Violation of lexical compatibility among Russian-speaking students of the gymnasium stage of education in Estonia. Lexical compatibility of words

Introduction

There are many words in the Russian language that seem to “attract” to each other. For example, they say: “a herd of cows”, “a herd of horses”, “a flock of sheep”. That’s why the unfortunate combination of words makes me laugh: “A flock of ducks and hares appeared in the distance.” IN in this case the words are connected incorrectly, i.e. lexical compatibility is impaired.

Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. After all, in speech words are used not one at a time, not in isolation, but in phrases. At the same time, some words are freely combined with others if they suit their meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. Thus, very similar definitions - long, long, long, long - are attracted to nouns in different ways: you can say a long (long) period, but not a long (long) period.

Limitations of lexical compatibility for certain words are often explained by their use in special meanings. For example, the word round in its basic meaning - “one that resembles the shape of a circle, ring, ball” - is freely combined with words of the corresponding subject-thematic group: round table, round box; round window. But, speaking in the meaning of “whole, whole, without interruption” (about time), the word round is combined only with the nouns year, day, and in the meaning of “complete, perfect” - with such as an excellent student, an ignoramus.

In other cases, the reason for limiting lexical compatibility is the assignment of words to set expressions. For example, the velvet season is “the autumn months (September, October) in the south.” This expression has a stable character and the word “season” cannot be replaced by any other word, even the closest in meaning, for example, “velvet autumn.”

Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained by the combination of similar phrases. For example, they write: “satisfy modern requirements”, mixing combinations of “satisfy requirements” and “meet needs”; “conversation read” (“lecture given” and “conversation held”); “improve the level” (“improve quality” and “raise the level”).

lexical compatibility error

1. Violation of lexical compatibility

Semantic errors

Violation of lexical compatibility is caused by semantic errors of two types - logical and linguistic.

Logical errors are associated with failure to distinguish between concepts that are close in some respect. Often people do not distinguish between areas of activity, cause and effect, part and whole, and related phenomena.

Thus, in the sentence “Residents of a seaside town witnessed a large theatrical performance,” an error is found in the phrase “witnesses of the performance.” The word “witness” means “eyewitness” - this is the name given to a person who was at the scene of an incident. This word is associated with the field of judicial and legal activity. In the field of theatrical and concert activity, which is discussed in the sentence, the word “spectator” is used. This error is associated with not distinguishing between areas of activity.

The erroneous combination “prices have become more expensive” is due to the failure to distinguish between the related concepts of “prices” and “products”: goods become more expensive, and prices rise. You can give examples of similar errors in sentences: “The timely launch of the plant raises concerns”; “There are 52 trees in the park”; “As a result of the plague epidemic, people left the city.” All these errors are not explained by distinguishing related phenomena: they fear not that the plant will be launched, but that it will not be launched on time; they are not laying trees, but a park; people leave the city not as a result, but because of the plague. Possible corrections in these cases: “There is concern that the plant will not be launched on time”; “52 trees were planted in the park”; “As a result of the plague, the city was deserted.”

Linguistic errors are associated with the failure to distinguish between denoting words that are in any semantic relations. These are mainly synonyms and paronyms.

Failure to distinguish between synonyms, words that are close or have the same meaning, leads to errors in use. For example, the words “role” and “function” in the meaning of “work, circle of activity” are synonymous, but genetically they are associated with different signifiers: role - with the sphere of theater and cinema, and function - with logic. Hence the established lexical compatibility: the role is played (played), and the function is performed (performed). The words “brave” and “brave” are synonyms, but “brave” is associated with the external manifestation of the called quality, and “brave” is associated with both external and internal, therefore a thought, decision, idea can only be courageous, but not brave.

Not distinguishing between paronyms, i.e. words that partially match in sound also lead to errors in use; Most paronyms are words with the same root, differing in suffixes or prefixes and, as a consequence, shades of meaning, as well as stylistic coloring. For example, a misdemeanor (fault) is an act (an action committed by someone); guilty (who has committed a crime) - guilty (who has been guilty of something, who has violated the rules of morality, politeness, etc.); pay (for something) – pay (for something).

Paronyms can be associated with different options common root. For example, short (small in size, the opposite of long) – brief (stated briefly, in a few words). That's why they say short text, But brief retelling text.

Borrowed words may also appear in paronymic relationships: parity (equality) - priority (superiority, advantage), dequalification (loss of qualifications) - disqualification (deprivation of qualifications), etc. To distinguish paronyms of foreign origin, it is necessary to refer to dictionaries of foreign words.

Below are frequency pairs of paronyms:

Execute - have to fulfill general meaning“to carry out, to bring to life”, for example, to fulfill (fulfill) an order, but the second verb has a bookish character;

Long - long-lasting coincide in the meaning of “continuing, lengthy”, for example, a long (long) conversation, a long (long) pause, but “long” indicates an extension in time, and “long” emphasizes the procedural meaning of the noun; “long” is usually combined with the names of periods of time (long night, long winter), and “long” – with the names of actions and conditions designed for a long period (long flight, long treatment);

Agreement - agreement differ in that “agreement” means a written or oral agreement, a condition of mutual obligations (agreement of friendship and cooperation), and “agreement” means an agreement reached through negotiations (an agreement to include an issue on the agenda);

Truth (truth, the actual state of affairs) - truth (correspondence to truth). For example, the desire for truth is the truth of the assumptions made;

Ordinary - ordinary differ in that the first word emphasizes inconspicuousness, unremarkability, and the second - typicality. For example, an ordinary person – an ordinary day.

