shaded place;
• as soon as the caps appear above the neck of the jar, you need to wrap it in cardboard so that the mushroom stems are not damaged;
• when the mushrooms have grown, they must be cut off;
• to harvest again, you need to close the jars again and repeat all stages of germination;
• a new batch can be cut in just 14 days.

Watch the video! Fruiting honey mushrooms in jars

Growing mushrooms in the country house and garden plot

Growing mushrooms in the country it's not difficult. But in order to grow them correctly and not spend a lot of effort on it, you need to understand how to do everything correctly using technology and what materials to use.

Oyster mushrooms, champignons, shiitake and winter mushrooms are the most suitable crops for growing in the country. It is worth considering in detail the growing methods and features of caring for these varieties.

Peculiarities

All types of mushrooms require certain conditions. The most unpretentious are oyster mushrooms. They do not require a special substrate or special equipment. They grow on any type of substrate. Moreover, you can get a harvest with it quite quickly.

Other varieties, such as shiitake and mushrooms, require careful attitude. They grow in a dark, damp room. In this room it should also be possible to change the temperature, because it is different at different stages of mushroom growth.

Specific conditions for different varieties

There are some conditions, different for each variety, that must be observed in order to get a good healthy harvest.

Necessary growth conditions for each variety:

• Oyster mushrooms. To cultivate this species, a necessary condition is the almost complete absence of lighting. Bags with substrate and mycelium must be hung from the ceiling. Holes are made in the bags from which the grown mushrooms will then be cut off.
• Champignon. From May to September they germinate well in open areas. If you properly equip a greenhouse or basement, fruits can be collected all year round. Mycelia with mycelium are placed on metal racks with shelves.
• Honey mushrooms. They are practically not picky and can grow right on the site where the stumps are installed. You need to drill holes in the stumps and place the mycelium in them. Then the process is simple - harvesting. Honey mushrooms grow outdoors just as they do in the wild.
• Shiitake. This variety is grown in barns and basements. To do this, install beams or stumps of deciduous trees. The mycelium is placed in the holes made. A certain level of moisture and shade in the room are the main requirements for breeding this variety.

It is worth emphasizing that creating the necessary conditions It is not difficult to grow a certain variety of mushrooms. Suitable premises are old barns or basements. You can design your own shelving or drawers.

Growing methods

There are several ways to get a mushroom harvest at your dacha. One of them is to go to the forest. Select a suitable mycelium, remove it and transfer it to the site.

Be careful! Only take a variety that you know is edible. If you don’t have such experience or have the slightest doubt, you should buy ready-made, proven mycelium.

It should be carried carefully, not particularly disturbed or shaken, and placed in a prepared place. It is not necessary to select the entire mycelium; you can take only part of it. The site must be prepared in advance. It is necessary to create conditions for the growth of fruiting bodies.

Where to get mycelium

The area for growing mushrooms can be anything, but the ideal option would be a place next to old trees or rotten stumps. The mycelium is not planted in the ground, but in a substrate that will nourish it. Therefore, you need to put straw or wet sawdust in the soil.

The mycelium can be transferred to the ground or to a piece of log or stump dug into the ground. A special hole is made in it. It is better if the tree in which the mycelium will be planted is of the same species as the one on which this variety of mushroom grows in natural conditions.

How to grow mushrooms

From dispute

Growing mushrooms from spores is a fairly simple method. The spores ripen in the mushroom cap. Therefore, to grow mushrooms from spores, you need to break the ripe caps and scatter them over the selected area. You can use overripe caps, they contain even more spores.

The place where the mushrooms are crumbled must be moistened periodically. The harvest will appear in 3 weeks.

Be careful! Use this method only if you are absolutely sure that the spores used are edible.

In plastic bags

Using large plastic bags or sacks is also one of the easy ways to grow mushrooms. Most often, oyster mushrooms or shiitakes are grown this way. Sometimes this method is also used for cultivating champignons. How does this happen:

The video below contains full information about growing mushrooms in bags.

