The ecological features of the agrotechnics of growing seedlings in tree nursery schools include the need to create an optimal ratio between the masses of the aerial part and the root system. The task of seeding is to transplant seedlings growing in a seed bed in a dense stand, distribute them more sparingly in the tree school, and grow them over the next few years with almost 100% light. Pruning the roots when digging up seedlings for the purpose of pruning turns out to be useful. Usually, pruning spruce roots causes the appearance of new fibrous roots (sometimes 15-20) near the cut point in the first year, some of which then turn into skeletal ones (V.V. Mironov, 1977).
Crop rotation in schools is used with a one-year or two-year fallow. One-year fallow - clean (black or early), green manure or busy - is mainly used in schools, from which seedlings are dug up with an open root system. A two-year fallow is used for growing seedlings and geysters of increased sizes, which are dug up with a closed root system, that is, with a clod of earth. During a two-year fallow, the pits formed after digging are backfilled, and the soil is kept in the first year under clean fallow, in the second - under green manure.
Pure fallow is used when the area is heavily infested with perennial weeds, and siddral fallow is used on areas cleared of malicious weeds. Occupied fallow is carried out on fertile soils in conditions of sufficient moisture or on irrigated areas. Perennial herbs with a two-year use are introduced in large irrigated nurseries with low-humus structureless soils to accumulate organic matter in them and restore the structure.
The best predecessor for seedlings is legumes in all forest zones. In the forest zone in crop rotation, the following are used: perennial herbs: perennial lupine, clover mixed with timothy; into the forest steppe zone- exparcet, alfalfa mixed with high ryegrass or rootless wheatgrass; in the steppe zone - alfalfa mixed with wheatgrass. The total number of fields in a crop rotation is determined by the duration of cultivation of large planting material plus one or two fallow fields.
Tillage in schools includes fallow and pre-plant tillage. In schools, the depth of cultivation increases in comparison with the sowing department: in the forest zone up to 35-40 cm, in the forest-steppe zone - up to 50 cm, in the steppe zone - up to 60 cm. forest zones to a depth of 60 cm. The depth of moldboard plowing is determined by the thickness of the humus or cultivated arable layer. The underlying horizons loosen without bringing them to the surface. For tillage to a depth of up to 40 cm, a plow PL N-4-35 with bodies for non-moldboard plowing or soil deepeners, a plow PLN-3-35 with soil deepeners, a plow PN-3-40 are used, a plow is used to till the soil to a depth of 50 cm planting plow PPN-40, up to 60 cm - planting plow PPN-50 or PPU-50A. In a pair, the application of herbicides and fertilization is similar to the sowing section.
Preplant tillage is carried out to create a well loosened layer. The thickness of this layer is determined by the depth at which the landing will be carried out. The depth of soil loosening for planting seedlings and cuttings is 25-30 cm, for planting seedlings - 45-50 cm. The soil is loosened to a depth of 30 cm with a KRG-3.6 cultivator-ripper, which simultaneously combs out the roots of the seedlings of the previous rotation remaining after digging. Deeper loosening, especially on heavy soils, is done in two stages, first with a plantation plow without a blade, then with a KRG-3.6 cultivator-ripper, if there are a lot of plant residues in the soil. Additional preplant tillage includes leveling the soil surface and more thorough loosening with tillers (FP-2, FPSh-1.3).
Schools are laid in spring and (rarely) in autumn. Planted 1-2-year-old seedlings (rarely rooted cuttings). Before going to school planting material sort, cut off damaged roots, renew or shorten the root system. After pruning, the roots are dipped in a mash, consisting of a liquid mixture of humus or peat with earth. In the talker add heteroauxin in a 0.002% solution or other growth substances. In shrubs, the above-ground part is cut to 1/3-1/4 of their height.
The root neck during planting should be 1-2 cm below the soil surface in non-arid areas, and 3-5 cm in dry areas. -1, MPS-1 is used for planting seedlings. For planting large seedlings in planting pits, use KPYASH-6 or KYAU-100. Planted plants are straightened so that they stand straight, the soil around them is compacted with a foot so that the roots are in close contact with the soil. After that, the soil is loosened, and in arid areas, with a lack of moisture, it is watered. Then they carry out agrotechnical care, loosening the soil, weeding weeds, irrigating, fertilizing, fighting pests and diseases. Loosening the soil, as the basis of care, contributes not only to the accumulation and conservation of moisture, but also to obtaining planting material with a compact and well-branched root system.
The compacted tree school is planted with a five-section planting machine SSHP-5/3. In one pass, she can plant a ribbon of three or five rows of seedlings. Planting density by machine is up to 330 thousand plants per 1 ha. When laying a combined school, seedlings are first planted with a single-row forest planting machine hardwood, then in the aisles of deciduous wings, the SSHP-5/3 machine planted ribbons from shade-tolerant conifers.
Care of seedlings begins immediately after planting by loosening the soil with cultivators KRSSH-2.8A, KRN-2.8A. In areas with little snowy winters, plants planted in autumn are spudded with a KRSSH-2.8A cultivator for the winter.
During the growing season, the soil is loosened as it is compacted by the cultivators listed above, as well as the KFP-1.5 milling cultivator on heavy soils 5-8 times a year, on light soils - 1-3 times, in the first years more often, in subsequent years - all less and less. The depth of loosening ranges from 7 to 16 cm. Each time the depth of loosening is changed so that a compacted sole does not form. In the forest and forest-steppe zones, each subsequent loosening is done to a greater depth, and in the steppe - on the contrary. Simultaneously with the loosening of the soil, weeds are destroyed. Herbicides are used to control weeds of seed origin. Most often, simazine is used, which is applied at the rate of 2 kg/ha active substance.
Top dressing of seedlings is carried out annually, starting from the second year after planting, by applying fertilizers to a depth of 10-15 cm during the loosening of the soil with a KRSSH-2.8A cultivator. Top dressing is carried out in the spring with a complete mineral fertilizer. In the forest zone, when top dressing, N - 60, P 2 0 5 - 120, K 2 0 - 60 kg / ha are usually applied; in the forest-steppe zone - N - 20-25, P 2 0. - 45-60, K 2 0 - 30-40 kg / ha of active water; in the steppe zone -N - 20-25, P 2 0 5 ~ 45-60, K ^ O - 20-30 kg / ha of the active substance.
