Category general building materials includes a list of essential products that are widely used in various branches of construction. They are used in the construction of new facilities and reconstruction of existing ones, therefore they are extremely in demand. Materials for general construction purposes are the basic basis of any construction, therefore the highest demands are placed on them regarding strength, reliability, and service life.
- reinforced concrete products;
- bricks;
- blocks;
- bulk and bulk substances.
First group - reinforced concrete products. Reinforced concrete products are structures manufactured in a factory using the casting method with subsequent hardening. This production method allows you to control product quality and carry out a series of tests on the material for compliance with regulatory requirements. This group includes slabs, piles, curb stones, foundation blocks and many other products. They are used at all stages of construction
Next category - bricks. The products are artificial stones regular shape, made of mineral materials (clay, silicate compounds, adobe and others). Used as the main material for the construction of objects. As for the blocks, they are used for the construction of external enclosing structures of residential, public, industrial and agricultural facilities with normal temperature and humidity conditions internal space. They can be made from aerated concrete, lime-sand mixture and other composite materials.
The last group is bulk substances. These include sand, expanded clay, gravel and many others. They differ in fraction (grain size), density and strength. They are used for various purposes - as a filler for compositions and mixtures, a thermal insulation layer, as well as bulk material for arranging a pillow.
The reliability and durability of the structure depends on their quality. Therefore, if necessary, you must contact companies offering only certified products.
Various artificial and natural building materials are used for the construction and finishing of buildings and structures. The use of a particular material depends on the purpose of the structure, its properties and operating conditions.
The most widely used natural building materials are rubble stone, gravel, crushed stone, sand, clay, granite, and marble.
Rubble stone represents large pieces of sandstone, limestone, granite of irregular shape, ranging in size from 150 to 500 mm. It is used for constructing foundations, constructing walls of non-residential premises, paving canal slopes and embankment slopes of highway subgrades, etc.
Gravel- a loose accumulation of rocks consisting of rounded granite or basalt fragments ranging in size from 1 to 20 mm. By size, gravel is divided into small, medium and coarse; by origin - river, lake, sea and glacial. Gravel is widely used in the preparation of concrete, road surfaces, and ballast layers. railways, as well as in hydraulic engineering construction.
Crushed stone - stone building material, which is obtained by crushing various rocks up to 5-70 mm. The strength of the stone corresponds to the strength of the original rock. Crushed stone is used as a filler in the preparation of concrete, for the construction of crushed stone pavement and pavement layers of highways, as well as for the construction of drainage layers of hydraulic structures.
Sand- fine-clastic loose mass consisting of grains of various minerals and rocks. The sand composition includes quartz particles, feldspathic crystalline grains and a number of other minerals. Sand consists of fractions ranging in size from 0.1 to 2 mm. It is widely used in construction as an artificial underlying layer for foundations, for the preparation of concrete, various mortars and artificial stone materials.
Clay- a rock that contains kaolinite, montmorillonite and a number of other minerals, the size of which does not exceed 0.01 mm. Clay has the properties of plasticity, swelling, and when exposed to moisture it can increase its volume several times.
Granite- an igneous rock containing quartz, feldspar, mica and other minerals. Granite has a very high density, on average 2600 kg/m3. It can be machined and is used for cladding floors, stair steps, columns, walls, as well as for the preparation of high-strength granite crushed stone.
Marble- a rock of metamorphic origin, formed as a result of the recrystallization of limestone. Marble is mined in quarries using stone cutting machines, impact cutting machines, and cable saws. Marble, along with granite, is widely used as a finishing material, and both white marble and its colored varieties with different patterns, which appear after polishing, are used in construction.
In the construction of buildings and structures, shell rock, volcanic tuff, basalt, diabase, syenite, labradorite and some other materials of igneous and sedimentary rocks are also widely used.
Artificial stone materials used in production building structures at factories of reinforced concrete structures and reinforced concrete products.
Brick- one of the most common materials in construction. It is produced by molding and firing a mixture of natural clay and additives in the form of sand and other materials. Bricks in general have the properties of water absorption (at least 8%), frost resistance, strength, and thermal insulation; The properties of specific types of bricks depend on their composition, production technology and purpose. The brick dimensions are 250x120x65 mm. Depending on the strength, bricks are divided into eight grades: 50, 70, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250 and 300. The higher the grade of brick, the greater its compressive strength.
