Full participle or adjective. Participle and verbal adjective

Sometimes parts of speech are very similar to each other a large number signs. Most often, you can get confused in the definition of participles and adjectives, because both of these parts of speech are capable of answering the question “which?” and have a similar meaning as a part of a sentence. In this case, it is very important to define the adjective and participle word in writing, as this allows you to most accurately express your thoughts in the text. To understand how these parts of speech differ, you need to disassemble them and find their features.

Adjective - This Part of speech, which denotes a property, accessory or sign of another part of speech, for example, a noun, without denoting a sign of any action. It is a dependent clause belonging to a noun, so in most cases it copies its features and definition. Thus, an adjective can form as many as three genders: masculine, neuter and feminine, and can have a singular or plural, and also change its case, which will depend on the main noun with which it is associated. Basically, an adjective is capable of answering the questions “which?” or “whose?”

A participle is a special form of a verb, which denotes the action of a noun, but represents this action in the form of a sign. It has the characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. It is capable, like an adjective, of answering the question “which?”, but the main questions in the meaning of the participle are: “what is he doing?”, “what has he done?” and “what did you do?”

What are the similarities between adjectives and participles

To determine the main differences between the two parts of speech, we can take two examples: Beautiful And decorating. First, let's identify the special features of two words.

Both parts of speech can be declined according to gender.

Beautiful dress, beautiful color.

Decorating decor, decorating hat.

Both parts of speech are declined according to numbers.

Beautiful dresses And decorating hats.

Also, parts of speech are declined according to cases.

beautiful dress– R. p.

Decorating hat- TV. P.

A participle can be in short form just like an adjective. For example, created(from created) is a participle and white(from white) is an adjective.
As members of a sentence, both the participle and the adjective act as modifiers.

Main differences between parts of speech

Next, let's look at examples distinctive features these parts of speech, which indicate the presence of signs in the participles.

Also in the Russian language there are adjectives that are created from participles. They are called verbal adjectives, the second name is adjectivally formed.

Verbal forms occur due to:

The appearance of a new meaning in an object. Example – driving force.
Appearance at the sacrament figurative meaning. Example – brilliant performance.
When a participle means a description for performing some action, but then becomes a constantly accompanying meaning for a given noun. Eg, condensed milk. Look carefully, because in this case even the spelling of the word changes, since when using a participle it will be correct to write “condensed”.
In the case when a part of speech denotes the possibility of an object being subjected to some kind of influence. For example, an indeclinable adjective.

Determination methods

The method for identifying these parts of speech is quite easy.. To do this, you need to insert into the sentence a word after the selected participle or adjective that has a similar meaning. For example, a sentence "He found a slithering snake" can be changed to “He found a snake crawling on the ground.” The word creeping in this case will act as a participial form.

But in a sentence like “He entered the classroom at a brisk pace,” we cannot change its meaning and insert additional words, since the word bystry is an adjective that is completely dependent on the noun of the word - step.

The next way to distinguish two parts of speech is no longer so easy. It relies on knowledge of the formation of both participles and adjectives. In most sentences the participial word has double letter N in its suffix, and the qualifying word is only one, but both of these rules have their exceptions, which should be noted Special attention.

How to find a participle in a letter

To quickly find a participle word among other parts of speech, you should clearly remember its distinctive features. Firstly, this presence of a special verb form, which denotes the attribute and quality of an object by its action. Secondly, a participial word can form two features at once, which are conveyed to him from the verb and from the adjective.

Immediately try to ask a question about the suspected participle word. If the word answers the questions “what?”, “what is he doing?”, “what did he do?”, then this is the part of speech that we need.
In order not to get lost in the meanings of words, we must not forget that participle words, unlike adjectives, have aspect, tense, and modal and transitive properties can also be applied to them. Also remember that participial words are always formed from verb words, and adjectives from nouns.
Check the suffix of the selected word. If this is a real passive participial word, then you will see the suffixes -ushch, -yushch, -ashch or -yashch. Eg, working. If the participle has a passive form and is in the present tense, then these are the suffixes -em or -im. For example, produced.
Also learn to find participial words in the past tense. There are suffixes for them - lice, - sh. Eg, eating, leaving. Passive participles in the past tense have the suffix -nn, -t, -enn. Eg, decorated, reflected, knocked down.
It will be useful to be able to find a short participial word among a whole sentence. The short form is created by passive participial words. For example, glued. It must be remembered that in short participles one letter N is always used.

