A house project is a documentation package consisting of architectural, design and engineering sections. The basis of the project is the architectural and design sections. In principle, if the customer trusts the foreman and believes that he can assemble a professional team of engineering communications specialists, then the development of the engineering part can be abandoned. But the fact is that the architect, designer and engineer work together on the project and such issues as, for example, technological openings in ceilings and walls for laying engineering systems, are provided for by them at the design stage.

The engineering section includes several subsections

• Water supply and sewerage (WSC)

1. water supply scheme
2. sewerage diagram
3. general view of the system.

• Heating and ventilation (HVAC)

1. heating circuit
2. ventilation diagram
3. boiler piping
4. general instructions and recommendations for the section.

• Power supply (ETR)

1. lighting wiring
2. power network wiring
3. ASU diagram
4. grounding system
5. detailed description and characteristics of all system elements.

IMPORTANT
Make sure that the sections contain general data, general and technical descriptions, specifications of materials and equipment.

Price: from 40 UAH per m²

Package "Utility networks"

Package "Utility networks"

The engineering network project will allow you to correctly lay communications and make the house truly comfortable and modern.

• Price: from 40 UAH per m²

Changes in the project

All our standard projects take into account the basic needs of the average family, however, in this case there is no need to talk about the individuality of your future home. But to make the house look original and fully meet your requirements, we are ready to make changes to the project.

IMPORTANT:

• changes should not affect the reliability and quality of the house
• multiple changes are unlikely to dramatically improve the project. In this case, it is worth thinking about individual design from scratch

The following changes can be made to the house design

• moving wall partitions, but without moving load-bearing walls, allows you to remodel and change the purpose of rooms
• Changing the location of windows and doors will allow you to fully realize your ideas about comfort
• changing the type of floors and walls
• changing the height of ceilings (the projects include a height of 2.8 m);
• add attic floor
• changing the angle of roof and awnings
• changing the type of foundation, taking into account the characteristics of the soil on the site, adding or changing the basement and ground floor
• add or remove a garage, shed, outdoor parking or make changes to an existing project
• replace structural composition or add construction and finishing materials
• get the project in mirror image

Price: from 500 UAH.

Changes in the project

Changes in the project

A house built according to a standard design can look original

• Price from 500 UAH.

BIMx model

We keep up with the times and today we offer you the opportunity to receive, along with project documentation BIMx model - based on technology that provides simultaneous navigation through 2D documentation and 3D building models.

Now you can “twist, walk around inside, see your future Home from all sides” View all sizes and heights, opening specifications, etc. You will receive a file that will be your reliable, convenient assistant for monitoring construction.

*You receive the file in in electronic format and use it using the BIMX application on Apple and Android mobile devices

The BIMX application is available for free in Play Market, App store

BiMx demo

BIMx model

BIMx model

BIMx model - interactive viewing of a three-dimensional model of your home. Now you can “twist, walk around inside, see your future Home from all sides”

• Project price 3,000 UAH.

Package "Foundation adaptation"

It is difficult to predict what kind of soil will be on the site where you plan to build a house. Therefore, standard house designs are developed taking into account average soil parameters. But often they differ significantly from the engineering and geological parameters of the actual development site. Consequently, the foundation will have to be adapted to a specific project.

For this purpose, the “Foundation Adaptation” package has been developed, which includes

• selection of foundation structures
• calculation of technical indicators:

1. foundation depth
2. load-bearing capacity
3. ultimate soil stress under the foundation base
4. cross-sectional area of ​​working reinforcement, etc.

• creation of zero cycle drawings
• cost calculation of building materials.

Adaptation of the foundation, performed by professionals, provides a complete guarantee of its reliability, and therefore the reliability of the entire house. Moreover, the construction of a foundation adapted according to updated engineering and geological data may turn out to be cheaper than the option originally proposed in the project.

Price: 3000 UAH

Package "Foundation adaptation"

Package "Foundation adaptation"

Preparation of a foundation project for a specific site

• Project price 3,000 UAH.

Individual design

You have to pay for the desire to be original and different from everyone else.
This statement is also true for individual home design. Yes, such a project is always unique and fully takes into account all the wishes of the developer. But it will also cost more than the standard one. But here, as they say, everything depends on the preferences and financial capabilities of the client.

But sometimes it happens that only individual design can save the situation. For example, when a customer saw a house in a glossy magazine and categorically demands that his home look exactly like that. Here is a more prosaic case: a non-standard site has been selected for development. And it also happens that the customer makes so many changes and additions to the already selected standard project that it will be easier, and most importantly, cheaper, to develop a “project from scratch.”

Creating an individual project includes:

• preparation and approval of technical specifications
• conclusion of a contract for design work and prepayment
• creating a home concept, choosing style and planning solutions
• coordination of façade and premises plans
• development of a preliminary design, which is necessary to obtain a construction permit
• elaboration of project sections.

Additionally you can order:

1. Projects for additional structures on the site - garage, workshop, bathhouse, etc.
2. Visualization of the project in 3D format.

You can decide on the style of your future home in the “Individual Design” catalog.

Price: from 50 UAH/ m²

Individual design

Individual design

Realize your individuality!

• Price: from 50 UAH. / m²

Geology package

Engineering-geological surveys are carried out in order to determine the features of the land plot selected for development. And the main task of such work is to minimize to a minimum all possible negative factors that may affect construction work and operation of already finished house. First of all, this data is necessary for laying the foundation. And, as you know, the reliability of the entire structure directly depends on its strength.

In this case, the following types of work are performed:

• inspection of the site allocated for construction and adjacent areas
• soil sampling at the site
• studies of soil samples to determine the physical and mechanical properties of soils
• geodetic survey of the site with adjacent territories and preparation of an engineering-geological section.

Engineering geological surveys are divided into three categories of complexity.

• The surface of the land is horizontal
• a small number of soil variability indicators
• absence of groundwater or presence of one aquifer
• absence of geological processes and technogenic factors.

• Land with a noticeable slope
• a significant number of soil variability indicators
• two or more aquifers
• At the same time, physical and mechanical characteristics do not significantly affect changes in the foundation parameters laid down in the project.

• Variable terrain of the land plot
• the basis of the site is made up of soils of various origins
• large heterogeneity of soil variability indicators
• complex groundwater horizons with alternating aquiferous and aquiferous soils
• there are geological processes affecting the construction and operation of the building
• technogenic impacts are observed.

It is necessary to understand that geological work is a reasonable expense on which your safety depends. In addition, often geotechnical surveys help reduce the overall cost of building a house when it turns out that it is possible to replace the materials originally included in the house design with less expensive ones or reduce their consumption.

Price: from 6000 UAH.

Geology package

Geology package

If you want to build a good-quality house in which more than one generation of your family will live, it makes sense to use the “Geology” package, which will be carried out by qualified specialists from Dom4m

• Price: from 6,000 UAH.

Geodesy package

Geodetic work will not only allow the building to optimally fit into the surrounding landscape and infrastructure, but will also save time, money and prevent waste of materials.

Stages of geodetic work

Topographic survey of the site

At this stage, it is important to consider the elevations, slopes, wetlands and vegetation of the land on which the house will be located.

Topographic survey makes it possible to calculate engineering work as accurately as possible, such as soil movement and building orientation to the cardinal points.

In addition, all information is plotted on a topographic plan, which will be useful in the future for developing a landscape project, drainage, arrangement of household and storm sewer, automatic watering systems, when working on site lighting, etc.