Cement- one of the most common mineral substances belonging to the group of hydraulic binders. Cement contains calcium silicates, which are formed during high-temperature processing of limestone, clay, bauxite and a number of other minerals. As a result of firing natural cement raw materials, sintered clinker is formed, which is crushed into powder and mixed with various active additives. The quality of cement depends on the fineness of clinker grinding, and consumers determine it by brand. Cement is released different brands, For example:
- 0 Portland slag cement grades: 200, 300, 400 and 500;
- 0 plasticized Portland cement grades: 300, 400 and 500;
- 0 pozzolanic cement grades: 200, 300 and 400;
- 0 aluminous cement grades: 400, 500 and 600.
Depending on the purpose, several types of cements with different properties are produced: quick-hardening, acid-resistant, expanding, sulfate-resistant, etc.
Construction lime belongs to the group of air binders. It is obtained by firing and subsequent processing of carbonate rocks (limestone, chalk). Lime comes in slaked and quicklime. It is used for the preparation of mortars, sand-lime bricks and a number of other autoclaved silicate concrete products.
Construction gypsum are obtained by firing natural gypsum - a fast-hardening binder material. It is used in the production of gypsum concrete, plaster mortars and other gypsum products, and also as an additive to cements.
Concrete- durable artificial stone material, which includes cement, gravel or crushed stone, sand and water. The mixture of the listed materials until the moment of hardening is called a concrete mixture. Concrete is characterized by such properties as strength, density, impermeability, frost resistance, shrinkage and expansion, creep, and fire resistance. The concrete mixture is produced by mechanically mixing its components in special concrete mixers with a capacity of 65 to 1600 liters or in special factories and delivered to the construction site in finished form or mixed directly on the construction site.
The best concrete mixture is produced in factories, where it is the most balanced and rationally selected in composition. Depending on the design decisions, the concrete solution is placed directly on the construction site into the structure being constructed or poured into a formwork specially designed for this purpose, which gives the solution the required shape. Based on density, there are heavy and light concrete grades from 25 to 600. Heavy concrete is used mainly in the construction load-bearing structures buildings and structures, and light ones - as wall material, in such cases, porous materials - expanded clay, pumice, vermiculite - can be used as fillers.
In cases where the concrete mixture is placed in formwork with a frame made of steel reinforcement, after hardening, a structure called monolithic is formed reinforced concrete structure.
In our country reinforced concrete structures have become very widespread. Technological process their creation consists of cooking concrete mixture, preparation of reinforcement cages, molding, laying and compacting concrete mixture in the inventory metal formwork, as well as special heat and moisture treatment of the structure in a steaming chamber to give the concrete the necessary strength by accelerating the hardening process.
Building mixture It is a mixture of water, sand and a binder. Depending on the density, solutions are divided into heavy and light. For their preparation, mortar mixers with a capacity of 30 to 1800 liters are used. The solutions are used for filling joints in masonry, plastering surfaces, and for sealing joints in concrete and reinforced concrete structures.
Asbestos cement is formed by mixing water, cement and asbestos and has high mechanical bending strength, low density, low thermal conductivity, resistance to leaching by mineralized waters, low water permeability and high frost resistance. Asbestos cement is used to make fibrous or smooth roofing sheets, cladding slabs, pressure or non-pressure pipe products. In agricultural construction, asbestos-cement structures made of asbestos-cement sheets, thermal insulation materials and wooden frames are widely used.
Binders organic or inorganic composition form separate group building materials.
Mineral binders when mixed with water, they form a dough-like mass, which hardens under the influence of physicochemical processes.
From organic binders materials most widely used in construction and repair is bitumen- a material consisting of hydrocarbons and their derivatives and obtained as a result of oil distillation, from waste from acid refining of lubricating oils, as well as from coal and peat. It is widely used in road construction for the production of asphalt concrete, for the production of roofing felt and glassine, for waterproofing walls and foundations.
Thermal insulation materials in construction they are necessary to ensure the specified thermal conditions of buildings, buildings, pipelines, etc. The effectiveness of the selected insulation depends on the volumetric mass of these materials, which is expressed in kilograms per cubic meter volume (kg/m3).
Organic thermal insulation materials include fibreboards, reeds, foam plastics, fiberboards, as well as wood shavings and sawdust. Their volumetric mass is from 10 to 100 kg/m3. Inorganic insulation materials include lightweight concrete, aerated concrete, foam concrete, foam glass, glass wool, from which felt, mats, slabs are produced, and a number of other insulating materials. Volumetric mass of inorganic thermal insulation materials can reach ZOO kg/m3.
Timber products can be processed or unprocessed.
Round raw Timber products are widely used in construction as supports and logs for cutting wooden buildings and structures, as well as raw materials for sawing and processing.
To processed materialsinclude beams, edged and unedged boards, parquet staves, wood veneer. Processed timber products are obtained from coniferous and hardwood trees. Timber products have low density, strength, ease of processing, etc.
