Expanded clay fractions 10 20 technical characteristics. What are the fractions of expanded clay gravel? What fractions of expanded clay are used for roofing?

This is a building material that looks like crushed stone or gravel, made by firing clay or clay slate for half an hour under a temperature range of 1,000 to 1,300 degrees. The result is a light and porous raw material that differs oval shapes. This is expanded clay, the fractions, features and characteristics of which will be discussed below.

The parameters for expanded clay are determined by GOST, which regulates the quality of building materials with a porous structure. Let's look at the main properties in more detail:

• fractional composition. Three fractions were identified, varying in the ranges of 5 – 10, 10 – 20, 20 – 40 mm. Fractions that are rarely used in construction are included in a separate category. These include crushed stone and expanded clay granules with fractions from 2.5 to 10 mm, a wide mixed fraction of 5 – 20 mm. Thermal insulation layers used as bulk material are represented by a mixture of all expanded clay samples, the fractions of which are 5 – 40 mm. This is explained by the need to fill void areas in order to increase the rigidity of the structure and eliminate convection of air flows;
• density grade. Seven values ​​are established, the data of which is given in the table:

M 700 and M 800 are not produced for general consumption; prior approval with the customer is required for this. The true density indicator exceeds the bulk value by one and a half to two times. This parameter characterizes the density of expanded clay, without taking into account the intermediate areas between individual granules or fragments;

• strength of the material. Expanded clay gravel has thirteen grades with different strength indicators after compression in a cylinder. For crushed stone, eleven values ​​are standardized with the same abbreviation as for gravel grades. At the same time, crushed stone and gravel of the same brand have differences in strength. It should be noted that as the density of the material increases, its strength increases. There is also a mutual relationship between brands, regulated by standards, which completely eliminates the preparation of low-quality expanded clay with a high density indicator, but which immediately collapses under light loads;
• compaction coefficient. This value is agreed with the customer and does not exceed the value of 1.15. It is used to take into account the compaction of the mass of material obtained from transportation or storage, which often happens with fine-fraction expanded clay. The need to use such a coefficient is caused by frequent shipments of materials using the bulk method, which is very convenient for selling large volumes;
• thermal conductivity. Quite a lot important parameter, characterizing the level of thermal insulation of the material. For expanded clay this coefficient is 0.10 – 0.18. The range is quite narrow, which once again confirms the high thermal insulation qualities of the raw materials. This coefficient increases with increasing density, which is explained by a reduction in the number and size of porous areas that contain air;
• moisture absorption. Another important indicator that determines the behavior of expanded clay when exposed to a humid environment. The material is considered a sustainable raw material, the water absorption value is 8 - 20 percent;
• sound insulation. Like many others thermal insulation materials, expanded clay is characterized by increased sound insulation. Best results are achieved by laying a layer along wooden floor, using expanded clay as a layer separating outer surface floors and floor pits;
• resistance to low temperature conditions. Since the basis of expanded clay is clay, and the level of water absorption of the material is low, the raw material has a high frost resistance. In numerical terms, the standards are not standardized, because expanded clay resists low temperatures “by default.”

Types of factions

Based on their shape, external characteristics and manufacturing technology, expanded clay fractions are divided into several types.

Small

Fine particles, which are by-products obtained during firing or crushing of the material, are used as porous fillers.

Sand fraction 0 – 5 mm steel an excellent alternative to replace a simple quartz sand in solutions, which increases the coefficient of their thermal conductivity. This means that the mortar used in masonry work, based on expanded clay material, is several times warmer than the sand-cement composition that is familiar to everyone.

Average

Expanded clay gravel is one of the most popular building materials. It is represented by rounded grains, the sizes of which reach 10 – 20 mm. Gravel is formed in pyrogenic furnaces due to the swelling of super-melting clay raw materials. The material is considered moisture and frost resistant and does not ignite in a fire.

Large

Such expanded clay material is represented by a filler of arbitrary shape, in most cases angular. The size of the pebbles reaches 4 cm in diameter. Expanded clay crushed stone is obtained by crushing large pieces of expanded clay mass.

Scope of application of expanded clay fractions

Sand, the average value of which does not exceed 5 mm in diameter, is mainly used for interior decoration. This fraction of expanded clay is excellent for pouring cement floor screeds. A solution prepared with such material allows not only to level the surface, but also to insulate it. In addition, the material is used in the manufacture various products made of concrete, widely used in the plant growing sector as a drainage element. In addition, hydroponic systems are made from such filler.