Land management works

In the process of this work, the boundaries of the future home ownership are determined and a package of land management documents is created. This will allow you to easily obtain the right to use the land.

Engineering and geodetic work

During the survey, geodetic and topographic data are updated. The result of such work is a detailed technical report, which will be compiled by specialists from our company.

Marking work

The paper project is transferred to the land plot as accurately as possible: the axes of structures and utilities are plotted, the configuration of the pit and fencing is determined.

Price: from 3000 UAH.

Geodesy package

Geodesy package

The "Geodesy" package is a set of calculations that will allow you to correctly locate a house on a site linked to the relief. The presence and location of neighboring buildings, engineering and transport communications are also taken into account.

• Price: from 3,000 UAH.

Package "Tender proposal"

A tender proposal is a document that carefully and in detail describes construction materials, indicates their required quantities, and also provides a list of upcoming work and its volume. In other words, these are your costs for building your future home. But not only. This is also an opportunity to control costs and adjust the list of materials and work.

The tender offer allows

1. calculate the total cost of construction
2. independently adjust prices for each item
3. attract the most profitable contractors
4. competently control contractors at every stage of construction
5. control the consumption of building materials
6. a tender proposal indicating prices for materials and work will make it easier to obtain a construction loan from a bank.

As a rule, the customer receives a tender proposal from our company in the form of a table in *.xls format. This will allow the developer to independently analyze and edit the document in the future.

Price: 3200 UAH.

Package "Tender proposal"

Package "Tender proposal"

Tender proposal:

Request a detailed estimate. Build for your own benefit!

• Project price 3,200 UAH.

Anti-ice package

In a snowy winter, snowdrifts and ice on the roof cause a lot of trouble. Floors in modern house They are unlikely to break under their weight, but snow behind the collar and hanging icicles are not the most pleasant thing. You can, of course, clean the roof the old-fashioned way. Swing a shovel in the cold for 2-3 hours, from time to time shouting at your household in the spirit of Vasily Alibabaevich from “Gentlemen of Fortune”: “Don’t come here, you come here! It’s going to snow on your head”...

But in modern world Convenient and effective snow melting and anti-icing systems have long been invented. And, by the way, they are used not only for roofs. Their basis is heating cables. The systems operate on the "warm floor" principle, but differ more power and smaller cable laying pitch.

The Anti-Ice package is project documentation, developed taking into account the characteristics of the energy supply of a particular home:

• For flat roof and gutters
• for the entrance group
• for access to the garage.

Important:

• For complex multi-slope roofs, our company’s specialists will design an “Anti-Ice” system to order.

Anti-ice package

Your comfort and safety in winter

• Project price 1,100 UAH.

Package "Lightning protection"

Some private developers do not attach importance to protecting their own homes from lightning. The reasons are different: some are trying to save money, others generally think that this is nonsense. But, as practice shows, 3-4 years after building a house, many return to this issue. Either “thunder struck”, and all of the neighbor’s household appliances burned out in a thunderstorm, or the statistics caught my eye: “every year in Ukraine there are about 3,500 fires caused by lightning strikes”...

We propose to immediately resolve this issue: choose the type of protection and plan its placement at the stage of designing the house. Firstly, lightning can strike the house immediately after construction - it will be offensive, and secondly, for purely aesthetic reasons - there will be no need to once again hammer into the walls of the house and pull the down conductor along the facade, disturbing the thoughtful appearance of the building.

Lightning protection for a home is a system of devices located both outside the home and indoors. External lightning protection prevents lightning from entering the house, internal - protects the electrical network from sudden voltage surges. And additional devices protect equipment in the house from sudden changes electromagnetic field within the radius of a lightning strike.

The Lightning Protection package includes

• layout diagram of lightning rods that absorb direct lightning strikes
• cross-sectional diagram of a down conductor diverting current from the lightning rod to grounding
• diagram of a grounding loop that distributes lightning energy in the soil, ensuring complete safety
• averaged resistance calculations
• detailed list of required materials
• recommendations for project implementation.

By choosing the Lightning Protection package from Dom4M, you can be completely calm about the safety of your home even in the most severe thunderstorm.

Price: 1100 UAH.

Package "Lightning protection"

Package "Lightning protection"

Lightning protection: think about safety in advance

• Project price 1,100 UAH.

Package "Central vacuum cleaner"

"Central vacuum cleaner" is a type of aspiration system(removal of small particles by sucking them in with an air flow).

The system consists of:

• vacuum cleaner(installed in the technical room);
• air duct system, along which the dust-air mass moves (more often carried out hidden installation in floor preparation or in the space behind a false ceiling);
• pneumosockets and pneumatic scoops(connects to the first flexible hose with a telescopic rod and nozzle, as in a regular vacuum cleaner, the latter are intended for express cleaning, usually in the kitchen).

Pros:

• removable dusty no air gets in back into the room, and is “thrown out” after the unit onto the street;
• No noise in cleaned areas.
• Ease of cleaning without “dragging” the vacuum cleaner from room to room, without using extension cords.
• Hidden installation system, there is nothing in the room except an air outlet.

Project price: from 1100 UAH.

Package "Central vacuum cleaner"

Package "Central vacuum cleaner"

"An integral part of modern house- comfort, cleanliness and fresh air"

• Project price: from 1,100 UAH

Plastic bag " Comfortable home"

Explanatory dictionaries claim that comfort is a set of household amenities, without which life is unthinkable
modern man in a modern house. Most of these amenities are included at the design stage. But we are ready to expand their list and help clients make their own homes as comfortable as possible.

Package "Comfortable Home"

Don't deny yourself comfort. Additional package "Comfortable Home" for those who truly value home comfort

• Price: from 3,500 UAH.

"Warm floor" package

Knowledgeable people claim that floor heating was used by the ancient Romans. And they definitely knew a lot about comfort. Today this method of heating is not only not forgotten, but is also developing on the basis modern materials and technology. “Warm floor” has become an important component of comfort and an excellent addition to any heating system.

• uniform heat distribution;
• fast and economical air heating;
• convenient system for regulating and maintaining the set temperature.

The "Warm Floor" package involves individual design:

• optimal selection of system design;
• selection of circulation pumps;
• calculation of heating system parameters;
• heat loss calculation;
• heating system diagrams: contour area, laying pitch, pipe diameters;
• specification of materials and equipment.

Price: 40 UAH. behind m²

"Warm floor" package

"Warm floor" package

Create a comfortable climate in your home

• Price: 40 UAH per m²

Architectural passport

Each country house is required to have its own passport. This document contains the most general information about the house project. As they say, without going into details and details. Because more complete information can always be found in the architectural and structural sections of each project. But the passport indicates only the most basic dimensions, heights and technical and economic parameters.

The Architectural Passport contains documents that will significantly speed up all kinds of approvals with local architectural supervision authorities and, ultimately, obtaining a building permit.

Sections of the Architectural Passport

• GIP Certificate for Ukraine
• Sketch of the project:

1. facade plans
2. floor plans
3. axial cuts
4. roof plan

• Explanatory note.

It is better to order an architectural passport from the same company that prepared the house project itself: as they say, “when large volume, a discount is expected." Agree that the issue of saving is important for any developer. And, besides, it is the architects and design engineers of our company who worked on your project who will be able to do this organically and quickly.

Price: 800 UAH.

Architectural passport

Architectural passport

An architectural passport allows you to obtain a construction permit from local architectural supervision authorities

• Project price 800 UAH.

It is a big problem to choose a house design for an earthquake-prone area. The number of specialized projects is very limited, so it is difficult to choose something that matches your ideas about a comfortable and cozy home.

