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There are several ways to attach your feet to the bowstring. The most in a simple way the steps can be secured using support bars or corners (see Fig. 66, c, e). To do this, along the tread line, wooden blocks or metal corners with holes for screws are nailed or screwed to the bowstring. The steps are attached to support bars or corners using screws. Despite the fact that this method is the simplest, it is rarely used in practice. A flight of stairs made using this method looks rough and can be placed in utility rooms or in other places where high aesthetic requirements are not placed on the stairs. In our opinion, the implementation of this method is available home handyman without highly qualified, so we will not dwell on it in detail. Sometimes the steps are simply attached to the bowstring and secured using screws screwed with front side(Fig. 66, d). This method is called end-mounting. But in this case, the fastening strength is low, since the steps are held in place only by screws. Therefore, this method can be used only in exceptional cases when other fastening is impossible. The loads on such steps should be minimal. The fastening method using a secret groove made in the bowstring helps to avoid this drawback (Fig. 66, b). In this case, the step receives additional emphasis on the edges of the groove and the possible load on such a step increases.
Fastening in groove with remainder(Fig. 66, a) is quite reliable. To do this, two counter grooves are cut out in the string and the steps, with the help of which fastening is performed. The advantages of this method include its greater reliability. In addition, the strings of such a ladder will never come apart during operation. Essentially, this method is a transitional option from a ladder with bowstrings to a ladder with stringers. The appearance of such a staircase will be more reminiscent of a staircase with stringers. The disadvantages of this method include the artificial lowering of the load-bearing capacity of the step and string due to counter-grooves. When loads are applied to the step from the groove side, the wood fibers may peel off, and half of the step may break off. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to additionally secure the front edges of the steps. Therefore, despite the apparent advantages of the method of fastening into a groove with a remainder, it is not used very often. The installation of railings in such a staircase is carried out according to the methods of fastening to stairs with stringers (that is, not to a bowstring, but to a stringer, which will be discussed later).
Fastening steps using various tenon joints are shown in Fig. 74. Such connections are called middle knitting. Despite the complexity of manufacturing, these connections are durable and have improved aesthetic qualities compared to the methods described above. Let's look at them in more detail.
Rice. 74. :
a - in a wide groove; b - in a narrow groove with one shoulder; c - into a narrow groove with two shoulder pads; g - award with one shoulder pad;
d - reward with two shoulder pads; e - reward with flat spikes; g - using dowels
Connecting steps using dowels(Fig. 74, g) is considered the least labor-intensive. But in this case, the load-bearing capacity of the steps will be determined only by the strength of the dowels and walls of the sockets in the steps. Therefore, this method can only be used when large loads will not be applied to the steps of the stairs. The diameter of the dowels in this case should be maximum (8-10 mm), and their number on one side of the step should be at least three. Dowels should extend into solid wood at a distance of at least 20 mm.
Connecting steps using spikes(Fig. 74, e) more durable. But difficulties in accurately marking spikes and sockets impose certain restrictions on its use. The strength of the steps in this case will be determined by the strength of the spikes made in their sides and must comply with regulatory requirements.
Connected to the award with one or two shoulder pads(Fig. 74, d, e), made in the form of a beveled solid spike (type dovetail), holds the bowstrings so that they do not diverge in different directions. With this method, there is no need to perform additional fastening of the flight of stairs to prevent possible divergence of the bowstrings. However, the use of the award fastening method is limited by the fact that the step tenon can only be inserted into the bowstring groove from the side position. Therefore, this method can only be used in flights of stairs made without a reference line of bowstrings.
Narrow groove joints with one or two shoulders(Fig. 74, b, c) are quite effective. But they are used less frequently due to the fact that it is necessary to perform additional work on the manufacture of shoulder pads, which also weaken the strength of the steps.
Wide groove connection(Fig. 74, a) is devoid of all the previously mentioned disadvantages and therefore is used most often. Therefore, in the future we will talk about this connection, calling it simply a groove connection. With this method, the step with its end fits into a groove made in the bowstring, providing a sufficiently large bearing capacity flight of stairs.