Watering in schools is carried out after planting, if it is done in the spring in dry soil, and if necessary - during the dry period (1-2 times). The irrigation rate is determined by the depth of the moistened layer, which should be 25-30 cm when planting seedlings and rooted cuttings, and 45-50 cm when planting seedlings. to a depth of 60-80 cm.
Protection of seedlings from diseases and pests includes preventive and protective and extermination measures. The basis of preventive measures is a high level of agricultural technology, which creates unfavorable conditions for pests that prevent their development and reproduction. Chemicals used mainly in the form of aqueous solutions or suspensions (800-1500 l/ha). The seedlings are treated with an OH-400 sprayer.
The digging of seedlings is carried out in the state of their biological dormancy; in the spring this is the time before the swelling of the buds, and in the fall - after the formation of the apical bud and the beginning of leaf fall. Shrub seedlings and small seedlings tree species, the dimensions of which ensure the passage of the tractor over them, are dug out with the H VS-1.2 digging bracket or the VM-1.25 digging machine. Larger seedlings are dug up with a VPN-2 digging plow or VMKM-0.6 digging machine.
The dug out seedlings are placed in a short-term dig so that the root collars are covered with a 5-10 cm layer of earth. In a long-term digging, seedlings are sprinkled with a 25-30 cm layer. To protect the plants from sunburn, the tops of the seedlings should be directed to the south.
In the school department, seedlings of trees and shrubs are grown to create forest crops, protective and decorative plantings.
The duration of growing seedlings depends on their intended purpose. To create crops, seedlings are grown, as a rule, within 2-3 years, for protective afforestation 2-4 years, for landscaping: shrubs: 2-3 years, woody 6-12 years or more.
Compacted schools are laid for growing a large amount of enlarged planting material, intended mainly for silvicultural purposes. The planting pattern is tape, consisting of 3 - 5 rows. The distance between the ores in the ribbon is taken from 0.4 to 0.2 m, the planting step is 25–10 cm, the inter-ribbon space is 0.5 m.
4.1 Calculation of the area of the school department
Planting pattern 0.25-0.25-0.25-0.25-0.50, distance between plants in a row 0.25 m.
With such a planting scheme, the number of seedlings per 1 ha will be: 166.7 thousand pieces.
The calculation of mercy is carried out according to the formula:
Required quantity / number of seedlings per 1 ha
P=200 thousand/166.7 thousand=1.2 ha
4.2 Crop rotations
Crop rotation in schools is introduced with a one-year or two-year fallow. One-year fallow - clean (black or early). A two-year fallow is used when growing seedlings of tree species of high and large-sized standards. This school uses crop rotation with one-year fallow (black). Pairs are described in detail in paragraph 3.1.
4.3 Tillage system
Soil cultivation according to the system of black, early and busy fallows is similar to that in the sowing departments. The depth of the main (autumn) plowing in schools is increased to 35-40 cm, and in some cases - up to 50-60 cm. Plowing is carried out here with general-purpose plows. Pre-planting treatment, aimed at loosening the soil, contributes to the survival of transplanted plants and their better growth in the first year of vegetation. It is carried out in the form of harrowing and cultivation. If there is a large amount of plant residues on the field, they are combed out and the soil is loosened with a cultivator-ripper (KRG-3.6). Seedlings are planted with school planters SSHN-3, SSHP-5/3, SSH-3/5, SSN-1, and seedlings - MPS-1.
Great importance is attached to the preparation of planting material for laying school branches. It is sorted, damaged roots are cut, root systems are treated with growth stimulants (b-indolylacetic, indolylbutyric, a-naphthylacetic acids, gibberellin, etc.).
In general, seedlings of most breeds intended for planting in school, after pruning the roots, are recommended to be dipped in a mash consisting of lowland peat or clay and a 0.002% solution of heteroauxin.
Seedlings are cared for throughout the growing season. It includes soil cultivation, weed and pest control, top dressing, treatment with stimulants, watering, formation of crowns and boles.
Soil cultivation is carried out regularly (5-8 times per summer) by plant-feeding cultivators KRSSH-2.8A and KRN-2.8MO or milling cultivator KFP-1.5A to a depth of 7-16 cm. During cultivation, weeds are simultaneously destroyed. For this, herbicides, mainly derivatives of triazines, are used.
For top dressing of seedlings, according to the "Manual for the cultivation of planting material ..." (1979), it is recommended to apply full fertilizer N 30-40 P 45-60 K 30-40 to the soils of the forest zone .. Root and foliar top dressing should be carried out taking into account the seasonal rhythm of growth and development of seedlings. Nitrogen fertilizers should only be used as a dry top dressing. The growth of seedlings is also enhanced by spraying them 2-3 times with a 0.001% solution of gibbsrellin or some other growth stimulants. According to A. R. Rodin (1976), pruning of the apical part of the main shoot has a positive effect on the growth of fibrous roots of pine seedlings, and subsequently on the entire plant.
When growing planting material in schools, especially in compacted ones, irrigation is carried out during one or another growing season, which is determined by the moisture content of the root layer of the soil.
Narrow-row, combined and compacted schools are organized in nurseries: 1. Narrow-row schools are designed for growing planting material that is more or less uniform in age with the above-ground and root systems. When growing seedlings different sizes and age produce 1-3 plant transplants with a gradual increase in the feeding area. Schools of the 3rd order are organized. Grow up 1-2 summer seedlings within 2-4 years. Planting scheme 0.7-1.0x0.35-0.5 m. 2. Seedlings of woody plants and shrubs or only tree seedlings different ages and sizes. Planting scheme - rows every 1.5 m in a row - every 0.8 m, shrubs are planted in wide row-spacings in three rows (0.8x0.2-0.18) 1- Compacted schools are laid for growing a mass amount of enlarged planting material 4-5- summer seedlings of spruce and other species. There are ordinary and ribbon planting patterns - ordinary - between rows 0.4 m, and in a row - 0.2 m, tape plantings are 3-5 rows, the inter-tape space is 0.5-0.7 m. the rule includes crop rotations (black fallow). The depth of autumn plowing in schools is increased to 35-40 cm. Plowing is carried out with general-purpose plows PN-4-35, PLN-4-35. the school department sorts it, prunes the damaged roots.The soil is cultivated 5-8 times a summer with cultivators KRSSH-2.8A.N30-40 P45-60 fertilizers are applied to feed the seedlings.In compacted schools, watering is carried out depending on the growing season.In the fruit trees In schools, seedlings are planted in April according to the scheme 0.7-1.0x0.3-0.5 m. They are grafted in the second half of summer. Cuttings are prepared before grafting. Fruit seedlings after grafting are grown for 2-4 years, using 4-6 full crop rotations with green manure or clean steam.