To identify the specifics of words connected by paronymic relationships, it is necessary to correctly understand the morphological composition of the word and the method of its formation. For example, in the pairs assimilate - master, complicate - complicate, make heavier - make heavier words with the prefix o- have the meaning of a higher degree of manifestation of the action. In pairs hygienic - hygienic, logical - logical, practical - practical, economic - economical, distinguished by the suffixes -ichesk-/-n-, the second adjective denotes a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent ( qualitative adjective). This implies compatibility: hygienic norm - hygienic fabric, logical laws - logical conclusion, practical use– practical clothes, economic policy – economical device.

Stylistic errors

Stylistic errors are a violation of the requirements of unity functional style, unjustified use of emotionally charged, stylistically marked means. Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word.

The most common stylistic mistakes include:

1. The use of clericalisms - words and phrases characteristic of an official business style. For example, “As the income portion of my budget increased, I decided to purchase a new car for permanent use” - “I began to receive a lot of money, so I decided to buy a new car.”

2. The use of words (expressions) of inappropriate stylistic coloring. Thus, in a literary context, the use of slang, colloquial, and abusive language is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial and expressive words should be avoided. For example, “The trustee of charitable institutions is cozying up to the auditor” - “The trustee of charitable institutions is currying favor with the auditor.”

3. Mixing styles - unjustified use in one text of words, syntactic structures characteristic of different styles Russian language. For example, a mixture of scientific and conversational styles.

4. Mixing vocabulary from different historical eras. For example, “The heroes wear chain mail, trousers, mittens” - “The heroes wear chain mail, armor, mittens.”

5. Incorrect sentence construction. For example, “Despite his youth, he good man" There are several ways to fix these errors. First, change the order of words in the sentence: “There are many works that tell about the author’s childhood in world literature” - “In world literature there are many works that tell about the author’s childhood.”

6. Secondly, remake the sentence: “Of other sporting events, let’s talk about the barbell” - “Of other sporting events, we should highlight the barbell competition.”

7. Pleonasm – speech excess, the use of words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view. In order to avoid pleonasm, you must do the following:

Replace the word with the same root, for example, monumental monument - monument;

Remove a word from a phrase, for example, the main point- essence, valuable treasures - treasures;

Remove a word from the text without reducing quality. For example, “Operation is the way in which an action is performed” - “Operation is the way in which an action is performed”; “Building a model in accordance with known rules” – “Building a model according to the rules.”

8. Tautology – the use of words with the same root within the boundaries of one sentence. For example, “Tell a story”; "Ask a question." Ways to correct tautologies are:

Replace one of the words with a synonym. For example, “The heavy rain did not stop all day” - “The heavy rain did not stop all day”;

Remove one of the words. For example, “Along with these signs, there are a number of others” - “Along with these signs, there are others.”

Tautology is easily detected when reading the text aloud. Overused words usually include which, so, and can.

9. Lexical repetitions in the text. For example, “In order to study well, students must pay more attention to their studies.” Words that are repeated must be replaced with synonyms, nouns can be replaced with pronouns, or the repeated word can be removed altogether if possible - “To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes.”

10. Substitution of the concept. This error occurs as a result of missing a word. For example, “Patients who have not visited the outpatient clinic for three years are placed in the archive” (we are talking about patient cards, and from the text of the sentence it follows that the patients themselves were sent to the outpatient clinic).

11. This error, which arose as a result of the author’s stylistic negligence, can be easily corrected: it is necessary to insert an accidentally missed word or phrase. For example, “Farmers strive to increase the number of sheep on the farm” - “Farmers strive to increase the number of sheep on the farm.”

12. Choice of forms of singular or plural. Often there are problems with the use of singular or plural. Examples of correct use are combinations: two or more options, three or more forms, there are several options, there are some options.

For correct use, agreement in meaning is increasingly used: if a single whole is meant, then the singular is used, and if it is necessary to emphasize individual objects, the plural is used.

13. Agreement of words in a sentence. Errors in word agreement in sentences often occur, especially when it comes to controlling verbs. For example, “This section describes opening, working and saving a document” - “This section describes the procedures for opening and saving documents, as well as working with them.”

14. Creation of verbal nouns. You should be careful when creating verbal nouns, because... many of the words created are not in the dictionary, and their use is considered illiterate (arrange - ordering, not ordering; collapse - folding, not collapsing).

15. Stringing identical shapes. Avoid stringing the same case forms, for example using the words “so that” and “which”. For example, “In order to avoid the possibility of danger” - “To avoid the occurrence of danger.”

16. Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures. For example, “The man was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. The padded jacket was roughly mended. The boots were almost new. Socks are moth-eaten” – “The man was dressed in a roughly darned, burnt-out padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks turned out to be moth-eaten.”

Stylistically unjustified use of tropes. The use of tropes can cause a variety of speech errors. Poor imagery of speech is a fairly common flaw in the style of authors who are poor at writing.

For example, “The judge was just as simple and modest.