So, if you decide to attach the steps to the groove, then you should make precise markings. The boundary of the groove should be taken as the line of the tread made when marking the bowstring. A piece of board with a width and thickness equal to the corresponding dimensions of the steps can serve as a template for marking. For it, you can use the segment obtained during the manufacture of steps. To mark, the template is applied to the line of the bowstring obtained during preliminary marking, and traced with a pencil, obtaining the contours of the groove.
A flight of stairs can be made with or without risers. IN in this case the riser is not a mandatory part of the flight of stairs and its production is dictated the following conditions. If children use the stairs, then between the elements of the flight of stairs there should be no gaps exceeding 10-15 cm. Therefore, in order to prevent the child from sticking his head between two steps, the space between them is completely or partially covered with a riser (Fig. 75) (called sometimes muted).
Rice. 75. :
1 - riser; 2 - tread; 3 - bowstring (kosour); 4 - railing post; 5 - connection of the riser with the tread (in a narrow groove)
In addition, a solid riser can serve as an additional reinforcement of the step against sagging if the thickness of the board from which the step is made is insufficient. The presence of a continuous riser makes flight of stairs closed, so accidentally fallen objects and debris cannot fall through the gaps in the march. But most often the installation of risers is dictated by purely aesthetic considerations. If you decide to make a staircase with risers, then their marking and fastening can be done using all the methods we have listed for steps. If the strength of the steps is sufficient, then to simplify the design of the stairs, you can omit the grooves for the risers, limiting yourself to attaching them to the step and to the “end” with a bowstring. The length of the riser in this case will be less than the length of the step by twice the distance at which the step enters the groove of the bowstring. Such a riser should be placed symmetrically relative to the step.
Every house has stairs. You can build them yourself. You just need to know well how to attach the steps of a wooden staircase to the stringer and to the bowstring. There are several assembly methods. Some of them require the actions of a master, others are done with your own hands.
Figure 1. Bowstring and riser markings.
Ladder on bowstrings
Most of the stairs in houses are assembled on bowstrings. This supporting structure flight of stairs. It is a beam with cutouts made on its inner side. Steps are inserted into these cutouts. This method is considered to be classic. Bowstrings can be made from different materials. Most often, wood, metal, and reinforced concrete are used to make them. From tree species use coniferous and deciduous:
- pine;
- cedar;
- fir;
- larch;
- cherry;
- maple;
Conifers are very good, but they produce resin. It prevents the paint from adhering properly. It is preferable to use hardwoods wood
The dimensions of the finished bowstring always depend on how long the flight of stairs is planned to be. For a staircase 90 cm wide, it is recommended to make a string from a board 40-50 mm thick and 30 cm wide. The cutouts for the nests are made approximately 20 mm deep. A minimum string width of 275 mm is allowed. The blank for the bowstring needs to be marked (Fig. No. 1). There are 2 main methods for marking:
- using a ruler and square (Fig. No. 2);
- using a special template.
When marking, consider the following:
- the slope of the march should be 30-40°;
- depth of steps - at least 30 cm;
- the height of each step is 15-20 cm.
To make bowstrings and steps you need to prepare the following:
- roulette;
- square;
- ruler;
- level;
- electric jigsaw;
- drill;
- milling machine (manual);
- hammer;
- bit;
- screwdriver;
- wooden slats or metal corners.
After marking the steps of the stairs, grooves are cut using a milling machine. Next, the structure is attached to the location of the stairs. This can be done in the following ways:
- install the racks in the holes made in the floor;
- attach the posts with anchor bolts.
Next comes the process of attaching the steps to the string. Treads and risers cut to size and machined are inserted into grooves or screwed to wooden blocks, To metal corners(Fig. No. 3). These parts must be made with great precision, otherwise finished design It will wobble and squeak. The strings themselves are fastened to each other with ties in 4-5 steps.
Fastening the steps
Can be mounted wooden steps to a metal or wooden stringer. This is a sawtooth-shaped support beam. The wooden parts are attached to its protrusions. Stringers are installed 1 or more. The steps are attached to them using screws, the caps of which are closed on top with small wooden plugs. It is better to cut the steps from oak or pine. There are usually no risers, which gives the structure a lighter appearance. To assemble a ladder, you need to have skills in working with a welding machine.