Safety of work in the cultivation of planting material.
1 When working in nurseries related to preparing and cultivating the soil, loading and unloading, horse-drawn transport, applying fertilizers, transporting people and tools, you should be guided by the relevant sections of these Rules.
2 When carrying out irrigation work, the following requirements must be observed:
Safety valves and control pressure gauges installed on the receiver must be sealed;
Do not repair the plumbing system and its elements during the operation of the system;
Do not irrigate in the same area at the same time as other types of work;
Stop work until the malfunction is eliminated when the pressure in the system rises above the permitted level, malfunctions safety valves and blocking devices; detection of leaks in seams and joints, breaks and bulges in hoses, interruptions in the operation of the pump.
3. To hold the raised frames in greenhouses and greenhouses, it is necessary to use special stands. The frame must have handles for lifting them.
4. Cleaning of frames from snow must be carried out from specially laid, firmly fixed ladders.
5. To perform work on stuffing greenhouses with biofuel and cleaning them, workers must be provided with on-duty PPE sets ( rubber boots, gloves, aprons).
6. When carrying out mechanized work, greenhouses must be ventilated.
Based on the silvicultural and technological assessment of the silvicultural fund, five categories of silvicultural areas are distinguished:
a) wastelands, clearings, glades, areas of former agricultural use, burnt areas and clearings with decayed, burnt or removed stumps, areas with a small number of stumps, as well as lands disturbed by the extraction of non-metallic minerals, on which the technical stage of reclamation has been carried out;
b) non-renewed cuttings and sparse areas with the presence of stumps up to 500 pieces/ha, as well as more than 500 pieces/ha, on which reduced stumps were left during the felling of the main use (no more than 5 cm from the root paws);
c) non-renewed fellings with the presence of stumps over 500 pcs./ha, on which there was no preliminary reduction of stumps (cutting, crushing, etc.);
d) areas with unsatisfactory natural regeneration with main or regenerated softwood tree species and forest areas where reconstruction felling by corridors was carried out in accordance with TKP 143;
e) exhausted peatlands and drained lands.
In Belarus, it mainly carries out machining soil, complete or partial. Continuous cultivation of the soil for forest crops is carried out on silvicultural areas of the category in wastelands, clearings, clearings. On slightly sod areas, autumn tillage is used. In heavily sod areas, the soil is cultivated according to the black or early fallow system with general-purpose plows PLN-4-35. PKU-4-.35. PLN-3-35. The most widely used in forestry is partial, tillage I stripes (width 1.5-2.5 m are carried out on silvicultural areas of category a to a depth of 15-25 cm with plows of general (PLN-4-35) and special (PRVN-1.5) purpose 2 furrows (during this treatment, the soil overgrows more slowly in the first 2-3 years; forest plows PKL-70, LLSh-1.2 are used for cutting strips. 3. by creating micro-elevations in the form of layers of ridges, shafts and ridges (the width of micro-elevations can be 70-100 cm, a forest strip plow is used for tillage (PLP-135, PLM-1.3) 4 . sites (produced on silvicultural areas c and d that are not subject to cultivation with stripes and furrows, motor drills (BRM-1. PB-2, etc.). and other valuable forest crops with hole diggers KYAU-100 and KLYASH-60, the dimensions can vary in diameter within 30-1OO cm, in depth 50-60 cm.
The duration of growing seedlings in the school department is determined by their intended purpose. For forestry purposes, seedlings are grown for 2-4 years, and for landscaping, tree species are grown for 6-12 years, and shrubs for 2-3 years.
Agricultural technology for growing seedlings in the school department. When growing seedlings, one to three plant transplants are used with a gradual increase in the feeding area. For this purpose, the first, second and third schools are organized. 1-2-year-old seedlings are planted in the first school with a distance between rows of 0.8 m, placement in a row after 0.5 m. Three-four-year-old seedlings are planted in the second school with placement of 1x1 m or 1.5x1. the third school - six-eight-year-old seedlings with placement of 3x2 m. Before planting in the school, planting material is sorted; cut off damaged roots and renew or shorten the root system to 15-25 cm for conditions with normal moisture and up to 20-30 cm for areas with insufficient moisture. After pruning, the roots are dipped in a mash, consisting of a liquid mixture of humus or peat with earth.
The soil in the tree school is cultivated to a greater depth than in the sowing section, but the tillage systems in the crop rotation fields are similar to those used in the sowing section. The depth of plowing the soil in the school department is determined by the size of the root systems of the grown seedlings. In the first school, the main plowing in the forest and forest-steppe zones is carried out to a depth of 30-35 cm, and in the steppe zone to 35-40 cm. In the second school, to a depth of 35-40 cm and 40-50 cm, respectively, and in the third school - by 45-50 and 55-60 cm. Regardless of the depth of tillage, fertilizers are applied to the upper 20-30 cm layer, i.e. in the zone of the main mass of the roots of seedlings.
Pre-planting tillage is carried out without turning the layer to the depth of planting seedlings or saplings. In the first school, for planting seedlings and rooted cuttings, the soil is loosened to a depth of 25-30 cm with a PKL-4-35 plow (with moldboardless bodies), then harrows or a KRG-3.6 cultivator cultivator are used. For planting seedlings in the second and third schools, the soil is loosened by 45-50 cm with plantation plows without mouldboards with simultaneous harrowing. Additional preplant tillage includes leveling the soil surface and more thorough loosening with tillers (FP-2, FPSh-1.3). Hardwood schools are laid in spring and autumn, and conifers, as a rule, in spring.