2. Errors in the use of borrowed words

IN last years The Russian language is intensively replenished with borrowed words. This is because the country has entered into a new socio-political formation, as well as free market relations. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It is no exaggeration to say that a linguistic explosion has occurred. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of contacts and relationships between peoples and states.

The presence in one language of words from other languages and their use in speech is an objective reality. The number of such words is constantly increasing due to the penetration of new words and the expansion of the scope of old ones, which were used in a narrow meaning.

Unfortunately, when using borrowed words, many errors are made (spelling, orthoepic, grammatical, lexical), which are explained by the special position of foreign words: in a new language they have weak family ties (or do not have them at all), so their root for most native speakers are vague, the meaning is unclear, but their modernity is felt in comparison with familiar Russian or long-acquired borrowed words.

The most common type of error is associated with the unreasonable use of a foreign word, which does not introduce anything new in comparison with its Russian or long-acquired borrowed synonym. For example, “The perfume launch took place last Friday; The perfume sold well." If the word "perfume" means perfume special type or denotes some class of perfumery products, which includes the perfume in question, it is necessary to give a comment; if the word “perfume” is used in its direct meaning“spirits”, then the necessity of its use in this text is very doubtful.

Another type of error is the stringing of borrowed words, which can “stun” the reader with the scientific nature of the presentation. For example, “There must be a selection of property profitability.” The difficulty of understanding is associated with the use of two borrowed words in a row, and each of them is used incorrectly. The word “selection” means “a branch of agronomy and animal science that deals with the development of new varieties and breeds (by selection method).” The word “profitability” means “the property of being profitable (profitable, profitable).” Apparently, the word “selection” is used here, in its direct translation from English as “selection”, but such a meaning has not yet been formed in the Russian language, in addition, it is not combined with the word denoting “property”, so such use is perceived like a logical fallacy. It should be written: “The most cost-effective (profitable) types of property should be selected.”

Very often, ignorance of the exact meaning of a borrowed word leads to mistakes. For example, “Crime and Punishment” is a cult novel by Dostoevsky.” The word “cult” has two meanings:

1. adjective to the word “cult” in the meaning of “service to a deity and related actions and rituals” (cult objects);

2. widely known and popular; arousing the worship of its adherents (cult film).

It is obvious that in the above phrase the word “cult” is used in the meaning of the word “popular”, which is incorrect. It should be written: “Crime and Punishment” is a popular novel.”

Most pleonastic combinations arise precisely when borrowed words are used. For example: “short briefing” (“short” is included in the meaning of the word “briefing”, therefore it is superfluous), “terrain” (the word “terrain” is superfluous), “main priority” (the word “main” is superfluous).

A borrowed word that has a Russian synonym is usually higher in style (somewhat more formal), so it is poorly suited for interpersonal confidential communication, for describing inner world a person, his feelings, moods. Foreign words are more suitable for information about political events, scientific phenomena, and for communication between organizations and states. For example, an alliance is an alliance: an alliance of liberals and democrats, an alliance of the government of Moscow and the Moscow region, but a union of hearts, an alliance of friends. Thus, borrowed words have a stylistically more limited use than their Russian synonyms. Ignoring this feature of borrowed words leads to stylistic errors. For example, “Literature itself as a total value is under threat,” where instead of the word “total” the words “universal” or “eternal” should be used.

Among the borrowings there are special group words denoting concepts characteristic of a very specific country (a number of countries) or people. Such borrowings are called exoticisms. For example, prairies are flat steppe spaces in North America, and savannas are plains in South America and Africa, covered with herbaceous vegetation, among which are scattered groups of trees and shrubs. Exoticisms are quite appropriate in texts that describe the reality with which these words are correlated (here it is necessary to ensure that prairies do not end up in South America, and savannas in North America).

The Russian text also contains foreign language inclusions and barbarisms. Foreign language inclusions are words, phrases, sentences in foreign language single use. Acquiring a regular character and taking shape in Cyrillic, they become barbarisms, for example: happy end, weekend, shop (from shop). For many foreign words, barbarism is the first stage of entry into the language (show, marketing). But a word or expression can become entrenched in a language precisely as barbarism, while having a Russian synonym, for example: nihil - nothing, tête-à-tête - alone. It is necessary to distinguish between the use of barbarisms to describe non-Russian reality, when they act as a characterological means, similar in function to exoticism, and to describe Russian reality. The first ones, if they are not widely known, are accompanied by explanations. When describing Russian reality, barbarisms are used exclusively as an expressive means (Vivat, Russia!) and are unacceptable in strictly informative texts.

I would also like to note that misuse borrowed words leads to the following errors:

1. Violation of spelling norms.

This section includes errors in the pronunciation of borrowings, as well as incorrect stress placement in foreign words. For example, “expert” instead of “expert”, “kv”artal instead of “kvart”al, kat”alog instead of katal”og, “kil”meters instead of “kil”meters.

2. Violation of spelling norms. For example, the word “billiard” instead of “billiards”.

3. Violation of grammatical norms. For example, “two shampoos”, “two shoes” are the wrong gender.

4. Violation of word compatibility norms. For example, “Only here there were interesting nuances.”

Conclusion

Analyzing the above, we can highlight a number of features of the violation of lexical compatibility, namely:

1. Errors are distinguished by their predominant nature in relation to grammatical and stylistic norms themselves. The leading types of violations in the field of vocabulary are the use of words in an unusual meaning, failure to distinguish the meanings of synonyms and paronyms;

2. Characterized by “genre stability”;

3. They have “quality stability”. This is incorrect word usage and compatibility.

4. Words of certain parts of speech are more susceptible to misuse (primarily verbs that have specific features lexical meaning, as a rule, by the presence of a differential feature that specifies compatibility), words that are in certain systemic connections (a significant number of synonyms, a branched semantic structure, etc.).

