P. A. Baranov, A. V. Vorontsov, S. V. Shevchenko
Social studies: a complete guide to preparing for the Unified State Exam
Preface
The reference book includes material from the school course “Social Studies,” which is tested on the Unified State Exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the Standard of Secondary (Complete) Education in the subject on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - test and measuring materials (KIM) of the Unified State Examination.
The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “Society”, “Spiritual life of society”, “Man”, “Cognition”, “Politics”, “Economics”, “Social relations”, “Law”, which form the core of the content of public education tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam. This reinforces the practical focus of the book.
A compact and visual form of presentation, a large number of diagrams and tables contribute to a better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.
In the process of preparing for the social studies exam, it is very important not only to master the content of the course, but also to navigate the types of tasks on the basis of which the paperwork, which is a form of conducting the Unified State Exam. Therefore, after each topic, assignment options with answers and comments are presented. These tasks are designed to form ideas about the form of testing and measuring materials in social studies, their level of complexity, the features of their implementation, and are aimed at developing skills tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam:
– recognize the signs of concepts, characteristic features of a social object, elements of its description;
– compare social objects, identifying them common features and differences;
– correlate social science knowledge with the social realities that reflect them;
– evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;
– analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems (diagram, table, diagram);
– recognize concepts and their components: correlate specific concepts with generic ones and eliminate unnecessary ones;
– establish correspondences between the essential features and characteristics of social phenomena and social scientific terms and concepts;
– apply knowledge about characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, selecting the necessary items from the proposed list;
– distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;
– name terms and concepts, social phenomena corresponding to the proposed context, and apply social scientific terms and concepts in the proposed context;
– list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;
– reveal the most important ones using examples theoretical principles and concepts of social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;
– apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect actual problems human life and society;
– carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from original non-adapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);
– formulate your own judgments and arguments on certain problems based on acquired social and humanitarian knowledge.
This will allow you to overcome a certain psychological barrier before the exam, associated with the ignorance of the majority of examinees how they should formalize the result of the completed task.
Section 1. Society
Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. System structure of society
The complexity of defining the concept of “society” is associated primarily with its extreme generality, and in addition, with its enormous significance. This led to the presence of many definitions of this concept.
Concept "society" in a broad sense, the word can be defined as a part isolated from nature, but closely connected with it material world, which includes: ways of people interaction; forms of unification of people.
Society in the narrow sense of the word is:
– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);
– individual specific society, country, state, region(for example, modern Russian society, French society);
– historical stage in the development of mankind(eg feudal society, capitalist society);
P.A. Baranov A.V. Vorontsov S.V. Shevchenko
Social studies: a complete guide to preparing for the Unified State Exam
Preface
The reference book includes material from the school course “Social Studies,” which is tested on the Unified State Exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the Standard of Secondary (Complete) Education in the subject on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - test and measuring materials (KIM) of the Unified State Examination.
The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “Society”, “Spiritual life of society”, “Man”, “Cognition”, “Politics”, “Economics”, “Social relations”, “Law”, which form the core of the content of public education tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam. This reinforces the practical focus of the book.
A compact and visual form of presentation, a large number of diagrams and tables contribute to a better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.
In the process of preparing for an exam in social studies, it is very important not only to master the content of the course, but also to navigate the types of tasks on the basis of which the written work, which is a form of conducting the Unified State Exam, is based. Therefore, after each topic, assignment options with answers and comments are presented. These tasks are designed to form ideas about the form of testing and measuring materials in social studies, their level of complexity, the features of their implementation, and are aimed at developing skills tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam:
– recognize the signs of concepts, characteristic features of a social object, elements of its description;
– compare social objects, identifying their common features and differences;
– correlate social science knowledge with the social realities that reflect them;
– evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;
– analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems (diagram, table, diagram);
– recognize concepts and their components: correlate specific concepts with generic ones and eliminate unnecessary ones;
– establish correspondences between the essential features and characteristics of social phenomena and social scientific terms and concepts;
– apply knowledge about the characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, selecting the necessary items from the proposed list;
– distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;
– name terms and concepts, social phenomena corresponding to the proposed context, and apply social scientific terms and concepts in the proposed context;
– list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;
– reveal, using examples, the most important theoretical positions and concepts of the social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;
– apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect current problems of human life and society;
– carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from original non-adapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);
– formulate your own judgments and arguments on certain problems based on acquired social and humanitarian knowledge.