It is more expedient to grow seedlings in combined schools, in which woody plants with a growing period of 6-12 years are planted in rows at a distance of 2.4-4.5 m from one another. Between these rows of tree species, two or four rows of shrubs are planted with a growing period of 2-3 years. Thus, in one rotation of tree species, two or more rotations of shrubs take place. At the same time, as a result of repeated digging of shrubs, the formation of the root system occurs in tree seedlings left at school, due to bilateral cutting of their roots with a digging bracket.
When growing seedlings of coniferous species for silvicultural purposes, combined schools are used with compacted placement of coniferous trees. In this case, three or five rows of spruce seedlings or a multiple of them with a growing period of 2-3 years alternate with common side by side deciduous tree species or coniferous species with a growing period of 6-12 years. In a row, spruce seedlings are planted after 0.1-0.2 m, and breeds with a long growing period - after 0.7-1 m.
Spruce seedlings with a biological age of 4-6 years are grown in a compacted school. Compaction is achieved through the use of narrow row spacing and a small planting step. The planting pattern is tape, consisting of 2-5 rows. The distance between the rows in the tape is used from 0.4 to 0.2 m, the planting step is 10-20 cm. Before planting seedlings of spruce in school, their roots are cut, which ensures the formation of a well-developed, compact root system. When planting 2-year-old seedlings at school, spruce roots are cut in such a way that the length of the root system is within 15-18 cm.
When laying a compacted school, the soil is plowed to a depth of 30-35 cm. Planting is mechanized. The most promising five-section landing machine SSHP-5/3. In one pass, she can plant a ribbon consisting of three or five rows of seedlings. Planting density by machine is up to 330 thousand plants per hectare.
When planting, the root neck should be 1-2 cm below the soil surface in non-arid areas, and 3-5 cm in dry areas. Planted plants are straightened so that they stand straight; the soil around them is compacted so that the roots are in close contact with the soil. After that, the soil is loosened, and in arid areas, with a lack of moisture, it is watered. Then, care is carried out, which consists in loosening the soil, weeding, watering, fertilizing, forming a stem and crown, and controlling pests and diseases. Loosening the soil contributes not only to the accumulation and conservation of moisture, but also to obtaining planting material with a compact and well-branched root system.
Fruit school. Most cultivated fruit plants propagate vegetatively. Most often, varietal seedlings are grown for these purposes by grafting a cultivar. In this case, the valuable traits and properties of the mother trees of the grafted plant are well preserved in the offspring, and it begins to bear fruit earlier.
The plant that is grafted onto is called stock, and the grafted eye, the stalk - scion. Frost, drought resistance and other qualities of cultivated fruit seedlings largely depend on the quality of the rootstocks, so it is necessary Special attention pay attention to the origin of rootstocks. They must be adapted to local soil and climatic conditions, grow well with the graft, provide the grafted tree with good growth strength, early entry into the fruiting season, high yield, durability, resistance to adverse factors, pests and diseases. The rootstocks used must be well developed, have a branched root system and a certain thickness of the root collar.
Fruit trees are more demanding on soil quality than tree species, therefore, when laying fruit schools, they place increased demands on soil and soil conditions and tillage, and when growing seedlings, on a fertilizer system.
Grafted seedlings of most fruit species are sold at the age of 2, which is determined by the age of the cultivated shoot. The best way soil preparation for laying a fruit school on a fallow field - plantation plowing. Plowing is carried out to a depth of 50-60 cm with a skimmer. Under the main plowing, organic fertilizers (manure, compost) are applied at the rate of 30-60 t/ha and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers - 80-90 kg/ha according to AI, immediately after planting, the soil is cultivated and harrowed.
In the first field, seedlings (called rootstocks or wilds) are planted, grafted and cared for. Before planting, rootstocks and the aerial part are cut off at the rootstocks. Rootstocks are planted in spring or autumn with a distance between rows of 0.8 m and in a row of 0.3-0.2 m.
In the early spring of the next year (the 2nd field is a field of 1-year-old seedlings) or in the late autumn of the previous year, the stem of the stock is cut into a spike at a height of 15-20 cm from the grafting (budding) site. A young cultural shoot is tied to the left thorn. At the end of summer, sometimes the following spring, the thorn is cut at an angle of 45 °, leaving no stump. fruit seedlings in recent times, usually grown without a thorn. For this in early spring rootstocks are cut over the accustomed eye. After the cultivated shoots reach a height of 20-25 cm, they are spudded with earth, and strongly deviated ones are tied to a peg. This turns out to be cheaper than leaving and cutting off the thorns from seedlings in the future.
Caring for 1-year-old seedlings during the summer consists of removing shoots on rootstocks, loosening the soil, weeding weeds, periodic watering and pest control, pinching shoots to regulate the growth of occulants and feeding plants.
In the third year (3rd field - a field of 2-year-old seedlings), row-spacings are cultivated, weeds are destroyed, plants are watered and fertilized; root top dressing of 1-2-year-old seedlings is carried out in the spring, introducing 100-200 kg / ha between rows ammonium nitrate, 100-150 kg/ha of superphosphate and 50-60 kg/ha of potassium salt. The second top dressing is carried out in the phase of active growth of seedlings with reduced doses of mineral fertilizers applied to moist soil.
On the 2nd and 3rd fields of the fruit school, the formation of the stem and the foundations of the future crown (branches of the first tier or branches of a non-tiered form) is carried out. The formation of the crown begins with the formation of a stem in seedlings. The stem height of seedlings, i.e. the size of the stem from the ground to the first knot of the crown, for each breed and variety must comply with the current specifications. On average, the trunk size is 60-80 cm. The fourth field is occupied by fallow.
If it is necessary to grow seedlings of berry bushes, berry schools are organized. In contrast to fruit trees, berries are most often propagated by winter stem cuttings (currants, grapes) and root suckers (summer planting of raspberries) or layering (gooseberries, etc.). By analogy with tree schools in fruit trees, it is also possible to grow seedlings of fruit and berry bushes using combined schemes.
8.3 Mother plantation. Vegetative propagation of trees and shrubs is possible by cuttings, root offspring, layering, division of bushes and grafting. cutting called part of the shoot or root used for vegetative propagation. Cuttings are winter stem, green and root.