Champignons in the garden

There is a special recipe for this method. Everything is distributed over 1 sq.m of substrate:

• 500g of compost mycelium are planted in holes at a distance of 20 cm from one another, 5 cm deep;
• or 400g of champignon spores can be scattered on top of the ground;

Important! It is necessary to control further conditions - temperature +27C and above, humidity from 75%.

• after 10-15 days, mushroom threads will appear;
• they are sprinkled with a special mixture: 5 units of peat, 1 limestone and 4 earth;
• Everything should be left for 3-5 days and the temperature should be lowered to +12-17C until the harvest ripens.

The first harvest can be expected in 3-4 months. When there is a white film at the bottom of the cap and the brown plates are not visible, it’s time to harvest. Fruiting lasts up to 2 weeks. Ripe fruits should be carefully twisted, and after removal, sprinkle the place with earth.

Watch the video! Mushroom business

In the basement

Shiitake and oyster mushrooms are best cultivated in the basement. Sometimes champignons also sprout in basements.

Why the basement is an ideal place to grow a large number of mushrooms of different varieties:

• it maintains a stable temperature;
• good ventilation;
• dim, appropriate lighting.

Features of the method

Necessarily basement divided into two zones:

• the area where the mycelium will germinate;
• the area where they will directly bear fruit.

These two processes take place in different conditions, at different temperatures and complete sterility. It’s good if the basement consists of two rooms. Or you can divide the room into two parts or grow mushrooms one batch at a time.

One of the conditions for correct and good growth mycelium is the sterility of the substrate. To do this, it is treated with steam or boiling water. Thanks to the treatment they will die pests and larvae.

The second condition is the correct filling of the blocks. The blocks should not be packed tightly; air access is necessary for proper development. The germination process should be constantly monitored in order to detect defects, diseases or pests in time.

The main rules for cultivation in the basement:

1. To distribute space rationally, bags are used, with cuts made on the sides.
2. It is imperative to control the temperature. 22-25 degrees during germination, after emergence - 12-18 degrees.

The remaining rules depend on the variety of mushrooms that are grown. They love oyster mushrooms and shiitake high humidity, unlike champignons, and honey mushrooms germinate on logs better than in blocks.

Watch the video! Oyster mushroom. How many mushrooms can you collect from one mushroom block?

Today they grow everything in gardens! And we got to the mushrooms. Human cultivation of this plant began more than 2,000 years ago. They started doing this kind of thing in Russia at the end of the 19th century.

Today you don’t have to go to the forest to harvest and eat mushrooms. It is quite possible to grow them yourself. How to grow mushrooms in the country or in the local garden plot?

The most suitable and unpretentious for growing at home are the inhabitants of wood (winter honey fungus, oyster mushroom, shiitake), as well as soil species of mushrooms (ring and champignon).

About growing mushrooms at home

How to grow mushrooms at home? Most easy way- it is enough to place a jar of mycelium on the windowsill and care for it almost in the same way as for ordinary indoor plants. It should be noted that this method is not suitable for all types of mushrooms.

Perhaps the only mushroom that can grow in such conditions is the winter honey fungus. And this is due to the fact that he has small in size(the diameter of the cap is 2-5 cm) and its legs are very thin.

In normal home conditions, you can also grow oyster mushrooms with champignons, but they require more space. However, champignons require more complex care than oyster mushrooms. And they require a cooler room (cellar or basement).

Where should you start?

How to grow mushrooms at home? First of all, it is important to carry out the preparatory process - to decide where it is best to purchase mycelium (small spores from which a new crop grows).

There are several options - wooden sticks and rye infected with fungi. The first option is a little more expensive than the second, but it does not contain rot or viral infections. And you need to buy mycelium from proven suppliers who have good reviews from customers.

Growing methods

How to grow mushrooms? To do this, you can use two methods:

1. Extensive. It is based on growing mushrooms in natural conditions. Many summer residents who have successfully mastered this method use wood cuttings and stumps to obtain big harvest. You can use either straw bales or with a special substrate, in which you need to constantly maintain a low temperature and constant humidity. This method has many advantages: compactness, relative cheapness and does not require special equipment. The only negative is that if the weather outside is not suitable, it will not be possible to grow mushrooms on the site.