Load-bearing and enclosing structures are made from wood: beams, trusses, frames, arches, panels, window and door blocks. Parts of various wooden structures are connected using nails, dowels, dowels, and various metal fastenings, as well as glue. Wooden structures connected with glue have increased strength, lightness, durability, as well as fire resistance and low cost. It is these qualities that determine the widespread use of these materials in construction.
Fiber and particle boards are produced from waste wood and wood processing, which are widely used in residential, civil and industrial construction as thermal insulation and finishing materials. The use of such boards, finished with thin wood veneer of valuable species, makes it possible to effectively use scarce timber, as well as improve their decorative properties.
Metals and metal structures are widely used in construction, as they are relatively light, high strength and can be combined with materials of any kind. Steel structures They are made from structural steel using the industrial method and connected to each other by welding or rivets. Aluminum alloys, which are distinguished by their high specific strength, decorative properties, and good anti-corrosion properties, are also widely used in construction. They are used to make wall panels, suspended ceilings, window frames, finishing and profile sheets.
Roofing materials used for roofing. These include asbestos-cement sheets and tiles, roofing felt, roofing felt, tiles of various types, galvanized sheet steel, but the latter is used quite rarely, as it has a high cost. Roofing materials are characterized by water resistance, strength, frost resistance, and fire resistance.
Decoration Materials give buildings and structures high aesthetic qualities, and also protect structures from external influences. This group of materials includes: finishing plasters, natural and artificial stone materials, ceramics, paints, varnishes, glass, wallpaper, linoleum, veneer, particle boards and metals.
Plastics widely used in construction. They are lightweight and have high specific strength. Plastics are used to make floor coverings, plumbing equipment and pipes for various purposes, including for water management construction, baseboards, handrails, and cladding materials.
Film materials have become widespread in reclamation construction as an impervious material for the construction of canals and reservoirs for various purposes.
Asphalt concrete, used in road construction, are obtained from a compacted and rationally selected mixture of crushed stone, sand, mineral powder and bitumen in asphalt concrete mixing plants.
Residential, public and industrial buildings are structures designed to accommodate people and various equipment and protect them from environmental influences.
All buildings consist of parts that are identical in purpose:
- - the foundation, which serves as the foundation of the building and transfers the load from the entire building to the ground;
- - frame - a supporting structure on which the enclosing elements of the building are installed; the frame perceives and redistributes loads and transfers them to the foundation;
- - enclosing structures that isolate the internal volume of the building from the influence of the external environment or separate individual parts of the internal volume from each other; Enclosing structures include walls, floors and roofs, and in low-rise buildings, walls and floors often serve as a frame.
Since ancient times, residential and religious buildings were erected from natural materials - stone and wood, and all parts of the building were made from them: foundation, walls, roofing. This forced versatility of the material (there were no other materials) had significant drawbacks. Construction stone buildings it was labor intensive; stone walls to maintain normal thermal conditions in the building, it was necessary to make them very thick (up to 1 m or more) due to the fact that natural stone - good guide warmth. To construct floors and roofs, many columns were installed or heavy stone vaults were made, since the strength of stone during bending and tension is insufficient to cover large spans. Stone buildings have one positive quality-- durability. Less labor-intensive and material-intensive, but short-lived wooden buildings often destroyed by fires.
With the development of industry, new, specialized building materials appeared: for roofing - sheet iron, roll materials and asbestos cement; for load-bearing structures - rolled steel and high-strength concrete; for thermal insulation - fiberboard, mineral wool and etc.
Appeared in the 20th century. synthetic polymers have given impetus to the introduction of highly efficient polymer materials(plastics). IN modern construction polymers are widely used Decoration Materials, flooring materials (linoleum, tiles), sealants, foam plastics, etc.
Specialization and industrial production of building materials and products have radically changed the nature of construction. Materials, and then products made from them, arrive at the construction site almost ready-made; building structures have become lighter and more efficient (for example, they better protect against heat loss and moisture). At the beginning of the 20th century. began factory production building structures (metal trusses, reinforced concrete columns), but only in the 50s, for the first time in the world, our country began mass construction of residential buildings from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements (block and large-panel construction).
The modern industry of building materials and products produces a large number of finished building materials and products for various purposes, for example: ceramic tiles for floors, for interior cladding, facade tiles, carpet mosaics; roll and piece materials for roofing, special materials for waterproofing. To make it easier to navigate this variety of building materials and products, it is customary to classify them.
The most widespread classifications are based on purpose and technological characteristics.