I am making an attempt to create something like a reference summary for those who find it difficult to determine the part of speech and, accordingly, are confused in the spelling of participles and verbal adjectives.

Questions, clarifications and attempts to round up will be welcome.

Participles differ from adjectives not only in the presence of verb features, but also in their meaning.

Adjectives denote permanent characteristics objects, and participles - signs that develop over time.

For example: red (generally red) - blushing, blushing (becoming, becoming red over some time); old (generally old) - aging, aged (becoming old over a period of time).

Offtopic

Participles can lose their meaning and attributes of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case, the participle already means constant sign object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: out of tune piano defiant look, aspiring poet, brilliant answer.

For example: He also liked Titus Nikonich... loved by everyone (participle) and loving everyone. (I. Goncharov)

When she played my favorite (adjective) pieces on the piano... I listened with pleasure. (A. Chekhov).

Passive participles most easily transform into adjectives: restrained character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.

Participles are used mainly in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.

To differentiate between a participle and an adjective, you first need to remember one simple thing:

The participle can be replaced by a phrase with the verb from which it is formed.

For example, a built house is a house that is built;

Offtopic

A participle may have a dependent word.

For example: eyes shining (from what?) with joy - communion.

and an adjective can be replaced by another adjective.

For example:

eyes shining (participle) with joy - replace: eyes that shine + there is a dependent word “with joy”

brilliant (adjective) performances - replace: amazing performances, wonderful performances, excellent performances.

Offtopic

The terms are always adjectives (typewriter);

The particle does NOT reduce verbosity, so the word is used as an adjective (inappropriate conditions - adjective);

Participles on – shiy often turn into adjectives (the past year is an adjective).

How to distinguish unloved from unloved?

Participle - if there is a dependent word + the form is formed from an imperfective verb, i.e. answering the question “what to do?”

For example:

not loved (derived from the verb - “what to do?” - “to love”, non-natural form) by a child (< - это зависимое слово) игрушки.

Let's repeat and clarify:

If a word can be replaced by a verb without changing the essence phrases, and substitute dependent word in the instrumental case, then this is a participle

(exquisite reserves - to find reserves, exquisite (by whom?) reserves by the chief);

If I may replace with another adjective, apply degrees of comparison or form an adverb from a word with –O, then it's an adjective

(exquisite manners - noble manners, extremely refined manners, exquisitely);

In every doubtful case, experiment with synonyms or try to form a verb form, add a dependent word and over time the distinction will become easier.

Letters Н and НН in verbal adjectives and participles

One letter H written in adjectives with suffixes -n-, -en-, formed from imperfective verbs without a prefix:

For example: loaded (one “n”, because the word is formed from the verb “load” without a prefix, an imperfective verb, because it answers the question “what to do?”) machine, knitted (one “n”, because it is formed from the verb “knit” without a prefix) sweater.

Adjectives here do not have dependent words. If no dependent word is added, you have an adjective.

Two letters HH are written:

A) in participles, as well as verbal adjectives formed from perfective verbs, with and without prefixes:

salted butter, broken things (participles);

an absent-minded person (an adjective formed from the verb “scatter” of the perfect form, answering the question “what to do?”), a desperate step (an adjective formed from the verb “to despair” of the perfect form, answering the question “what to do?”)

Exceptions: smart boy, sworn brother;

b) in participles with a dependent word:

loaded with (what?) bricks, crocheted (with what?);

And if diligent J. explains to me in her own words in the comments why “loaded car” is spelled with one “n”, and “car loaded with bricks” with two, then she will receive a bun.

c) We memorize (read: cram, so that forever and ever) exception adjectives: unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unforeseen, desired, sacred, accidental, minted (step), done (look), cutesy, slow;

d) in adjectives formed from passive participles -ovanny, -ovanny: rhymed, qualified, uprooted (exceptions: forged, chewed).

They saw “ovanny, yovanny” - they wrote two “n”

3. In short participles, one letter N is written,

in short verbal adjectives two letters N are written.

To distinguish in a sentence short form participle from the short form of the adjective, you can use the same principles as for distinguishing the full form.

a) if it is possible to replace the short form with a synonym in the short form, you have an adjective.

Their views are very limited (i.e. narrow, narrow-minded - short adjective);

b) if we see a dependent word, we have a participle in front of us.

The interests of the Oblomovites were limited to a narrow circle of everyday concerns (limited (by what?) to a narrow circle of concerns - short communion).

Adjective- an independent part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers questions Which? which? which? which? whose?

For example: cold; broken.

Participle- a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers questions Which? which? which? which?