2. Intense. The method is good for those who want to enjoy mushroom dishes throughout the year. This method is the most effective, since fertility in this case does not depend on the climate conditions outside. But there is a possibility of large investments, since well-equipped premises and special equipment are required to obtain an effective harvest.

It is better to use cereal straw that is not heat treated. You can harvest 4 times in a year.

How to grow mushrooms at home? It is recommended to start with one bag of mycelium to see with your own eyes the process of growth and maturation of mushrooms.

Growing mushrooms in such conditions is not a very simple task (it can be expensive), but it is doable.

It is important to remember the warnings of doctors - during the ripening process, mushrooms release many spores into the air that can negatively affect the human mucous system. And people suffering from any form of allergies should not stay near the pathogen for a long time, which can cause serious complications.

Important growing conditions

How can beginners grow mushrooms from scratch? To grow in an apartment or in your house, the first step is to prepare a separate room for mushrooms: basement, loggia, balcony, etc.

The main requirement is to maintain high humidity (not lower than 90%) and a constant air temperature within 20 degrees. The temperature should be reduced to 15 degrees only during active growth mushrooms

Oyster mushrooms

Let us provide more detailed information on how to grow oyster mushrooms?

This species is the leader among mushrooms grown under artificial conditions. This is due to the relative simplicity of the technology, good yield and non-picky nature of oyster mushrooms. Growing them is available to everyone, you just need to follow the recommendations correctly.

Using only a few available materials and means, you can collect up to 3 kg of harvest from one kilogram of used mycelium. The key to successful cultivation of oyster mushrooms is the correct location, quality of the substrate and mycelium.

Stages of growing oyster mushrooms

1. Acquisition of mycelium. Many specialized stores and companies involved in growing oyster mushrooms sell mycelium. It is the purchase from such manufacturers that is important point for beginner mushroom pickers.

2. Substrate preparation. How to grow oyster mushrooms, on what substrate? Preparing it is important for growing mushrooms. The best results in terms of both germination and yield can be obtained by using a substrate made from barley or wheat straw, chopped corn cobs and stalks, sunflower husks and buckwheat husks. An important condition is the absence of mold. All this is crushed to a size of 5 cm.

3. Formation of mushroom blocks (similar to a bed where oyster mushrooms are grown). As a “container” you can take plastic bag, disinfected or thermally treated. The optimal volume of such a bag is no less than 5 kg. To create blocks, you need to fill the bags layer by layer with mycelium and substrate (for each 5-centimeter layer of substrate - approximately 0.5 cm of mycelium), in which the latter should be on both the first and the first. last layer. The bag is then tied tightly at the neck.

4. Perforation of blocks - the final stage. Small holes are made in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of 10 cm.

5. Care. Starting from the very first days, the room temperature should be between 20-30 ° C, and a constant level of humidity should be maintained through automatic irrigation. The daily lighting requirement is at least 8 hours. It is also necessary to water the substrate - at least 1-2 times a day with warm water and daily cleaning of the room using chlorine-based products.

After 45 days, the first harvest of mushrooms appears. You need to collect them by carefully cutting off the mushroom with a knife at the very base, and in families, which helps preserve the quality and more long-term storage harvest.

How to grow porcini mushrooms at home: conditions, features

Porcini mushrooms turn any dish into an amazing royal treat! But you can hardly find them in stores, and you can only buy them on the market in the fall. It should be noted that porcini mushroom is one of the most expensive among Russian species. And this is one of the reasons why gardeners still decide to try to grow this mushroom at home or in the garden, although this is not so easy to do. How to grow porcini mushrooms without significant problems and costs?

Unfortunately, growing this mushroom in significant quantities often does not pay off; therefore, not very large “mushroom farms” mostly belong to private gardeners. The main difficulty is the close interaction of porcini mushrooms with certain tree species, and such natural conditions are difficult to create in a plant environment. It is easier to create appropriate conditions for mushrooms in a small private area or in a separate room. Porcini mushrooms grow well among conifers, oaks and birches. They also do well in young mixed plantings and spruce plantations.

