Tangram is a puzzle that consists of a square cut into 7 parts in a certain way. For preschoolers tangram - great lesson to prepare for school. And at the age of 5 - 6 years, children love to play. They are interested in picture puzzles.
The goal of the game is to assemble figures of people, animals, birds, numbers, objects from tangram parts...
Tangram game rules:
- The assembled figure must include all seven parts.
- The parts must not overlap each other.
- The parts must be adjacent to each other.
Tangram diagram
(print possible in Word, download file by clicking on the picture with the mouse)
Tangram parts
This is the tangram itself; invented pictures are obtained from its parts. You can buy it, but you can easily make it yourself using the construction diagram. The drawing can be printed on colored paper on a printer or drawn yourself using a ruler. Cut out puzzle pieces from colored paper. Then, laying out the desired figure, glue it onto a thick sheet.
An example of a diagram of a dog - made by 1st grade students for a math and technology lesson.
The tangram game for children can be played at several levels of difficulty. It’s better to start with the simplest thing - lay out the figure according to the sample.
Scheme - rocket
This is how you can make a house out of a tangram.
At the second stage, you can invite children to lay out the figures in a continuous pattern.
And the third level, the most difficult: come up with your own figures that look like people, animals, birds. We offer pictures created by children.
Tangram pattern - fox
Hare and camel
Scheme - man
Figures - fish
Print the diagram of tangram animals.
(fox, cat, hare, camel, horse, dog)
Print the tangram numbers diagram
(Clicking on the image will download a Word document file in docx format, which can be printed using Word)
There are various legends about the appearance of the tangram. Here is one of them...
Almost two and a half thousand years ago, the middle-aged Emperor of China gave birth to a long-awaited son and heir. Years passed. The boy grew up healthy and smart beyond his years. One thing worried the old emperor: his son, the future ruler of a huge country, did not want to study. The boy found it more enjoyable to play with toys all day long.
The emperor called to him three wise men, one of whom was famous as a mathematician, another famous as an artist, and the third was a famous philosopher, and ordered them to come up with a game, by playing with which his son would comprehend the principles of mathematics, learn to look at the world through the gaze of an artist, I would become patient, like a true philosopher, and would understand that complex things are often made up of simple things.
Three wise men came up with "Shi-Chao-Tyu" - a square cut into seven parts.
Many shapes can be made from tangram parts. You can invite your child to make, for example, transport - a boat, an airplane, figures - fencers, a rooster, a pelican, a tree, a candle.
Didactic puzzle game "Tangram"
Tolstopyatova Iraida Anatolyevna, teacher of the MADOU “Sorceress”, Labytnangi, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.Purpose: This game introduces children to geometric shapes, teaches them how to fold certain shapes, and is recommended for children of middle and older preschool age, as well as for teachers and parents.
Didactic puzzle game "Tangram"
Target: Teach children to play puzzle games independently, to be able to lay out from a set geometric shapes, a variety of silhouettes.
Tasks: Develop children's spatial understanding, constructive thinking, logic, imagination, and intelligence.
Develop fine motor skills to prepare children for school.
Cultivate patience and perseverance.
Rules of the game: In the game you must comply following rules:
1.When composing images, the entire set of parts is used as a whole.
2.The parts of the geometric constructor are attached to each other.
Does everyone know what a tangram is? This is one of the famous puzzles. She was born in China more than 3,000 years ago. From the 7 elements into which the square is divided, you can create a set various items and animal figures.
Draw a square like this on cardboard and divide it into parts. To begin, ask your child to put these pieces back together into a square. It is better if the child completes the task without looking at the drawing of the square. But if it doesn’t work out, then, of course, you can use the sample.
These figures are used to create a variety of silhouettes. It is easier for a child to do this using samples with drawn components. Outline patterns are more difficult to reproduce.
Real drawings of those objects, the silhouette image of which is created using a puzzle game, are very useful. In this case, it will be easier for the child to imagine the depicted object and, perhaps, create his own version. Such activities are useful in preparing children for school.
A ball of fluff -
Long ear.
Jumps deftly
Loves carrots (hare).
Cunning cheat -
Red head.
Lives in the forest
In the village, a fox steals chickens.
He sleeps in a den in winter
Under a huge pine tree.
And when spring comes,
Wakes up from sleep (bear).
Not a horseman, but with spurs.
It's winged, but doesn't fly well.
On lashes and fences
The rooster sings songs.
The girl can be laid out in another way.