This will allow you to overcome a certain psychological barrier before the exam, associated with the ignorance of the majority of examinees how they should formalize the result of the completed task.
Section 1. Society
Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. System structure of society
The complexity of defining the concept of “society” is associated primarily with its extreme generality, and in addition, with its enormous significance. This led to the presence of many definitions of this concept.
Concept "society" in a broad sense, the word can be defined as a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes: ways of interaction between people; forms of unification of people.
Society in the narrow sense of the word is:
– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);
– individual specific society, country, state, region(for example, modern Russian society, French society);
– historical stage in the development of mankind(eg feudal society, capitalist society);
– humanity as a whole.
Society is the product of the combined activities of many people. Human activity is a way of existence or being of society. Society grows out of the life process itself, out of the ordinary and everyday activities of people. It is no coincidence that the Latin word socio means to unite, to unite, to undertake joint work. Society does not exist outside the direct and indirect interaction of people.
As a way of existence for people, society must fulfill a set of certain functions :
– production of material goods and services;
– distribution of labor products (activities);
– regulation and management of activities and behavior;
– human reproduction and socialization;
– spiritual production and regulating people's activities.
The essence of society lies not in people themselves, but in the relationships they enter into with each other in the course of their life. Consequently, society is the totality of social relations.
Society is characterized as dynamic self-developing system , i.e. a system that is capable of seriously changing and at the same time maintaining its essence and qualitative certainty.
Wherein system defined as complex of interacting elements. In its turn, element called some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.
Basic principles of the system : the whole is not reducible to the sum of its parts; the whole gives rise to traits, properties that go beyond individual elements; the structure of the system is formed by the interrelation of its individual elements, subsystems; elements, in turn, can have a complex structure and act as systems; there is a relationship between the system and the environment.
Accordingly, society is complexly organized self-developing open system , which includes individuals and social communities, united by cooperative, coordinated connections and processes of self-regulation, self-structuring and self-reproduction.
To analyze complex systems similar to society, the concept of “subsystem” was developed. Subsystems called intermediate complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.
Certain groups of social relations form subsystems. The main subsystems of society are considered to be the spheres public life basic spheres of public life .
The basis for delimiting spheres of public life are basic human needs.
The division into four spheres of public life is arbitrary. Other areas can be mentioned: science, artistic and creative activity, racial, ethnic, national relations. However, these four areas are traditionally identified as the most general and significant.
Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features :
1. It is different variety of different social structures and subsystems. This is not a mechanical sum of individuals, but an integral system that has a highly complex and hierarchical character: various kinds of subsystems are connected by subordinate relationships.
2. Society is not reducible to the people who make it up; it is system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships that a person creates through his active activities together with other people. These “invisible” social connections and relationships are given to people in their language, various actions, activity programs, communication, etc., without which people cannot exist together. Society is integrated in its essence and must be considered as a whole, in the totality of its individual components.
3. Society has self-sufficiency, i.e. the ability, through active joint activity, to create and reproduce the necessary conditions own existence. Society is characterized in in this case as an integral, unified organism in which various social groups, a wide variety of activities that provide vital conditions for existence.
Social science. A new complete guide for preparing for the Unified State Exam. Ed. Baranova P.A.
3rd ed. - M.: 2017. - 544 p. M.: 2016. - 544 p.
The reference book, addressed to high school graduates and applicants, provides in full the material of the “Social Studies” course, which will be tested on the unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks - control and measurement tests - are compiled Unified State Exam materials(KIMS). The directory presents block modules “Man and Society”, “Economics”, “Social Relations”, “Politics”, “Law”, which form the basis of the school course “Social Studies”. A brief and visual form of presentation - in the form of diagrams and tables - provides maximum efficiency preparation for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge, skills and abilities.
