3 It all started in 1747, when the Tula merchant Yakov Korobkov set up the Kasli ironworks and iron smelting plant in the Southern Urals. The location for the founding of the plant was not chosen by chance: the Urals are rich in cast iron, and the quality of local molding sands is unique; in addition, there was plenty of wood for coal production.
4 By the time the plant came into the possession of the Demidov mining manufacturers in 1751, the products of Kasli craftsmen were already revered in Europe and Asia. By the time the plant came into the possession of the Demidov miners in 1751, the products of Kasli craftsmen were already revered in Europe and Asia.
The years became the years of the dawn of iron art casting. For the first time, the Kasli plant was awarded a gold award - the Small Gold Medal of the Free Economic Society in 1860. This was followed by exhibitions in St. Petersburg, Paris, London, and other years became the years of the dawn of iron casting. For the first time, the Kasli plant was awarded a gold award - the Small Gold Medal of the Free Economic Society in 1860. This was followed by exhibitions in St. Petersburg, Paris, London, etc.
6 Special historical event for the Kasli plant is the World Exhibition applied arts in Paris in 1900. Kasli craftsmen cast a huge cast-iron pavilion-pavilion in the Byzantine style according to the design of E. Baumgarten, which amazed foreign countries with the fabulousness of its design and the audacity of its implementation.
7 Decorating the entrance to the pavilion, the sculpture “Russia” by N. Laveretsky, depicting a woman warrior, protecting the world with dignity and self-confidence, ready for her victory, became its most important element. This pavilion was recognized as a masterpiece of foundry art and received the highest award - the Grand Prix. Of course, after this there were many people who wanted to buy it. However, buyers wanted to purchase the pavilion only along with all the exhibits displayed in it, including the “Russia” statue. In turn, the Russian proxies authorized to carry out the transaction agreed with all the buyers’ conditions, except one: they refused to sell “Russia” - the very sculpture that symbolized the Russian state. “Russia is not for sale!” - this phrase decided the outcome of the matter. The deal did not take place, and the statue, like the entire pavilion, returned to its homeland.
8 Foundry traditions and special techniques have not been lost even now, invaluable experience passed down from generation to generation, allows modern masters create the most magnificent samples. Foundry traditions and special techniques have not been lost even now; invaluable experience passed down from generation to generation allows modern craftsmen to create the most magnificent samples. The range of cast iron products is extremely diverse. The range of cast iron products is extremely diverse.
10 "Ram" "Horses in the wild" "Girl walking on a log" "Horse" "Suvorov"
11 "Don Quixote" "Hercules" "Three Heroes"
15 Yuri Dolgoruky The author of the sculpture is S.M. Orlov Maya Plisetskaya Author E. Yanson-Manizer Old woman with a spinning wheel. According to the model of V.F. Torokina, 1890
18 If you are experiencing difficulties regarding a gift, say, from your boss or colleague, then a sculpture from Kasli will be the most worthy present. Kasli casting is an integral attribute of Russian cultural heritage; it is constantly in demand. Nowadays it is customary to decorate cabinets and offices with elegant metal sculptures. Their value is determined not by the material from which they are made, but by the craftsmanship that makes it possible to bring to life the most daring plans of the creator.
19 For the presentation the following were used: - Internet resources Gilodo A. “Antiques, art and collectibles”, November-December Kasli art casting. Set of postcards, M., Peshkova I.M. “The Art of Kasli Masters”, Chelyabinsk, 2005.
Folk crafts
Folk crafts
Initially, traditional Ural crafts were distinguished by a variety of trends and styles. They were developed by talented, original craftsmen. Nowadays in Ural cities and villages, traditional trades and crafts are being revived. The activities of folk craftsmen are coordinated and directed by the regional artistic expert council on folk arts and crafts.
More than half of the Ural crafts have long been associated with stone and metal processing. Pavel Petrovich Bazhov glorified the art of the Ural stone-cutters in his tales. From ancient times to this day, products from the Urals adorn the best museums in the world and private collections.
Among the folk artistic crafts that traditionally existed in the Middle Urals, stone-cutting and lapidary and jewelry production have been preserved and developed to this day. artistic forging and metal bending, bell foundry, varnish painting on metal, woodworking crafts, production of products from artistic ceramics and porcelain.