More recently, Dutch breeders have developed special porcini mushrooms that are capable of producing good yields in rooms with an artificial environment: greenhouses, greenhouses, etc. Of course, not everyone is able to cope with the specifics of growing porcini mushrooms.

Technologies

How to grow porcini mushrooms at home? There are two growing technologies for this mushroom, as for the ones mentioned above:

1. Extensive - breeding in the forest, on a garden plot ( open air). This is the simplest and most economical method, but the yield in this case is highly dependent on weather conditions.

2. Intensive - breeding in an artificial habitat. The method requires considerable financial investments and the presence of a special room with the necessary equipment for climate control. With proper care, the yield is consistently high, and the payback for this method is relatively quick.

About the substrate

How to grow porcini mushrooms at home correctly? An extremely important condition is the breathability of the substrate, since without this the mycelium will not be able to develop fully and may become infected with mold. It can also consist, as noted above, of sunflower husks, straw, buckwheat, dried corn stalks, etc. In the future, you can also use hardwood sawdust.

It is important that the substrate is dry, free of rot and mold. You should not over-moisten it either. If there is too much moisture left during hydrothermal treatment, the substrate needs to be suspended so that the excess water drains off within 2-3 days.

After processing, the substrate must be crushed so that it has the properties of a sponge (retaining moisture). The quality of the material can be determined by pressing on it - the substrate is springy, but does not release moisture. Only after this can mycelium be added to it.

Growing porcini mushrooms in the garden

Many people wonder whether and how to grow mushrooms in the garden (extensive method). Of course, it is possible, provided that the territory grows suitable trees. Porcini mushrooms require the presence of birch, oak or pine trees. But this is not enough. It is necessary to prepare a suitable planting mixture for cultivation, then choose a place for planting.

At a distance of one meter from the selected tree, you need to remove a layer of soil to a depth of approximately 15 cm, making sure that the roots of the tree are not damaged. Having slightly exposed the roots, pour seed onto them (350 ml per area of ​​25 sq. cm). Cover all this with prepared soil and water it with water (about 6 buckets per 1 tree) very carefully to avoid washing out the soil with mycelium. This planting should be done from late summer to mid-September.

How to grow porcini mushrooms in another way? It is more complex, but also effective. In this case, you should use mycelium with horse manure and oak leaves. A shaded area is selected and a small hole 1.5 m wide and 30 cm deep is dug. The mixture is laid in layers of 10 cm, alternating with soil so as to form a convex bed (20 cm above the ground). Better garden bed make it sloping (in the form of a mound) to avoid stagnation of water.

To prepare fragments, you need to carefully cut off a part of the soil (30x15 cm) around a mushroom grown in the forest with a spatula, divide it into pieces (5-10) and put it in holes to a depth of about 7 cm. Plant the mycelium in a checkerboard pattern at about a distance of 30 cm. water and cover with leaves. It should be remembered that this method will yield a harvest only next year. However, it is necessary to water the garden bed every week with 5-6 buckets of water. As a result, fruiting bodies will appear by the end of August. It is important to note that the yield of mushrooms planted using the second method is approximately one bucket per plot of one tree.

Porcini mushrooms at home

How to grow mushrooms at home? Growing porcini mushrooms in a greenhouse, in a barn or at home, that is, in any artificial environment, can be done in an intensive way. The planting process is the same as when growing other types of mushrooms.

First of all, the substrate material needs to be boiled (60-80 minutes), while it does not need to be removed from the bags. Then drain the water and place the substrate under pressure until it cools to a temperature of 25 o C. When boiling in bags, they do not need to be opened, just make holes for water drainage. The cooled material is transferred to a sterile room, pre-treated with a 1% chlorine solution (the mycelium is pre-treated in it). The mycelium must be placed in the substrate carefully so that the spores do not scatter. All windows and doors must be closed.

And that's not all. Growing mushrooms is not that easy. How to meet all the necessary correct conditions so that the growing process ultimately brings good results?