The combination of words plays a special role important role V artistic speech. The expansion of the usual connections of words, giving them new shades of meaning, underlies many classic images of great masters of artistic speech: “gray winter threat” (A.S. Pushkin), “pot-bellied nut bureau” (N.V. Gogol), “rubber thought" (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). How bright stylistic device use violation of lexical compatibility and modern writers. For example, “They lost hope of crushing his regiment” (K. Simonov). Many such combinations become fixed in the language and become stable, which indicates their approval by the linguistic taste of the time.

Humorists often resort to violation of lexical compatibility in order to give a comic tone to their speech. For example, “The population of the circulation ark fell asleep”; “apple with a mole” (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). This stylistic device underlies various jokes: “A genius was recognized alive; “He was appointed director of his own free will.”

However, in colloquial speech a violation of lexical compatibility can become an annoying speech error. For example, “The basin made a cozy impression on us.” After all, the “impression” can be pleasant, and the “corner” can be cozy.

When using words that have extreme limited opportunities lexical connections, violation of compatibility often becomes the reason for the comic sound of speech: “The students worked at their experimental site as the most notorious specialists”; “Guys came to the youth circle, dejected by their experience.” Lexical errors in such cases damage not only the style, but also the content of the phrase, because the associations that arise suggest the opposite meaning.

In conclusion, we can say that careful attention to the word, to the peculiarities of lexical combinability in the Russian language will help to avoid such mistakes in speech, and in other cases will allow the use of unusual combinations of words to create bright images or as a source of humor.

Bibliography

1. Bragina A.A. Neologisms in the Russian language. M. - 1995.

2. Fomenko Yu.V. Types of speech errors. Novosibirsk - 1994.

3. Tseytlin S.N. Speech errors and their warning. M. - 1982.

The most important condition for normative speech is not only right choice words, but also their lexical compatibility. The latter is determined by the meaning of the word, its belonging to a particular style of speech, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, phraseological coherence and represents a particular difficulty for writers and speakers.

Violation of lexical compatibility can cause speech errors; to avoid them, it is necessary to refer to special dictionaries, which provide typical examples of the compatibility of certain words with others. Such lexicographic reference books are listed in the list of recommended literature.

All words, from the point of view of compatibility, are divided into two groups: 1) words, the compatibility of which with other words that clarify and explain their meaning is required, for example: inhale what? – air, oxygen, smell ; 2) words that have optional compatibility, for example: night – dark night, night has come, etc.

The reason for limiting lexical compatibility is the assignment of words to set expressions, for example: Velvet season – autumn months in the south. The rules for combining words in speech are also determined by grammatical compatibility, on which the possibility of connecting one part of speech with another depends. Grammatical compatibility allows, for example, the combination of nouns with adjectives ( deep silence), but “prohibits” the combination of adjectives with numerals, possessive pronouns with verbs(can't say “big hundred”, “mine doesn’t understand yours”).

Lexical compatibility often interacts with grammatical compatibility. Yes, that's it transitive verbs combine with nouns in accusative case without pretext ( I'm reading a book), however, the form of this case depends on whether the nouns are animate or inanimate: in the first wines. n. in form coincides with the genitive ( met a friend), for the second - with im.p. (met the train). In some cases, grammatical compatibility helps to correctly determine the meaning of a word: see satellite(O spaceship) And see a companion(about a human).

Here are examples of the most common lexical errors: a) incorrect choice of an adjective or adverb with the meaning of a large degree of quality in a sentence There's a long queue at the store today - should be written – There's a long line at the store today ; b) a combination of a noun with an adjective meaning “insignificant in its manifestations” – Leaves fall from the birch tree with a slight rustle - in a sentence should be written – .....with a quiet rustle... ; c) a combination of a verb with the meaning “to produce, perform” and a noun with an abstract meaning – The girl does gymnastics every morning - in a sentence should be written - ...does gymnastics..., But performs gymnastic exercises ; d) verbs with the meaning of creation strictly require after themselves a noun denoting the object of this creation, for example: “cook dinner”, “bake a cake”, “paint a picture”, “compose a poem”. Instead, the verb “to do, to do” is often used. In a sentence Mom and I made dinner Right ...cooked dinner ; e) ways to indicate the cause - “to cause pain”, “to bring joy”, “to make an impression”. In a sentence The film creates a good impression on the audience incorrect verb combination creates with a noun. Should be written - The film makes a good impression on the audience.

Violations of the lexical norm include the combination of incompatible concepts - alogism. In the above sentence the incomparable is compared: The language of the Wild, like other representatives of the “dark kingdom,” is characterized by rude expressions. The language of the Wild is compared with representatives of the “dark kingdom”. Edit proposal: In the language of the Wild, as well as in the language of other representatives of the “dark kingdom,” there are many rude expressions.