We offer our solution to this issue. You don't have to settle for a compromise - safety at the expense of appearance or vice versa. We are ready to adapt any of our projects to an earthquake-prone region where residential development is permitted.

Important

• adaptation involves changes in the project to ensure its compliance with the Building Codes of Ukraine under the section Construction in seismically hazardous regions;
• the number and complexity of changes depends on the chosen project and the seismic characteristics of the area.

Price: 5000 UAH. - house up to 150 m² .

6000 - house up to 300 m² .

Over 300 m² - negotiable

Adaptation of the project for seismic zones

Adaptation of the project for seismic zones

Seismically safe house: both reliable and beautiful

• Price: from 5,000 UAH.

Additional copy of the project

Order an additional printed copy of the project.

For a standard order, we send two copies: one copy is given to the builders, one copy remains with the customer. You can order another copy if there is a need to provide it to third parties (material suppliers, for example).

Also, an additional copy of the project may be useful if time is running out. Then, this will help to significantly speed up the work on adapting the project, and the availability of such copies from several specialists at once will reduce construction time. In addition, this can be a great help in recovering lost or damaged documents.

Additional copy of the project

For the prudent: an additional copy of the project with a stamp

• Project price 500 UAH.

Architect's visit

The architect travels to Kyiv and nearby settlements.

The initial visit involves: obtaining technical specifications and collecting information, communications, architectural data of buildings, clarification of the linear and height dimensions of the site, photographic recording.

Price:200 UAH at one o'clock*

*takes into account the time from the moment you leave the office until the moment you return back

Architect's visit

Architect's visit

Get advice and recommendations from an architect on your site

• Price: 200 UAH. / hour*

Obtaining a building's construction passport

A construction passport for the development of a land plot is a document on the basis of which a set of urban planning and architectural requirements for the placement and construction of an individual private residential building (including garden, country houses, utility buildings and structures that are located on personal plot, garages, elements of engineering protection, landscaping and landscaping of the land) - but not higher than 2 floors (excluding the attic floor) with an area of ​​up to 300 square meters.

For construction projects for which a construction passport is provided, the development of a construction project is carried out solely at the request of the customer. Design based on a construction passport is carried out without obtaining urban planning conditions and restrictions.

If it is planned to build a private residential building higher than 2 floors (excluding the attic floor), and also if the area of ​​the house exceeds 300 square meters, then it is necessary to obtain urban planning conditions and restrictions on the development of the land plot.

To obtain a construction passport, the developer applies to the Main Department of Architecture and Urban Planning with a written statement of intent to develop the land plot.

The following must also be attached to the application:

Town planning and architectural authorities determine the compliance of the intentions for developing a land plot with the current town planning documentation (general plan of the settlement, zoning plan and detailed territory plan, territory planning scheme) in terms of functional, purposeful, construction and landscape use land plot. A refusal to provide a construction passport, together with the appropriate justification, is issued by a specially authorized body of urban planning and architecture within 10 days. The reason for refusal to provide a construction passport is the discrepancy between the intentions for developing the land plot and the requirements of urban planning documentation at the local level, building codes, state standards and rules.

Price: from 6000 UAH.

Obtaining a construction permit (notification or declaration of the start of construction work)

Construction work is work on new construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, restoration, major renovation Construction work can be carried out by the customer only after receiving a document certifying the right of ownership or use of the land plot:

A notice of the commencement of construction work is a document that concerns objects whose construction is carried out on the basis of a construction passport, and which do not require registration of a declaration of the commencement of construction work or obtaining a permit to carry out construction work. The construction of such facilities is carried out after sending a notice of the start of construction work to the Inspectorate at the location of the construction site and is submitted only on the condition that the area of ​​the new building does not exceed 300 square meters.

The declaration, like the notification of the commencement of construction work, provides the right to build. It is needed to carry out construction work on objects belonging to categories I-III of complexity. Connecting a construction project to utility networks and structures without registering a notice or declaration is prohibited. According to current legislation, the customer is responsible for carrying out construction work without a registered declaration or without filing a notice.

Price: from 3000 UAH.

Obtaining urban planning conditions and restrictions

Urban planning conditions and restrictions on the development of a land plot is a document containing a set of planning and architectural requirements for the design and construction of the number of floors and building density of the land plot, deviations of houses and structures from the red lines, boundaries of the land plot, its landscaping and landscaping, and other requirements for the facility construction established by law and urban planning documentation. These documents consist of text and graphic parts.

The graphic part contains:

Situational diagram of the location of the land plot showing the zone of influence of the urban development object;

A diagram of the use of the land plot showing planning restrictions, maximum building area, landscaping, other types of use, proposed location of buildings and structures, entrances and exits, existing utility networks;

Scheme (model) of a volumetric-spatial solution.

The customer has the right to contact the authority local government, as well as to persons who provided technical specifications, with a request to extend the validity period of the original data.

Urban planning conditions and restrictions on the development of a land plot are provided to the customer by the urban planning and architecture department of the city council within two weeks from the date of registration of the application if the intentions indicated in the application belong to the primary or permissible type of development of the relevant territory.

To obtain urban planning conditions and restrictions, the following must be attached to the application:

• certified by in the prescribed manner a copy of the document on the right of ownership (use) of the land plot;
• situational plan-scheme of the location of the land plot (in free form);
• Copies from the topographic and geodetic plan M1:2000;
• cadastral certificate from the urban planning cadastre (if available);
• the next cadastral plan (extract from the land cadastre - in the absence of a town planning cadastre);
• photographic recording of the land plot (with surroundings);
• urban planning calculation with technical and economic indicators of the planned construction project.

If the intentions for the development of a land plot do not comply with the requirements of urban planning documentation and the types of use of the territory, the local government body, within a month from the date of registration of the application, provides the applicant with an opinion on this discrepancy and recommendations regarding a possible change in the intentions for the development of the land plot. Urban planning conditions and restrictions on the development of a land plot are the basis for obtaining other initial data for the design of a development object and the implementation of this design.

Price: from 6000 UAH.

Preparation and approval of the master plan

A detailed version of the master plan is called a detailed territory plan. It is being developed for territories of residential areas, microdistricts, new development blocks, complex reconstruction of blocks, microdistricts of outdated housing stock, industrial, recreational and other development areas. Subsequence The development and area of ​​the territories for which detailed plans are being created are determined by the relevant authorized body of urban planning and architecture in accordance with the general plan of the locality. A detailed plan of the territory is developed by business entities whose staff includes architects who have an appropriate certificate confirming their qualifications.

The decision to develop a master plan, a zoning plan for a territory, a detailed plan for a territory located within a settlement, as well as to make changes to this urban planning documentation is made by the relevant village, town, or city council. The decision to develop a detailed plan for a territory located outside a populated area, or to make changes to it, is made by the relevant district state administration.

Price: from 10,000 UAH.

Technical supervision of buildings and structures

Technical supervision is carried out during the entire period of construction of the designed facility in order to prevent the possibility of violation of state regulations building codes, rules and legislation in the field of construction. The presence of a specialist who conducts technical supervision of construction is one of the requirements when obtaining a document that allows construction work to begin, as well as a document certifying the successful commissioning of a construction project.

Technical inspection building structures and utility networks is carried out in cases where it is necessary to establish the reliability of the building and its safe operation.