Based on their intended purpose, materials are divided into the following groups:
- - structural, which perceive and transmit loads;
- - thermal insulation, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the enclosing structures and thereby ensure the necessary thermal conditions of the room at minimum costs energy;
- - acoustic (sound-absorbing and sound-proofing) - reducing the level of “noise pollution” of the room;
- - waterproofing and roofing - to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from exposure to water or water vapor;
- - sealing - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;
- - finishing - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, thermal insulation and other materials from external influences;
- - special purpose (fireproof, acid-resistant, etc.), used in the construction of special structures.
Some materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be classified into any one group, since they are used both in their original state and as raw materials for the production of other building materials and products - these are the so-called general-purpose materials. The difficulty of classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be classified into different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concrete - heat-insulating materials; extra-heavy concrete - special-purpose materials used for protection against radioactive radiation.
The technological classification is based on the type of raw material from which the material is obtained and the manufacturing method. These two factors largely determine the properties of the material and, accordingly, its scope of application.
According to the manufacturing method, the materials obtained are distinguished:
- - sintering (ceramics, cement);
- - melting (glass, metals);
- - monolithification using binders (concrete, mortars);
- - machining natural raw materials (natural stone, wood materials).
Since the properties of materials depend mainly on the type of raw material and the method of its processing, in construction materials science they use classification according to technological characteristics and only in some cases groups of materials are considered according to their intended purpose.
A huge number of names of building materials, which now make up a wide range of materials, are sought to be presented in the form of systemic classifications from groups that are more or less similar in some respects.
The following classification criteria are chosen: industrial purpose building materials, type of raw materials, main quality indicator, such as their weight, strength, and others. Currently, the classification also takes into account the functional purpose, for example, thermal insulation materials, acoustic materials and others, in addition to dividing into groups based on raw materials - ceramic, polymer, metal, etc. One part of the materials combined into groups is natural, and the other part is artificial.
Each group of materials or their individual representatives in industry correspond to certain industries, for example, the cement industry, glass industry, etc., and the systematic development of these industries ensures the implementation of construction plans.
Natural, or natural, building materials and products are obtained directly from the bowels of the earth or by processing forest areas into “industrial timber”. These materials are given a certain form and rational sizes, but do not change their internal structure, composition, for example chemical. More often than other natural materials, forest (wood) and stone materials and products are used. In addition to them, in finished form or with simple processing, you can obtain bitumen and asphalt, ozokerite, casein, kir, some products of plant origin, such as straw, reeds, brome, peat, husks, etc., or animal products, such as wool, collagen, Bonn blood, etc. All these natural products are also used in relatively small quantities in construction, although forest and natural stone materials and products remain the main ones.
Artificial building materials and products are produced mainly from natural raw materials, less often from industrial by-products, Agriculture or raw materials obtained artificially. The produced building materials differ from the original natural raw materials both in structure and in chemical composition, which is associated with the radical processing of raw materials in a factory using special equipment and energy costs for this purpose. Factory processing involves organic (wood, oil, gas, etc.) and inorganic (minerals, stone, ores, slag, etc.) raw materials, which makes it possible to obtain a diverse range of materials used in construction. Between certain types materials there are large differences in composition, internal structure and quality, but they are also interconnected as elements of a single material system.
And although there are still few known general patterns, expressing the connection between materials that are qualitatively heterogeneous and different in origin or between phenomena and processes during the formation of their structures, but what is already known is sufficient to combine almost all materials into one system.
In construction, artificial materials are much more diverse, which is an important achievement of mankind. But natural materials also continue to be widely used in their “primordial” form, giving them the necessary external shapes and sizes.
The choice of building materials is one of the main issues during the construction of any facility: industrial complex, country house, cottage, small dacha, or even a bathhouse, barn or change house. The durability of buildings, as well as their aesthetic appearance, depends on the quality of building materials. Therefore, you should buy building materials only from trusted suppliers.
The wide scope of construction in the Soviet Union is accompanied by an expansion in the production of local materials and the introduction of new types of materials into construction practice, as well as an increase in building parts and prefabricated semi-finished products. The main building materials include: forest materials, natural stone, ceramic, mineral binders, concrete and products made from them, artificial stone materials, bituminous and heat-insulating materials, metal products, etc.
Forest materials- pine, spruce, fir, cedar and larch are widely used in construction. These materials are divided into round wood(logs, logs and poles) and lumber (plates, quarters, boards, slabs, beams and beams). In construction, wood with a moisture content not exceeding 20% is used. To protect the wooden structures of buildings from moisture and rotting, they are coated or sprayed with antiseptics (tar, creosote, etc.)