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CONTENT
Preface 6
BLOCK MODULE 1. PERSON AND SOCIETY
Topic 1.1. Natural and social in man. (Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution) 12
Topic 1.2. Worldview, its types and forms 17
Topic 1.3. Types of knowledge 20
Topic 1.4. The concept of truth, its criteria 26
Topic 1.5. Thinking and activity 30
Topic 1.6. Needs and interests 41
Topic 1.7. Freedom and necessity in human activity. Freedom and responsibility 45
Topic 1.8. System structure of society: elements and subsystems 50
Topic 1.9. Basic institutions of society 55
Topic 1.10. The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture 58
Topic 1.11. The science. Main features of scientific thinking. Natural and social sciences and humanities 65
Topic 1.12. Education, its significance for the individual and society 78
Topic 1.13. Religion 81
Topic 1.14. Art 89
Topic 1.15. Morale 95
Topic 1.16. Concept social progress 101
Topic 1.17. Multivariate social development(types of societies) 106
Topic 1.18. Threats XXI century ( global problems) 109
BLOCK MODULE 2. ECONOMY
Topic 2.1. Economics and economic science 116
Topic 2.2. Factors of production and factor income 122
Topic 2.3. Economic systems 126
Topic 2.4. Market and market mechanism. Supply and demand 134
Topic 2.5. Permanent and variable costs 145
Topic 2.6. Financial institutions. Banking system 147
Topic 2.7. Main sources of business financing 154
Topic 2.8. Securities 160
Topic 2.9. Labor market. Unemployment 163
Topic 2.10. Types, causes and consequences of inflation 173
Topic 2.11. The economic growth and development. Concept of GDP 177
Topic 2.12. The role of the state in the economy 184
Topic 2.13. Taxes 191
Topic 2.14. State budget 195
Topic 2.15. World Economy 202
Topic 2.16. Rational economic behavior of the owner, employee, consumer, family man, citizen 210
BLOCK MODULE 3. SOCIAL RELATIONS
Topic 3.1. Social stratification and mobility 216
Topic 3.2. Social groups 227
Topic 3.3. Youth as a social group 232
Topic 3.4. Ethnic communities 235
Topic 3.5. Interethnic relations, ethnosocial conflicts, ways to resolve them 240
Topic 3.6. Constitutional principles (foundations) of national policy in the Russian Federation 249
Topic 3.7. Social conflict 252
Topic 3.8. Kinds social norms 260
Topic 3.9. Social control 264
Topic 3.10. Family and marriage 267
Topic 3.11. Deviant behavior and its types 272
Topic 3.12. Social role 276
Topic 3.13. Socialization of the individual 280
BLOCK MODULE 4. POLITICS
Topic 4.1. The concept of power 283
Topic 4.2. The state, its functions 291
Topic 4.3. Political system 304
Topic 4.4. Typology of political regimes 307
Topic 4.5. Democracy, its basic values and characteristics 310
Topic 4.6. Civil society and the state 314
Topic 4.7. Political elite 323
Topic 4.8. Political parties and movements 327
Topic 4.9. Facilities mass media V political system 336
Topic 4.10. Election campaign in the Russian Federation 342
Topic 4.11. Political process 351
Topic 4.12. Political participation 355
Topic 4.13. Political Leadership 360
Topic 4.14. Organs state power RF 364
Topic 4.15. Federal structure of Russia 374
BLOCK MODULE 5. LAW
Topic 5.1. Law in the system of social norms 381
Topic 5.2. System of Russian law. Legislative process in the Russian Federation 395
Topic 5.3. Concept and types of legal liability 401
Topic 5.4. Constitution Russian Federation. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation 409
Topic 5.5. Legislation of the Russian Federation on elections 417
Topic 5.6. Subjects of civil law 421
Topic 5.7. Organizational and legal forms and legal regime of entrepreneurial activity 428
Topic 5.8. Property and non-property rights 433
Topic 5.9. Hiring procedure. The procedure for concluding and terminating an employment contract 440
Topic 5.10. Legal regulation relations between spouses. Procedure and conditions for concluding and dissolving a marriage 448
Topic 5.11. Features of administrative jurisdiction 453
Topic 5.12. The right to a favorable environment and ways to protect it 460
Topic 5.13. International law (international protection of human rights in peacetime and war) 468
Topic 5.14. Disputes, procedure for their consideration 473
Topic 5.15. Basic rules and principles civil process 476
Topic 5.16. Features of the criminal process 484
Topic 5.17. Citizenship of the Russian Federation 495
Topic 5.18. Conscription, alternative civil service 501
Topic 5.19. Rights and obligations of the taxpayer 509
Topic 5.20. Law enforcement agencies. Judiciary 513
Training version of the examination paper in social studies 523
Evaluation system for examination work in social studies 536
Literature 540
The reference book includes material from the school course “Social Studies”, which is tested on the Unified State Exam (USE). The structure of the book corresponds to the Federal State Standard of Secondary (Complete) Education in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks have been developed - control measuring materials (CMM), which make up the examination paper in social studies.