The greatest production value are winter stem cuttings. They are harvested from 1-year-old and less often 2-year-old shoots, which are cut from young plants during the dormant period, after the onset of leaf fall or in early spring before the start of sap flow. Shoots on cuttings are cut immediately before planting. For cuttings, the middle and lower parts of the shoots with well-developed buds are used. When planting forest cultures, cuttings 25-30 cm long are taken. The cut cuttings are tied into bunches of 50 or 100 pieces. upper ends in one direction and stored until planting in conditions that do not allow drying and starting to grow. Winter stem cuttings are widely used in the propagation of poplars, willows, grapes, currants and other species.
green, or summer, cuttings are called part of a growing shoot with leaves or needles, cut off in the phase of incipient lignification, while it is still quite flexible.
root cuttings - root segments used as planting material. This planting material can breed breeds that form root offspring. Root offspring are used in the form of a segment of the root or rhizome of the mother plant (poplar, aspen, cherry, euonymus, etc.) with the offspring present on it.
layering mainly used in horticulture. Propagation by layering is essentially close to propagation by cuttings. The difference lies in the fact that in cuttings, roots form on parts of the shoot separated from the mother plant, while in cuttings, the connection with the mother plant is preserved. The rooted part of the shoot after separation from the mother plant is an independent individual. The formation of layering can be observed in the forest, especially often in linden, fir, when their lower branches, bent down to the ground, take root in a natural way.
The division of the bushes consists in dissecting them into separate specimens having above-ground and underground parts.
Graft- a special method of vegetative propagation. With it, an eye (sleeping bud) or a cutting of a propagated species (variety), called a scion, is fused with a stem of another species, called a stock. Best of all, the graft and stock of the same species grow together, but sometimes components belonging to different species, genera and even families are grafted.
Mother plantations of poplars and willows. Mother plantations of poplars and willows are created to obtain cuttings used for silvicultural work and growing cuttings. Plantations are laid in areas with a flat relief, sufficiently fertile and moist soils. Flooded areas for plantations should not be taken away. The best types and varieties of poplars and willows are selected for laying the mother plantation.
Soils for plantations are prepared according to the black fallow system with the main plowing to a depth of 35-50 cm. In this case, the plowing depth should be 5-8 cm more than the length of the planted cuttings. Manure or compost (20-100 t / ha) is applied before the main plowing.
Lay uterine plantations in spring or autumn with cuttings, seedlings and 1-year-old cuttings. Plantations are laid in a bush or standard form. On bush plantations of poplar and tree-like willow, the distance between bushes is 1x1, 1x1.5 and 1.5x1.5 m, and on standard plantations of these species 2x2 and 2x3 m. Poplar cuttings planted in the plantation should have a length of 20-25 cm, and in the southern areas up to 30 cm and a thickness at the upper cut of 0.6-2 cm for poplar and 0.4-1.0 cm for willow. Cuttings are planted flush with the soil surface, leaving the top bud open.
When laying a plantation with 2-year-old cuttings, the root system is cut, leaving the main roots at least 15 cm long. At the same time, the aerial part is shortened, leaving a stump up to 10-12 cm high. After planting, the soil is loosened, and if necessary, then watered. Plantations need regular care: loosen the soil, weed weeds, fertilize, fight diseases and pests, and in dry conditions, in addition, water the soil.
In the first year after laying the mother plantation, regardless of whether the whips have reached or not reached the required size for cutting cuttings from them, the whips are cut at a height of 3 cm from the soil surface. This contributes to the formation of new shoots from dormant buds. In the second and subsequent years, the whips are cut 3-5 cm higher than the previous one. After 5-6 years of operation, the whips are not cut for 1 year, and in the autumn preceding this year, the row spacing is shallowly plowing, and fertilizers are applied at the same time. On the next year after the rest of the plantation, it is rejuvenated by cutting 2-year-old shoots near the ground. After rejuvenation, the plantation is operated for another 5-6 years, and only 10-12 years.
Cut whips are tied into bundles of 50-100 pieces. of each species and variety separately and stored until planting in cellars interbedded with slightly damp sand, in trenches or under snow. Each bunch must have a label indicating the breed and variety. When harvesting a large number shoots in autumn for spring planting they are stored in trenches 1.5 m deep and wide equal to the length shoots. A trench is dug in a dry place, a layer of fresh sand is poured on its bottom, and bunches of shoots are laid in rows on it. Rows of shoots are interbedded with spruce branches or straw. From above, the trench is covered with earth, and in winter, in addition, with snow, which is covered with straw. Shoots cut in spring are stored in trenches up to 0.5 m deep or under snow in a shaded place.
Lecture 9 - Growing seedlings and seedlings in the closed ground of a forest nursery
Plan
9.1 Covered ground and types of greenhouses
9.2 Growing seedlings with an open root system
9.3 Growing planting material with a closed root system
9.1 Covered ground and types of greenhouses. The closed ground of a forest nursery is a part of the sowing, school or uterine departments of the nursery, intended for growing planting material in greenhouses, greenhouses or greenhouses. Stationary and portable greenhouses are used for growing forest planting material in closed ground. various types coated with synthetic films. Stationary greenhouses are arched and block type, as well as portable (mobile) small large.
Arched greenhouses have bearing structures in the form of arches. Currently, the most common arched greenhouses are 2-4 m high, 10-4 m long, 4-8 m wide.
Stationary greenhouses of block type consist of separate blocks with dimensions: height in the cornice 2.2 m, in the ridge 4.1 m, width 6 m, length 48 m.
Small mobile greenhouses- these are greenhouses in which work on caring for crops is performed after the removal of polyethylene coatings.
Large-sized mobile greenhouses allow you to move them from place to place, but at the same time, take care of the planting material without removing the film coatings.
Growing planting material in closed ground allows you to create favorable conditions microclimate (temperature and humidity of air and soil, illumination, carbon dioxide content and mineral nutrition) for seedlings and seedlings.
The efficiency of using greenhouses largely depends on the choice of location and their location on the area. Soils should be sandy or sandy. They can be light and medium loams, but in this case, a 15-20 cm layer of sand is poured under the ridges to improve drainage. The groundwater level should be no closer than 1.5 m, and the site should be flat or with a slight slope. A necessary condition for organizing a greenhouse is the availability of sources of water supply. Polyethylene film is not very durable. Therefore, greenhouses should be located under the protection of forest walls or provide for the planting of windproof forest strips, which should be at such a distance as not to obscure or reduce the illumination of the greenhouse. It is unacceptable to build greenhouses in low places. Under these conditions, it accumulates excess moisture, frosts last for a long time and there is a lack of lighting.