Christmas tree is laid out different ways.
You can create pictures by first laying them out on the table and then gluing them onto paper.
To prevent the shapes from getting confused, I glued envelopes for them, and geometric shapes different color, to make it easier to put into envelopes.
Do you like to play?
- The significance and indispensability of games in our lives has long been proven by many psychologists, scientists and life itself. We have been playing since childhood, learning to communicate while playing and building relationships.
Gathering with the whole family or with friends, chatting about different things, treating everyone to something tasty, playing a few exciting games of a board game - all this is what gives our life a special flavor.
Today, the passion for board games is becoming total. After all, modern board games are not only “adventure” games, but also strategic, economic, detective, and logical games.
There are already up to 10 thousand in the world board games different topics. Of course, it’s impossible to keep up with all the innovations, and some games are too expensive. But you can make the game yourself
Tangram
The success of children mastering the game depends on the children’s sensory development. Children named geometric figures, their properties, their features, move the pieces freely. Children develop the ability to analyze images, identify geometric shapes, modify shapes by cutting and composing them from parts.
There are various puzzle games for recreating planar images of objects, animals, birds, houses, ships from geometric shapes, such as: “Tangram”, “Pythagoras”, “Sphinx”, “Magic Circle”, “Columbus Egg”, “Leaf” , "Vietnamese Game", "Pentamino".
But now we will consider only one of them - “Tangram”.
The appearance of this Chinese puzzle is associated with a beautiful legend. Almost two and a half thousand years ago, the middle-aged Emperor of China gave birth to a long-awaited son and heir. Years passed. The boy grew up healthy and smart beyond his years. One thing bothered the old emperor. The boy took great pleasure in playing with toys all day long. The emperor called to himself three wise men, one of whom was known as a mathematician, another became famous as an artist, and the third was a famous philosopher, and ordered them to come up with a game, by playing with which, his son would comprehend the principles of mathematics, learn to look at the world around him with the gaze of an artist , would become patient, like a true philosopher, and would understand that complex things are often made up of simple things. Three wise men came up with "Shi-Chao-Tyu" - a square cut into seven parts.
They say that tangram was the favorite game of Napoleon, who, having lost his throne, spent long hours in exile playing this game, “exercising his patience and resourcefulness.”
The essence of the game is to create a wide variety of shapes and silhouettes of objects according to a model or design on a plane of seven parts of a square. Commercial kits usually come with task cards.
1 option: Simplest. If the child is small, ask him to make a figure by superimposing elements on a sample, divided into component parts.
Option 2: If you have figured out the first one, then you can compose the figures according to the example, that is, the picture is in front of you and you compose the elements by looking at the figures divided into parts.
Option 3: For older children, you can leave only the outlines in the figure.
Option 4: Actually creative tasks- come up with and put together the figure yourself.
Kids can also get involved in the puzzle. You can come up with very simple tasks for them. For example, fold two triangles or two rectangles into squares, or triangles into a large triangle or parallelogram. This method allows you to study basic geometric shapes.
You can make a tangram yourself. It's very simple. You will need a puzzle template. Print the Tangram or draw it yourself based on the sample. You can use multi-colored elements, if the child is small - at the same time remember the colors, and it’s more interesting to work - play with colorful
material.
When solving the puzzle, two rules must be followed: first, you must use all seven tangram shapes, and second, the shapes must not overlap each other. Taking on board mathematical science– combinatorics, more than 5000 were received possible options folded figures.
Assembly examples:
"PYTHAGORAS"
Pythagoras puzzlevery similar to the good old Tangram.Puzzlehas the shape of a square cut into 7 parts, combining which you can create a huge number of geometric shapes, silhouettes of animals, people, various items and so on. All details different sizes, this is the difficulty, so putting together a figure from them is quite difficult.
In the instructions for puzzle15 different tasks are offered.Pythagoras puzzlecan be used in mathematics classes, at home or at school, because it perfectly promotes the development of imagination, logic, attention, spatial thinking, mathematical and creativity. You can make it from cardboard or cut it out of plasticPythagoras puzzleand your family is guaranteed positive emotions and good mood.
MAGIC SQUARE
The geometric puzzle Magic Square belongs to the second level of difficulty and is suitable for children aged 4 years and older. While working with the puzzle, the child will become familiar with simple geometric shapes: triangle, trapezoid, square.
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Puzzle “Mongolian game”
A type of geometric puzzle, similar to the “Tangram” or “Pythagorean Square”.