The directory presents the following content blocks-modules: “Man and Society”, “Economy”, “Social Relations”, “Politics”, “Law”, which form the core of the content of school social studies education and correspond to the codifier of social studies content elements tested within Unified State Exam.
There is an opinion among schoolchildren that social studies is the simplest subject of the Unified State Exam. Many people choose it for this reason. But this is a misconception that takes away from serious preparation.
Changes in KIM Unified State Exam 2019 in social studies:
- The wording has been detailed and the assessment system for task 25 has been revised.
- The maximum score for completing task 25 has been increased from 3 to 4.
- The wording of tasks 28, 29 was detailed, and the systems were improved
their assessments. - The maximum initial score for completing all work has been increased
from 64 to 65.
Where to start preparing for the Unified State Examination in social studies?
1. Learn theory.
For this purpose, for each task a theoretical material what you need to know and take into account when performing the task. There will be questions with a philosophical bias (man and society) and sociological (relations in society). Remember that there are only 8 topics: society
- Human
- cognition
- spiritual sphere (culture)
- social sphere
- economy
- policy
- right
Indicate what topics the survey will be on in the assignments. Within each topic there are many smaller subtopics that you should pay attention to while studying.
For getting high results The examinee must confidently operate with basic concepts and terms. Analyze information provided in graphical form. Work with text. Reason competently within the framework of the problem posed, concisely express your thoughts in writing.
Important tip: When preparing, you should not use materials and manuals for 2016 and earlier, since they have lost compliance with the updated tasks.
2. Study well the structure of assignments and their evaluation system.
Examination ticket divided into two parts:
- Tasks 1 to 20, requiring a short answer (word, phrase or number);
- Tasks 21 to 29 - with a detailed answer and mini-essays.
The assessment of Unified State Exam assignments in social studies was distributed as follows:
- 1 point - for tasks 1, 2, 3, 10, 12.
- 2 points - 4-9, 11, 13-22.
- 3 points - 23, 24, 26, 27.
- 4 points - 25, 28.
- 6 points - 29.
You can score a maximum of 65 points.
The minimum must be 43 total points.
Pay special attention to Unified State Exam assignments with detailed answers in social studies.
3. Solving Unified State Exam assignments in social studies.
The more test tasks you complete, the stronger your knowledge will be. The tasks are based on demo version from FIPI in social studies. Solve complete and thematic online tests with answers, no matter what stage of studying the theory you are at. By registering on the site, check and analyze your mistakes and keep statistics in your personal account, so that later they will not be allowed in the exam.
Formula for exam success
High scores on the Unified State Exam = theory + practice + systematic repetition + clearly planned time for studying + desire / will / hard work.
Get ready. Try your best. Strive for success! And then you will succeed.
Preface
The reference book includes material from the school course “Social Studies,” which is tested on the Unified State Exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the Standard of Secondary (Complete) Education in the subject on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - test and measuring materials (KIM) of the Unified State Examination.