The mycelium and substrate are poured onto the disinfected surface and mixed well, after which ready mix placed in bags with volumes of 5-15 kg. The mass should compact well. For growing at home, it is best to prepare 5 kg bags to simplify the regulation of temperature exchange inside them. The finished bags are flattened and several small holes are made on their sides to ensure air flow. This is followed by the usual care, as with all other mushrooms.

Conclusion

How to grow mushrooms in the country? It's actually not very difficult. The main thing is to set a goal. You never know what you can do till you try. The work requires special preparation and great patience.

It is at the dacha - the most the best option for growing mushrooms, since the conditions for growth are closer to natural.

You can grow mushrooms at home or on your property. Recently, great interest in mushrooms grown under the supervision of the “owner” of the plantation is associated with environmental deterioration and frequent poisoning by forest mushrooms.
The most unpretentious mushrooms to be grown by private individuals are: oyster mushroom, shiitake, champignon, honey fungus (winter mushroom), ring mushroom.
All these mushrooms are grown on pre-prepared substrates, which mainly contain plant residues and mineral supplements.

Oyster mushrooms are the most unpretentious and cost-effective mushrooms. They can be grown at home, in a city apartment, for example on a window sill in a country house, and you can even organize a small production. Oyster mushroom is distinguished by a high content of polysaccharides, of which there are two times more in oyster mushrooms than in chanterelles and 4 times more than in champignons. The index of essential amino acids of oyster mushroom exceeds the index of vegetables, nuts and grains and is close to the index of meat and milk. The nutritional value Oyster mushroom is invaluable due to the amount of polysaccharides that block the action of carcinogenic substances and in particular glucans responsible for its anticancer effect. Numerous studies have proven that regular inclusion of oyster mushrooms rich in lovastine in the diet is an important preventive measure against the development of tumor diseases, diseases of diabetes, multiple sclerosis.

Champignon - this delicious mushroom is familiar to everyone. It can be successfully grown in a garden or summer cottage from mid-May to September, and indoors or in a greenhouse - all year round. For the substrate, use fresh crushed straw (12 kg), organic fertilizer, preferably fresh manure (8 kg), any calcareous material - lime, chalk, alabaster (0.5-1 kg) and ammonium sulfate (200-250 g).

Shiitake (Chinese tree mushroom) - grown in dark, damp rooms, basements, sheds. Deciduous wood with bark (oak, alder, maple, birch, linden, etc.) is used as a substrate. Holes are made in the prepared logs in a checkerboard pattern and filled with mycelium. Shiitake has an exquisite taste and healing properties. One of the most expensive mushrooms in the world (up to $50 per 1 kg.) Fruiting lasts until the wood is completely destroyed. Shiitake is grown intensively by introducing mycelium into a specially prepared substrate consisting of sawdust from deciduous trees, a mineral additive in the form of chalk, and gypsum.

Winter honey fungus (flammulina)
Anyone can grow the “winter honey fungus” or “flammulina” mushroom at home. This wood-destroying fungus is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia, Japan and China. It has a great taste, strong aroma and high nutritional value. By chemical composition it is comparable to shiitake, which has been cultivated in Japan for about 2 thousand years. In Japan, flammulina is grown on windowsills and is called winter flower, since mushroom caps painted in light brown, yellow and milky colors look very good against the background of snow. In China, the mushroom is called the “golden needle”. In 1995, 187 thousand tons of flammulina were grown in the world.
Winter honey fungus is one of the most cold-resistant mushrooms; it can grow at temperatures of 1 - 2 degrees Celsius. It is found in nature on all continents and appears late in autumn, often after frost, and in winter, during a long thaw.

Ring mushroom is an edible mushroom, the cultivation of which dates back only 30 years. Now its culture is widespread in many countries of the world. Having crossed the borders of Germany, he came to Austria, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Great Britain and other countries in Europe, North and South America.

Ring mushrooms belong to the lamellar litter fungi.
Ringweed naturally grows on composted cow manure, wood chips, soil enriched with sawdust, or straw covered with soil. Ringweed is considered a summer mushroom and begins to bear fruit in August.

The fruiting bodies are large, weighing from 50 to 100 g, the diameter of the cap is from 5 to 15 cm. The ringlet with a convex brick-red cap, lighter with age, and a thick white stalk at a young age resembles a porcini mushroom.