A larger fraction of expanded clay (5 – 10 mm) is used to create a “warm” floor according to German technology. It is used as backfill material for gypsum fiber sheets. In addition, the material is an excellent insulation material for facades. In this case it really applies unique technology: expanded clay is mixed with a small amount cement material, the prepared mass is poured into the space between load-bearing walls and a layer of cladding. This method of insulation is called “capsimet”. It should be noted that if you are in doubt which fraction of expanded clay is best suited for pouring concrete products and structures, you can safely use this particular type of material.

The gravel material has a small bulk area, so it is recommended to use it when filling attics, basements, foundations, when it is necessary to install a fairly large layer of thermal insulation. Is such expanded clay the best option for device drainage system for planting trees and shrubs.

Expanded clay from the same group of medium and larger fractions (10 - 20 mm) is used as an insulating material for roofing structures, floors from wood materials, walls, if they are erected with well masonry. The material is indispensable when arranging street water supply and sewer systems, other communication lines. By using expanded clay to insulate heating mains, you can be absolutely sure that heat loss will be minimal. In an emergency, you won’t have to spend a lot of time digging to find the leak.

Having successfully completed renovation work, you can always reuse expanded clay, since it will not lose its properties even if it gets wet.

As builders note, sales volumes of expanded clay material are not much inferior to sales of more common building materials. The construction of a heat-insulating layer from it is considered the main, but by no means the last useful application because to the specified quality you can safely add reliable sound insulation. The “underlying” qualities of the material are also popular, so expanded clay fractions are quite suitable as a basis for concrete screed. In conclusion, we can add that today expanded clay material has a low cost, acceptable for any consumer.

Expanded clay is insulation material, is an environmentally friendly product. This is a light and porous material; it is produced by firing low-melting clay. It is also made in the form of sand, according to appearance it looks like oval granules.

Bulk density - from 250 to 600 kg per m2 or maybe even higher, it all depends on the method of firing the clay. There are small and large expanded clay depending on the fraction. What this is will be discussed in detail below.

Purpose

The main purpose of expanded clay is thermal insulation, but this is not the only thing for which it is used.

It has sound insulation properties and can serve as a very good “underlying” material.

It can be used as a screed for leveling the floor, for this you need to use fine expanded clay 0.1 - 0.2 centimeters, or smaller fractions.

It is not always possible to bring building material to the place where it is required (construction, repair work, etc.) in bulk on large vehicles. But this problem is easily solved by packaging expanded clay in bags. Due to the relatively low weight of the bag, you can easily and additional expenses bring the material to Right place without involving a dump truck.

Properties

Since this environmentally friendly and very popular material, it has unique properties, which is transmitted to all its derivatives:

1. It has both sound and thermal insulation.
2. Great strength not a small mass.
3. Resistance to frost, moisture and fire.
4. Long term operation.
5. Resistant to negative chemical influences.
6. Resistant to the appearance of fungi and rotting processes.

It is also natural and environmentally friendly.

Types depending on fraction size

Externally, this material looks like gravel. The composition contains small and large oval or spherical granules.

The granules of the composition look like a glassy mass covered with a shell.

All granules vary in size, which varies from 0.05 to 0.4 centimeters. The material can be divided into 3 types of fractions. The scope of application depends on their size. The division into types is carried out by measuring the size of the granule:

• 0-5 mm– expanded clay of small fractions - used for leveling the floor and in the manufacture of expanded clay concrete blocks.
• 10-22 mm– used for insulation of floors and ceilings in houses;
• 20-40 mm– used for insulating roofs, basements, garage floors and for insulating heating mains.

The use of the last two fractions in the screed makes its layer thicker.

Application

Gravel

A person will not be able to watch the process of making gravel from expanded clay, since the hot air will interfere, but the manufacturing process is very spectacular:

• Clay rock, which melts easily, is constantly rotated and exposed to high temperatures in pyrogenic furnaces.
• Next, the rock is fired.
• As a result, after these actions, fairly large granules are obtained, approximately 0.2 - 0.4 cm.

To obtain other fractions, these granules are crushed into smaller particles.