The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “Society”, “Spiritual life of society”, “Man”, “Cognition”, “Politics”, “Economics”, “Social relations”, “Law”, which form the core of the content of public education tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam. This reinforces the practical focus of the book.
A compact and visual form of presentation, a large number of diagrams and tables contribute to a better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.
In the process of preparing for an exam in social studies, it is very important not only to master the content of the course, but also to navigate the types of tasks on the basis of which the written work, which is a form of conducting the Unified State Exam, is based. Therefore, after each topic, assignment options with answers and comments are presented. These tasks are designed to form ideas about the form of testing and measuring materials in social studies, their level of complexity, the features of their implementation, and are aimed at developing skills tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam:
– recognize the signs of concepts, characteristic features of a social object, elements of its description;
– compare social objects, identifying their common features and differences;
– correlate social science knowledge with the social realities that reflect them;
– evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;
– analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems (diagram, table, diagram);
– recognize concepts and their components: correlate specific concepts with generic ones and eliminate unnecessary ones;
– establish correspondences between the essential features and characteristics of social phenomena and social scientific terms and concepts;
– apply knowledge about the characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, selecting the necessary items from the proposed list;
– distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;
– name terms and concepts, social phenomena corresponding to the proposed context, and apply social scientific terms and concepts in the proposed context;
– list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;
– reveal, using examples, the most important theoretical positions and concepts of the social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;
– apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect current problems of human life and society;
– carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from original non-adapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);
– formulate your own judgments and arguments on certain problems based on acquired social and humanitarian knowledge.
This will allow you to overcome a certain psychological barrier before the exam, associated with the ignorance of the majority of examinees how they should formalize the result of the completed task.
Section 1. Society
Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. System structure of society
The complexity of defining the concept of “society” is associated primarily with its extreme generality, and in addition, with its enormous significance. This led to the presence of many definitions of this concept.
Concept "society" in a broad sense, the word can be defined as a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes: ways of interaction between people; forms of unification of people.
Society in the narrow sense of the word is:
– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);
– individual specific society, country, state, region(for example, modern Russian society, French society);
– historical stage in the development of mankind(eg feudal society, capitalist society);
– humanity as a whole.
Society is the product of the combined activities of many people. Human activity is a way of existence or being of society. Society grows out of the life process itself, out of the ordinary and everyday activities of people. It is no coincidence that the Latin word socio means to unite, to unite, to undertake joint work. Society does not exist outside the direct and indirect interaction of people.
As a way of existence for people, society must fulfill a set of certain functions :
– production of material goods and services;
– distribution of labor products (activities);
– regulation and management of activities and behavior;
– human reproduction and socialization;
– spiritual production and regulation of people’s activity.
The essence of society lies not in people themselves, but in the relationships they enter into with each other in the course of their life. Consequently, society is the totality of social relations.
Society is characterized as dynamic self-developing system , i.e. a system that is capable of seriously changing and at the same time maintaining its essence and qualitative certainty.
Wherein system defined as complex of interacting elements. In its turn, element called some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.
Basic principles of the system : the whole is not reducible to the sum of its parts; the whole gives rise to traits, properties that go beyond the individual elements; the structure of the system is formed by the interrelation of its individual elements, subsystems; elements, in turn, can have a complex structure and act as systems; there is a relationship between the system and the environment.
Accordingly, society is complexly organized self-developing open system , which includes individuals and social communities, united by cooperative, coordinated connections and processes of self-regulation, self-structuring and self-reproduction.
To analyze complex systems similar to society, the concept of “subsystem” was developed. Subsystems called intermediate complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.
Certain groups of social relations form subsystems. The main subsystems of society are considered to be the main spheres of public life spheres of public life .
The basis for delimiting spheres of public life are basic human needs.
The division into four spheres of public life is arbitrary. Other areas can be mentioned: science, artistic and creative activity, racial, ethnic, national relations. However, these four areas are traditionally identified as the most general and significant.
Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features :
1. It is different diversity of different social structures and subsystems. This is not a mechanical sum of individuals, but an integral system that has a highly complex and hierarchical character: various kinds of subsystems are connected by subordinate relationships.