For example: broken, broken by hands.

Adjectives can be formed from nouns ( cold - cold;

glass - glass) and from verbs ( break - broken).

Adjectives formed from verbs should be distinguished from participles.

prib. p adj.

Compare: The Frenchman spoke broken Russian. - The bundle of firewood was assembled from the branches I had broken.

Basic features of distinguishing verbal adjectives and participles

Verbal adjectives do not have a prefix (except NOT) or dependent word.

adj. participle participle

Compare: painted (unpainted) floor - painted brush floor - By painted floor.

Verbal adjectives can be formed from unprefixed imperfective verbs, and participles - from unprefixed perfective verbs.

adj. participle

Compare: a worn suit is a purchased suit.

wear - unsov.v. buy - sov.v.

Words with the suffixes -ovan-/-evan- without prefixes or dependent words are verbal adjectives.

adj. prib.

Compare: a forged chest is a shod horse.

Some participles can become adjectives. To distinguish them, we define lexical meaning of these words.

For example: named (Brother)- named taller brother. We select synonyms: twinned And the one named above. We see that the lexical meaning of words is different. The participle retains the connection with the verb.

Examples of verbal adjectives:

- planted father - acting as a father at a wedding;

- smart The baby is smart, understanding, and picks things up on the fly.

Pay attention to the emphasis in these words.

Bibliography

Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

How to distinguish a participle from an adjective? ().
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Spelling of participle suffixes ().
Devyatova N.M.. Participles and verbal adjectives ().
Didactic materials. Section "Communion" ().
Formation of participles ().

Homework

Task No. 1

Sort the phrases into two columns: participle or verbal adjective.

A wounded fighter - a wounded soldier, sowing grain - sowing flour, a boy with a haircut - hair cut to zero - a shorn head , distilled water, linen notebook, burnt coffee - burnt letter.

Task No. 2. Form all verbs from each possible options participles and verbal adjectives according to the example:

adj. adj. prib. prib.

Paint:painted floor - unpainted boards - painted bench - painted

Walls - frames are not painted.

Verbs: boil, tangle, weave, dry, stew, bake, scare, fry.

Task No. 3. Say the phrases. Justify the place of stress in verbs, participles and verbal adjectives.

To spoil a child is a spoiled child; carbonate water - sparkling water; pleated skirt - pleated skirt; date a manuscript - a dated manuscript; low-cut - low-cut dress; dose a medicine - dosed medicine; block solution - blocked solution; compost a ticket - a composted ticket; disguise the entrance - disguised entrance; seal the carriage - sealed carriage; spoil a dog - spoiled dog; copy documents - copied documents; costume ball, normalized working day - normalized day; group sentences - grouped errors; install equipment - mounted equipment; form a team - a formed team; caricatured image; equip the team - equipped team.

You will need

Text with participles and adjectives;
Knowledge of the rules for forming participles;
Knowledge of the similarities and differences in both parts of speech;
Knowledge of formations of adjectival adjectives;
Knowing the exceptions to the rules.

Instructions

A part of speech that denotes a property, accessory or attribute of another part of speech - a noun, but is not connected with it by any process. An adjective is a part of speech dependent on a noun, therefore it inherits all its characteristics. This means that it has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter, numbers: singular and plural, and also changes according to the noun to which it refers. The adjective answers the question “which?” or “whose?”

« Oil paint"(R.p.)

“An oiled pancake” (TV.p.)
4. Also, a participle can have a short form like an adjective. For example: “made” (from “made”) – participle, “light” from “light”.
5. As members of a sentence, participle and adjective are .

Differences between participles and adjectives
Now, using an example, let’s look at participles from adjectives, which characterize the presence of verb features in them (participles):
1. The perfect form is “running”, “running” is the imperfect form.
2. Reflexive form – “rotating”, “rotating” – non-reversible form.
3. Time – “running” (present time), “running” (past time).
4. Active or passive meaning tearing a shirt, tearing a shirt.
5. Transitivity: a reading person reading a book.
There are adjectives formed from participles. They are called verbal adjectives or adjectival adjectives.

Such adjectives are formed for the following reasons:
The emergence of a new meaning for the subject of action, for example, “driving force”;

The occurrence of a figurative meaning in a word that is a participle, for example, “brilliant performance”;

If the participle denoted the intended purpose of performing some action and became a constant accompanying word for a noun, for example, “condensed milk.” Please note in in this example Even the spelling of the word changes, because... in the case of a participle, it would be correct to write “condensed”;

If the participle is the ability of an object to be subject to any influence, for example, “indeclinable adjective.”