The traditional Ural craft is stone-cutting and lapidary production. Production of products from ornamental and semi-precious stones from 1726 it was concentrated in Yekaterinburg in a small workshop, which later grew into the Yekaterinburg lapidary factory. From the second half of the 19th century centuries, stone-cutting production was located in all large factory villages.
Currently on site Sverdlovsk region LLC "Ural Souvenir", LLC "Stones of the Urals", LLC "Tayutkino Mirror", LLC "Murzinka-1" operate.
Jewelry production is one of the most significant Ural industries. Its origins began with the cutting of gems at the beginning of the third decade of the 18th century, and jewelry with precious and semi-precious stones itself began to be produced in the first quarter of the 19th century in handicraft workshops located at all jewelry stores in Yekaterinburg. The jewelry business especially flourished after the reform of 1861, quickly becoming one of the most profitable Ural crafts.
Currently engaged in the jewelry business are JSC Jewelers of the Urals, LLC Ekaterinburg Jewelry Factory, Individual Private Enterprise Vitex, LLC Murzinka-1, LLC Tayutkino Mirror, LLC Ural Souvenir.
Bell foundry in the Urals arose at the beginning of the 18th century in the Nevyansk plant, where in 1702, by order of N.D. Antufiev (Demidov) the first bell was cast. In 1790, a bell foundry was founded in Nevyansk. Then bell foundry was established at the Yekaterinburg Metallurgical Plant, Kamensk-Uralsky, Vyysky (near Tagil), Suksunsky (near Krasnoufimsk) factories. IN Soviet time the production of bells was stopped everywhere. The revival of the fishery began in 1990. Currently, Pyatkov and Co LLC has mastered the bell-casting business in the city of Kamensk-Uralsky.
Artistic forging and metal bending developed in the Urals as mining architecture became established (production of fences, columns, gates). In the modern period, artistic forging in the Sverdlovsk region is carried out by Kuznetsy LLC, Kuznechnaya Academy LLC, Kuznechnaya Manufactory LLC, Oltos LLC, blacksmiths from the workshops of the Art Fund (Ekaterinburg); enterprises LLC "Kovgrad", LLC "Symphony of Metal" (Pervouralsk). Individually working craftsmen and enterprises are members of the Blacksmiths of the Urals association (president - Associate Professor of the Ural Academy of Architecture and Art N.A. Volkov).
Lacquer painting on metal originated in Nizhny Tagil. This fishery recently celebrated its 265th anniversary. Currently, painted trays are being produced in Nizhny Tagil at the enterprises of Tagil Tray LLC, the tray painting department of RSK LLC, and Lacquer Painting of the Urals LLC.
Woodworking industry s in the forest-rich Ural region were represented by the production of “stylish furniture”, richly decorated with carvings, wicker furniture and other products made of wicker and willow, small decorative plastic. Currently various items household products (baskets, boxes, lampshades) are produced by the Distance of Forest Protective Plantings of Sverdlovsk railway(“Egorshinskaya Loza”), wicker furniture made from willow is produced by IChP “ Wicker furniture Tropnikov", in the workshops of the Art Fund, a "Center artistic wood", specializing in wood carving, inlay; The production of various products from birch bark is carried out by the craftsmen of Artel LLC in the city of Lesnoy.
Artistic ceramic craft in the Middle Urals was known since the beginning of the 18th century for the release pottery in Nevyansky and Sysertsky districts. Currently, the successor to the business of the Nevyansk Art Ceramics Factory in the Nevyansk region is the Tavolozhskaya Ceramics LLC enterprise. Porcelain Sysert LLC specializes in producing hand-painted tableware. In 2000, “Porcelain Sysert” mastered the production of porcelain and earthenware iconostases.
List of places of traditional existence of folk art crafts in the Sverdlovsk region(approved by Decree of the Government of the Sverdlovsk Region dated March 6, 2013 No. 262-PP “On approval of the List of places of traditional existence of folk arts and crafts of the Sverdlovsk Region”):
1. The city of Yekaterinburg - stone-cutting and jewelry production, artistic casting and forging of metal, ceramic production, artistic fabric processing and wicker weaving.