Natural stone materials used in construction both without processing and after pre-processing (splitting, trimming and sawing). The volumetric weight of natural stones ranges from 1100 to 2300 kg/m3, and their thermal conductivity coefficient ranges from 0.5 to 2. Therefore, rubble and cobblestones are used mainly for laying foundations, paving roads and for processing into crushed stone. Rocks are also used to make lime, gypsum, cement and brick. Materials such as sand, gravel and crushed stone are used as aggregates for the preparation of concrete.
Ceramic materials and products- These are artificial stone products that are obtained by molding and subsequent firing of the clay mass. These include porous ceramic products (regular clay brick, porous brick, hollow brick, facing tiles, roofing tiles, etc.) and dense ceramic products (clinker and floor tiles). Recently, a new material - expanded clay - has been widely used in construction. This is a lightweight material in the form of gravel and crushed stone with accelerated firing of low-melting clays. When fired, the clay swells and a porous material is obtained with a volumetric weight of 300-900 kg/m3. Expanded clay is used to make concrete and reinforced concrete.
Mineral binders- these powdery materials, when mixed with water, form a dough-like mass, which gradually hardens and turns into a stone-like state. There are aerial binders, which can harden only in air (building gypsum, air lime, etc.), and hydraulic ones, which harden not only in air, but also in water (hydraulic lime and cements).
Concrete and products made from them - artificial stones obtained as a result of hardening a mixture of binder, water and fillers ( fine sand and coarse gravel or crushed stone). Concrete can be heavy (volume weight above 1800 kg/m3), light (volume weight from 600 to 1800 kg/m3) and heat-insulating or cellular (volume weight less than 600 kg/m3). TO cellular concrete include foam concrete and aerated concrete.
Foam concrete obtained by mixing cement paste or mortar with a special, stable foam. To produce aerated concrete, gas-forming substances are introduced into cement paste containing sand, slag and other fillers. Concrete structures and parts into which a steel frame is inserted - reinforcement consisting of steel rods connected by welding or wired together - are called reinforced concrete.
Artificial stone materials without firing- these are gypsum and gypsum-like products (slabs and panels for partitions and sheets of dry plaster, magnesite) used for flooring and the manufacture of fiberboard, silicate products ( sand-lime brick etc.) and asbestos-cement products, smooth roofing slabs and corrugated sheets (slate).
Bituminous materials contain natural bitumen or tar oils, pitches, and raw tars. A mixture of bitumen and sand is called asphalt mortar, used as a base for laying tile floors, installing asphalt floors and for waterproofing. Bituminous materials include roofing felt, glassine, hydroisol, borulin, roofing felt. These materials are used for roofing, waterproofing and vapor barriers.
Thermal insulation materials used to protect premises or individual structures from heat loss or heating. These materials have high porosity, low volumetric weight and low thermal conductivity coefficient ranging up to 0.25. There are thermal insulation materials of organic and mineral origin. Organic include: fiberboards (hardboard) made from crushed wood fiber; straw and reeds - slabs pressed from straw or reeds and stitched with wire; fiberboard - slabs pressed from wood shavings, bound with magnesium binder mortar. Among mineral heat-insulating materials, foam concrete and aerated concrete, mineral wool, foam silicate, etc. have become widespread. Recently, products based on plastics have been introduced into construction practice. This large group materials based on natural artificial high-molecular compounds. To cover the internal surfaces of the room, you can use sheets of aluminum that reflect thermal radiation from animals and heaters.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS- materials used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures. Many of these materials are used not only in construction, but also in production various products. Building materials are varied in their origin or composition of raw materials, purpose, etc. Here we give a brief description of only the main (most commonly used) materials that are used in home repairs or small projects. individual construction, extensions, reconstructions, etc.
Natural stone materials. Rubble stone (rubble)- limestone, sandstone or other rocks in the form of irregularly shaped pieces; used for laying foundations of buildings, furnaces, etc.; For masonry, bedded (slabbed) stone is more convenient. Cobblestone, in the form of rounded pieces, is used for paving roads, courtyards, etc., for preparing crushed stone (by crushing). Sawn stone is a local material made from light (porous) rocks, such as shell rock and tuff.
Bulk (loose) mineral materials- sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag - used as fillers - constituent materials in mortars, concrete (see below), in the construction of roads, sidewalks, paths, etc.
Sand - grain size up to 5 mm. For construction work, sand that is sufficiently clean is required (silt particles or clay should not contain more than 5 - 7%). The degree of contamination of the sand can be checked as follows: pour 1/2 cup of sand, add water to the top and mix; pour the dirty water into another glass; Repeat washing 2 more times. When everything is merged dirty water settles, the total volume of sludge can be used to calculate the percentage of sand contamination. Gravel - pebbles larger than 5 mm, round shape; often contaminated with clay; Such gravel is washed with water before use (for example, in concrete). Crushed stone is crushed small stone of angular shape. Slag - waste from combustion coal(fuel or boiler slag) or from metallurgical production (blast furnace slag). Before being used in a mixture with binding materials, boiler slag is kept in air for 2-3 months so that impurities (sulfur) that destroy binding materials (cement) are removed.