Final finishing of the stairs
The fencing makes the stairs reliable. It consists of balusters and railings. The gap between them should not exceed 15-20 cm. They can be secured with outside bowstrings using screws. Dowels, tenons, and pins can be used to fasten balusters. For studs, a hole with a diameter of 12 mm is drilled at the end of the product to a depth of 80 mm. The studs are placed on glue, leaving about 7 cm outside. You need to drill holes in the bowstring to a depth of approximately 100 mm. First, install the outer columns. The twine is pulled between them and the remaining balusters are placed. All that remains is to attach the railing, made from a block 8-10 cm wide.
The entire structure is covered protective layer varnish or paint. Anti-slip materials can be laid on the steps. They may be the following:
- carpet;
- linoleum;
- animal skins;
- plywood;
- cork mats;
- polyurethane;
- rubber;
- rubber;
- other materials.
Conclusion on the topic
It is simply impossible to live without stairs in a private house.
Wooden structures have become especially popular.
This video shows one of the methods for installing steps.
Wood is environmentally friendly clean materials. Its service life is measured in several decades. Ready product easy to repair. You can also make it yourself. You just need to strictly adhere to all sizes. All parts must be well dried and soaked in antiseptics. The finished product is coated with varnish or paint. To prevent your feet from slipping on the steps, you can cover them with anti-slip materials.
There are several ways to assemble staircase structures. Some things require the work of specialists, while others can be assembled on your own.
One of these options assumes that the staircase will be constructed on bowstrings.
Here a natural question arises: what is the string of a ladder? There is a fairly simple definition - this is the support Basic structure flight of stairs, which is presented in the form of a beam with special cutouts on inside. The cutouts are designated as grooves or slots and the steps are located in them.
This is not the only way to attach steps, but it is considered the classic one. This type fastening allows the steps to merge with the string without showing their ends.
Material and dimensions
In terms of material, strings for stairs can be made of wood or metal, as well as reinforced concrete.
When choosing wood as a material, you can go in two ways:
- Conifers, spruce, pine, fir, cedar. Despite all the advantages, these rocks emit resin, which can subsequently interfere with the normal painting of a flight of stairs.
- Deciduous. Oak, maple, cherry, beech. This is the most preferable option (see also the article Oak stairs - manufacturing and assembly features).
The dimensions of the bowstring always depend on the length of the flight of stairs, but we can give standard sizes for a wooden support beam, taking into account the width of 90 cm, this is a minimum of 40 mm thickness and 300 mm - the width of the beam. The depth of the slot cut is calculated at 20-30 mm. (see also the article Required width of a flight of stairs)
Important!
The size between the cutouts and the width of the socket in the lateral planes of the beam determine all the main characteristics of the span.
This includes the width of the tread, the height of the step and the angle of inclination of the structure.
Production
If we are talking about support beams made of wood, then making a string for a staircase will first require selecting lumber, and the size in length and width must correspond project recommendations. Thus, a solid beam is obtained, without splicing.
The minimum permissible beam width is 275 mm, this is due to the fact that there must be a strip of string at least 50 mm wide above and below the steps.
The second step is marking the string of the stairs, and here it is necessary to take into account that the actual number of steps in the flight of stairs will be less than the calculated one. The floor level of the second level is simply taken as a step.
Marking can be done in two simple ways:
- Using a corner and a ruler. But there is always a high risk of error here.
- Using a specially prepared template.
In addition, you need to determine the location of the steps in relation to the bowstring.
And here there are also two options:
- No reference line. In this case, the groove is made open.
- With a reference line, insertions are made closed.
Important!
There is a third option, in which the marking is carried out not for inserts, but for support fasteners, overlays or metal corners.
Here it is carried out in the same way, taking into account the reference line.
The reference line is a line drawn along the entire length of the edge of the beam, which is located at a certain distance, for example, 50 mm, from the edge of the beam.
All wooden blanks are treated with antiseptics and impregnated with a primer before work begins.
Calculation
The instructions for calculating the stairs are based on a formula that works on the step length.
Everything can be shown schematically as follows:
- The average length of a human step is 60-66 cm, more precisely 63 cm, accordingly the formula used is 2 step heights + step depth = 63 ± 3 cm.
- At the same time, the most optimal inclination flight of stairs is from 30° to 40°.
- The depth of the step should correspond to shoe size 45, that is, be no less than 28-30 cm. If even the bowstring cannot provide such a depth, then the step is chosen wider, and the shortcoming is compensated by the protrusion.