Technical supervision is provided by the customer (developer) during the entire period of construction of the facility. The purpose of control is compliance with design decisions and requirements of state standards,

building codes and regulations. The volume of work performed during construction and changes (including through demolition) of such a facility must also be monitored. Technical supervision can be carried out by persons who have a qualification certificate issued by the architectural and construction certification commission in accordance with the law.

Price: from 2000 UAH.

Author's supervision of construction

It is carried out by the architect - the author of the project of the architectural object, other developers of the approved project or authorized persons (hereinafter referred to as the general designer) in accordance with the current legislation and the agreement with the customer (developer) during the entire construction period. At the same time, it is envisaged to monitor the compliance of construction and installation works with the project.

Such control will eliminate all kinds of inaccuracies that one encounters during construction or repairs, as well as save money when selecting building materials, lighting, and other things.

There are two options for conducting designer supervision:

• After the start of repair (construction) work at the site, a schedule of visits by the architect to the site is drawn up. Usually this happens 2 times a week. This scheme allows the architect to check the compliance of the work performed with the approved project, evaluate the quality of the work, conduct consultations and answer questions from the builders.
• The architect visits the site upon request. This only happens in cases where problems and ambiguities arise that cannot be resolved by the builders on site.

The customer must understand that the architect does not decide such issues as: ordering and delivery of construction and finishing materials, their unloading. It cannot influence the deadlines for completing certain works. The main task of the architect is to control the repair (finishing) work and ensure that it complies with the developed project.

Author's supervision is a guarantee that all repair and finishing work will lead to the desired result, which was recorded in the project. Such results are recorded in a journal, which is drawn up by the general designer in two copies, one of which is kept by the customer, and the second by the general designer. After accepting the facility for operation, the general designer must keep a copy of the architectural supervision log in the archive.

Price: from 2000 UAH.

Obtaining a declaration of readiness of the facility for operation

Acceptance for operation of objects belonging to categories I-III of complexity, and objects whose construction was carried out on the basis of a construction passport, is carried out by registering the declaration of readiness of the object for operation submitted by the customer with the State Architectural and Construction Inspectorate and its territorial bodies. The date of acceptance of the facility into operation is the date of registration of the declaration or issuance of the certificate. The operation of facilities that have not been accepted for operation is prohibited.

A registered declaration or certificate is the basis for concluding contracts for the supply of resources to an object accepted for operation - water, gas, heat, electricity, inclusion of data about such an object in state statistical reporting and registration of ownership of it.

Price: from 3000 UAH.

BTI services

Price 4-10 UAH. per m2 Minimum price of registration certificate 600 UAH.(Garage), apartment from 800 UAH

Services for the production of technical passports.

A technical passport is a document that is drawn up on the basis of materials from the technical inventory of an object real estate and contains basic information about it. The technical passport is prepared by BTI. The technical inventory procedure is mandatory. It is a survey and technical measurements of real estate (residential or non-residential) with the determination of the actual area, the technical condition of the property and the determination of its inventory value.

Technical inventory is carried out:

• before taking into operation objects with completed construction or after reconstruction and major repairs;
• before the state registration ownership rights to an unfinished construction project;
• before state registration of ownership of a real estate object formed as a result of division, merger or allocation of a share from a real estate object, except for cases when, as a result of such division, merger or allocation of a share, the completed object was put into operation.

In other cases, technical inventory is carried out at the request of the customer.

Objects subject to technical inventory include:

• multi-apartment residential buildings, dormitories;
• single-family (estate) residential buildings;
• multifunctional buildings and complexes;
• buildings and structures for public and industrial purposes, network engineering, landscaping elements, etc.;
• outbuildings(sheds, garages, summer kitchens, workshops, restrooms, cellars, sheds, boiler rooms, boiler rooms, transformer substations, garbage disposals, etc.);
• outbuildings such as: wells, cesspools, fences, gates, wickets, etc.;
• garden and country houses, garages (not related to household ones: multi-story, underground, one-story - block);
• protective structures civil protection (civil defence).

Property valuation services

Conducting a property assessment is mandatory in the following cases:

• creation of enterprises (business companies) on the basis of state property or property in communal ownership;
• reorganization, bankruptcy, liquidation of state, municipal enterprises and enterprises (business companies) with a state share of property;
• allocation or determination of the share of property in the common property in which there is a state share (share of communal property);
• determining the cost of contributions of participants and founders of a business company, if the property of business companies with a state share (share of communal property) is contributed to the specified company, as well as in the event of withdrawal (exclusion) of a participant or founder from such a company;
• privatization and other alienation in cases established by law, lease, exchange, insurance of state property, property in communal ownership, as well as the return of this property based on a court decision;
• revaluation of fixed assets for accounting purposes;
• taxation of property according to law;
• determining losses or the amount of compensation in cases established by law;
• in other cases by court decision or due to the need to protect public interests.

Expert assessment of residential buildings, like assessment of other types of real estate, is often necessary:

1. for tax purposes upon sale, gift, exchange;
2. for transferring real estate as collateral (lending);
3. for presentation in court, in particular when dividing property;
4. for re-registration of ownership upon receipt of inheritance.

A feature of the assessment of residential buildings is that in most cases, when assessing a house, an expert monetary assessment of the land plot on which the house is located is also required.

The estimated value of real estate, other than unfinished construction, is determined by applying a comparative approach based on information on the sale of real estate that was sold no more than six months before the date of the valuation or is offered for sale on the date of the valuation.

The general algorithm for applying the comparative approach is:

• identification of the valuation object and the rights associated with it, that is, establishing the correspondence of such an object to the available source data and information about it;
• selection of comparison objects;
• identification of characteristics to be adjusted;
• making amendments;
• determining the value of the valuation object by agreeing on the obtained values ​​of the value of comparison objects.

The estimated value of the valuation object can be determined by applying other methodological approaches, at the choice of the subject of valuation activity, taking into account individual characteristics object and features provided for by national assessment standards.

Privatization of land plots

Land privatization is the transfer of ownership rights to a land plot to an individual or legal entity. A citizen who is a user of land and is interested in its privatization must submit an application to the local state administration authorities at the location of this site. A local government body or executive authority reviews the submitted application within a month and issues a decision to develop a land privatization project.

It takes 1-2 days to develop documentation. The permit is issued within a period of 14 to 180 days, depending on where the land plot is located.

To privatize land, you must submit the following documents:

• original decision of state bodies administrations responsible for the transfer of land ownership rights. This is the decision of the village, city, district, Kyiv or Sevastopol administration;
• a copy of the general plan or project for the formation of site boundaries;
• copies of documents for buildings and structures (if they are registered);
• copies of passport and TIN (for individuals), a notarized copy of the registration certificate, a copy of the tax payment certificate, a copy of a certificate from the unified state. register of enterprises and organizations (for legal entities).

Change of purpose

Each land plot has a specific purpose. Sometimes situations arise when the owner needs to change the purpose of the land plot. To do this, you must submit an application (petition) to the appropriate administration in whose department the site is located. Copies of the following documents must be attached to the application:

• a government act that confirms land ownership;
• copies of passport and TIN;
• justification for changing the intended purpose of the land (it must explain the reason for changing the purpose of the site).

After reviewing the package of documents, permission will be issued to change the intended use of the land. After this, it is necessary to develop a project, coordinate it with all authorities and submit approval to the authority that issued permission to change the intended purpose of the land. Only after this will a new state act be registered, which will indicate the new purpose of the land plot.

Changing the purpose of land is carried out in several stages. It takes 1-2 days to develop a project, and approval can take up to a month and a half.