2. The city of Nizhny Tagil - varnish painting on metal, stone-cutting and jewelry production, birch bark making, artistic casting and metal forging.
3. The city of Sysert - production of painted porcelain tableware.
4. City of Bogdanovich – production of painted porcelain tableware.
5. Neivo-Shaitansky village, Alapaevsky district - production of jewelry and stone-cutting products.
6. Butka village, Talitsky district - artistic hand-made carpet weaving and patterned knitting.
7. The city of Turinsk - production of wooden products with hand-painted brushes: children's toys, souvenirs, kitchen and table sets.
8. City of Artemovsky - wicker weaving.
9. Nevyansky district - production of artistic ceramics.
10. The city of Kamensk-Uralsky - bell foundry, production of birch bark products, artistic casting and metal forging.
11. The city of Lesnoy - production of products from birch bark and wicker, ceramic production, artistic casting and metal forging.
Introduction
1 SOUTH URAL
1.1 Historical background and conditions for the formation of folk artistic crafts of the Russian population Southern Urals
1.2 Ural house painting
1.3 Stone-cutting art of the Urals
1.4 Ural iron casting
1.5 Pottery and clay toys
2 CHELYABINSK REGION
2.1 Kasli casting
2.2 Zlatoust steel engraving
2.3 Artistic processing copper
3 ORENBURG REGION
3.1 Down scarf
4 BASHKORTOSTAN
4.1 Wood carving, wooden utensils, spindle products
4.2 Cotton mills
Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST
ALBUM OF APPLICATIONS
APPENDIX A. SOUTH URAL
APPENDIX B. CHELYABINSK REGION
APPENDIX B. ORENBURG REGION
APPENDIX BASHKORTOSTAN
INTRODUCTION
Communion modern man to the traditional art of one’s people is significant for their aesthetic and ethical education; it is on this basis that respect for one’s Land and Motherland grows, and a revival of national self-awareness occurs. This is determined by the specifics of traditional applied art as the age-old cultural experience of the people, based on the continuity of generations who passed on their perception of the world, embodied in artistic images. folk art. Folk art amazes with two features (along with others): inclusiveness and unity. “Comprehensiveness” is the permeation of everything that comes out of a person’s hands and mouth with an artistic element. Unity is, first of all, the unity of style and national taste” (D.S. Likhachev). Folk arts and crafts is one of the time-tested forms of expression aesthetic perception man of the world.
Russian folk arts and crafts are an integral part of national culture. They embody the centuries-old experience of aesthetic perception of the world, looking to the future, and preserve deep artistic traditions that reflect the originality of the cultures of the multinational Russian Federation.
The definition of the concepts of “trade” and “craft” in the specialized literature remains controversial. Conventionally, craft means small handmade exchange values. The craft prevailed before the advent of large machine industry, and has partially survived along with it to the present day. Convention manual method production as the basis of the attribute of craft, enshrined in the “Charter on the Factory and Factory Industry” of 1893, manifests itself when comparing craft establishments with factory establishments: “Manufactories, factories and factories differ from crafts in that they have large view establishments and cars; artisans do not have them, except for hand-held machines and tools.”
The definition of craft as a professional activity remains indisputable, which is characterized by: the skill of a craftsman, which allows the production of high-quality, and often highly artistic, products; small-scale nature of production; use of simple tools.
Arts and crafts are both a branch of industry and a field of folk art.
The combination of traditions and innovation, stylistic features and creative improvisation, collective principles and the views of an individual, hand-made products and high professionalism are characteristic features of the creative work of craftsmen and craftsmen.
The unique artistic products of folk crafts of the Southern Urals are loved and widely known not only in our country, they are known and highly valued abroad, they have become symbols of national culture, Russia’s contribution to the world cultural heritage.
In the age of technical progress, machines and automation, standard and unification, handicrafts made mainly by hand, mostly from natural materials, have acquired special significance.
Even before the mid-20th century in Russia, various types of traditional crafts were in demand in life, such as pottery, weaving, blacksmithing and many others. In peasant and partly in urban life, there continued to be a vital need for clay vessels or woven paths until they were replaced by factory products made from new materials. Today, the bearers, guardians and creators of folk artistic culture There remains less and less, especially in the field of applied creativity.