This material makes very good gravel and has the following characteristics:

• fire resistance;
• frost resistance;
• waterproof.

There are no impurities in the composition that could damage cement - this is important, since this material is often used as a filler for making a lung concrete - expanded clay concrete.

Crushed stone

To obtain crushed stone, the largest parts of the material are crushed to obtain smaller fractions.

The size of crushed stone granules ranges from 0.05 to 0.4 centimeters. It is the same size as gravel. It can be distinguished from other materials by the shape of the granules - they have an almost arbitrary, most often angular shape. The scope of application of crushed stone is the same as that of gravel; it is used to fill lightweight concrete structures.

Sand (fine fractions)

In order to obtain sand, large fractions are crushed or clay fines are fired. After the above steps, expanded clay of small fractions less than 0.05 centimeters in size is obtained. The purpose of this particular sand is to mix it into various solutions, and it is also used to fill lightweight concrete.

Expanded clay is also perfect for making concrete. This is confirmed by the fact that it has resistance to frost, and it is also worth noting its excellent resistance to combustion and protection from rotting processes. Due to the listed advantages, this material is very often used for the manufacture of foundations.

Construction

House

A house made of expanded clay blocks is quite easy to build. Moreover, such construction is quite economical, and the house will have a number of remarkable properties.

Bath

Expanded clay has also found application in the construction of various baths. It can also be used as thermal insulation for bath walls due to its properties: the required temperature is quickly established in the room and maintained for a long time. For this purpose, it makes no difference which material is used: fine-grained or coarse-grained.

Laying communications

For laying water pipes or, for example, heating systems need to purchase material such as expanded clay. Then you will be calm that the heat will reach your home. Another advantage of this material is that in the event of a leak, there is no need to dig out solid ground. And after eliminating the accident, fill it with the same material again.

Other uses

This material finds its application not only in construction work ah, but also in other areas:

• you can make a path in the country,
• insulate the roots garden plants, thereby increasing the productivity of the site. Material with a fraction of 0.1-0.2 centimeters is perfect for this, as it will create a drainage system in the roots.
• For indoor plants You can use the same advice. The only difference is that you need to choose a smaller fraction, approximately 0.05-0.1 centimeters.

Currently there are many professional builders just stop using it cement-sand screed as outdated technology. When screeding flooring filled with expanded clay, which significantly improves quality. Even an inexperienced amateur builder can do such a screed.

The material parameters are established by GOST 9757-90, which regulates the quality of porous building materials. Some indicators are not regulated, but still remain an important characteristic. Let's take a closer look at the main properties of expanded clay.

• Factional composition. In total, three fractions of material have been established, having a size range of 5-10 mm, 10-20 mm, 20-40 mm. A separate category includes fractions that are rarely used in construction work. These include expanded clay granules and crushed stone with sizes from 2.5 to 10 mm, as well as a wide mixed fraction from 5 to 20 mm. Thermal insulating expanded clay layers used in the form of bulk mass are a mixture of all fractions - from 5 to 40 mm. This is due to the need to fill voids in the heat-insulating layer, which increases the rigidity of the structure and eliminates convection air currents.
• Brands of expanded clay according to bulk density(volumetric bulk density). A total of seven values ​​are established: up to 250 kg/m3 - grade 250, from 250 to 300 kg/m3 - grade 300, similarly - grades 350, 400, 450, 500, 600. Grades 700 and 800 are not available for wide sale and are produced only upon agreement with the consumer. True Density(true volume weight) is 1.5-2 times greater than the bulk density. This parameter characterizes the density of the material without taking into account the gaps between granules or fragments of the material;
• Expanded clay grades by strength. For gravel, there are 13 grades, differing in strength when compressed in a cylinder. For crushed stone, 11 grades are standardized, having the same designations as gravel grades. The strength of crushed stone and gravel of the same brand varies. Thus, for grade P100, the compressive strength of gravel is from 2.0 to 2.5 MPa, while crushed stone is from 1.2 to 1.6 MPa. There is a relationship between expanded clay grades in terms of density and strength - an increase in density leads to an increase in strength. The relationship between brands is also regulated by the GOST 9757-90 standard, which eliminates the production of low-quality high-density expanded clay that breaks down under light load.
• Compaction factor- a value agreed with the consumer, which does not exceed 1.15 and is used to take into account the compaction of the expanded clay mass as a result of transportation or caking. The use of the coefficient is associated with frequent shipment of material by bulk volume, which is convenient for the sale of large quantities.
• Thermal conductivity- is the most important parameter characterizing thermal insulation properties. For expanded clay, the thermal conductivity coefficient ranges from 0.10 to 0.18 W/(m?°C). The range of values ​​is quite narrow, which indicates high thermal insulation properties material. With increasing density, the thermal conductivity coefficient increases. This is due to a decrease in the number and volume of pores containing the main heat insulator - air.
• Water absorption- an important parameter showing the behavior of a material when exposed to water. Expanded clay is a relatively resistant material and is characterized by a water absorption value of 8-20%.
• Soundproofing- like most thermal insulation components, expanded clay has increased sound insulation. Best results achieved with sound insulation wooden floor, in which expanded clay acts as a layer between the outer part of the floor and the interfloor slab.
• Frost resistance- due to low water absorption and clay, which is the basis of the material, expanded clay has fairly high frost-resistant properties. Numerical values ​​are not standardized by standards, since expanded clay is frost-resistant “by default.” Only the indicators of building stones that contain expanded clay - expanded clay blocks - are standardized.