The puzzle is a square cut into 11 parts: 2 squares, one large rectangle, 4 small rectangles, 4 triangles. It is best to make such a puzzle from double-sided cardboard or plastic.
The essence of the game- assemble figures from these elements using the mosaic principle.
How to play:
Make geometric shapes according to the model. You can find it on the Internet ready-made tasks with answers, or you can come up with tasks for your child yourself.
In order to draw the figures you will need a checkered sheet. You can take a regular sheet of school paper. The elements that make up the “Mongolian Game” are very simple, and it will not be difficult for you to create compositions from them.
Here, for example, are several figures composed of puzzle elements.
If the child is small, then you can make figures according to the example, that is, figures divided into component parts. For older children, you can leave only the outlines in the figure.
Kids can also get involved in the puzzle. You can come up with very simple tasks for them. For example, fold two triangles or two rectangles into squares, or triangles into a large triangle or parallelogram. This method allows you to study basic geometric shapes.
Puzzle "Sphinx"
4 triangles and 3 quadrilaterals with different aspect ratios. From
elements you can collect silhouettes of birds, humans, animals, developing
observation and geometric imagination.
The instructions contain
diagrams for constructing more than two dozen figures:
Puzzle games develop spatial imagination, combinatorial abilities, intelligence, ingenuity, and resourcefulness. Easy to understand, but quite difficult to solve, the puzzles walk the fine line between exciting play and intellectual development.
Puzzles from Alexey Shamshin
Archimedes' puzzle STOMACHION
The proposed puzzle Archimedes game is a unique geometric construction set that was played in ancient times. Its other name is "Stomachion".
Game elements are obtained by arbitrarily dividing a rectangle into 14 parts. From the resulting parts, various object silhouettes are constructed on a plane, for example, a sitting dog, a running person, various flowers, birds. You can also create multi-figure compositions. It is necessary to introduce the child to the game gradually.
Practice recognizing geometric shapes with your child. You can invite the child to count the sides, angles, group the shapes by shape, size, and name them. Then try to construct simple images. To make the Archimedes game easier, it is suggested that you first lay out the figures according to the attached diagrams.
Puzzle "LEAF"
Geometric mosaic puzzle Leaf is designed for children aged 4 years and above.a figurine resembling a lilac leaf. This lilac leaf is laid out from other shapes: triangles, squares, trapezoids.
Working with a puzzle develops a child's eye, shape perception, hand-eye coordination, spatial thinking and imagination.Promotes the development of arbitrariness (the ability to play by the rules and follow instructions), cognitive activity, fine motor skills, imagination, formation of sensory standards of color, size and shape, combinatorial abilities,abstract thinking.
"Magic Circle"
The circle is cut into 10 parts. The rules of the game are the same as in other similar games: use all 10 parts to compose the silhouette, without overlapping one with the other. The cut circle should be colored equally on both sides.
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VIETNAMESE GAME
The “Vietnamese Game” includes a circle divided into seven parts and a frame into which the elements are placed. All puzzle pieces are streamlined, some of them are the same size. Invite your child to construct the silhouette of an animal or bird from intricate details. At first, you can use not all elements, then gradually complicate the tasks.
You can design according to diagrams, or you can invent your own plot compositions.
By constructing simple figurative figures, children learn the perception of shape, the ability to isolate a figure from the background, and identify the main features of an object. The puzzle develops the eye, analytical and synthetic functions, imagination (reproductive and creative), hand-eye coordination, and the ability to work according to rules. The game is intended for children from 4 years old
COLUMBUS EGG
There is a story - perhaps fictitious. The discoverer of America, Columbus, was invited to the almighty Cardinal Mendoza. At the table, at the request of the guests, he began to tell how exactly it was opened to them New World(which, however, he considered India). Someone present, a limited but self-confident person, shrugged his shoulders and said: “Is it so simple?”
Columbus looked at him and handed him what was on the platter. egg: “Make it stand on its toe.” Of course, attempts to install the egg were unsuccessful. “This is unthinkable...” said Columbus’s discouraged interlocutor. “It's very simple!” - the navigator answered with a grin and, breaking the sock of an egg on the table, easily made him stand.
The expression “Columbus egg” has become the embodiment of a witty and unexpected way out of a difficulty, synonymous with a simple resolution of difficult issues.