Of great importance in the development of crafts, and then in the study of their condition, were the All-Russian art and industrial exhibitions organized in large Russian cities: Moscow (1831), St. Petersburg (1829, 1870, 1902 and beyond), Nizhny Novgorod (1896), Kazan, Yekaterinburg (1887), as well as the participation of Russian artisans in foreign fairs and world exhibitions in Paris (1900, 1904), Leipzig (1907, etc.). In the study of the development of factory and handicraft industries in the Southern Urals important have research M.D. Car. The scientist, relying on documentary materials, shows the levels and volumes of development of small-scale industry and crafts of interest to us for processing fibrous raw materials (weaving), wood, birch bark, and metal. Main trends in the development of the handicraft industry in the Urals different periods were also studied by historians A.A. Kandrashenkov, P.A. Vagina, L.V. Olkhova. The question of the influence of the small-scale commodity industry of the Urals on the decorative and applied arts of the region in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries is raised and illuminated in scientific articles L.B. Alimova.
The central topic of research by B.V. Pavlovsky was the decorative and applied art of an industrial nature (iron casting, stone-cutting art, artistic processing of weapons, copper products, painting metal products, faience, porcelain).
The purpose of this work for me was to study artistic crafts and the activities of enterprises involved in the production of artistic crafts in the Southern Urals, their development and placement in the territories of the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg regions and Bashkortostan. To achieve this, the following tasks are set:
1) study the system of forming centers of artistic crafts in the Southern Urals,
2) as a result of which the formation of certain centers of artistic crafts took place in the Southern Urals, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk regions and Bashkortostan,
3) create several albums - applications consisting of the most important illustrations various types artistic crafts.
1.1 Historical background and conditions for the formation of folk artistic crafts of the Russian population
Folk art and artistic crafts have their roots in ancient times, when people lived in conditions of a primitive communal and tribal system. He obtained his livelihood using primitive methods. Any activity in primitive society could only be collective. The division of labor was carried out only into male labor (war, hunting) and female labor (cooking, making clothes, managing household); at that time, even ceramic production was a domestic women's activity. Necessity joint work determined common property for tools, for land, for production products. There was no wealth inequality yet.
The beginnings of art then were also of a collective nature. By making tools of labor, hunting and war, dishes, clothing and other household items necessary, man sought to give them beautiful shape, decorate them with ornaments, that is, thereby making ordinary things into works of art. Often the shape of the product and its ornament also had a magical, cult purpose. Thus, one and the same object could simultaneously satisfy a person’s real needs, meet his religious views and correspond to his understanding of beauty.
This lack of differentiation, unity of functions ancient art was characteristic feature and the arts of the ancients Eastern Slavs, which was inseparable from their life. The very first production that emerged as an independent craft in the city and countryside was metal processing.
Ancient Rus' knew almost all types of modern artistic metalworking, but the main ones were forging, casting, chasing, filigree and granulation.
Most high level Jewelry art reached its development at this time.
The second craft in origin, after metal processing, was pottery. In the 9th–10th centuries. Kievan Rus already knows Potter's wheel, whose appearance meant the transition ceramic production from the hands of women engaged in household work into the hands of a male artisan. Pottery workshops produced dishes, household utensils, toys, church items, decorative tiles ceramic tiles, which were used in architecture as a finishing material.In ancient Rus', the art of stone-cutting artisans was also developed: carvers of icons and foundry molds, bead cutters. There were many bone-carving workshops, whose mass products included combs of various shapes, as well as religious objects: crosses, icons, and so on.
Craftsmen Ancient Rus' mainly made products to order. According to their social status, they were among various groups population. Free craftsmen were already working in the cities: icon painters, goldsmiths, minters, blacksmiths, toy makers and others. At the same time, enslaved master slaves worked in boyar and princely courts, on estates and estates. Craftsmen also worked in the monasteries. It should be noted that in Ancient Rus' not all types of crafts were treated equally. There were more “revered” professions, such as icon painting, goldsmithing, and there were “black”, “dirty” ones, such as pottery.