When choosing expanded clay for various construction works, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with its main characteristics in advance. Physico-mechanical properties and application of this environmentally friendly material are largely determined by the size of the granules. Where to use expanded clay of different fractions and how it differs - this is what we will talk about next.

Porous clay granules, swollen under the influence of high temperatures, acquire a whole complex useful qualities while remaining as natural as possible. Expanded clay of any fraction is characterized by a high level of heat and sound insulation, strength, resistance to frost and fire, and low volumetric weight. At the same time, the material has its own characteristics, depending on the “caliber” of the particles. Detailed description you will find a method for making expanded clay.

Description and characteristics

Granules are made in sizes from 0.05 to 4 cm, they are divided into 4 categories - expanded clay sand 0-5 mm and three types of gravel:

• small – 5-10 mm;
• average – 10-20 mm;
• large – 20-40 mm.

Table 1 shows the main specifications named varieties.

Comparing expanded clay fractions with each other, it is worth noting that the heat-saving capacity of medium and coarse gravel is somewhat greater. Taking into account their low bulk density, it is better to use them for insulating unloaded areas. And, conversely, fine-grained material is more durable - such expanded clay is most often chosen for floor screed. All types are characterized high level moisture absorption (from 8 to 20%), therefore they need reliable waterproofing.

Application of expanded clay

Due to the variation in the values ​​of physical and technical parameters, the use of bulk material from baked clay has its own nuances.

1. Expanded clay sand (0-5 mm).

There are two types of technology for producing fine-grained expanded clay. The first method is firing small particles of clay in special ovens with active aeration. This is an ineffective technique because small granules stick to large ones. Higher-quality small-caliber expanded clay is obtained by crushing expanded clay gravel on special roller crushers. The price of crushed expanded clay is much higher than granulated.

Fine expanded clay is used for thermal insulation of floors and wall masonry.

• Wet screed. In order to achieve real insulation with its help, small granules should not be introduced into the solution. As a result, their pores become clogged with cement, and thermal insulation deteriorates. It is better to backfill the floor layer by layer with expanded clay (4 cm each), distributing between them cement-sand mixture. This technique allows you to install screeds maximum thickness 200 mm.
• Warm solution. From the point of view of thermal resistance, the most vulnerable point in the masonry is the seams. A conventional sand-cement composition has a thermal conductivity coefficient of 1.15 W/m o C (more than sand-lime brick). This figure can be reduced several times if you use fine expanded clay sand (0-3 mm). By blocking the “cold bridges”, the wall is insulated.

Crushed sand is also used in the production of expanded clay concrete. Small particles mix well with cement and sand concrete, so the blocks are stronger and harder than those made from expanded clay gravel (but less warm).

2. Fine gravel (5-10 mm).

The material of this fraction is used in several directions.

2.1. Expanded clay for leveling floors - dry screed. It provides insulation and ideally levels the plane for subsequent installation of gypsum fiber boards ( gypsum fiber sheets). If the screed is 10 cm thick, then for backfilling you should buy fine gravel at the rate of 35-40 kg per 1 m2. First, the floor is covered with polyethylene film, a screed level is applied, expanded clay insulation is poured into sectors, it is leveled with a rule, GSP sheets are laid, and the cracks are filled with polyurethane foam.