You can easily distinguish a participle from an adjective in a simple way. Try inserting a word in a sentence after the intended participle or adjective that matches its meaning. For example, in the sentence “We saw birds flying,” you can insert the word “across the sky” that has the appropriate meaning. “We saw birds flying across the sky.” The word "flying" in in this case is a participle.
In the sentence “She approached us with a flying gait,” we cannot insert a suitable word for the word “flying,” because this is an adjective and is directly dependent on the noun “gait”

The second way to distinguish an adjective from a participle is quite difficult, because is based on knowledge of the formation of participles and adjectives. In most cases, participles have a double "n" in their suffix, unlike adjectives, but there are exceptions to both of these rules that you need to know.

Video on the topic

Helpful advice

Currently, there are many software products in the form of grammatical dictionaries that allow you to check your spelling, as well as parse a sentence into parts of speech and identify both participles and adjectives.

In order to find participle among other parts of speech, you need to know what distinguishes it from them. Firstly, this is a special form of the verb, denoting the attribute of an object by action. Secondly, it has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.

You will need

1. Words
2. Participles

Instructions

Look at the meaning of this word. If these are real present participles, then you will encounter –ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash. For example, issuing. If these are present passive participles, then these are the suffixes -em-, -im-. For example, produced.

Correctly identify active past participles. They are characterized by the suffixes –vsh-, -sh-. For example, the one who read, who brought. For past passives, the characters are the suffixes –nn-, -t-, -enn-. For example, drawn, offended, sung.

Sources:

“Modern Russian language”, Beloshapkova V.A. 1989.

Participles and participles, as well as participial and participial phrases, perform different functions in a sentence, perform different roles. They also have pronounced morphological differences.

Instructions

Participle(turnover) necessarily refers to the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, depends on it, changes in numbers, genders and, has a full and - some - short form.
For example: smiling person; us, who have signed this document, ...
Other nominal parts of speech can also act as a defined word if they are in the meaning of a noun.
For example: tidy dining room; “154th”, who asked to board, ... (about). Participle or participial turnover refers only to the predicate verb and denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. Unlike the participle, the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
For example: lying motionless; froze standing in the wind.

Participle and the functions of definition - single or widespread, agreed or inconsistent, isolated or not isolated.
For example: Those who had calmed down silently and obediently dropped the yellow ones.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
For example: The hair is silvered with early gray hair. The participle and participial phrase act as different circumstances.
Paler, the dawn subsides (I. Nikitin).

Formal features distinguishing participles and participles, are suffixes.
In school classes, all information about suffixes is summarized in tables that are posted on. For convenience, they can be written down, for example, on the cover of a notebook.
Derivational suffixes of active participles: -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash); -vsh-, -sh-; passive: - om-(-eat-), -im-; -enn-, -nn-, -t-.
Derivational suffixes of imperfect and perfect gerunds: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -louse-, -shi-.

Communion is special verb form, having both the properties of a verb and an adjective. From the verb, the participle has aspect, transitivity, reflexivity and voice, and from the adjective - change in cases, numbers and genders, as well as agreement with the noun. A participle, like an adjective, denotes a characteristic of an object.

noun and agrees with it in gender, number and case. For example: “boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling streams; boiling lava, boiling milk."

Types and methods of forming participles

Lexical meaning - a sign of an object by action - consists of the grammatical features of this part of speech. For example: “singing birds” (those that are singing now), “singing birds” (those that sang in the past), “the issue under discussion” (the one that someone is discussing now), “the issue under discussion” (the one which has already been discussed).

Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: active present and past tense, passive present and past tense.

The first group of participles (actual present tense) are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-). The choice of suffix depends on the verb. For example: “cry-ut - cry-ush-y”, “kol-yut - kol-yush-y” - I conjugation; “lech-at – lech-ash-y”, “kle-yat – kle-yash-y” – II conjugation.

Active participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes –т, -ти with the suffixes –вш-, -ш-. For example: “run - run - run”, “carry - carry”.

Passive participles present tense are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes –em- (I conjugation) and –im- (II conjugation): “cherish-em - cherish-em-y”, “kran-im - store-im” -th".

Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using the suffix –nn-, if the verbs end in –att, -et. Verbs ending in –it receive the suffix –enn-, just like verbs ending in –ti, -ch, and verbs ending in –ot, -ut-, -ity- receive the suffix –t-. For example: “write - write-nn-y”, “capture - captured-nn-y”, “save - save-y”, “forget- forget-y”.