2. Society is not reducible to the people who make it up; it is system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships that a person creates through his active activities together with other people. These “invisible” social connections and relationships are given to people in their language, various actions, activity programs, communication, etc., without which people cannot exist together. Society is integrated in its essence and must be considered as a whole, in the totality of its individual components.
3. Society has self-sufficiency, i.e. the ability to create and reproduce the necessary conditions for one’s own existence through active joint activity. Society is characterized in this case as an integral, unified organism in which various social groups and a wide variety of activities are closely intertwined, providing vital conditions for existence.
4. The society is exceptional dynamism, incompleteness and alternative development. Main actor in the choice of development options is the person.
5. Society highlights special status of subjects, determining its development. Man is a universal component of social systems, included in each of them. Behind the confrontation of ideas in society there is always a clash of corresponding needs, interests, goals, the impact of such social factors, How public opinion, official ideology, political attitudes and traditions. Inevitable for social development is intense competition of interests and aspirations, and therefore, in society there is often a clash of alternative ideas, heated polemics and struggles take place.
6. Society has unpredictability, non-linear development. Presence in society large quantity subsystems, the constant clash of interests and goals of different people creates the prerequisites for the implementation different options and models of future development of society. However, this does not mean that the development of society is completely arbitrary and uncontrollable. On the contrary, scientists are creating social forecasting models: development options social system in its most diverse fields, computer models of the world, etc.
Sample assignment
A1. Choose the correct answer. Which feature characterizes society as a system?
1. constant development
2. part of the material world
3. isolation from nature
4. ways people interact
Answer: 4.
Topic 2. Society and nature
Nature (from Gr. physis and Lat. natura - to arise, to be born) is one of the most general categories of science and philosophy, originating in the ancient worldview.
The concept of “nature” is used to designate not only natural, but also the material conditions of its existence created by man – “second nature”, to one degree or another transformed and shaped by man.
Society, as a part of nature isolated in the process of human life, is inextricably linked with it.
The separation of man from the natural world marked the birth of a qualitatively new material unity, since man has not only natural properties, but also social.
Society has come into conflict with nature in two respects: 1) as a social reality, it is nothing other than nature itself; 2) it purposefully influences nature with the help of tools, changing it.
At first, the contradiction between society and nature acted as their difference, since man still had primitive tools with the help of which he obtained his means of living. However, in those distant times, man was no longer completely dependent on nature. As the tools of labor improved, society had an increasing impact on nature. Man cannot do without nature also because technical means, making his life easier, are created by analogy with natural processes.
As soon as it was born, society began to have a very significant impact on nature, sometimes improving it, and sometimes worsening it. But nature, in turn, began to “worse” the characteristics of society, for example, by reducing the quality of health of large masses of people, etc. Society, as an isolated part of nature, and nature itself have a significant influence on each other. At the same time, they retain specific features, which allow them to coexist as a dual phenomenon of earthly reality. This close relationship between nature and society lies the basis of the unity of the world.
Sample assignment
C6. Explain the relationship between nature and society using two examples.
Answer: Examples that reveal the relationship between nature and society include: Man is not only a social, but also a biological being, and therefore is part of living nature. From natural environment society draws the necessary material and energy resources for its development. Degradation of the natural environment (air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, etc.) leads to a deterioration in people’s health, a decrease in their quality of life, etc.
Topic 3. Society and culture
The entire life of society is based on the expedient and varied activities of people, the product of which is material wealth and cultural values, i.e. culture. Therefore, it is often individual types societies are called cultures. However, the concepts of “society” and “culture” are not synonymous.
The system of relationships is largely formed objectively, under the influence of the laws of social development. Therefore, they are not a direct product of culture, despite the fact that the conscious activity of people influences the nature and form of these relations in the most significant way.
Sample assignment
B5. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.
(1) In the history of social thought, there have been various, often opposing points of view on culture. (2) Some philosophers called culture a means of enslaving people. (3) A different point of view was held by those scientists who considered culture a means of ennobling a person, turning him into a civilized member of society. (4) This speaks of the breadth and multidimensionality of the content of the concept of “culture”.