Unjustified replacement of understandable Russian words with foreign ones or their incorrect use also requires literary editing. In order to navigate borrowings, it is also necessary to refer to special dictionaries that record this vocabulary. For example:

Lecture 4. Lexical norms

Vocabulary. Types of lexical items

The concept of lexical norms and typical lexical errors

Violation of accuracy, clarity, logic, brevity of speech as a consequence of lexical errors

1. Vocabulary. Types of lexical items

Vocabulary – vocabulary a language that covers individual words and stable combinations of words. All words can be divided into several groups depending on their lexical features.

Depending on the number of lexical meanings, single-valued and polysemantic words are distinguished. Single word can have only one lexical meaning ( book, table, monologue, alert). Polysemous word has two or more meanings ( endure, green). In the explanatory dictionary, all meanings of a polysemantic word are given in one dictionary entry, each meaning is numbered and there may be a note before the interpretation of the word, for example, trans.(figurative meaning). Direct meaning is the basic meaning of a word. A figurative meaning is a secondary meaning that arose on the basis of a direct one.

Depending on the semantic connections between words, lexical units are divided into synonyms, homonyms, antonyms, and paronyms. Synonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, different in sound, identical or similar in meaning. Synonyms may differ from each other in shades of meaning, stylistic coloring, or both. Antonyms- words with opposite meanings. Antonyms denote contrasting concepts that are correlated with each other. Antonyms can express opposite concepts of time (long ago - recently), place (top - bottom), space (north - south), etc. Homonyms- words that are identical in spelling and sound, related to one part of speech, but not related in meaning, for example: In dictionaries, homonyms, unlike polysemantic words, are given in different dictionary entries, since homonyms, unlike polysemantic words, are not have a common component of meaning. Paronyms words are called words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning, usually having the same root and belonging to the same part of speech, for example: spectacular - effective, addressee - addressee, tactical - tactful.

Lexical units are subdivided in terms of their sphere of use. Commonly used called vocabulary, understandable to all native speakers of the Russian language. Uncommon words are used only by one social group or another. These words are jargon(emotionally expressive words that are used by one or another social group and have a correspondence in the literary language), dialectisms(words that are used only by residents of a certain territory), argotisms ( words used in the speech of people of a certain social environment in order to hide the content of speech from representatives of others social groups), professionalism, terms.

Lexical units can be characteristic of only one style of speech, or they can be neutral, i.e. used in any style.

Depending on their origin, the words are native Russian and borrowed. Originally Russian Borrowings(foreign language vocabulary) - words that came into the Russian language from other languages and are used according to the laws of the Russian language.

Depending on the frequency of use, passive and active vocabulary is distinguished. Vocabulary of everyday use is active (table, home, work, contract, tax, etc.). Passive vocabulary is rarely used. Passive vocabulary includes obsolete words that have fallen out of active use. They are divided into two groups: historicisms And archaisms. Historicisms – words denoting objects, phenomena that do not exist in modern life: corvée, quitrent, veche, arshin. Archaisms– words whose lexical meaning has changed. Archaisms have synonyms in modern Russian, because the objects and phenomena denoted by these words have not been lost. For example, brow (forehead), fingers (fingers), shame (spectacle), shuytsa ( left hand), right hand (right hand). In addition to obsolete words, passive vocabulary includes neologisms(new units of vocabulary). Neologisms can be individually-authored And general language. Individually authored neologisms belong to book speech, are created consciously, are not widely used, and are not recorded in dictionaries. Such neologisms are created in order to add expressiveness to speech. General linguistic neologisms arise when there is a need to name the desired object.

2. The concept of lexical norms and typical lexical errors

Lexical norms– norms of word usage:

the use of words in accordance with their meaning, stylistic coloring, evaluative properties;

correct combination of words (semantic and lexical).

Typical lexical errors are associated with violations of word usage norms.

Using a word without taking into account its lexical meaning

ignorance of the lexical meaning of a word

the influence of paronomasia, i.e. sound similarity of words having different roots: mirage - turn, injection - infection

desire for euphemization -: Not enough attention is paid to this phenomenon. The workshop is uncomfortable: it is in disrepair.

b) Violation of lexical compatibility

Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. Some words are freely compatible, i.e. easily combined with other words: difficult job, difficult task, difficult character; others are limited to one or two uses: pitch darkness, pouring rain, tribute. The limited lexical compatibility of certain words is explained by their use in special meanings. Polysemantic words are selectively combined with other words: in each case, it is necessary to take into account the specific meaning of the word. For example, you can say deep night, but you can't - deep evening; one might say the Velvet season, but you can't - velvet autumn.

In many cases, the ban on combining words is imposed by linguistic tradition: play meaning(norm – play a role), have functions (perform functions). Deliberate violation of lexical compatibility is a vivid means of expressiveness, which is often used by humor writers to give speech a comic tone. For example: It's hard to forgive other people's shortcomings, even harder to forgive other people's virtues.

Reasons for violation of lexical compatibility:

association with a phrase close in meaning, for example In his early childhood, his favorite pastime was playing war;

The emotional-expressive coloring of words is not taken into account: combining words of different expressive coloring (negative and positive expression): All notorious specialists were invited to an international conference. The comedy of the statement arises;

bad choice of synonym: This event took place a few days ago(Right - happened);

mixing paronyms: At the first meeting, Dina did not acceptUmova seriously.

pleonasm (a speech error that occurs in a phrase in which one of the words is redundant, because its meaning duplicates the meaning of another word);

tautology (unjustified repetition of words with the same root in a sentence);

c) Violation of semantic compatibility

Logical compatibility is determined by the connection between objects and phenomena of reality.