Artificial stone materials. Construction brick: clay (fired) solid and hollow, perforated, silicate; widely used for laying walls, stoves, etc. Hollow and silicate bricks are not used for laying in damp places. The strength of brick (and other artificial stone materials) is indicated by a grade. The stronger the material, the greater the numerical value of its grade. When overloaded, the brick should not be dropped so as not to split it. Should be stored in stacks. Refractory bricks (fireclay, Gzhel) are used in laying furnace fireboxes and when lining pipes. Ceramic blocks
hollow (multi-slit) replace several bricks in volume. Concrete blocks- solid and hollow. For the manufacture of blocks, mainly porous lightweight concrete is used - slag concrete, pumice concrete, etc. Soil blocks are a local material, they are used in areas with a dry climate for laying walls; molded from soil with the addition of clay, lime, resin (to increase water resistance), manure, straw, shavings, slag, etc. They harden as a result natural drying. They are usually made at the construction site. Ceramic tiles
for cladding walls, for floors, etc., they come with a smooth or rough front surface, glazed or uncoated (terracotta). Ceramic tiles are packed in lattice boxes; stored in indoors. Tiles are tiles with ribs on the back side, used for lining stoves. Roof tiles can be grooved or flat. Gypsum and gypsum concrete slabs for partitions size 40 cm x 80 cm, thickness 8 and 10 cm. Semicircular grooves are left on their side faces (for filling with mortar during laying). When transporting, the slabs should be laid on edge with the long side in the direction of movement and protected from moisture; Store in dry rooms, stacked on edge. Dry plaster - thin slabs(sheets) of gypsum lined on both sides with cardboard. Sheet dimensions: width 0.6 - 2.0 m. length 1.20 - 3.60 m, thickness 8 - 10 mm. They are used for covering walls and ceilings in dry rooms instead of “wet” plaster (see.
); Store in dry rooms, folded flat, without pads.
Asbestos-cement products. Roofing tiles(slate, asbestos slate, eternit) - flat, pressed; main tile size 40 cm X 40 cm x 0.4 cm; two opposite corners are cut off; Holes are left for nails. Corrugated roofing slabs size (ordinary slabs) 120 cm X 67.8 cm x 0.5 cm. Holes for mounting on the roof are drilled during the roofing process.
Cementing materials used in the manufacture of mortars and concrete (see below). They are divided into mineral (cement, lime, etc.) and organic (bitumen, tar). Mineral binders are divided, in turn, into air binders (air lime, gypsum, clay), which harden only in air, and hydraulic binders (hydraulic lime, cement), which harden in moist air and water.
Air lime- a widely used binding material. A distinction is made between quicklime (kipelka), obtained by burning limestone, and slaked lime (fluff), obtained from quicklime by the action of water. To obtain slaked lime, a boiling pot is filled with water (“quenched”) in a pit. lined with boards, or in a box and, stirring, bring to a dough state. During extinguishing, “boiling” occurs, acrid smoke is released, and a high temperature develops, which can cause adjacent wooden parts to smolder and even catch fire. Slaked lime is white or gray in color (the best grade is white); should not contain lumps and ash. If the amount of work is small, it is better to purchase slaked lime and dilute it on site with water to a thin dough.
Construction plaster (alabaster)- finely ground powder, white (cream) color, greasy to the touch; good plaster sticks to the fingers; when combined with water it hardens quickly; applied as component V plaster solutions(see below), accelerating their hardening.
Clay is used ch. arr. in mortars for masonry and repair of stoves and pipes, for the installation of waterproof (waterproofing) layers, as well as in mortars. Clay is found in nature usually mixed with sand; with an admixture of 15 to 30% sand it is called “skinny”, and up to 15% - “fat”. Oily clay cracks when it dries. Clay mixed with lime particles should not be used in mortars for laying stoves and pipes.
Cement is the strongest binding material. The most common type is Portland cement, a gray or greenish-gray powder.
Gypsum and cement must be stored in rooms, chests or other containers protected from rainwater, snow and ground moisture. Shelf life - no more than 2 - 2.5 months.
Waterproof additives- ceresite, liquid glass- used to make cement mortars waterproof, for example when plastering damp areas. Ceresite is a cream-colored mass similar to sour cream. Should be protected from drying out and freezing. Stir with a wooden stick before use. Liquid glass is a thick yellow liquid. Store in a cool place.