To carry out this procedure you must provide:

• the original decision of the state administration, whose competence includes issuing permits to change the intended use of land.
• permission from architectural authorities (if available).
• individuals must submit copies of passports and TIN; for legal entities, it is necessary to provide notarized copies of the registration certificate, charter, tax payment certificate and certificate-extracts from the unified state register of enterprises and organizations.

According to the Land Code of Ukraine dated October 25, 2001 (with amendments and additions), a change in the intended purpose of privately owned land plots is carried out:

• for land plots located within a populated area - by rural, township, city councils;
• for land plots located outside populated areas - by the district state administration;
• for land plots located outside populated areas that are not included in the territory of the district or, if the district state administration is not formed, by the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the regional state administration.

A land management project for the allocation of a privately owned land plot, the purpose of which is subject to change, is developed by order of the owner of the land plot without providing permission for its development. This permit is issued by the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, an executive body, or a local government body.

Price: from 10,000 UAH. Full construction

Division and consolidation of land plots

Division of a land plot is possible in the following cases:

1. at the request of the owner of the land plot, provided that as a result of division, the boundaries of the plot will not be violated;

2. division of a land plot in the event of alienation of one or more of its parts;

3. division in kind when dividing between shared co-owners of a land plot;

4. The division of a land plot can be carried out if each of the parts obtained after division can become an individual plot of land.

The division of a land plot is carried out at the owner’s request to separate one or more parts. When a plot of land is divided into several, new boundary signs are installed.

The division of a land plot is possible after the development of documentation on land management and the formation of the plot in the State Land Cadastre in order to assign a cadastral number and carry out state registration of ownership separately for each of the plots that arose as a result of the division.

The consolidation of land plots is possible subject to the following conditions:

1. all land plots belong to one owner;
2. the plots have a common border;
3. the merged areas have the same purpose.

The merger is carried out at the request of the owner of the land plot.

Land plots created as a result of division or merger after registration of documents at the State Land Agency are mandatory registered with the State Registration Service.

For the procedure of division/merger of land plots, the following documents must be provided:

• a notarized application for the division/​merger of land plots;
• a notarized copy of the state land deed;
• a copy of the passport and identification code (for individuals), notarized copies of the registration certificate, charter, tax payment certificate, certificate from the unified state register of enterprises and organizations (for legal entities).

Price: from 10,000 UAH. turnkey for each plot

Assignment of cadastral numbers

A cadastral number is a unique number assigned to only one plot of land. A mandatory step in assigning a cadastral number is entering this number into the electronic database. The cadastral number is retained throughout the entire period of existence of the site (both physically and legally). At the same time, a change in the owner of a land plot or its intended purpose does not provide grounds for changing the cadastral number.

List of documents required to assign a cadastral number to plots for which old-style state acts were issued (before 2003):

• a notarized copy of the old-style State Act;
• a copy indicating the location of the land plot, certified by the seal of the village council (garden partnership) and the signature of the chairman;
• certificate from the village council (garden association);
• a certificate from the regional center of the state land register (state land cadastre) stating that the State Act is registered in the state registration book. acts on land plots;
• a copy of all pages of the passport and identification code for an individual or notarized copies of all constituent documents of a legal entity.

Owners of land plots who registered ownership or right of use before 2003 (state certificates of the Red and yellow color), may encounter difficulties in alienating a land plot, since these acts do not contain a cadastral number. In purchase and sale agreements, donations, exchanges, as well as in mortgage agreements, in order to identify the land plot, the cadastral number is indicated.

Our company provides a range of services for preparing and entering information into government databases cadastral registration land plots.

Price: from 6000 UAH.

State registration of rights to real estate.

State registration of rights is carried out by the body of state registration of rights and a notary, by making entries in the State Register of Rights. In this case, the notary acts as a special subject who is entrusted with the functions of the state registrar of rights to real estate.

The state registration authority carries out:

• state registration of rights to real estate at the location of such property;
• state registration of encumbrances on rights to real estate, regardless of the location of such property;
• accounting of ownerless real estate at the location of such property.

If real estate is located within the territory in which two or more bodies of state registration of rights operate, then registration of rights and accounting of ownerless real estate is carried out by one of such bodies, chosen at the discretion of the interested person or his authorized person.

The State Register of Rights registers property rights and their encumbrances on real estate objects, namely: land plots, enterprises as single property complexes, residential buildings, buildings, structures or their individual parts, apartments, residential and non-residential premises.

Price: from 3000 UAH.

Package "Construction Permit"

Package "Construction Permit"

For those who are building in Kyiv and the Kyiv region, as well as in some other cities, we can offer assistance in preparing documents.

• Check the price with the manager

The walls of private houses, cottages and other low-rise buildings are usually made of two or three layers with an insulating layer. The insulation layer is located on the load-bearing part of the wall made of bricks or small-format blocks. Developers often ask questions:
“Is it possible to save on wall thickness?”
“Isn’t it possible to make the load-bearing part of the wall of the house thinner than the neighbor’s or than provided for by the project?

On construction sites and in projects, see a load-bearing brick wall with a thickness of 250 mm., and from blocks - even 200 mm. has become commonplace.

The wall turned out to be too thin for this house.

Loads and impacts on the walls of the house

Design standards (SNiP II-22-81 “Stone and reinforced masonry structures”), regardless of the calculation results, limit the minimum thickness of load-bearing stone walls for masonry within the range from 1/20 to 1/25 of the floor height.

Thus, with a floor height of 2.5 ... 3 m. The wall thickness in any case should be more than 120 - 150 mm.

A vertical compressive load acts on a load-bearing wall on the weight of the wall itself and the overlying structures (walls, ceilings, roof, snow, operational load). The design compressive strength of brick and block masonry depends on the grade of brick or class of blocks for compressive strength and the grade of mortar.

For low-rise buildings, as calculations show, the compressive strength of a wall with a thickness of 200-250 mm made of brick is provided with a large margin. For a wall made of blocks, with the appropriate choice of block class, there are usually no problems either.

In addition to vertical loads, horizontal loads act on the wall (section of the wall), caused, for example, by wind pressure or transmission of thrust from rafter system roofs.

Besides, torques act on the wall, who seek to rotate a section of the wall. These points are due to the fact that the load on the wall, for example, from floor slabs or from a layer of insulation and facade cladding, is not applied in the center of the wall, but is shifted to the side faces. The walls themselves have deviations from the vertical and straightness of the masonry, which also leads to additional stresses in the wall material.

Horizontal loads and torques create bending load in the material on each section of the load-bearing wall.

How to make walls strong and stable

Strength, stability of walls with a thickness of 200-250 mm and less, it does not have a large margin for bending loads. Therefore, the stability of walls of the specified thickness for a particular building must be confirmed by calculation.

To build a house with walls of this thickness, it is necessary to choose a ready-made project with the appropriate wall thickness and material. We always entrust the adjustment of the project with other parameters to the selected thickness and material of the walls to specialists.

The practice of designing and building low-rise residential buildings has shown that load-bearing walls made of bricks or blocks with a thickness of more than 350 - 400 mm. have a good margin of strength and resistance to both compressive and bending loads, in the vast majority designs building.

The walls of the house, external and internal, resting on the foundation, together with the foundation and ceiling, form a single spatial structure (framework), which jointly resists loads and influences.

Creating a durable and economical building frame is an engineering task that requires high qualifications, pedantry and culture from construction participants.

A house with thin walls is more sensitive to deviations from the project, from construction norms and rules.