9.2 Growing seedlings with an open root system. When growing seedlings in closed ground, stationary and small-sized mobile greenhouses with a polyethylene coating are used. The last to cover crops in ordinary nurseries on mineral soils. When carrying out work, such coatings are removed. These greenhouses do not provide comprehensive mechanization of work and maintenance optimal modes environment, and therefore rarely used. These shortcomings are absent in stationary greenhouses, where the bulk of seedlings are grown.
For growing seedlings in stationary greenhouses, a loose substrate is used, which is poorly compacted and does not require loosening, is poorly populated with grass seeds, has antiseptic properties and does not have infectious fungal diseases. Optimal conditions mineral nutrition of seedlings is provided by impregnating the substrate with solutions containing necessary elements mineral food.
Growing seedlings in polyethylene greenhouses has the following advantages compared to open ground: sowing seeds can be started 2 weeks earlier; the seeding rate per 1 m of the seed furrow is reduced by 30-40%; soil germination of seeds is 3-5 times higher, and the yield of seedlings per unit area is 4-7 times higher; the growth period of seedlings is extended by several weeks; the intensity of photosynthesis increases, and transpiration decreases; the period of cultivation of standard planting material is reduced by 1 year.
Work in greenhouses begins much earlier than in open ground. Therefore, in the fall they spend all the necessary preparatory work, and in early spring the greenhouses cover plastic wrap, the substrate is brought in, and then the seeds are sown.
The best substrate for growing seedlings of pine, spruce and larch is fertilized fresh slightly decomposed (decomposition degree 5-10%) sphagnum high-moor peat. It is weakly compacted and does not require loosening, is sparsely populated with grass seeds, has antiseptic properties and does not have an infection of fungal diseases. Peat is harvested in autumn. In early spring, it is mixed with lime, phosphate and potash fertilizers, which are applied in accordance with the accepted doses. Then the peat is brought into the greenhouse and scattered with a layer of 15-18 cm.
Pre-sowing preparation of seeds is carried out in the same way as when sowing in open ground, but with the obligatory subsequent treatment with fungicides. The seeding depth should be close to 0.5 cm. After sowing, the soil is lightly rolled and watered abundantly.
During the period of seed germination, in order to preserve heat and humidity of the air and increase the temperature in the greenhouse, it is ventilated minimally. After germination, when seedlings are especially sensitive to overheating, during the hot hours of the day (from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.), greenhouses are ventilated in such a way that relative humidity air did not fall below 60%. In the future (from about June 20 to mid-July), during the formation of the root system and the assimilation apparatus of seedlings, the intensity of ventilation increases. After that, it is reduced in such a way as to ensure the air temperature is within 20-30 ° C, and the air humidity is 75-85%. From the middle or the second half of August, the greenhouses are gradually opened, which leads to the alignment of the hydrothermal regime in the greenhouse with the conditions of open ground. By the time the film is completely removed, the stem is lignified and the plant hardens.
Irrigation of crops is carried out in the first half of the growing season (May, June), daily (in rainy and cloudy weather after 1-2 days), then after 2-3 days, and from mid-August once a week. The frequency and intensity of irrigation is set according to the degree of substrate moisture.
During the period of the most intensive growth of seedlings, liquid nitrogen fertilizers are applied. For this purpose, an irrigation system is used. The need for weeding crops on weakly decomposed sphagnum high-moor peat is usually insignificant and loosening of the substrate is usually not required.
With careful observance of the technology of growing seedlings on sphagnum peat, there is usually no damage to seedlings and seedlings by diseases. However, high temperature and poor aeration of the air in the greenhouse create prerequisites for the development of fungal diseases. Therefore, constant forest pathological supervision should be established for crops, and in the event of diseases, they carry out necessary measures fight.
Seedlings are usually dug up in early spring, 5-10 days after covering the greenhouse with a film, after the snow melts and the soil thaws. Due to the fact that by the time the seedlings are dug up, the soil on the forestry area and in the school department has not yet thawed, these seedlings are stored in glaciers until planting.
9.3 Growing planting material with a closed root system. To increase the survival rate of seedlings and seedlings and to lengthen the planting time of crops, planting material with a closed root system is used. It is grown in various containers for root systems: peat pots with a full range of organomineral fertilizers; cups made of paper, cellulose or cardboard, gradually decomposing in the soil; plastic cups, sleeves and tubes with longitudinal slits or perforations for roots to come out; peat or peat-soil briquettes different shapes and sizes with or without a retaining perforated plastic sheath; porous briquettes synthetic materials etc.
You can get planting material with a closed root system by growing seedlings (most often 1-year-old) in containers, pots, etc. or by planting the roots of already grown seedlings in a special substrate or containers with a substrate, followed by growing seedlings for 1.5-2 months under a film or 3 months in open ground. During the growing period, the substrate moisture content is maintained at 70-80%. By the end of this period, it is reduced to 55-60%. In this state, the briquettes become strong and suitable for transportation and mechanized planting.
Tree seedlings can be grown in polyethylene rolls. In this case, a polyethylene tape 35 cm wide is used, on which a 1-3 cm substrate layer is applied, consisting of a mixture of finely ground peat with mineral fertilizers. Seedlings are placed on the substrate layer every 15 cm on both sides, and then a second substrate layer of the same thickness is poured on top of them.
After that, the tape is rolled up, tied with twine and cut across into two halves. Ready rolls are installed in the greenhouse tightly one to the other; the air spaces formed between the rolls are filled with peat or soil. With this growing technology, 1.2-1.4 million seedlings are placed per 1 ha of the greenhouse.
Folding paper containers (cassettes) are also used. In this case, first, a flat workpiece resembling an accordion is stretched, and a honeycomb block (cassette) is obtained, which is fixed in a frame and filled with a dry substrate. Then one dry seed is sown in each cell. Finished blocks in the form of boxes enter the greenhouse.
Filling blocks with substrate and sowing seeds can be carried out throughout the year, after which they are stored in special rooms at a certain humidity and temperature until they are transferred to the greenhouse. Under the film, the plants are grown for 8 weeks, and then in the open field.