Reasons for violation of semantic compatibility

Mixing of paronyms. Some paronyms differ in meaning (shades of meaning), some - only in lexical compatibility. When mixing paronyms that have different semantic connotations, semantic errors arise. For example, This is the critical moment of the game(full of criticism - critical, turning point - critical).

False associations arising under the influence of paronomasia (sound similarity of words with different roots). For example, A motorcycle show is always a real celebration of stuntmen and spectators; here you can see suchmirages (Right - turns).

The use of a polysemantic word without taking into account semantic compatibility ( low health in meaning poor health, low knowledge and so on.).

Bringing words together by contiguity (metonymic replacement of the desired word): prices are expensive.

Inattentive use of antonyms. Due to their weakness The decision was postponed for a week.

3. Violation of accuracy, clarity, logic, brevity of speech as a consequence of lexical errors

Lexical errors can lead to impaired brevity of speech. Verbosity is the use of words and phrases that carry optional, unnecessary information. For example: Fulfillment of obligations is still not going well enough(instead of Commitments are still not being fulfilled well enough; Passion for computer games is one of the most important signs of the times, a modern phenomenon(instead of Passion for computer games is one of the most important signs of the times.(or modern phenomenon)).

Typical lexical errors that disrupt the brevity of speech are pleonasm and tautology.

Pleonasm is the use of words that are close in meaning and therefore superfluous. For example: The facial expressions on her face are very expressive(facial expressions- this is the facial expression) ; There was loud applause and applause(applause And ovation- synonyms).

Tautology is the repetition of the same or cognate words in one sentence. For example: torrential downpour, ask a question. Tautology can be hidden; it is found in sentences in which Russian and foreign words with the same meaning are used. Their similarities are revealed when translating a foreign word into Russian. For example: memorial monument (memorial- serving to perpetuate the memory of someone) , memorable souvenir(souvenir- a keepsake).

Deliberate repetition of words and forms is a means of semantic and emotional expressiveness: bitter grief, vanity of vanities, living and living. In a number of cases, tautological expressions have become entrenched in speech due to changes in the meaning of a particular word and the absence of the necessary equivalent in the language. Yes, the expression patriot of his homeland became acceptable because the word patriot in addition to the meaning of “loving the homeland”, it acquired an additional meaning – “loving something, devoted to something”: patriot of his land, patriot of his school. Established in speech and expressions used book And reality.

Thus, knowledge of lexical norms is one of the conditions for good speech, since lexical norms contribute to the accurate expression of thoughts without verbosity, idle talk, and ensure clarity and consistency of statements.

Using dictionaries will help you avoid lexical errors.

Dictionaries fix the lexical meaning of a word. In dictionaries of foreign words the source language is indicated, the meaning of the word and examples of its use are given.

In phraseological dictionaries the meanings of phraseological units are presented, i.e. stable expressions whose meaning is not derived from their constituent components.

You can also use dictionaries of synonyms, homonyms, and dictionaries of lexical compatibility. In synonym dictionaries, synonymous series are given, the general meaning of each series is indicated, the difference between synonyms is noted, examples of the use of synonyms are given, and sometimes the origin of the word.

These dictionaries reflect the richness of the Russian language and are the most important means of improving the level of speech culture person: enrichment of speech, formation of accuracy and clarity of speech.

Literature

Directories

Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech: Tutorial for universities. 14th ed. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2005. – 544 p.

Ippolitova N.A., Knyazeva O.Yu., Savova M.R. Russian language and culture of speech: a course of lectures / Ed. ON THE. Ippolitova. – M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2007. – 344 p.

Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Rep. ed. Doctor of Philology, Prof. OK. Graudina and Doctor of Philology, Prof. E.N. Shiryaev. – M.: Norma, 2006. – 560 p.

Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / A.I. Dunev, M.Ya. Dymarsky, A.Yu. Kozhevnikov and others; Ed. V.D. Chernyak. – M.: Higher school; S.-Pb.: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen, 2002.

Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 1994.

Krysin A.P. Explanatory dictionary of foreign words. M., 1998.

Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. M., 1984.

Dictionary of new words of the Russian language. Ed. N.Z. Kotelova. St. Petersburg, 1995.

Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. M., 1974.

Dictionary of combinability of words in the Russian language. M., 1983.

Modern dictionary of foreign words. M., 2000.

Thematic dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. V.V. Morkovkin. M., 2000.

Dictionary Russian language at the end of the 20th century. / Ch. ed. Sklyarevskaya G.N. – St. Petersburg, 2000.

Russian phraseological dictionary literary language: In 2 volumes / Compiled by A.I. Fedorov. – M.: Citadel, 1997.

To use words correctly in speech, it is not enough to know them exact value, it is also necessary to take into account the features lexical compatibility, that is, their ability to connect with each other. So, “similar” adjectives long, lengthy, long, long-lasting, lasting are “attracted” to nouns in different ways: long period, long period(but not long, long, long-term period); long way, long way, long fees, long-term loan. Often words with the same value may have different lexical compatibility ( true friend - genuine document).