Short participles, as well as short adjectives, are in a sentence the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Passive participles have a short form with truncated ones: -а, -о, -ы. For example: “sent, sent-a, sent-o, sent-s.”

Which is not conjugated and denotes a sign by action (procedural sign).” Therefore, the participle can be replaced by a phrase with the verb from which it is formed. For example, a built house is a house that is built.

Distinguish between a verbal adjective and an active present participle:
- there is a dependent word. For example: eyes shining (from what?) with joy - communion;
- an adjective can be replaced with another adjective. For example: eyes shining (participle) with joy - brilliant (adjective) performances (brilliant performances - magnificent, spectacular, successful, excellent);
- terms are always adjectives (typewriter);
- the particle does NOT reduce verbosity, so the word is used already in a role (inappropriate conditions - adjective).

Distinguish between an adjective and an active past participle:
- participles-SHYY are often transformed into adjectives (the elapsed year is an adjective);
- participles, which are formed from the basics intransitive verbs perfect form, acquire a qualitative meaning and become verbal adjectives. For example: extinguished (from go out - intransitive perfective, adjective) eyes, but extinguished (participle) fire.

Distinguish between a verbal adjective and the present passive participle (in -MY):
- a word is an adjective if it is formed from a perfective verb and from intransitive verbs of the form;
- a word is a participle if it is formed from an imperfective verb;
- if there is a dependent word in the instrumental case (subject), then the main word will be a participle. For example: unloved (adjective) toys, unloved (participle) toys by the child (subject).

Distinguish between an adjective and a passive past participle:
- if a word can be replaced with a verb without changing the essence of the phrase, and a dependent word can be substituted in the instrumental case, then this is a participle (exquisite reserves - to find reserves, exquisite (by whom?) reserves by the boss);
- if you can replace it with another adjective, apply degrees of comparison or from a word with -O, then this is an adjective (exquisite manners - noble manners, extremely refined manners, exquisitely);
- distinguish the adjective in figurative meaning(open (passive past participle with the suffix -T-) door – open (adjective) face).

Write with -N- and -NN-:
-N- in adjectives formed from imperfective verbs, without a word (knitted hat);
-NN- in participles x, formed from imperfective verbs, with a dependent word (knitted hat);
-NN- in participles x, formed from perfective verbs (tied (knit) jacket);
-NN- in verbal adjectives formed from imperfect verbs of -OVA-, -EVA- (pickled cucumbers).

Sources:

verbal adjectives are

You will need

1. Words
2. Participles

Instructions

Sources:

“Modern Russian language”, Beloshapkova V.A. 1989.

Participles and participles, as well as participial and participial phrases, perform different functions in a sentence, play different roles. They also have pronounced morphological differences.

Instructions

Participle(turnover) necessarily refers to the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, depends on it, changes in numbers, genders and, has a full and - some - short form.
For example: smiling person; us, who have signed this document, ...
Other nominal parts of speech can also act as a defined word if they are in the meaning of a noun.
For example: tidy dining room; “154th”, who asked for boarding, ... (o). The gerund or participial phrase refers only to the predicate verb and denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. Unlike the participle, the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
For example: lying motionless; froze standing in the wind.

A participle is a special verb form that has both the properties of a verb and an adjective. From the verb, the participle has aspect, transitivity, reflexivity and voice, and from the adjective - change in cases, numbers and genders, as well as agreement with the noun. A participle, like an adjective, denotes a characteristic of an object.

Grammatical features of participle

As a special form, it has some characteristics of this part of speech. They are of the perfect and imperfect form: “- prompted”, “excited - excited”; recurrent and irrevocable: “decided”, “falling asleep”; present and past tense: “thinking”, “running”.

Unlike a verb, a participle does not have a future tense form.

Denoting the attribute of an object, the participle, like adjectives, grammatically depends on and agrees with it in gender, number and case. For example: “boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling streams; boiling lava, boiling milk."

Types and methods of forming participles

Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: active present and past tense, passive present and past tense.

Active participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes –т, -ти with the suffixes –вш-, -ш-. For example: “run - run - run”, “carry - carry”.

Present passive participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes –em- (I conjugation) and –im- (II conjugation): “cherish-em – cherish-em-yy”, “kran-im – stored” -im."

Short participles, like short adjectives, are the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate in a sentence.

Passive participles have a short form with truncated ones: -а, -о, -ы. For example: “sent, sent-a, sent-o, sent-s.”