Mortars used for fastening stones in masonry, for plastering walls, ceilings, etc. (see.
), as well as for the manufacture of building parts (slabs, blocks).
Mortar It is prepared by mixing lime paste with sand (in a ratio of 1: 2 - 1: 4 by volume) with the addition of water. The fattier the lime, the more sand you can add to it. An insufficient amount of sand in the solution can cause cracks to appear in it when drying (hardening); Excess sand can reduce the adhesion strength of the solution. A properly prepared solution should slide off the tool easily. For the simplest test of the mortar, several (up to 10) bricks are placed on the mortar one on top of the other (in a column); after 3 days, at least seven bricks must be lifted along with the top brick, otherwise the mortar is fragile.
For cooking lime-gypsum mortar pour water into the mortar box, pour in gypsum, quickly and thoroughly mixing it with water to form a liquid dough (gypsum batch) without lumps; add lime mortar (lime and sand) to the dough and mix everything with a wooden mixer until a homogeneous mass is obtained, but not for long, so that the gypsum does not lose its ability to set (does not “rejuvenate”). You can prepare both parts of the solution in one box. To do this, first prepare a lime mortar, shovel it to the side, make a gypsum mixture in the remaining part and then mix everything together. The amount of water added depends on the fat content of the lime mortar. For one part of gypsum take about 3 parts of lime mortar (by volume). The lime-gypsum solution must be prepared in small portions, so that it can be used within 5-7 minutes until it begins to harden. If you want the lime-gypsum solution to not harden (“set”) very quickly, you should add a little bone or flesh glue (2% of the weight of the gypsum) to the water before mixing the gypsum with water.
Cement mortar made up of cement, sand and water; water take no more than 50 - 60% of the weight of cement. Excess water when making a solution reduces its strength. To manually prepare the solution, measured parts of cement and sand (1: 2 - 1: 3) are poured in layers into a box (or onto a board platform - “strike”), mixed thoroughly and only then water is added. The cement mortar prepared with water must be used within 1 hour. To make the cement mortar waterproof, ceresite or liquid glass(see above). These substances are dissolved in water immediately before preparing the solution (1 part by weight per 8 parts of water).
Mixed cement-lime mortar more convenient to use than cement, as it sets more slowly, is easier to lay, and is cheaper than cement. Composition: lime, cement, sand (1: 1: 4 - 1: 1: 7). Lime dough is mixed with half a portion of sand; the other half of the sand is mixed dry with cement and then both compositions are mixed, and finally water is added; This ensures the homogeneity of the solution.
Concrete- artificial stone material; It is prepared (without firing) from a mixture of cement (or other binder), sand, large stone-like components (crushed stone, gravel) and water. The concrete mixture hardens into stone. Heavy concrete (containing ordinary gravel or crushed stone) is used for load-bearing parts of buildings. Lightweight concrete (for example, with slag filler) is used for walls. When manually preparing a concrete mixture, a measured portion of crushed stone or gravel is first poured onto a tightly knit flooring of boards (in the form of an elongated roller), and a mixture of cement and sand is poured on top of it. The components are carefully shoveled (transferred from one place to another) using shovels, forks or rakes; At the same time, the mixture is poured from a watering can with the amount of water pre-designated for mixing.
Wood (forest) materials- logs, lumber, plywood, etc. Raw wood (with a moisture content of more than 25%) should not be used, especially for carpentry, as it easily rots, warps, and cracks. Wood may have flaws - “defects” that arise on growing trees or during storage, in buildings and products. Particularly harmful is damage to wood by fungi that cause rot and destruction of wood. Wood defects that reduce its grade are: cracks, cross-grain (spiral arrangement of fibers, reducing the strength of the boards), curling (wavy arrangement of fibers, making it difficult to process wood), excessive knots (complicating processing, reducing the strength of wood and preventing evenness of color).
Logs are distinguished by purpose and size (length from 4 m and the thickness of the upper end is from 12 to 34 cm). Logs thickness 8 - 11 cm are called podtovarnik.
Lumber (boards, beams, beams) can be unedged (with unsawed side edges) and edged. Depending on the quality of the wood and the purity of processing, timber is divided into 5 grades. Planed blanks for platbands, skirting boards, fillets, handrails, floor boards, cladding boards.
Parquet. The most common parquet is plank (standard), in the form of planks (planks) with grooves and inset tenons, with a groove and a tongue; length of planks 150 - 500 mm, thickness 12 - 20 mm. Panel parquet is also produced - panels (sizes from 0.5 m X 0.5 m up to 1.5 m x 1.5 m) with hardwood boards glued to them, and shield (panel size no more than 0.5 x 0.5 m).