Let's get acquainted with the fascinating puzzle Columbus's Egg, which will perfectly brighten up time on the road, waiting at the clinic and, of course, develop the child's logic and thinking. The principle of the game is simple. Cut the egg figurine along the lines into small parts. The child’s task is to assemble the figurine according to the model. But sometimes you can fantasize and come up with your own options, and see a familiar image in the figure.
Here are the figures with tasks
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Pentamino
Famous logic game-puzzle. It was this game that inspired Alexey Pajitnov to create the popular computer game Tetris.
Pentamino is a very popular logic game and puzzle at the same time. The elements in the game are flat figures, each of which consists of five identical squares. There are a total of 12 pentomino elements, denoted by Latin letters, the shape of which they resemble
You can make pentominoes from cubes, but then you will need to glue and cover 60 cubes with colored film - a bit difficult. We suggest making elements from thick cardboard.
- We draw each element on hard cardboard, cut it out, check that the element fits into the “U” element. Trim excess if necessary. We drew details from 2.5x2.5 cm squares.
- We trace the finished cardboard element on colored paper folded in half and cut out two colored parts at once. It’s better to make colored parts smaller than cardboard ones, and they stick better, and the corners will be more even.
- Glue with glue stick colored paper on both sides of the cardboard.
- We find a box for storing parts, where we will also put diagrams and tasks for the game later.
Tangram is an ancient oriental puzzle made from figures obtained by cutting a square into 7 parts in a special way: 2 large triangles, one medium one, 2 small triangles, a square and a parallelogram. As a result of folding these parts together, flat figures are obtained, the contours of which resemble all kinds of objects, from humans, animals to tools and household items. These types of puzzles are often called "geometric puzzles", "cardboard puzzles" or "cut puzzles".
With a tangram, a child will learn to analyze images, identify geometric shapes in them, learn to visually break an entire object into parts, and vice versa - to compose a given model from elements, and most importantly - to think logically.
How to make a tangram
A tangram can be made from cardboard or paper by printing a template and cutting along the lines. You can download and print the tangram square diagram by clicking on the picture and selecting “print” or “save image as...”.
It is possible without a template. We draw a diagonal in the square - we get 2 triangles. We cut one of them in half into 2 small triangles. Mark the middle on each side of the second large triangle. We cut off the middle triangle and other shapes using these marks. There are other options for how to draw a tangram, but when you cut it into pieces, they will be absolutely the same.
A more practical and durable tangram can be cut from a rigid office folder or plastic box from under DVD. You can complicate your task a little by cutting out a tangram from pieces of different felt, stitching them along the edges, or even from plywood or wood.
How to play tangram
Each piece of the game must be made up of seven tangram parts, and they must not overlap.
Most easy option for preschool children 4-5 years old - collect figures according to diagrams (answers) lined up into elements, like a mosaic. A little practice, and the child will learn to make figures according to the pattern-contour and even come up with his own figures according to the same principle.
Schemes and figures of the tangram game
IN Lately Tangrams are often used by designers. The most successful use of tangram is perhaps as furniture. There are tangram tables and transformable cushioned furniture, and cabinet furniture. All furniture built on the tangram principle is quite comfortable and functional. It can change depending on the mood and desire of the owner. How many different options and combinations can be made from triangular, square and quadrangular shelves. When purchasing such furniture, along with instructions, the buyer is given several sheets with pictures on different topics that can be folded from these shelves.In the living room you can hang shelves in the shape of people, in the nursery you can put cats, hares and birds from the same shelves, and in the dining room or library - the drawing can be on a construction theme - houses, castles, temples.
Here is such a multifunctional tangram.
Assembling a tangram
According to one legend, the tangram appeared almost two and a half thousand years ago in Ancient China. The middle-aged emperor had a long-awaited son and heir. Years passed. The boy grew up healthy and smart beyond his years. But the old emperor was worried that his son, the future ruler of a huge country, did not want to study. The boy liked to play with toys more. The emperor called to himself three wise men, one of whom was known as a mathematician, another became famous as an artist, and the third was a famous philosopher, and ordered them to come up with a game, by playing with which, his son would comprehend the principles of mathematics, learn to look at the world around him with the gaze of an artist , would become patient, like a true philosopher, and would understand that complex things are often made up of simple things. And the three wise men came up with “Shi-Chao-Tyu” - a square cut into seven parts.
Parfenova Valentina Nikolaevna, teacher kindergarten
One of components methodological support for the section “Elementary mathematical representations in kindergarten" is the game "Tangram", through which you can solve mathematical, speech and correctional problems.