In nature, ringweed begins to bear fruit from August to October, and at home, fruiting begins depending on the time of preparation of the bed.
There is an interesting feature in growing ringweed on a personal plot.
If you have a small amount of mycelium, ringweed can be grown with seedlings (substrate). To do this, you need to plant the ringweed in a greenhouse on a small bed. (200g per 0.2 square meters) in a box 25 cm high without a bottom. Next year, when the mycelium has filled the entire volume of the box, you can use the substrate with the mycelium from the box to sow a large garden bed with pieces the size of a chicken egg.

The hype around shiitake

Shiitake, maitake, reishi - no one had even heard of such names five years ago. And today some even grow them themselves.

Interest in Far Eastern mushrooms is associated primarily with their medicinal properties. All of them remarkably improve immunity, so if you don’t want to get sick, introduce these exotic mushrooms into your diet. By the way, both in the West and in the East they can be bought both in regular supermarkets and in pharmacies.

Some people cook delicious food from them, but everyone uses them for healing.
Not so long ago, the shiitake mushroom caused a real stir in society. It turned out that this mushroom and dishes prepared from it have anticancer activity and inhibit the growth of metastases due to the large amount of polysaccharides that block the action of carcinogens. Today, medicines are already being produced based on such mushrooms. Along the way, it turned out that another one of them useful property- Among the two dozen mushrooms tested, it was shiitake that most effectively reduced the level of “bad” cholesterol, which causes cardiovascular diseases and blood sugar levels.
However, those who have tried well-cooked shiitake mushrooms believe that they are worth eating anyway, even if you are absolutely healthy. They are so appetizing in themselves.

Thanks to its rich taste and delicate aroma, the porcini mushroom is considered the most valuable trophy from a “silent hunt.” However, not all gourmets like to wander through the forests in search of prey, and this delicacy is not cheap. However, there is a way out! Let's find out how to grow porcini mushrooms on your own plot.

How to prepare seed yourself

To grow mushrooms at home, you need to stock up on seed material. To prepare it yourself, you need to find overripe boletus mushrooms in the forest (dried and wormy ones will do).

To obtain seed, you need about 10 caps. At home, separate them from the stalks and prepare a container with water. You can add alcohol (3 tablespoons per 10 liters), potassium permanganate (1 g per bucket) and granulated sugar (50 g) to the water. Mash the caps in your hands and add them to the water to form a homogeneous mass. It should infuse for about 10 hours. After that, strain it. Fungal spores are contained in water; no pulp is needed. Use the hats collected in the forest within a few hours, otherwise they will spoil. They cannot be frozen.

To grow boletus mushrooms at home, you can use the mycelium brought from the forest: having found an adult mushroom in the forest, cut off a layer of earth around it about 25x25 cm. At home, you can lay the entire mycelium in the prepared soil or divide it into 8-20 pieces.

Buying ready-made mycelium

Growing porcini mushrooms at home is possible using purchased mycelium. The mycelium of the porcini mushroom can be either dry or already germinated, placed in a substrate. If you intend to purchase it online, choose trusted and reliable suppliers. When purchasing directly, please note: the sprouted mycelium of porcini mushrooms should be red in color with small yellow splashes. The presence of black and green areas, as well as the strong smell of ammonia, indicate that the product is damaged.

In open areas, planting the mycelium of porcini mushrooms should be done under a forest tree. The first harvest can be expected next year. Fruiting from the mycelium lasts on average 3-4 years, but if beneficial microorganisms are added to the water for irrigation (for example, “Baikal EM-1”), this period can be increased to seven years and, in addition, the yield can be increased.

Substrate selection and preparation

To grow mushrooms in your garden plot, you can use a purchased substrate or prepare it yourself. To do this, you need to mix straw, sawdust from deciduous trees, and sunflower husks. Other sources recommend alternating layers: one from a mixture of fallen leaves with sawdust, the second from the same mixture with the addition of soil. It is important that none of the components contain rot or mold. Before planting mushrooms, the substrate must be properly moistened, and it is recommended to use boiling water or steam - this will also kill harmful bacteria.