2.2. Insulation of facades. Gravel of the 5-10 mm fraction is used to create thermal insulation layers during the construction of walls. The following options are possible:

• filling cavities with lightweight well masonry;
• filling the space between the inner brick wall And external structure from silicate or facing bricks, as well as concrete blocks for plaster;
• thermal insulation of a frame or block house - backfilling of fine gravel between the wall and facade material(for this purpose, leave a gap of 10 cm).

In all cases, the insulation is compacted and poured with cement laitance. To protect porous granules from dampness, a ventilation gap is installed. Fine gravel is widely used in the production of expanded clay concrete blocks, characterized by low thermal conductivity.

3. Medium gravel (10-20 mm).

Like its smaller analogue, it is suitable for filling the space between external and internal walls. Another area of ​​application is the insulation of flat roofs or pitched roof with a slight slope. First, the rafters with the sheathing are lined with a vapor barrier, then the bulk building material is laid in a layer of 20-30 cm. To evenly distribute the granules along the length of the slope, transverse stops are secured between the rafters. Expanded clay is poured in portions, covered roll waterproofing, the joints of which are sealed bitumen mastic. The roofing material is installed step by step.

When carrying out work, the weather must be dry. The roof structure requires additional strengthening to support the weight of the insulation. Flat roof strengthen reinforced concrete slab. For a pitched roof, the cross-section is increased wooden elements, install additional stops, struts, bars.

4. Coarse gravel (20-40 mm).

The material of this fraction has a low bulk density, and therefore has found application as insulation. attic floors, basements, as well as foundations.

• Thermal insulation of the attic. Due to the low weight of expanded clay of large fractions, the load on the floors is reduced, so the thickness of the insulating layer in the attic can be increased to 16 cm. First, the beams are protected with a vapor barrier (Izospan, aluminum foil, polyethylene film). Next, a layer of crushed clay is laid, and coarse gravel is poured on top. To increase the strength of the surface, it is applied to expanded clay. wet screed(if ceilings allow).
• Insulating the floor in the basement. A sand cushion is placed on the earthen base and compacted. Laying plastic film with the approach to the walls, a layer of expanded clay 10 cm thick is poured. It is reinforced on top steel mesh and lay them down cement screed. If the floor is already covered with concrete, longitudinal and transverse joists are mounted on it. The resulting cells are filled with gravel, after which the frame is sheathed with wooden flooring.
• Thermal insulation finished foundation expanded clay. This method is quite old, but is still popular. The technology involves digging a trench along the perimeter of the foundation to a depth of soil freezing, with a width of at least 50 cm. Formwork is constructed from available materials (slate, used boards or bars). Its inner surface is lined with roofing felt for waterproofing. After this, fill the space with gravel of a fraction of 20-40 mm, cover it with roofing felt. Sand is poured on top and a concrete blind area is made.

average cost expanded clay

The price of bulk insulation depends on the size of the granules and the grade of strength, as well as on the form in which it is supplied - packaged in a bag or loose. Expanded clay in bulk of any fraction is cheaper than the same expanded clay in bags. You can buy material in Moscow at retail trade and from the manufacturer (directly or through official dealers). The absence of an intermediary, as well as purchasing in bulk, can significantly reduce construction costs. The average cost of a cubic meter of insulation is shown in Table 2.

Type of delivery	Price, rub/m3
Fraction	0-5	5-10	10-20	20-40
In bags	2200	2050	1400	1400
in bulk	1900	1750	1100	1100

Buyers are often interested in... This depends on the fraction of the material and the container capacity: it comes in 50-, 40- and 25-liter sizes. Table 3 will help you compare the cost of packaged insulation.

Fraction	Bag, volume, l (m3)	Number of bags in 1 m3	Price per bag, rubles
0-5	40 (0,04)	25	88
5-10	40 (0,04)	25	82
10-20	25 (0,025)	40	35
10-20	50 (0,05)	20	70
20-40	25 (0,025)	40	35
20-40	50 (0,05)	20	70

Expanded clay - bulk insulation ny material. It consists of light porous balls or baked fusible clay, therefore it is exceptionally environmentally friendly and safe for humans and environment.