Combining words into phrases may come across various kinds restrictions. Firstly, words may not be combined due to their semantic incompatibility. You can't tell purple orange, leaning back, water is burning. Secondly, combining words into a phrase can be excluded due to their grammatical nature ( mine - float, close - cheerful). Thirdly, the combination of words can be hampered by their lexical features. Yes, it’s common to say cause grief, trouble, but you can't say cause joy, pleasure.

Depending on the restrictions governing the combination of words, three types of compatibility are distinguished: semantic (from the term semantics- the meaning of the word), grammatical (more precisely, syntactic) and lexical.

Semantic compatibility is broken, for example, in this case: The teacher offered us write test orally . If compatibility is violated in other cases, an undesirable hidden meaning arises: For example: Need to speed up settlement bloodshed; Observed monstrous improvement living conditions of the people.

In the speeches of speakers, a violation of lexical compatibility is often observed: Voice numbers disappointing; IN nearby past (recent) we all held our tongues.

Violation of lexical compatibility can be dictated by the conscious desire of the speaker (writer) to surprise listeners (readers) with an unusual combination of words. Then inconsistency becomes a means of creating a comic sounding speech. We find many striking examples of deliberate violation of lexical compatibility in Ilf and Petrov: Alexander Ivanovich Koreiko was in the last the onset of youth- he was 38 years old; Commission, full of beards ami, arrived at the "Revenge" artel.

Violation of lexical compatibility as a striking stylistic device for creating a comic effect underlies various jokes: We were victorious and no longer has the right to hesitate; Reached yawning peaks; Genius recognized alive; It's hard to forgive other people's shortcomings, but it's even harder forgive other people's virtues .

(Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech. M., 2002)

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Introduction

Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. After all, in speech words are used not one at a time, not in isolation, but in phrases.At the same time, some words are freely combined with others if they suit their meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. Thus, very similar definitions - long, long, long, long - are attracted to nouns in different ways: you can say a long (long) period, but not a long (long) period.

Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained by the combination of similar phrases. For example, they write: “meet modern requirements,” mixing the combinations “meet requirements” and “meet needs”; “conversation read” (“lecture given” and “conversation held”); “improve the level” (“improve quality” and “raise the level”).

1. Violation of lexical compatibility

Semantic errors

Violation of lexical compatibility is caused by semantic errors of two types - logical and linguistic.

Linguistic errors are associated with the failure to distinguish between denoting words that are in any semantic relationship. These are mainly synonyms and paronyms.

Failure to distinguish between synonyms, words that are close or have the same meaning, leads to errors in use.For example, the words “role” and “function” in the meaning of “work, circle of activity” are synonymous, but genetically they are associated with different signifiers: role - with the sphere of theater and cinema, and function - with logic. Hence the established lexical compatibility: the role is played (played), and the function is performed (performed). The words “brave” and “brave” are synonyms, but “brave” is associated with the external manifestation of the called quality, and “brave” is associated with both external and internal, therefore a thought, decision, idea can only be courageous, but not brave.

Non-distinction of paronyms, i.e. words that partially match in sound also lead to errors in use; Most paronyms are words with the same root, differing in suffixes or prefixes and, as a consequence, shades of meaning, as well as stylistic coloring.For example, a misdemeanor (fault) is an act (an action committed by someone); guilty (who has committed a crime) - guilty (who has been guilty of something, who has violated the rules of morality, politeness, etc.); pay (for something) – pay (for something).

Stylistic errors

Stylistic errors are a violation of the requirements of the unity of a functional style, the unjustified use of emotionally charged, stylistically marked means. Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word.

The most common stylistic mistakes include:

The use of clericalisms - words and phrases characteristic of an official business style.For example, “As the income portion of my budget increased, I decided to purchase a new car for permanent use” - “I began to receive a lot of money, so I decided to buy a new car.”

The use of words (expressions) of inappropriate stylistic coloring.Thus, in a literary context, the use of slang, colloquial, and abusive language is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial and expressive words should be avoided. For example, “The trustee of charitable institutions is cozying up to the auditor” - “The trustee of charitable institutions is currying favor with the auditor.”

Mixing styles -unjustified use in one text of words and syntactic structures characteristic of different styles of the Russian language. For example, a mixture of scientific and conversational styles.

A mixture of vocabulary from different historical eras.For example, “The heroes wear chain mail, trousers, mittens” - “The heroes wear chain mail, armor, mittens.”

Incorrect sentence construction.For example, “Despite his youth, he is a good person.” There are several ways to fix these errors. First, change the order of words in the sentence: “There are many works that tell about the author’s childhood in world literature” - “In world literature there are many works that tell about the author’s childhood.”

Secondly, remake the sentence: “Of other sporting events, let’s talk about the barbell” - “Of other sporting events, we should highlight the barbell competition.”

Pleonasm - speech excess,the use of words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view.

Tautology – the use of cognate words within the boundaries of one sentence. For example, “Tell a story”; "Ask a question."

Lexical repetitions in the text.For example, “In order to study well, students must pay more attention to their studies.” Words that are repeated must be replaced with synonyms, nouns can be replaced with pronouns, or the repeated word can be removed altogether if possible - “To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes.”