The developer needs to understand that the strength and stability of walls is reduced if:

• wall thickness decreases;
• the height of the wall increases;
• the area of ​​openings in the wall increases;
• the width of the wall between the openings decreases;
• the length of the free section of the wall, which has no support and interface with the transverse wall, increases;
• channels or niches are installed in the wall;

The strength and stability of walls changes in one direction or another if:

• change the wall material;
• change the type of overlap;
• change the type and size of the foundation;

Defects that reduce the strength and stability of walls

Violations and deviations from project requirements, construction norms and rules, which builders allow (in the absence of proper control on the part of the developer), reducing the strength and stability of walls:

• wall materials (bricks, blocks, mortar) with reduced strength compared to the requirements of the project are used.
• metal anchoring of the floor (slabs, beams) to the walls is not performed according to the design;
• deviations of the masonry from the vertical, displacement of the wall axis exceed the established technological standards;
• deviations in the straightness of the masonry surface exceed established technological standards;
• The masonry joints are not filled completely enough with mortar. The thickness of the seams exceeds the established standards.
• excessive amounts of brick halves and chipped blocks are used in the masonry;
• insufficient connection of the masonry of internal walls with external ones;
• omissions of mesh reinforcement of masonry;

In all of the above cases of changes in the dimensions or materials of walls and ceilings, the developer must contact professional designers to make changes to the design documentation. Changes to the project must be certified by their signature.

Your foreman’s “let’s make it simpler” suggestions must be agreed upon with a professional designer. Control the quality of construction work done by contractors. When performing work on your own, avoid the above construction defects.

The norms of the rules for the production and acceptance of work (SNiP 3.03.01-87) allow: deviations of the walls according to the displacement of the axes (10 mm), by deviation of one floor from the vertical (10 mm), according to the displacement of the floor slab supports in plan (6...8 mm) etc.

The thinner the walls, the more they are loaded, the less safety margin they have. The load on the wall multiplied by the “mistakes” of designers and builders may turn out to be excessive (pictured).

The processes of wall destruction do not always appear immediately, but sometimes years after the completion of construction.

House made of blocks with wall thickness 180 mm.

The principles of designing a house with a minimum wall thickness are clearly visible in the following photos. In the construction of houses with thin walls, elements from monolithic reinforced concrete.

The simple architectural form of the house allows the use of commonly available materials for construction and helps optimize construction costs.

The house has 114 m 2 usable area and is designed for a family of 4-5 people. In the attic there are three bedrooms and a bathroom.

On the ground floor along the southern facade with large windows there is a spacious living room combined with a dining room and kitchen. In the other part there is an office, a bathroom and a technical room.

Silicate blocks were used to lay the outer walls of the house. Wall thickness 180 mm. Thin walls increase the usable area of ​​the house.

The house is designed so that it has no internal load-bearing walls. Inside the house there is a load-bearing beam, which is supported by two columns inside and two columns built into the masonry of the external walls. The beam itself and the columns are made of monolithic reinforced concrete. This solution allows for a free layout of the premises on the floor.

To increase the resistance of the walls to loads, there is a monolithic reinforced concrete belt at the floor level of the first floor. The section of the wall with wide, high windows and narrow partitions on the southern facade is also made of monolithic reinforced concrete.

The roof of the house rests on a monolithic reinforced concrete belt on top of the attic walls. Reinforced concrete columns are installed in the attic walls of the attic, on which the roof mauerlat rests. The need for columns in the outer walls is due to the fact that these walls do not have cross connections inside the attic. The absence of transverse walls allows for a free layout of the attic rooms.

Formwork for installing a monolithic column in external wall Houses. The column serves as a support for the load-bearing beam inside the house.

Installation of formwork for monolithic columns along the edges of wide window openings.

In the background you can see the formwork for the columns inside the house. The two columns inside are located on the same axis with the columns built into the outer walls.

The floors in the house are prefabricated monolithic, often ribbed, on the same level as the monolithic reinforced concrete wall belt.

The monolithic floor, made integral with the monolithic belt of walls, together with the walls, creates a single and durable spatial structure - the skeleton of the house.

Attic walls of the attic with a height of 1.3 m., on which the roof mauerlat rests, are reinforced with monolithic columns built into the masonry.

Formwork for the construction of monolithic columns and attic wall belts.
Southern facade of the house with openings for tall large windows. Inside, a monolithic beam is visible, which rests on two columns inside and two columns built into the masonry of the outer walls.

The rafters of each roof slope at the top rest on a truss, the ends of which, in turn, lie on the opposite gable walls of the attic. This solution made it possible to abandon the intermediate posts of the ridge beam. As a result, the space inside the attic is free for planning. The angle of inclination of the roof slopes is 42 degrees.

House foundation— monolithic reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of 250 mm. The foundation slab lies on a layer of insulation. Non-removable formwork made of insulation. Insulation slabs are laid along the perimeter of the foundation, under the blind area. This solution prevents freezing of the soil under the foundation.

Wall thickness 200-250 mm It is certainly advisable to choose brick or blocks for a one-story house or for the top floor of a multi-story house.

A house of two or three floors with a wall thickness of 200-250 mm. build if you have it at your disposal finished project, tied to the ground conditions of the construction site, qualified builders, and independent technical supervision of construction.

In other conditions, for the lower floors of two- or three-story houses, walls with a thickness of at least 350 are more reliable. mm.

To ensure the strength and stability of a private house with a minimum wall thickness, the installation of a monolithic reinforced concrete belt has become standard. The belt is placed on top of the external and internal load-bearing walls on each floor of the house. Beams and floor slabs, roof slabs must be connected (anchored) with metal ties to a reinforced concrete belt on the walls of the house.

How to make load-bearing walls with a thickness of only 190 mm.,

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28.02.13

Let's start with the fact that walls are the main structural part of a building and are vertical fences that separate a room from the outside environment or from another room. Depending on the load perception, walls are divided into load-bearing, self-supporting and non-load-bearing. The load-bearing wall of a house is designed to take on the load coming from other structural parts of the building - floors and roofs, and transfer it along with its own weight to the foundation. Self-supporting walls bear only their own weight, while resting on the foundation of the building, and non-load-bearing walls are partitions that bear their own weight, but at the same time can rest on the very various elements buildings.

IN modern construction There are two types of load-bearing walls: internal and external. The thickness of the internal load-bearing walls is less than the external ones. In addition, the foundation for the internal load-bearing walls is made smaller.

The main function that internal walls perform is to hold the load from the structure, as well as the internal mass (furniture, people, equipment) and the load from external influence(wind, snow). At the same time, the internal walls also connect the load-bearing external walls. Due to the specifics of their placement, load-bearing internal walls do not participate in the heat exchange process. External walls or facade walls are the calling card of the house. Their main function is to insulate the building from external factors: cold, wind and precipitation. Facades can have openings in load-bearing walls in the form of windows and doors. In this case, window openings are made separately for each floor in one row. The part of the wall between the openings in this case is called a pier. In interior walls there is no opening in the load-bearing wall for windows; there can only be a doorway in the load-bearing wall. In addition, there are load-bearing walls that do not have any openings. They are called deaf.

Load-bearing walls as part of the skeleton

It should be noted that load-bearing walls are part of the load-bearing frame, which is a single system structural elements: walls, columns, foundations, beams and floors of the house. This system provides strength, rigidity and stability of the structure. The strength of a load-bearing frame is its ability to resist the effects of various loads acting on it without collapsing or receiving critical deflections and deformations. The rigidity of the frame is the ability not to change shape under the influence of such loads, and stability is the resistance to overturning or shearing. Each frame structure performs its own separate function, sometimes even more than one, but they are all interconnected and work as a single “skeleton” of the house.