Important!
The depth of the step plays a decisive role in the issue of safe ascent and descent along any flight of stairs.
The height of the steps should be 15-20 cm.
Working on your own
Independent production of a flight of stairs begins with calculations and preparation required material. After that, markings are made with your own hands, and the manufacturing process begins.
To work you will need certain tools:
- Tape measure, ruler, square, building level
- Jigsaw.
- Manual milling machine.
- Drill.
- Hammer with rubber tip.
After marking, it is necessary to cut out the nests. This is quite easy to do manually. milling machine, thus, the string for stairs is completely prepared for the installation of steps
Depending on the type of fastening of the steps, either a closed socket cutout or an open groove is made.
In the third option, support connections are simply installed according to the markings.
Next comes the fastening of the entire structure. It should immediately be noted here that stair string adjoins directly to two planes, this is the landing of the first floor, and ceiling, or half of the second floor.
Thus, on landing there is a certain load. Any staircase, including wooden staircases on bowstrings, is a static structure in which the beams are located on two supports. In addition, the ladder is always in an inclined position.
Exactly for the reason technical points in the design, the lower support of a flight of stairs always has maximum load, both horizontal and vertical types.
But the load on the upper support is only of a vertical type, and only if the strings of the flight of stairs rest on the platform only in the horizontal plane.
Attaching and installing the bowstring
In the event that the string of a wooden staircase is fastened against the wall, and this is the most preferable option, the wall beam must be carefully measured and cut from above, where it will rest on cross beam opening, and from below, where the string lies flat on the plane of the floor.
Important!
The entire structure can be “planted” with glue, and it will be possible to finally connect it after all the adjustment of the beams to the floor levels has been made.
The adjustment of the wall string in the upper part is carried out as follows:
- The assembled march is placed on its side so that the attached string is at the bottom, then a line is drawn along the inside of the riser and the top step.
- Now another line is drawn, which will go from the rear edge of the frieze tread to the very level of the plinth; in practice, the most common line is 75 mm long.
- Next, the upper riser is removed, this option reminds us once again that the final installation is made after all the adjustments, and the string is sawed off along the given guides.
- Regarding how the stair string is installed along the floor line, it can be noted that here a line is drawn parallel to the bottom tread along which the bottom of the beam is sawn off.
- Before installing the structure, it is necessary to make a recess on the upper support post; it is with its help that the post will fit tightly onto the upper ceiling. The excavation is always carried out directly along the entire flight of stairs, completely ready for installation.
In addition, a do-it-yourself ladder on bowstrings requires the presence of tongues for fastening to the upper and lower support posts. Naturally, special grooves for tongues must be made in the racks.
The entire flight of stairs is held under its own weight, but for reliability, the flight is fastened with screws through the support posts to the beams, and through the bowstring to the wall.
Before attaching the ladder string to the floor, it is very important to determine the method of fastening, because it is in this area that a serious load will constantly be placed.
Most preferable look following types fastenings:
- The support post can be installed in a specially prepared hole in the floor screed.
- The support post is secured with steel anchors.
The second option is much easier to implement in practice, especially considering that the work is carried out independently.
Conclusion
Among all the structures, a staircase on a bowstring + built with your own hands is considered the most simple option. Especially if it is straightforward and consists of one march.
This design is suitable both for a private house or cottage, and for arranging a two-level apartment.
Plus, that's enough inexpensive option a flight of stairs, which does not even have to be done with railings, and in this case it will only be enough to purchase two beams and a board for the steps. And in the video presented in this article you will find Additional information on this topic.
Stairs with bowstrings are often installed in multi-level apartments and private houses. This traditional staircase design is different from other options high level reliability, and, in some cases, attractive appearance. For experienced craftsmen, installing a ladder on bowstrings does not pose any problem.
But, when independent execution work, you will need photo or video installation instructions to minimize the number of questions that arise during installation. In addition, you should study in advance all the features of fastening and marking, as well as the basic rules for their arrangement. Consider not only the essence of the concept, but also existing species structures, as well as possible technologies their own production.
Types of stairs
Bowstrings – side elements staircase structure, holding steps and acting as limiters. It is worth noting that in in different forms bowstrings are present in almost all designs.