The game “Tangram” is one of the simple mathematical games. The game is easy to make. A 10 by 10 cm square of cardboard or plastic, equally colored on both sides, is cut into 7 parts, which are called tans. The result is 2 large, 2 small and 1 medium triangles, a square and a parallelogram. Each child is given an envelope with 7 tanas and a sheet of cardboard on which they lay out a picture from the sample. Using all 7 tanas, tightly attaching them to one another, children create a lot of different images based on samples and according to their own ideas.
The game is interesting for both children and adults. Children are captivated by the result - they are involved in active practical activities to select a way to arrange the figures in order to create a silhouette.
Success in mastering the game preschool age depends on the level of sensory development of children. While playing, children remember the names of geometric figures, their properties, distinctive features, examine the forms visually and tactile-motor, and freely move them in order to obtain a new figure. Children develop the ability to analyze simple images, identify geometric shapes in them and in surrounding objects, practically modify the figures by cutting them and composing them from parts.
At the first stage of mastering the game “Tangram,” a series of exercises are carried out aimed at developing children’s spatial concepts, elements of geometric imagination, and developing practical skills in composing new figures by joining one of them to another.
Children are offered different tasks: to compose figures according to a model, an oral task, or a plan. These exercises are preparatory to the second stage of mastering the game - composing figures using dissected patterns<Приложение №1 >.
To successfully recreate figures, you need the ability to visually analyze the shape of a planar figure and its parts. Children often make mistakes in connecting figures on the sides and in proportion.
This is followed by exercises in composing figures. In case of difficulties, children turn to the model. It is made in the form of a table on a sheet of paper of the same silhouette figure size as the sets of figures that children have. This makes it easier in the first lessons to analyze and check the reconstructed image with a sample<Рисунок №1>.
The third stage of mastering the game is the compilation of figures according to patterns of a contour nature, undivided<Приложение №1>. This is available to children 6-7 years old, subject to training. Games for composing figures using patterns are followed by exercises in composing images according to one’s own design.
The stages of work on introducing the game “Tangram” with children of senior preschool age with general speech underdevelopment (GSD) were as follows.
At first, the “Tangram” game was played as part of a math lesson for 5-7 minutes. Observations of children during the game confirmed the fact that the children liked the game. After this, an element of competition was introduced, and the one who posted the picture faster than others received a reward-chip.
The children were even more interested in this. They began to ask for more time to play “Tangram”. This made it possible to conduct mathematical leisure activities, quizzes, where children played for up to 20-40 minutes.
To enrich the theme of the game, there was a need for variety of this material, he was found in magazines “ Primary School”, “Preschool education”, in the books of Z.A. Mikhailova, T.I. Tarabarina, N.V. Elkina. and etc.
Many pictures were developed by the teacher. A number of pictures were created by children preparatory group. Observations of children have confirmed that this game develops mental and speech abilities in children.
There were guys diagnosed with “general speech underdevelopment”, with bad memory, with a small vocabulary, closed. They played alone more often. Teachers played with these children individually and offered pictures for the whole family to play at home. The results were unexpected, the children began to level out, some faster, some slower, but they no longer lagged behind their peers in posting pictures and were even ahead of some. Having overcome their shyness and reticence, these children began to quickly master the alphabet, reading, mathematics and left kindergarten with pure speech, being able to read and count well.
The next stage in complicating this game was the selection of speech material for the pictures: riddles, funny short poems, tongue twisters, tongue twisters, counting rhymes, physical exercises. In a speech therapy kindergarten, this speech material has become especially useful for children with sound pronunciation and speech disorders. While playing “Tangram”, children memorized this material, reinforced and automated sounds in tongue twisters and tongue twisters. The children's speech was enriched and their memory was trained.
While playing “Tangram,” children’s quantitative skills were strengthened. (There are 5 triangles in total, 2 large triangles, 2 small triangles, 1 medium-sized triangle. There are 7 tans in the game in total).
Children practically mastered ordinal counting. So, if we count the tans of the “Rocket” picture from top to bottom, then the square is in fifth place, small triangles are in first and fourth place, the middle triangle is in third, large triangles are in sixth and seventh place<Приложение №1 >.
By counting tanas from top to bottom, from left to right, children practice orientation on a sheet of paper.
When composing this or that picture, children compare the size of the triangles, determine the place for small, large and medium triangles in the pictures of the game “Tangram”.
Children's knowledge of geometric shapes in this game (triangle, square and quadrangle) is constantly reinforced.