Depending on the various factors apply different kinds skeleton It is necessary to take into account the purpose of the premises and the house as a whole. That is, if you plan to build a house with an open plan, it is better to use a frame frame. For a standard cottage with pre-designed rooms, a frameless frame with delimited walls is more suitable. In addition, it is necessary to take into account architectural features future building. Thus, a house in the “high-tech” style is better and easier to build with a frame supporting frame, and in the “Russian style” - in a frameless one. The choice of one or another type of frame also affects the economic aspect. Therefore, when designing, you need to calculate the cost and construction time with different types skeleton The choice also depends on what materials are planned to be used during construction. For example, if a house is designed with a frameless load-bearing frame, then build walls from foam blocks without additional constructive solutions (monolithic belts, reinforced mesh) is impossible.

The most common type of load-bearing frames in cottage construction is frameless. Frame and combined are also used. But we will focus on frameless, since when using it, the main function is performed by load-bearing walls.

This type of frame is considered the simplest in the construction of private houses. In this case, the load-bearing frame is formed from massive longitudinal and transverse walls connected to the foundation, floors (beams or slabs) laid on the walls, stairs (they give rigidity to the frame vertically and horizontally). We can say that in this version the load-bearing frame will be presented in the form of a rigid and stable box, consisting of connected walls and ceilings. The lower part of the walls is usually more massive than the walls of the upper floors, due to the fact that it must support the weight of the overlying floors and walls. For example, the ground floor of a cottage can be made of ceramic bricks 510 mm thick, and the second floor can have more thin walls– 380 mm. Thus, the walls should play the role of a load-bearing structure and a heat-insulating, enclosing structure.

When using a frameless frame, the walls can be made of brick, reinforced concrete blocks, lightweight concrete blocks, stone, wood, and so on. The thickness of load-bearing walls, depending on the material, can be from 250 mm to 700 mm. The thickness of non-load-bearing walls and partitions is from 100 mm. Floor slabs are usually made prefabricated or monolithic, with a thickness of 150 mm.

A frameless load-bearing frame can be of three types: with longitudinal load-bearing walls, transverse ones, or with both at the same time.

In the first case, the basis of the frame is the load-bearing walls, which are located along the long side of the house, the floors are laid across the house, that is, perpendicular to the walls. The stability and rigidity of such buildings is ensured by flights of stairs, end and transverse walls, ceilings act as a rigid horizontal diaphragm. The pitch of longitudinal walls in such houses is usually equal to length floor slabs (4.2 m; 5.4 m; 6 m). This type of frame is used in houses that have an elongated shape.

When using transverse load-bearing walls, they are located along the smaller side of the house, and the floors are laid on them. The walls along the long side of the house can be made non-load-bearing or self-supporting, but they must be heat-insulating. A frame with transverse load-bearing walls has greater transverse rigidity and stability compared to a load-bearing frame with longitudinal load-bearing walls. The disadvantage of such a system is that it is impossible to vary the width of living quarters, which will ultimately be limited by transverse load-bearing walls.

In construction with both longitudinal and transverse load-bearing walls, the frame is a combination of these load-bearing walls. In this case, the floors are laid in both longitudinal and transverse directions. Such schemes are applicable for cottages in which the architectural form is difficult to solve using only longitudinal or only transverse load-bearing walls. That is, when the cottage has an unusual shape in plan and it is difficult to solve the space exclusively with longitudinal or transverse walls. The rigidity and stability of the load-bearing frame in such houses is ensured by the interconnection of walls and ceilings, flights of stairs made of monolithic reinforced concrete or metal and rigidly connected to the load-bearing elements of the frame.

Types of walls by type of material

As mentioned above, walls can be made of various materials. At the same time, the choice wall material depends on the financial capabilities of the customer and the building design. Let's take a closer look at them.

Tree

Wood is a traditional material for the walls of low-rise buildings; houses are not built from this material above two floors. The most comfortable in terms of sanitary and hygienic requirements are cobblestone and chopped walls made of coniferous species tree. Their disadvantages include sedimentary deformation in the first 1.5–2 years and low fire resistance.

Frame walls are justified if lumber and effective insulation are available. At the same time, frame walls do not require massive foundations, and, unlike log walls, do not cause post-construction deformations. The fire resistance and strength of frame walls can be increased if they are faced with brick. In order for wooden walls to serve for a long time, it is necessary to take care of the quality of the material. Its level can be determined by hitting the butt of an ax - a clean and clear sound indicates good quality. By design, wooden walls of heated buildings are divided into chopped from logs or beams, frame, panel and frame-panel.

Log walls are a structure made of logs stacked on top of each other in horizontal rows and connected at the corners by notches. Such walls are characterized by high strength and good heat-insulating qualities, as well as durability favorable conditions operation. The disadvantage is the fact that processing logs and building walls is labor-intensive process, requiring a large consumption of wood.

Cobblestone walls are erected from horizontally laid beams. Their use eliminates manual processing of logs, cutting of corner joints, wall junctions and makes it possible to switch to mechanized preparation of wall elements. Cobblestone walls can be effectively protected from weather conditions by sheathing with boards or facing with bricks. This will protect the walls from moisture, increase thermal protection, and reduce the impact of wind. In addition, when brick cladding fire resistance increases.

It is recommended to sheathe or veneer log and cobblestone walls no earlier than 1–1.5 years after construction, after they have completely settled. Frame walls require less wood than log or block walls and are less labor intensive and therefore more economical. The base of the frame walls is a load-bearing wooden frame, sheathed on both sides with sheet or molded materials. Frame walls, due to their lightness, are practically not subject to shrinkage and this allows them to be sheathed or covered immediately after construction. Frame walls must be protected from atmospheric moisture by performing external cladding with overlapped vertical and horizontal joints and installing drains from protruding wall elements. Protection against water vapor is provided by installing a vapor barrier made of synthetic film, glassine, or using other types of vapor barrier, laying them between the inner lining and the insulation.

In addition to frame walls, panel walls are also distinguished. Their difference lies in the fact that their main structural parts consist of enlarged shield elements, usually manufactured at the factory. The process of constructing panel houses comes down to installation at the construction site and finishing work. This reduces the labor intensity of the work. In panel wooden houses, the basis of the walls is the lower frame made of wooden antiseptic beams, laid along the base of the building and attached to it using anchor bolts. Wall panels are installed on the frame. The wall panels are fastened from above with the top frame laid on them, on which the attic floor rests. Wall panels are made internal and external, which, in turn, are divided into blind, window and door. The height of the boards is equal to the height of the floor. The panels consist of paving frames and sheathing, internal and external, between which insulation is placed. When installing the base and cornice units, it is necessary to take measures to protect them from freezing by installing an insulated base and an insulated frieze belt at the cornice, as well as from humidifying the internal air with vaporous moisture, arranging a vapor barrier for this purpose. Under basement floor The underground is not insulated. The underground must be cold and well-ventilated, and the ceiling structure above the underground and especially the basement assembly must have reliable insulation and vapor barrier laid on top under the finished floor structure. To protect against freezing, an insulated belt is installed outside at the ceiling level.

Stone

By design and method of construction stone walls are divided into masonry (made of small or large stones), monolithic and large-panel. Masonry is a structure made from individual stones, the seams between which are filled with mortar.