What is a bowstring and how is it different from a stringer? Variety of models:
- Attached. The simplest option of all. Most often used on summer cottages. It includes only a few elements: crossbars (steps) and side strings. Anyone can make such a staircase with their own hands. Video instructions recorded by experienced craftsmen can help with this.
- Folding attic. This model consists of two sections. In this case, the bowstring is folded. Hinges, carriages and other fasteners are used as connecting elements.
- Screw. One of the most complex structures. The bowstring is located with outside. Such models made of wood look very impressive.
- Marching. The most common design. The string in this case forms the march and holds the steps.
Step mounting options
From the outside it may seem that ladders on bowstrings look monotonous and uncomplicated. But this is far from true. There are a huge number of options for their design.
In order to pick up best option settings should be studied possible ways installation of steps:
- Sliding steps are not simply inserted into pre-made grooves, but are carefully pushed into them. The cut-out recess should not only have an entrance for the steps, but also an exit to the outside. In these structures, the treads can be dismantled without dismantling the entire staircase structure.
- Mortise steps are a standard method of connecting treads and risers. A hole is pre-cut in the bowstring, into which a step is then hammered. In order to make grooves, you should use manual frezer. If you don’t have a router, you can take a chisel and a hammer. But this method takes a lot of time. After the steps are secured to one string, you should fill the second element from the other edge.
- Application of corners. This method involves the use of additional elements. In order not to waste time cutting out corners, you can attach metal corners to the sides. Exactly for these additional elements In the future, treads will be attached.
Bowstring for stairs: features of fastening and marking
If you plan to build a staircase with mortise steps, then the grooves are made from the inside. Their depth should be between 1.5 and 2 centimeters. After this, risers and treads are carefully inserted into the grooves. When working on your own, remember that the bowstring must have cutouts with smooth edges and the same depth.
Pay careful attention to the markings relative position grooves on two support beams. If it is uneven, then unexpected distortion of the staircase structure may occur in the future.
In such cases, experts recommend making special templates cut from thin sheet plywood. To prevent the string from turning into a stringer, the guides should be attached at a distance of 50 millimeters from a pre-marked line.
The markings for the grooves are as follows. Longitudinal lines are drawn on the inside of the beam. They should retreat 50 millimeters from the edges of the beam. If such a need arises, this distance can be reduced to 30 millimeters. Further ready-made template moves neatly along the edge using guides. The location of the steps is marked with a pencil.
Remember that when applying markings to the string of one ladder structure, the location of the grooves must be completely mirror-like.
The lower and upper parts of the support beams must completely coincide with the floor levels. But whether this coincidence will be vertical or horizontal depends directly on the type of structure.
Experts who know all the features of fastening and marking do not advise quickly sawing off the excess ends. It is quite possible that they will be needed for insertion into a special support beam during final installation.
In order to get a reliable and very durable ladder on bowstrings, fastening the side elements is best done using rods. This can be a wooden tie on bolts or wedges, or a metal tie on nuts. Strands are installed at both edges of the staircase and in its central part. These elements allow you to avoid unwanted spreading of the sidewalls, which occurs when walking on steps and with a high load on them.
DIY installation instructions
Determine the height of the structure, its dimensions and the number of steps. To make a bowstring, take a wooden stick of the required thickness. As noted above, cutting grooves should be done using templates.
When cutting grooves yourself, you should copy the marks from the template onto the workpiece. The wood is processed with a special milling cutter with a nozzle of the required diameter.
After this, fix the internal string at the construction site and connect all the elements of the steps. When the work is finished, press the elements of the steps on the other side with another string and carefully tamp them down. With the help of glue and nails you can make the structure more durable and reliable in use.
By installing tie rods, you can prevent unwanted loosening of the staircase structure. The rods are installed at the rate of one per 5 steps.
In conclusion, it is worth noting that constructing a string for a ladder with your own hands is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. Before using the staircase structure for its intended purpose, you should ensure the strength of the fastenings.
If necessary, additional vertical support elements can be installed. Metal tubes or wooden beams are suitable for this purpose. The models of stairs that are mounted to the ceilings with the help of hangers look interesting.