By playing and rearranging small cardboard figures, children train the small muscles of their hands and fingers.
IN speech therapy groups In kindergarten, work is carried out on lexical and grammatical topics, within the framework of which children’s knowledge about the world around them is clarified and consolidated. Pictures for the game “Tangram” have been developed on many topics (wild and domestic animals and birds, trees, houses, furniture, toys, dishes, transport, people, family, flowers, mushrooms, insects, fish, etc.). Pictures have been developed on the topic “Wild Animals”: hare, fox, wolf, bear, squirrel, lion, kangaroo<Приложение №1 >. By playing with pictures and laying them out, children learn a variety of speech material, and also reinforce and automate the sounds set by the speech therapist.
Dads often wonder: what to play with their child at home? Yes, so that the game would be beneficial for the development of the baby. Especially if this baby is already running around and chatting at the top of his lungs.
At a time when mothers love to play games to develop their child’s creative abilities (singing, drawing, sculpting with their baby), fathers are more often concerned about the logical and mathematical development of their child. So what should you play?
We offer you the “Tangram” puzzle game, which you, dear dads, can easily make for your children yourself. This game is often called a “cardboard puzzle” or “geometric construction game.” “Tangram” is one of the simple puzzles that a child from 3.5-4 years old can do, and by complicating the tasks, it can be interesting and useful for children 5-7 years old.
How to make a "Tangram"?
Making a puzzle is very simple. You need a square 8x8 cm. You can cut it out of cardboard or smooth ceiling tiles(if left after repair) or from a plastic box from DVD movies. The main thing is that this material is equally colored on both sides. Then the same square is cut into 7 parts. These should be: 2 large, 1 medium and 2 small triangles, a square and a parallelogram. Using all 7 parts, tightly attaching them to each other, you can create a lot of different figures based on samples and according to your own design.
How is play useful for a child?
Initially, "tangram" is a puzzle. It is aimed at developing logical, spatial and constructive thinking and intelligence.
As a result of these game exercises and tasks, the child will learn to analyze simple images, identify geometric shapes in them, visually break an entire object into parts and, conversely, compose a given model from elements.
So where to start?
Stage 1
To begin with, you can compose images from two or three elements. For example, make a square or a trapezoid from triangles. The child can be asked to count all the pieces, compare them by size, and find triangles among them.
Then you can simply put the parts next to each other and see what happens: a mushroom, a house, a Christmas tree, a bow, a candy, etc.
Stage 2
A little later, you can move on to exercises on folding figures according to a given example. In these tasks you need to use all 7 puzzle elements. It’s better to start by drawing up a hare - this is the simplest of the figures below.
Stage 3
A more difficult and interesting task for the children is to recreate images using contour samples. This exercise requires visual division of the form into its component parts, that is, into geometric shapes. Such tasks can be offered to children 5-6 years old.
This is more complicated - the figures of a person running and sitting.
These are the most difficult pieces in this puzzle. But after practice, we think your guys will be able to do them too.
Here children can collect images according to their own ideas. The picture is first conceived mentally, then the individual parts are assembled, after which the whole picture is created.
Dear dads, it is not at all necessary to spend money on expensive toys. Remember that the most expensive of all toys for a child may be those that you make for him yourself. And, of course, with whom you will play together.
More tasks with answers to the puzzle:
To organize classes, the following tools and accessories are needed: ruler, square, compass, scissors, pencil, cardboard.
- "Tangram"
"Tangram" is a simple game that will be interesting for children and adults. The success of mastering the game in preschool age depends on the level of sensory development of the child. Children should know not only the names of geometric shapes, but also their properties and distinctive features.
A square measuring 100x100 mm, covered on both sides with colored paper, is cut into 7 parts. The result is 2 large, 1 medium and 2 small triangles, a square and a parallelogram. The resulting figures are used to create various silhouettes.
Pythagoras puzzle
Cut a square measuring 7x7 cm into 7 parts. From the resulting figures, combine various silhouettes.
"Magic Circle"
The circle is cut into 10 parts. The rules of the game are the same as in other similar games: use all 10 parts to compose the silhouette, without overlapping one with the other. The cut circle should be colored equally on both sides.
Tangram (Chinese: 七巧板, pinyin qī qiǎo bǎn, lit. “seven tablets of mastery”) is a puzzle consisting of seven flat figures that are folded in a certain way to obtain another, more complex figure (depicting a person, an animal, a household item, letter or number, etc.). The figure that needs to be obtained is usually specified in the form of a silhouette or an external contour. When solving the puzzle, two conditions must be met: first, you must use all seven tangram shapes, and second, the shapes must not overlap each other.