Determine which provisions of the text are:
A) factual nature
B) the nature of value judgments
Under the position number, write down the letter indicating its nature. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form.
Answer: ABBA.
Topic 4. Interrelation of economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of society
Each sphere of social life is characterized by a certain independence; they function and develop according to the laws of the whole, that is, society. At the same time, all four main spheres not only interact, but also mutually determine each other. For example, the influence of the political sphere on culture is manifested in the fact that, firstly, each state pursues a certain policy in the field of culture, and secondly, cultural figures reflect certain political views and positions in their work.
The boundaries between all four spheres of society are easily crossed and transparent. Each sphere is present in one way or another in all the others, but at the same time does not dissolve, does not lose its leading function. The question of the relationship between the main spheres of public life and the allocation of one priority is debatable. There are supporters of the determining role economic sphere. They proceed from the fact that material production, which forms the core of economic relations, satisfies the most essential, primary needs human, without which any other activity is impossible. The spiritual sphere of society's life is singled out as a priority. Proponents of this approach make the following argument: a person’s thoughts, ideas, and ideas are ahead of his practical actions. Major social changes are always preceded by changes in people's consciousness, a transition to other spiritual values. The most compromise of the above approaches is the approach whose adherents argue that each of the four spheres of social life can become decisive in different periods historical development.
Sample assignment
B3. Establish a correspondence between the main spheres of society and their institutions (organizations): for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write down the selected numbers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer form (without spaces or any symbols).
Answer: 21221.
Topic 5. Social institutions
Social Institute is a historically established, stable form of organization joint activities people who perform certain functions in society, the main one of which is the satisfaction of social needs.
Each social institution is characterized by the presence activity goals and specific functions ensuring its achievement.
In modern society, there are dozens of social institutions, among which the key ones can be identified: inheritance, power, property, family.
Within fundamental social institutions there are very distinct divisions into small institutions. For example, economic institutions, along with the basic institution of property, include many sustainable systems relations – financial, production, marketing, organizational and managerial institutions. In system political institutions modern society, along with the key institution of power, the institutions of political representation, presidency, separation of powers, local government, parliamentarism, etc.
Social institutions:
Organize human activity into a certain system of roles and statuses, establishing patterns of human behavior in various fields public life. For example, a social institution such as a school includes the roles of teacher and student, and a family includes the roles of parents and children. Certain role relationships develop between them, which are regulated by specific norms and regulations. Some of the most important norms are enshrined in law, others are supported by traditions, customs, and public opinion;
They include a system of sanctions - from legal to moral and ethical;
organize, coordinate many individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character;
Ensure standard behavior of people in socially typical situations.
Functions of social institutions: explicit (officially declared, recognized and controlled by society); hidden (performed hidden or unintentionally).
When the discrepancy between these functions is large, a double standard of social relations arises, which threatens the stability of society. The situation is even more dangerous when, along with official institutions, so-called shadow institutions, which take on the function of regulating the most important social relations (for example, criminal structures).
Social institutions determine society as a whole. Any social transformations are carried out through changes in social institutions.
Each social institution is characterized by the presence of an activity goal and specific functions that ensure its achievement.
Sample assignment
C5. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “institutions of society”? Using knowledge from the social science course, compose two sentences containing information about the institutions of society.
Answer: The institution of society is a historically established, stable form of organizing the joint activities of people performing certain functions in society, the main one of which is the satisfaction of social needs. Examples of sentences: There are economic, political, social institutions, institutions operating in the spiritual field. Each institution of society is characterized by the presence of an activity goal and specific functions. The institutions of society are a complex and branched formation: within the fundamental institutions there are very distinct divisions into smaller ones. From the point of view of the organization of society, the key institutions are: inheritance, power, property, family, etc.
Topic 6. Multivariate social development. Typology of societies
Social development can be reformist or revolutionary in nature.