Production

For insulation to be effective, it must be small. This can be achieved by foaming clay. This happens along the technological chain at the plant:

1. In special installations, low-melting clay is subjected to powerful thermal shock. This ensures high porosity of the raw material.

The technical characteristics of expanded clay directly depend on the accuracy production processes: deviation from manufacturing standards may result in insufficient porosity and tightness, and fragility of the insulation.

Properties

Like any building material, expanded clay has a certain set of characteristics that are taken into account when designing objects under construction. These include:

• Bulk and specific density.
• Waterproof and humidityproof.
• Durability brand.
• Thermal conductivity.
• Frost resistance.

The density of expanded clay is the primary parameter on which all other values ​​depend. The concept refers to the ratio of mass to volume of production.

True and specific gravity

The weight of the granules will tell you a lot about the material, primarily about the thermal insulation and efficiency of the material.

The density of expanded clay, like any other, can be true and specific (bulk). These parameters are interrelated and depend on the method of production of the material - dry, wet, plastic and powder-plastic. Each method has its own technology for foaming raw materials, which is the determining factor in determining the weight.

The specific density of expanded clay is one of the most important characteristics material. It shows the ratio of the mass of the selected amount of material to its volume. Since expanded clay is a loose insulation with a porous structure, the shape of the balls is not constant, and there are air gaps between them. Therefore, for the same volume of material the specific (bulk) density will be different.

The true density of expanded clay (another common name is volumetric) is determined in laboratory or factory conditions and shows the weight of the mass of compacted material without air gaps.

Fractions and weight

The insulation is divided into groups according to the size of the granules. The fraction and density of expanded clay are related inverse proportion- the smaller the balls, the higher the mass-to-volume ratio:

There is another classification given by GOST 9757-90. According to the document, expanded clay is divided into grades according to It is designated by the letter M, followed by the numerical value of the maximum density for the category: M250 weighs 250 kg/m 3, then in order up to M600: M300, M350, M400, M450, M500.

Performance ratio

Expanded clay is inextricably linked with other important indicators- with humidity and thermal conductivity. This characteristic is always taken into account when choosing material for insulating floors, ceilings and walls.

Knowing normal value bulk density and we can determine its moisture content. If it is higher than permissible, then the porous granules must be dried before being placed in the structure. GOST 9757-90 “Gravel, crushed stone and artificial porous sand” regulates no more than 2% excess moisture. Accordingly, when weighing expanded clay, the mass of water in it is taken into account, then it is subtracted.

The relationship between density and thermal conductivity is conditional, but still exists. As you know from the physics course school curriculum, the lower the mass-to-volume ratio, the worse the material conducts heat. This rule also applies to loose expanded clay. The denser it is, the worse it retains heat. When using such material, it is necessary to carefully calculate the required layer size so that the structure does not freeze and does not conduct cold air.

Other technical characteristics

Specific gravity has no effect on the others performance, but it’s worth talking about them.

The strength of expanded clay granules is achieved at the production stage during the second stage - melting. Its size is determined by laboratory tests by squeezing the granules in a cylinder. It is worth noting that the method has a significant drawback: the result of measuring strength depends on the shape of the grain and the distribution of pores inside it. To obtain relatively reliable information, I test up to 10 balls from one production batch of material. The strength of expanded clay ranges from 0.3...6.0 MN/m2, which is good indicator, so the material is added as an aggregate to concrete.

Thermal conductivity of bulk insulating material on average is 0.08...0.12 W/m*K, which is 8-10 times higher than that of traditional slab insulation. However, the use of the material is possible if a sufficient thickness of the insulating layer is determined and laid.

The frost resistance of expanded clay should be at least 15 full cycles. For external structures (walls, first floor ceilings), it is advisable to select up to 50 cycles.

The water absorption of properly manufactured insulation is almost zero due to the tightness of the granule body due to repeated firing. If water is absorbed into the granules, the material will cease to perform its functions and begin to deteriorate. Therefore, GOST 9757-90 sets the maximum permissible threshold of 10-25% by weight, depending on the thickness of the layer.

To ensure compliance with all technical indicators, they are monitored at the production stage. After transportation, the insulation must be stored in conditions of low humidity without additional destructive environmental influences. Preference should be given to closed deposits and hangars.

Expanded clay is not afraid of mold, rodents and other biological pests, which is why its use in closed structures completely safe.

Return