Substitution of the concept.This error occurs as a result of missing a word. For example, “Patients who have not visited the outpatient clinic for three years are placed in the archive” (we are talking about patient cards, and from the text of the sentence it follows that the patients themselves were sent to the outpatient clinic).

Choice of singular or plural forms.Often there are problems with the use of singular or plural. Examples of correct use are combinations: two or more options, three or more forms, there are several options, there are some options.

Word agreement in a sentence. Errors in word agreement in sentences often occur, especially when it comes to controlling verbs. For example, “This section describes opening, working and saving a document” - “This section describes the procedures for opening and saving documents, as well as working with them.”

Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures. For example, “The man was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. The padded jacket was roughly mended. The boots were almost new. Socks are moth-eaten” – “The man was dressed in a roughly darned, burnt-out padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks turned out to be moth-eaten.”

Stylistically unjustified use of tropes.The use of tropes can cause a variety of speech errors. Poor imagery of speech is a fairly common flaw in the style of authors who are poor at writing.

For example, “The judge was just as simple and modest.

2. Errors in the use of borrowed words

In recent years, the Russian language has been intensively replenished with borrowed words. This is because the country has entered into a new socio-political formation, as well as free market relations. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It is no exaggeration to say that a linguistic explosion has occurred. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of contacts and relationships between peoples and states.

Unfortunately, when using borrowed words, many errors are made (spelling, orthoepic, grammatical, lexical), which are explained by the special position of foreign words: in a new language they have weak family ties (or do not have them at all), so their root for mostnative speakers are vague, the meaning is unclear, but their modernity is felt in comparison with familiar Russian or long-acquired borrowed words.

The most common type of error is associated with the unreasonable use of a foreign word, which does not introduce anything new in comparison with its Russian or long-acquired borrowed synonym.For example, “The perfume launch took place last Friday; The perfume sold well." If the word “perfume” has the meaning of a special type of perfume or denotes some class of perfumery products, which includes the perfume in question, it is necessary to give a comment; if the word “perfume” is used in its direct meaning “perfume”, then the need for its use in this text is very doubtful.

Among borrowings there is a special group of words denoting concepts characteristic of a very specific country (a number of countries) or people. Such borrowings are called exoticisms. For example, prairies are flat steppe spaces in North America, and savannas are plains in South America and Africa, covered with herbaceous vegetation, among which groups of trees and shrubs are scattered. Exoticisms are quite appropriate in texts that describe the reality with which these words are correlated (here it is necessary to ensure that prairies do not end up in South America, and savannas in North America).

I would also like to note that the incorrect use of borrowed words leads to the following errors:

Violation of spelling norms.

Violation of spelling norms.For example, the word “billiard” instead of “billiards”.

Violation of grammatical norms.For example, “two shampoos”, “two shoes” are the wrong gender.

Violation of word combination norms. For example, “Only here there were interesting nuances.”

Conclusion

Analyzing the above, we can highlight a number of features of the violation of lexical compatibility, namely:

Errors are distinguished by their predominant nature in relation to grammatical and stylistic norms themselves. The leading types of violations in the field of vocabulary are the use of words in an unusual meaning, failure to distinguish the meanings of synonyms and paronyms;

Characterized by “genre stability”;

They have “quality stability”. This is incorrect word usage and compatibility.

Words of certain parts of speech are more susceptible to misuse (primarily verbs that have specific features of lexical meaning, as a rule, the presence of a differential feature that specifies compatibility), words that are in certain systemic connections (a significant number of synonyms, a branched semantic structure, etc.) .P.).

The combination of words plays a particularly important role in artistic speech. The expansion of the usual connections of words, giving them new shades of meaning, underlies many classic images of great masters of artistic speech: “gray winter threat” (A.S. Pushkin), “pot-bellied nut bureau” (N.V. Gogol), “rubber thought" (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). Humorists often resort to violation of lexical compatibility in order to give a comic tone to their speech. For example, “The population of the circulation ark fell asleep”; “apple with a mole” (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). This stylistic device underlies various jokes: “A genius was recognized alive; “He was appointed director of his own free will.”

In search of unexpected images and vivid speech expression, poets especially often expand their lexical compatibility. Suffice it to recall the classic lines of M.Yu. Lermontov: “Sometimes he falls passionately in love with his elegant sadness”; A.A. Feta: “September has died. And the dahlias were scorched by the breath of the night”; B. Pasternak: “February. Get some ink and cry! Write about February sobbingly.” Contemporary poets also appreciate this stylistic device: “A small forest begged for alms of snow from the greedy or poor skies” (B. Akhmadulina). When using words that have extremely limited possibilities of lexical connections, a violation of compatibility often becomes the reason for the comic sound of speech: “Students worked at their experimental site as the most notorious specialists”; “Guys came to the youth circle, dejected by their experience.” Lexical errors in such cases damage not only the style, but also the content of the phrase, because the associations that arise suggest the opposite meaning. In conclusion, we can say that careful attention to the word, to the peculiarities of lexical compatibility in the Russian language will help to avoid such errors in speech , and in other cases, it will allow you to use unusual combinations of words to create vivid images or as a source of humor.

Bibliography

Bragina A.A. Neologisms in the Russian language. M. - 1995.

Fomenko Yu.V. Types of speech errors. Novosibirsk - 1994.

Tseytlin S.N. Speech errors and their prevention. M. - 1982.