For proper operation The construction of a wall made of individual stones must meet strict requirements. Firstly, the stones in the wall should be arranged in horizontal rows, that is, perpendicular to the main acting forces. Secondly, the stones in the rows must be separated by vertical seams - longitudinal and transverse. Vertical seams in rows of adjacent heights should not coincide. This arrangement of stones is called ligation of sutures. This ensures that the stones work together in the wall and distribute the load evenly. Transverse ligation at the level of one row is arranged using stones laid with the long side across the wall (pokes), and longitudinal ligation is done using stones laid along the wall (spoons), and in some types of masonry - also with pokes. Lime or complex (cement-lime) mortars are used for filling joints, and cement mortars are used for basement and basement walls. Masonry is made from small or large stones. Small stones are predominantly hand-laid, large ones are industrially produced using various mechanisms and, first of all, cranes. Today they are gaining popularity monolithic walls made of concrete. The concrete is placed into the form formed by the formwork. This method is very industrial, which is determined by the types of formwork (sliding, adjustable, mobile, etc.).

Large-panel walls are those mounted from large-sized prefabricated slabs. This type of wall is the most progressive.

Brick

Finally, let’s look at one of the most common materials in construction – brick. Brick walls are made of clay (red) or sand-lime brick. Multi-hole clay bricks are widely used, the thickness of which is 138 mm and the weight of one stone is 4 kg. Sand-lime brick is more economical than clay brick, since all its manufacturing processes are mechanized. In dry conditions, sand-lime brick is used for the walls of buildings along with ordinary clay brick. It is not recommended to use sand-lime brick for laying the basement and underground parts of buildings, since sand-lime brick is short-lived in groundwater containing carbon dioxide.

According to their structural relationship, brick walls are divided into solid (homogeneous) and lightweight (layered). The first ones are made of solid, hollow or light (porous) bricks. Lightweight ones include in thickness, in addition to brick, layers of other, less thermally conductive materials. Solid walls made of solid clay or silicate bricks have great strength, but at the same time they also have high thermal conductivity, that is, low thermal insulation qualities. That is why the thickness of such walls is determined according to thermal engineering calculations, but in this case they have excessive strength. Solid masonry is suitable for the construction of the ground and first floors of buildings, and for the upper floors multi-storey buildings Lightweight masonry should be used.

In modern mass construction, two systems of brick walls are used: chain and multi-row. In the first case, each spoon row of masonry alternates with one butcher row. This type of masonry is often called double-row. With a multi-row (spoon) dressing, several spoon rows are overlapped by one splint row. Such masonry can be six-row (made of ordinary brick) and five-row (made of efficient brick).

Important to remember

Construction of walls - important stage construction work, since the walls perform important functions of protection from adverse effects external environment and thermal insulation of the building, and also determine its appearance. It is necessary to correctly take into account the purpose of the premises and, in this regard, design the building, wisely selecting materials. And last but not least, when moving on to the construction of walls, remember to comply with fire resistance and fire safety standards so that the house becomes truly strong, warm and durable.

Cozy home without special costs Kriksunova Inna Abramovna

Is it possible to break load-bearing walls?

You can't cut down a hut without taking an ax

Some people take on renovations so thoroughly that it's even a little scary! They are obsessed with the desire to remodel the entire apartment from A to Z. Such people, dreaming of redevelopment, do not even stop at breaking down the walls.

However, is it worth doing? Is it always safe? What might be the consequences of such a decision? This is what we will talk about now.

The most dangerous thing you can do is break the so-called load-bearing structures. This is fraught with the most unpleasant consequences, namely the collapse of the apartment of the neighbors living above you. Of course, this does not always happen. It would be more accurate to say that such a collapse happens quite rarely. But still, this danger really exists, and it cannot be neglected. It is not without reason that according to the law, a tenant (and even a homeowner) does not have the right to destroy the load-bearing structures of a house without the consent of specialist architects who carry out technical supervision over the operation of the housing stock.

In Soviet times, most people were not owners, they were only renters of apartments. So, if one of the residents, of his own free will, without the approval of technical supervision, demolished the load-bearing walls and remodeled the apartment, then by a court decision he could be forced to restore everything to its original form. This eloquently demonstrates how important load-bearing structures are for the safety of all residents of the house.

I don’t know exactly what rules exist in housing legislation today, but in any case, if you decide to redevelop your apartment, you must approach this issue extremely seriously. Don’t be lazy, go to the PIB (district design and inventory bureau). There are plans for each and every residential area in your area. Of course, do not report there that you are going to break down the walls, just ask to show you the floor plan of your apartment. By the way, all passing communications are indicated on it. Study this plan and see which walls are load-bearing and which are not.

In addition, look at which walls contain wells with ventilation shafts, telephone and electrical cables and similar communication lines. If you yourself do not understand these issues, then take with you a person with an engineering education who can understand the design features of your walls. And only after you consult with a specialist can you make a final decision.

If you take on the major demolition of walls, as they say, right off the bat, then no matter the hour, you can end up with headache, and what a one! It’s good if you live on the top floor, and then the weakening of the load-bearing structures will not affect anyone but you. What if you live on the first or second floor and there are eight, ten, twelve more apartments right above you? Imagine for a moment that the load-bearing wall you demolished weakens the strength of the wall supports, they cannot withstand and collapse. And then what? It’s scary to even think... How much money compensation for material damage could cost you! Please note that if you break the load-bearing structures without official permission and this ultimately leads to serious consequences, then any court will clearly not be on your side.

In short, as you already understand, I urge you, before making such a drastic decision, to think carefully and weigh everything. Perhaps, in your particular case, demolishing a wall does not mean anything terrible. Then, as they say now, the flag is in your hands!

In general, you can radically update your apartment and make it more comfortable without such radical steps. There are a lot of ingenious design solutions for this. In order to implement them, you just need to move your brains properly. Surround yourself with interior design magazines, study them carefully, and I have no doubt that you will be able to find very original and interesting ideas, which you will want to immediately implement!

Town house - a new solution to the housing problem

What is a town house? It is 2-3 storey a private house increased comfort, located within the city, in an ecologically clean area, with a lot of greenery. A town house combines the advantages of a country house and a city apartment.

It is clear that people with fairly high incomes settle in such houses: entrepreneurs, successful lawyers and doctors, famous athletes, popular artists, officials, etc. Interestingly, many of them sold their prestigious, beautifully renovated apartments in the city center in order to move to town houses. For what, you ask? It’s just that these people realized that their private territory should be distant from the center, and they want to live, albeit a twenty-minute drive from the center, but where the air is clean and neatly trimmed lawns are green.

An invaluable advantage of town houses is that the social environment in them is homogeneous. Here you will not meet a suspicious person with a swollen face, or a noisy group of aggressive teenagers. There is no risk of getting stuck in an antediluvian elevator, getting your foot into a puddle at the entrance, or driving your car into one of the yard holes.

The area where the town houses are located is guarded. It is well lit, everything is impeccably clean, the paths are tiled. Each townhouse has an adjacent plot of land. And although it is small, you can relax there no worse than at the dacha, for example, sit in a sun lounger with a book, sunbathe, play ball, etc.

Another advantage of such housing is that, although the designs of these houses are standard, the future owner of a townhouse can, if desired, become a co-author of the architect. At his request, the architect can change the layout, for example, combining the kitchen with the dining room, increasing the number of bedrooms, etc.

In general, not a home, but a dream! Imagine yourself for a moment as the happy owner of a town house, inviting friends to visit: “I invite you to my place, my private house is located near the center, just twenty minutes away by car!”

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