Features of cultivation

First, decide where you will grow your crops: in the basement, greenhouse or on the plot. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.

First, let's look at how to grow porcini mushrooms on your property.

Growing porcini mushrooms on a personal plot requires the presence of coniferous or deciduous forest trees. Fruit mushrooms are not suitable - you need to grow porcini mushrooms in your dacha away from any cultivated plants, be it trees, shrubs or vegetables.

Remove the top layer of soil (about 15 cm) from around the selected tree. It is advisable that the roots be exposed, but under no circumstances should they be damaged. If you are using a spore infusion, pour it onto the ground (approximately 350 ml per 25 sq. cm). Then cover again with soil and water generously - either along the trunk or using shallow irrigation. In this way, you can plant porcini mushrooms in your dacha in August-September.

To plant mycelium, make a 1.5 square meter depression near the tree. m in diameter and 30 cm in depth. Place the substrate in it, alternating it with soil in layers of 10 cm. The height of such a bed should be 20 cm above ground level. Plant the mycelium in the substrate in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of 30 cm between the bags. After carefully watering the bed, cover it with a layer of fallen leaves.

Planting of mycelium can be carried out from May to September.

Caring for planted mushrooms consists mainly of abundant watering. For the winter, it is recommended to cover them with a thick layer of foliage, spruce branches or straw.

Growing mushrooms in a greenhouse or basement means creating a warm and humid microclimate, since it will not be possible to grow a lot of porcini mushrooms in dry air. In order for the greenhouse atmosphere to meet these requirements, it is recommended to install several barrels of water or wet sawdust there.

The substrate needed for indoors is the same as for open areas. In the basement they fill bags with small cuts. It is recommended to sow with mycelium. The bags should be placed no closer than 5 cm from each other.

During the incubation period (until the caps appear), the temperature should be maintained at +23-25 ​​°C; a temperature of +30 °C will destroy most of the mycelium of the crop being grown.

Lighting is not required at this time. In a greenhouse it is advisable to turn it down as much as possible; in the basement simply do not turn it on. Ventilation is not necessary, but the humidity should not be more than 90% to prevent mold from growing. Also, to prevent it, periodically disinfect with a chlorine solution.

Growing mushrooms require different care: when the caps appear, the temperature is lowered to +10 °C. Now the greenhouse or cellar should be well ventilated - oxygen is necessary for the normal development of boletus mushrooms. Lighting is required for 5-6 hours a day. To grow porcini mushrooms in a greenhouse, it should be dim, without direct sunlight. It is advisable to spray the mushrooms with a spray bottle 2 times a day: this will make their structure more dense. The first harvest can usually be harvested after 20-25 days.

Moldy bags must be removed from the premises immediately. It will no longer be possible to grow mushrooms on them, but they can become a good fertilizer.

Please note: boletus mushrooms have difficulty taking root without the proximity of trees, and the first attempts to grow them in the basement may be unsuccessful. But if you intend to start breeding porcini mushrooms this way, choose Dutch mycelium: in Holland, a variety of boletus mushrooms was developed that grows most easily “in captivity.”

But having mastered all the intricacies, you can harvest mushrooms indoors all year round or even start growing porcini mushrooms on an industrial scale: since it is more difficult to grow boletus than champignons or oyster mushrooms, it is much more valued.

Finally - little secrets mushroom growing

When you collect seed yourself, boletus mushrooms that grow near the type of tree that is on your site will take root better. When physically transferring mycelium, their appearance must necessarily match.

It is recommended to disinfect the substrate or soil 2-3 hours before planting with a solution of tannins. It can be prepared from cheap black tea: pour 50-100 g into 1 liter of boiling water and brew until it cools completely. Another option is oak bark. You will need 30 g per 1 liter of water. The bark should be boiled for an hour, adding water to the original volume as it boils. For each “mushroom” tree you need 2-3 liters of one of these solutions.

Video “Growing porcini mushrooms yourself”

From this video you will learn how to grow porcini mushrooms on your site.

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