Growing planting material with a closed root system allows planting throughout the frost-free period of the year and has a high survival rate of crops; root system seedlings and seedlings are not damaged when they are planted in crops; the presence of a substrate enriched with elements of mineral food increases the viability of planted plants. However, the excessive fertility of the substrate of pots, briquettes, etc. harmful, since in this case, when planting seedlings on a forest area, as a result of a difference in the fertility of the substrate of the planting material and the soil, chemotropism of the roots is observed. This may affect general development plants in the phase of establishment and at subsequent stages of crop growth and their resistance to adverse conditions. The composition of the nutrient substrate used for growing planting material with a closed root system, as well as the outer shell of a briquette, pot, etc. should not interfere with the normal development of root systems.
Lecture 10 - Technical acceptance of work. Digging and storage of planting material with an open and closed root system
Plan
10.1 Technical acceptance of works
10.2 Stock inventory
10.3 Digging and storage of planting material with an open root system
10.4 Storage of planting material with a closed root system
10.5 Transport of planting material
10.1 Technical acceptance of work. The technical acceptance of work and inventory of planting material is carried out by a special commission approved by the order of the director of the forestry enterprise, consisting of a representative of the forestry enterprise, a forest ranger or engineer, a technician, a representative of a trade union organization and a foreman, who is assigned to receive and inventory sites. When the nursery is on an independent balance, the commission is formed by order of the director of the nursery. This work is formalized by an act, on the basis of which the corresponding marks are made in the book of the forest nursery.
The technical acceptance of crops in the nursery is carried out after the emergence of seedlings, but no later than the first month from the date of sowing, the technical acceptance of work on laying school branches, as well as plantations - no later than 10 days from the date of completion of work. During the technical acceptance of work in the sowing and school departments, attention is paid to compliance with the sowing schemes recommended by the project and the placement of seedlings in the school, the seeding rate and the seeding depth. The quality of soil preparation, the state of crops and plantings on the day of acceptance are determined, the reasons for the unsatisfactory state of crops and plantings are indicated, and measures are outlined to correct the deficiencies.
10.2 Inventory of planting material. Every year after the end of the growing season, but before the start of the autumn digging of seedlings and seedlings, i.e. from September 1 to November 1, depending on the forest zone in which the nursery is located, an inventory of forest planting material is carried out - determining the area of crops and plantings, the quantity and quality of seedlings and seedlings grown in the forest nursery.
Inventory of seedlings in the sowing department carried out by the method of diagonal moves. With uniform placement of seedlings in lines, 2% are subject to recalculation, and with uneven placement - 4% of meters of sowing lines for each breed and each age of seedlings. The counting of seedlings by the method of diagonal moves is carried out on the accounting segments of the sowing lines with a length equal to 2 or 4% of the average length of the sowing line in this area. For this purpose, a cord is stretched along the diagonal of the plot, from which, at the intersections with the sowing rows, an accounting segment is laid in one direction along each row, on which all seedlings are counted. The total number of seedlings on the site is determined by multiplying the found average number of seedlings by 1 m by total number meters of seed rows on the site.
To find the total number of standard seedlings, planting material is measured at the accounting segments (the height of the aerial part and the diameter of the root neck) and the data obtained are compared with the requirements of GOSTs for seedlings and seedlings. If there are up to 10 thousand seedlings on the site, 100 plants are measured; if there are from 10 to 50 thousand pieces on the site, 250 seedlings are measured; with a total number of seedlings in the area from 50 to 100 thousand pieces. measurements are made in 350 plants, with a larger number of seedlings on the site (more than 100 thousand pieces), 500 seedlings are taken for measurement.
In nurseries with a large sowing department, in order to reduce labor costs and time, it is recommended to carry out an inventory in two steps. At the first reception, a trial inventory is carried out to establish the minimum number of accounting segments necessary to obtain reliable data during the main inventory. The length of the accounting segment is taken with this method constant, 0.5 m. Trial inventory, regardless of the area of the site, is carried out on 20 segments. In the second step, the main inventory is carried out on the accounting segments, the number of which is determined during the trial inventory.
Agrotechnics of the seedling school
What is the crop rotation in the seedling school?
1st field - tilled crops; 2nd - spring crops with overseeding of perennial grasses;
3rd - perennial herbs; 4th - perennial herbs; 5th - black steam; 6th - 1st field of the nursery; 7th - 2nd field of the nursery; 8th - 3rd field of the nursery.
Is agrotechnics difficult in the first field of a fruit nursery?
Organic fertilizers are applied at the rate of 100 kg per 10 m 2. Autumn plowing is carried out to a depth of 30–35 cm. Herbicides are applied to destroy weeds.
The wild animals selected from the winter digging are sorted, the roots are cut, leaving 15–20 cm; the ends of the shoots to a height of 25 cm for seed rootstocks and up to 40 cm for clonal rootstocks are temporarily buried in the ground.
Rootstocks are planted by hand or by machine in the 1st field of the nursery in the spring immediately after the soil is ready. Subsequently, seedlings are mandreled and hilled at a height of 10–15 cm.
The school of seedlings is watered at least 3 times (0.25-0.35 m 3 of water per 10 m 2). If the survival rate of rootstocks is below 85–90%, seedlings are planted manually in the places of attacks.
To create optimal soil conditions and destroy weeds as they appear, a school of seedlings is hoeed and weeded. To accelerate growth, seedlings are fed with nitrogen mineral fertilizers (25 g of active ingredient per 10 m 2 of the next field). During the growing season, the soil is loosened three times. Pesticides are used to control diseases and pests. Spraying is carried out up to 8 times per season. Before budding, the rootstocks are unraveled, the boles are cleaned of dirt, side shoots and wiped with a damp burlap at a height of 4-10 cm from the root neck. At the same time, a film is cut for tying occulants, the width of the strips is 8-10 cm, the length is 25–30 cm, the film consumption per 10 m 2 is 35 g.
Scion cuttings are cut 1 day before budding with immediate removal of leaf blades. Petioles 8-12 mm long on the leaves must be preserved. In total, at least 12 annual cuttings are required per 10 m 2, provided that 2 upper and 2 lower buds are not used for budding.