Glued plywood consists of several glued together thin sheets of wood (“veneer”) of birch, alder, aspen, pine, etc. The thickness of laminated plywood is from 2 mm to 15 mm. The most popular sheet sizes are 1.52 m x 1.52 m. Plywood is available in ordinary and waterproof types. Ordinary plywood is used for various sheathing inside the building, and waterproof plywood is used for exterior sheathing.
Roofing material- shavings, shingles, tiles, shingles.
Wood - fibrous and chipboards are made by pressing under high pressure from wood fibers or shavings. There are thermal insulating and solid ones. Used for cladding partitions, making doors, flooring, furniture production, etc. Length up to 3 m, thickness 3.5 - 10 mm, width 1200 mm.
Rolled bituminous materials used as roofing and waterproofing materials. Roofing felt - waterproof roofing cardboard, impregnated and coated (on one or both sides) with bitumen with mineral dressing; sticks bitumen mastic; used for covering roofs. Sheet width - 750 mm and 1000 mm. Area of one roll - 10 m 2 and 20 m 2. Glassine - roofing cardboard impregnated with petroleum bitumen (without sprinkling); used as an underlying layer under roofing felt; glued with bitumen mastic and nailed. The dimensions are the same as roofing felt. Roofing felt - roofing cardboard impregnated with tar products and sprinkled with sand on both sides; impregnation at high outside temperatures; may soften (faster than in roofing felt). It is glued with tar paper mastic. Used for roofs; non-responsible buildings (sheds, etc.). Sheet width; 750 mm and 1000 mm. Area of one roll 10 m 2 or 15 m 2. Roofing felt - leather differs from roofing felt in the absence of topping. It is used as an underlying layer under roofing felt; glued with mastic and nailed. Sheet width 750 mm and 1000 mm. Area of one roll up to 30 m 2 .
Window glass manufactured in thickness from 2 mm until 6 mm(in 1 mm). Depending on the size and area of the sheets, 9 categories, or “keys”, are distinguished: from an area of less than 0.1 m 2 to 2.5 - 3.2 m 2 in one sheet. The glass should not delaminate, should not cast rainbow colors, and should not have cloudy spots. Glass is packed in boxes; during transportation, boxes with glass should be placed only on their edges; store in a dry place.
Painting materials- paints, dyes (pigments), drying oils, adhesives, etc.
Paints are prepared colorful compositions: mixtures of coloring substances with other substances. Paints are prepared using water (with lime, glue and other binders), oil (linseed oil), varnish, etc. In accordance with this, paint compositions are called: water paints(glue), oil, enamel, etc. For the preparation of paint compositions, see the article Painting works. There are dry paints (powders), grated paints (pastes) and ready-made paints (diluted) for painting. Glue is an astringent substance in adhesive paints. Animal (painting and carpentry) glue - tile or crushed (grains), uniform light brown color (no dark spots). For information on preparing glue, see ,
. Vegetable glue is prepared from starch and flour. Drying oil is a binder and thinner for painting paints. Natural drying oil- quickly drying vegetable oil, boiled with the addition of a drier (drying accelerator); flax is lighter, hemp is darker. Semi-natural drying oil (for example, oxol) contains vegetable oils (at least 50%); artificial drying oil does not contain vegetable oil or contains it in small quantities. Soap (bar and liquid) is used in the manufacture of putties, primers, etc., and is also used for washing surfaces and for washing brushes. Copper sulfate- a water-soluble substance in the form of a blue stone; used for vitriol washing and for preparing a primer for adhesive painting. Toxic, should not be stored in iron containers. Pumice is a porous stone; used for grinding surfaces prepared for painting.
Sheet roofing steel(iron); sheet sizes 142 cm X 71 cm, weight 4 - 5 kg.
Hardware- nails, screws, bolts, window and door fittings, etc. Nails are distinguished: construction nails (round and square), tar paper, roofing, plaster, finishing, wallpaper. Nail length from 7 mm up to 250 mm. Screws - screws for fastening wooden parts or for screwing metal parts and wood; come with a flat and semicircular head, which has a slot for screwing with a screwdriver; screws with a square or hexagonal head for tightening with a wrench are called capercaillie. For information on window and door devices, see the articles
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Concise Encyclopedia household. - M.: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. A. F. Akhabadze, A. L. Grekulova. 1976 .
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Special purpose building materials- - include all materials that perform special functions: heat-insulating, corrosion-resistant, acid-resistant, fire-resistant, decorative, etc. [Popov K.N., Kaddo M.B. Construction materials and products. M.: Higher. school , 2001. 367 pp... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials Read more