Reforms can take place in all spheres of public life:
– economic reforms – transformations of the economic mechanism: forms, methods, levers and organization of economic management of the country (privatization, bankruptcy law, antimonopoly laws, etc.);
- social reforms - transformations, changes, reorganization of any aspects of social life that do not destroy the foundations of the social system (these reforms are directly related to people);
– political reforms – changes in political sphere public life (changes in the constitution, electoral system, expansion of civil rights, etc.).
The degree of reformist changes can be very significant, up to changes in the social system or type economic system: reforms of Peter I, reforms in Russia in the early 90s. XX century
IN modern conditions two paths of social development - reform and revolution - are contrasted with the practice of permanent reform in a self-regulating society. It should be recognized that both reform and revolution “treat” an already advanced disease, while constant and possibly early prevention is necessary. Therefore, in modern social science, the emphasis is shifted from the “reform - revolution” dilemma to “reform - innovation”. Under innovation (from the English innovation - innovation, novelty, innovation) is understood an ordinary, one-time improvement associated with an increase in the adaptive capabilities of a social organism in given conditions.
In modern sociology, social development is associated with the process of modernization.
Modernization (from the French moderniser – modern) – this is the process of transition from a traditional, agrarian society to modern, industrial societies. Classical theories of modernization described the so-called “primary” modernization, which historically coincided with the development of Western capitalism. Later theories of modernization characterize it through the concepts of “secondary” or “catch-up” modernization. It is carried out under the conditions of the existence of a “model”, for example in the form of the Western European liberal model; often such modernization is understood as Westernization, that is, a process of direct borrowing or imposition. In essence, this modernization is a worldwide process of displacing local, local types of cultures and social organization“universal” (Western) forms of modernity.
There are several classifications (typologies) societies:
1) preliterate and written;
2) simple And complex(the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of management of society, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor; in complex societies there are several levels of management and several social strata of the population, located from top to bottom in descending order income);
3) primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, communist society (the criterion in this typology is a formational feature);
4) developed, developing, backward (the criterion in this typology is the level of development);
Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society
The most common approaches to analyzing social development in Russian historical and philosophical science are formational and civilizational.
The first of them belongs to the Marxist school of social science, the founders of which were German economists, sociologists and philosophers K. Marx (1818–1883) and F. Engels (1820–1895).
The key concept of this school of social science is the category “socio-economic formation”.
Despite the relative independence, the type of superstructure is determined by the nature of the base. It also represents the basis of the formation, determining the affiliation of a particular society.
Productive forces are a dynamic, constantly developing element of the method of production, while production relations are static and rigid, not changing for centuries. At a certain stage, a conflict arises between the productive forces and production relations, which is resolved during the social revolution, the breaking of the old basis and the transition to a new stage of social development, to a new socio-economic formation. Old relations of production are being replaced by new ones, which open up space for the development of productive forces. Thus, Marxism understands social development as a natural, objectively determined, natural-historical change of socio-historical formations:
Key concept civilizational approach to the analysis of social development is the concept of “civilization”, which has many interpretations.
The term “civilization” (from the Latin civis - citizen) is used in world historical and philosophical literature:
– as a certain stage in the development of local cultures (for example, O. Spengler);
– as a stage of historical development (for example, L. Morgan, F. Engels, O. Toffler);
– as a synonym for culture (for example, A. Toynbee);
– as the level (stage) of development of a particular region or individual ethnic group.
Any civilization is characterized not so much by its production basis as by its specific way of life, value system, vision and ways of relating to the outside world.
In the modern theory of civilization, two approaches stand out.
Various researchers have identified many local civilizations (for example, an English historian, sociologist, diplomat, public figure A. Toynbee (1889–1975) counted 21 civilizations in the history of mankind), which can coincide with the borders of states (Chinese civilization) or cover several countries (ancient, Western). Usually the entire diversity of local civilizations is divided into two large groups – western and eastern.
Thus, the formation concentrates attention on the universal, general, repeating, and civilization focuses on the local-regional, unique, peculiar.
A comparative analysis allows us to conclude that the existing approaches in science should not be considered as mutually exclusive. They must be treated from the point of view of the principle of complementarity, taking into account the noted advantages of each approach.
Sample assignment
B1. Write down the word missing in the diagram.
Answer: Revolution.