The length of well-ripened lignified cuttings of grafted varieties is 25–35 cm.
In the case of advance harvesting, the cuttings are placed in plastic bags with wet sawdust at the bottom, which are stored in refrigerators or cellars.
The best survival rate is provided by cuttings harvested early in the morning on the day of budding or the night before.
Before grafting, knives with sharply sharpened blades are prepared in advance. They bud during the period of active sap flow, the approximate dates of increased physiological activity are from July to August 15. The use of butt budding instead of conventional grafting (in a T-shaped incision) allows the period of grafting to be extended by at least 2 times, since lagging behind the bark on rootstocks does not matter for grafting. Budding height - 5-12 cm from the root neck, on dwarf rootstocks- 20–25 cm.
In the process of wrapping with a film, the bud and petiole of the leaf are left open. After 12-14 days, an audit of survival is carried out with a weakening of the film strapping.
On vaccinations with non-fallen petioles, it is advisable to re-budding in the butt (podokulirovka) if more than 15-20% of the eyes have not taken root.
Summer pruning of occulants in the 1st field of the nursery above the grafting site is strictly prohibited, which provokes the growth of eyes and causes the death of scions in winter period. For the winter, poisoned baits are laid out to control rodents; about 4 g of grain treated with pesticides is required per 10 m 2.
What are the features of agricultural technology on the 2nd field of the nursery?
Before the buds swell, the rootstocks of apple and pear trees are cut over the grafted bud, and the rootstocks of stone fruits are cut into a thorn, followed by tying the cultural shoots to the thorn twice.
A spring audit is carried out to identify dead eyes in April, after the audit, rootstocks with unattached buds are grafted with cuttings of the same varieties, 3 buds are left on the scions. As they appear, wild shoots are removed on boles near the root collar. Garden knives cut thorns on stone fruits. To enhance the growth of one-year-olds, mineral fertilizers are applied: nitrogen - 100 g of the active substance, phosphorus - 90 g and potassium - 130 g per 10 m 2. During the growing season, the soil in the aisle is cultivated and hilled, during the period of active growth, fertilizing with mineral fertilizer (nitrogen) is applied at a dose of at least 25 g of the active substance per 10 m 2. Inside the rows, the soil is loosened manually with hoes while weeds are removed. Diseases and pests are destroyed by spraying eight times. Watered at least 2 times per season, 0.25-0.3 m 3 of water per 10 m 2.
Poisoned baits are laid out in autumn. To protect the boles from rodents, snow is trampled in winter. The cut growth is removed from the site.
The approximate output of annual seedlings is 28 pieces from 10 m 2.
We grow very weak two-year-olds. Maybe the agricultural technique on the 3rd field of the nursery is wrong?
In early spring, before bud break, crown formation begins, a sparse-tiered system is taken as a basis. To create it, you need to get 5–7 branches of the first order. Three of them are placed close together in the form of a whorl from neighboring buds, they should make up the lower tier, after 50-60 cm separate or double branches are placed, having optimal angles departures 45–60°. The height of the trunk for future trees is 50–70 cm. In the process of forming a seedling on the central conductor, under the shoot, the extensions are pinched, and then the competitors growing at an acute angle upwards are completely removed. After pruning, all shoots are collected and removed from the 3rd field.
Fertilization is carried out simultaneously with loosening. In total, 45 g of nitrogen, 60 g of phosphorus, 60 g of potassium are consumed per 10 m 2. During the growing season, the soil is cultivated at least 3 times in rows and loosened once with weeding inside the row.
To combat diseases and pests, eight times spraying with pesticides is carried out.
Before testing, the leaves are plucked on two-year-old seedlings or treated with defoliants 2–3 weeks before digging to avoid drying the plants. Two-year-olds are dug up and tied into bundles.
After that, the seedlings must be temporarily buried. Unsold planting material is added dropwise to the digging site for the winter. To prevent sunburn, the rows are located towards the south or southwest. The boles are half covered with soil and, after compaction, watered. Ditches are dug around the pit. Approximate output of seedlings on the 3rd field - 25 pieces from 10 m 2.
How many and in what proportion should apple, cherry and plum varieties be taken for planting and grafting near Moscow?
How to winterize queen cells in the nursery?
To combat numerous pathogenic spores of coccomycosis, clusterosporiosis, after harvesting the fruits, you need to sprinkle the trees with 5% urea: 0.5 kg of urea is taken per 10 liters of water.
In near-stem circles, the soil should be dug to a depth that does not allow damage to the roots - sawflies, gall midges, and beetles that damage flowers hibernate there.
Having collected the carrion and diseased leaves that have flown around early, they must be burned or buried deeper into the ground.
Young trees can be covered with mesh cylinders or tied with roofing paper from rodents. No gaps should be left between the protective material and the soil.
What should a nurseryman do at the end of autumn?
It is necessary to continue those works that were not completed in October. If the site is well protected from the wind, dry raspberry branches should be cut with secateurs near the ground.
Berry bushes must be tied with braid, so they will winter better and retain fruit buds.
Weak plants - mulch with a layer of peat of 5-10 cm, and even better - with humus. If there is little mulching material, it is primarily used on new plants.
Before the onset of severe frosts, the whitewashing of mother fruit trees in the nursery is completed. This will protect the plants from sunburn in winter time. It is impossible to transfer whitewashing to spring, in May it will decorate the garden, but frost cracks, sunburns will already occur. For 10 liters of water, you need to take 2.5 kg of lime and 0.5 kg blue vitriol, mix. To prevent the rain from washing away the whitewash, add 100 g of wood glue. It is even easier to buy a special paint BC-511. It is necessary to whitewash the stem and the upper skeletal branches at least at the base, where they connect to the central conductor.
It is necessary to check the safety of fruit seedlings buried until spring: clean the grooves where the earth crumbled, update the half-worn inscriptions on the labels so that uninvited guests do not rummage through the entire plot, but take only what suits them in the varietal section.
After the first heavy snowfall, clear the groove of snow, and the mice will not get close to the planting material. Broken and dried branches should be taken out of the garden and burned. Ash can be collected, it is useful for top dressing in the spring.
In the micro-nursery, it is necessary to dig up and burn seedlings that are severely affected by cancer at the root collar (they can’t be saved anyway).
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