As for the fences, they can be installed both on the string and on the steps themselves. It all depends on your aesthetic preferences. If you are not sure that you can handle the work yourself, even with the help of video instructions, then it is better to contact a specialist. The Ladder Master company employs craftsmen who will complete all tasks assigned to them not only quickly, but also efficiently. Such a string for stairs is guaranteed to be reliable, durable and aesthetically attractive.
Wooden stairs in a house are a very attractive element that can decorate or, conversely, ruin appearance any room. Beautiful carved stairs, like the one shown in the title photo, are the prerogative of professional assemblers and carvers, but this does not mean that simple designs, assembled with your own hands cannot look impressive.
In today's article we will look at the installation of wooden stairs step by step. This material will allow you to assemble a high-quality structure with your own hands, without spending a lot of money on hiring specialists and materials.
The first thing any builder faces is the design of future work. In the case of building a staircase, you will need to create an actual drawing to scale.
It is a drawing, not sketches on a piece of cardboard or a pack of cigarettes. This approach will allow you to avoid common errors in the manufacture and assembly of parts.
Terminological dictionary
Before starting the story about installing a wooden staircase with your own hands, let's plunge a little into the world of terms and concepts.
Our task is to study the main parts that make up a wooden staircase:
- Bowstring– a support beam that stands at a slope and holds the steps. A special feature of the bowstrings is that the steps are inserted into grooves sawn into the body of the board. In the diagram, this detail is shown on the left side of the viewer.
- Kosour– the purpose is similar to a bowstring, but there is a difference in the structure of the part. If in the first case the steps were installed in grooves, then here the support is cut right on the top edge of the board, and the steps are laid on top. In the diagram it is located on the right.
- Tread or step- This is the part of the structure that a moving person steps on. You can also hear the name – step cover.
- Riser– this is the side decorative part of the step, installed vertically. It is not a load-bearing element, therefore individual designs do not provide for its presence at all.
- Support pillars– there are starting, finishing and turning posts. They are the main load-bearing element for stair railings. Rotary ones are installed if the structure has more than one flight.
- Handrails- This is a holder on which a person leans when ascending or descending.
- Balusters– vertical elements that form the filling of the railing. Unlike pillars, they are not supports; however, when firmly fixed, they significantly enhance the strength of the entire fence structure.
- Ordinary stage– a standard flight step with fixed dimensions.
- Frieze steps– the first and last stages of the flight. They may differ from ordinary ones in size and shape, compensating for the remaining distance when dividing the span height by the number of steps.
Explanation! This means that the distance between the floors of the first and second floors is rarely a multiple of the height of the steps. Because of this, the lower step has different dimensions. And the upper frieze step extends into the same plane as the upper platform, and depending on the fastening of the stringer, it can be completely retracted or protruding, with a larger tread.
The designs that we will look at today are called marching ones. They are characterized by the presence of straight, level sections of ascent. Depending on the height of the span, the space for the stairs and the number of floors, single-flight and multi-flight structures are arranged.
Multi-flight stairs must have a rotation: 90, 180 or 270 degrees. The degree of rotation, again, depends on the space in which the staircase is located. In the first two options the number of marches is two, and in the last - three.
The more turns, the more compact ladder can be done. To connect the marches, intermediate platforms and winder steps are used.
The turntable is a horizontal plane. It is usually located in the middle of the span, dividing the climb into two equal sections.
Winder steps, as if part spiral staircase, provide a smooth rise during a turn. They can be located either in the middle of the span or closer to the level of the first floor, reducing the first flight, down to several steps. In this case, the spread is most often placed in the corner of the room.
The step itself is a trapezoid irregular shape and is mounted around the rotary support pillar subject to the overall height of the risers and a certain degree of displacement.
Drawing up a drawing
So, we have become aware of the basic elements that make up a wooden marching staircase. As you already understand, this is what we will be collecting in this article. Now you can safely move on to creating a drawing.
First of all, we advise you to turn to a professional designer for help, who will competently calculate the amount of material, dimensions of the structure, optimal shape, etc. design features. Naturally, you will have to spend money, but sometimes saving can become even more expensive.
If you don’t have the opportunity to spend additional money, you can use free online staircase designers.
To work with these tools, you do not need any specific computer knowledge. Everything is extremely simple and intuitive. All you need to do is accurately take all measurements on site and indicate them on the calculation page.