Figures
The dimensions are given relative to a large square, the sides and area of which are taken equal to 1.
5 right triangles
· 2 small ones (with hypotenuse, equal and legs)
1 middle (hypotenuse and legs)
· 2 large (hypotenuse and legs)
1 square (with side)
1 parallelogram (with sides and and angles and)
Among these seven parts, the parallelogram is distinguished by its absence mirror symmetry(it has only rotational symmetry), so its mirror image can only be obtained by flipping it over. This is the only part of the tangram that needs to be turned over to form certain shapes. When using a one-sided set (in which the pieces are not allowed to be flipped), there are pieces that can be folded, while their mirror image cannot.
Pedagogical significance of tangram
Helps children develop the ability to play by the rules and follow instructions, visual-figurative thinking, imagination, attention, understanding of color, size and shape, perception, combinatorial abilities.
The author of the book, known to many readers for his appearances in the press about raising children, talks about his experience of using educational games in his family, which allow him to successfully solve the problem of developing a child’s creative abilities.
The book contains a description of games that are a kind of “mental gymnastics”, detailed description methods of their implementation and manufacturing methods.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. WHAT ARE DEVELOPMENTAL GAMES?
Educational games by Nikitin. Golden mean. Creators and performers. What kind of games does Nikitin have? How many games should you have? "Monkey"
CHAPTER 2. GAME “FOLD THE PATTERN”
When and how to start. Drawing tasks. Errors, help and tips. Not just patterns. Same, not the same. Same color. Dimensions. Check. One, many, several. Counting in order. More, less, equally. As many. Guess how much. Count down. Composition of numbers. Let's meet ten. Let's get acquainted with the numbers. Plus, minus, equal. Make-believe. We divide equally. Hide and seek with the score. We train and remember. Orientation in space. Paths and houses. Dictation with cubes. We are looking for treasure. Sequences. What changed? As it was? Perimeter and area. Figures and their sides. Getting to know the perimeter. Getting to know the square. Both perimeter and area. Combinatorics. Symmetry.
CHAPTER 3. MONTESSORI FRAMEWORKS AND INSERTS
Introduction to the game. We learn to close the “windows”. We close the “windows” ourselves. We draw frames and learn to paint. We draw frames and play. We outline the liners. Let's paint it over. Shading. “Recognize the figure by touch.” Insert by touch. Sort it out. Compare. Matches. "Beads." "House". We train attentiveness.
CHAPTER 4. “UNICUBE”, “FOLD A SQUARE” AND OTHER GAME SETS “Unicube”. "Fold a square."
Color, shape, size. Find similar. Angles. Length. What does it look like? Let's play Monkey. "Find the mistake." Draw with figures. Small copy. Initial geometry. Fill in the silhouette. What changed? As it was? Symmetry. "Bricks". "Cubes for everyone."
CHAPTER 5. NOW ATTENTION! "Attention". "Attention! Guess what?
CHAPTER 6. PLANS AND MAPS
Puppet plans. Room and apartment plan. Plan for the little ones. Plan of the surrounding area. My city. Games with real geographical maps. Games with a map hanging on the wall. Games with a card lying on the floor. Map in pieces. Travel games. Game "I know!" Guess what it is?
CHAPTER 7. WHAT TIME IS IT?
Getting to know the clock. Half an hour. How much was it? Five minutes. How to say? Schedule.
CHAPTER 8. MATHEMATICS WITH NIKITIN GAMES
"Fractions." We play with circles. Same and different. Big and small. From big to small. Let's play Monkey. As it was? Learning to count. Equally. Composition of numbers. Let's get acquainted with fractions. Numerator and denominator. From writing down numbers to counting in your head. Which part is colored? How much is missing? Whole and half. Compare fractions. Not just fractions. And again symmetry. "THERMOMETER" AND "NODES"
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES.
The text of the book itself occupies 104 pages. The rest of the appendix book is materials for games. Below are photos of individual pages of the book. For example, a page from the chapter “fold a pattern” and a page from the appendix to this game.
Photo of a couple of pages from the chapters “fractions” and “Montessori frames and inserts”
If you evaluate the book by content and style of presentation, I personally would give it a “5+”.
As can be seen from the content, the book discusses techniques for playing Nikitin games. Before purchasing this book, I already had Nikitin’s book “Intellectual Games”. Then I thought, is there still a need for a book if there is a primary source. Having bought the book, I answered myself unequivocally “yes”, because...
1. The book examines not only the games recommended by Nikitin, but also other games invented by Lena Danilova. It turns out that having several games, you can play for a long time and in a variety of ways.
2. Applications are very useful. We ourselves have so far only used the applications for the “fold the pattern” game. It’s not so easy to start making Nikitin’s patterns right away. The appendix provides examples of drawings, starting with one cube and then increasing in complexity. There are applications for other games as well.
3. The book gives recommendations on how to interest a child if you can’t play right away (they also give general recommendations, and for specific games). Not all children want to play by the rules, and not all children are ready to show interest only when they see new game, parents of such children will find a lot of useful advice in the book.
Tangram in Chinese has a literal meaning of "seven planks of mastery". It is believed that this is one of the oldest puzzles in the history of human civilization, although this is the first time about this intellectual game was mentioned in a Chinese book during the reign of the seventh Manchu emperor of the Qing state, who ruled under the motto "Jiaqing - Beautiful and Joyful." And the word “tangram” first appeared in the European lexicon in 1848 in the brochure “Puzzles for Teaching Geometry” written by Thomas Hill, later president of Harvard University.
Considered a classic tangram, it consists of seven flat geometric shapes - two large, one medium and two small triangles, a square and a parallelogram. These figures are folded to form another, more complex figure. Often these figures depict a person in various movements, some animal or object, a letter or number. The figure that needs to be folded is given in the form of a silhouette or outline, and the task is to find a solution to how to place the geometric figures included in the tangram to get the desired result.
When finding a Tangram solution, two conditions must be met: first, all seven tangram figures must be used, and second, the figures must not overlap each other (superimpose each other).
As you can see from history, very respected and intelligent people considered such a very simple-looking game to be a way of developing intelligence worthy of the closest attention. Try it too - buy a tangram and fold several figures from these seven polygons.
In addition to this type, there are other types of tangrams. They are all interesting and fun to find a solution. Try it yourself.
Puzzle "Tangram"
One of the most famous tangram fans is considered worldwide famous writer and mathematician Lewis Carroll, the same one to whom humanity owes the appearance of the various adventures of the girl Alice. He loved the game and often suggested problems to his friends from a Chinese book he owned with 323 problems.
He also wrote the book “Fashionable Chinese Puzzle,” in which he argued that Napoleon Bonaparte, after his defeat and imprisonment on St. Helena Island, spent time playing the tangram “exercising his patience and resourcefulness.” He had a classic set of this logic game from Ivory and a book with tasks. Confirmation of this activity of Napoleon is in Jerry Slocum’s book “The Tangram Book”.
An equally famous person who liked to think about putting together a puzzle of seven separate figures was Edgar Allan Poe. This popular writer of detective stories with interesting plots often solved problems of the Tangram puzzle.
We talked about only a few famous personalities who were passionate about this interesting logic game. We hope that buying the Tangram puzzle will now be more interesting. It is worth adding that the great variety of possible shapes from the seven geometric shapes is amazing - there are several thousand of them. Perhaps you can add a few more to them.
Tangram puzzle "Stomachion"(Archimedes' game)
The great thinker and mathematician Archimedes mentions this logic problem in his work, which is now called the Palimpsest of Archimedes. It contains the treatise of the same name “Stomachion”, which talks about such a concept as absolute infinity, as well as combinatorics and mathematical physics. About everything that in our modern era is an important section of computer science.
It is believed that Archimedes made attempts to find out the number of combinations with which it is possible to add up a perfect square from 14 segments. And only in 2003, with the help of a specially developed computer program American Bill Butler was able to calculate everything possible solutions. The mathematician came to the conclusion that this game has a total of 17,152 combinations, and given that the square cannot rotate and cannot have a mirror image, then there are “only” 536 options.
The puzzle game "Stomachion" is very similar to tangram and the main difference is the number and shape of the elements of which it consists. For all its simplicity, this logic game is worthy of attention. The ancient Greeks and Arabs gave great importance tasks and learning with its help.
In addition to the task of finding 536 variants of the ideal Archimedes square, this logic game offers you to add different shapes from the 14 geometric shapes that make it up. Try to put together the figures of humans, animals and objects. It's not really simple task as it may seem at first glance. The rules are simple: all elements of the Stomachion puzzle can be turned in any direction and all of them must be used.