The main types of female artistic creativity in Ancient Rus' there were patterned weaving, in particular, “branch”, embroidery on canvas, gold embroidery, “silk spinning”.
In the Urals, many trades and crafts developed, many of them are alive to this day, and some have not reached our time.
Borage fishing
Making and painting boxes (boxes with a lid) from birch bark. This type of craft has become widespread in Nizhny Tagil, and in the Nizhnesalda Museum of Local Lore you can see the largest collection of beetroots.
Flax production
Weaving and sewing from flax developed in settlements on the site of the modern Alapaevsky district. Flax was grown everywhere and is one of the most important agricultural crops in the region. Folk craft became the basis for the development of light industry and the emergence of flax factories in the Sverdlovsk region. Alapaevsk museums allow you to get acquainted with the ancient flax processing technique, which dates back hundreds of years.
Chest fishing
The centers of development of this craft in the 19th century were the city of Nevyansk and the village of Byngovsky - the largest factories were located here. Chests and caskets were made from pine and cedar wood, rich decoration was made from iron and types of tin: blackened, painted, printed, embossed, bronzed and many others.
Samovar production
The samovar business was developed at the Nizhneirginsky plant near Krasnoufimsk. The date of manufacture of the first samovar is 1746. The local history museum houses the richest exhibition of locally produced samovars.
Ural painting
The art of painting became widespread in the Urals in the 17th century, during the active settlement of these lands by immigrants from Central Russia and the Volga region. Ural painting developed especially actively in the Alapaevsky mining district. Painted utensils and furniture were found even in the poorest houses, and in some places entire rooms were painted. Vivid examples of this original craft can be seen in the exhibition of the Nizhnesinyachikhny Museum-Reserve.
Artistic casting
The active development of the metallurgical industry in the Urals contributed to the emergence of artistic crafts in this area: many iron and iron smelting plants had artistic casting workshops. Kasli and Kusinsky cast iron is the pride of the Southern Urals. In the Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts you can see an exhibition that clearly shows the history of the development of this craft from early XIX century.
Iconography
The Nevyansk icon painting school is relatively young, but quite famous. It was founded in the 18th century by Old Believers who fled church reform, and reflected the features of the authentic culture of the Urals and the traditions of icon painting of Ancient Rus'. Samples of Nevyansk icons can be seen in the Nevyansk House of Icons and the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore.
Lacquer painting on metal
The birthplace of this fishery is Nizhny Tagil. Art varnish painting formed in the 19th century, over the years of its existence it has not only successfully developed, but also been put on an industrial footing.
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Stone carving
The Ural school of stone carving originated in the 18th century. On the territory of the modern Sverdlovsk region there were many private workshops. Local stones such as jasper, malachite, marble and many others served as the basis for stone-cutting products. The ancient traditions of this craft are still developing today, not only in small workshops, but also at large stone-cutting enterprises in Nizhny Tagil, Asbest, Yekaterinburg and Zarechny.
Ancient craft traditions also laid the foundation for a number of modern industrial productions:
Porcelain production
Established in 1960 in the city of Sysert. The local porcelain factory is famous throughout the country for its products, and the artistic element “Sysert Rose” based on Ural house painting has become a characteristic symbol of Ural porcelain.
Bell production
The Pyatkov and Co. plant was founded in 1991 in the city of Kamensk-Uralsky and is the first private bell casting enterprise in Russia. Since 2005, the city has held a bell ringing festival, which annually attracts thousands of listeners.
Folk arts and crafts- one of the forms of folk artistic creativity, the production of artistic products. The origin of folk artistic crafts, as a rule, is determined by the history of the economic and cultural development of the region, and in most cases they are based on local natural resources. Folk arts and crafts - important element culture and life of the population.
Folk arts and crafts in our country are diverse in their products, materials used, techniques and technology used. The most common are hand weaving and painting of fabrics, artistic stitching and embroidery, lace weaving, carpet weaving, wood carving and painting, artistic pottery, bone carving, soft stone processing, artistic metal processing, lacquer miniatures, etc.
The Chelyabinsk region occupies a worthy place in the palette of Russian folk art. Unique items of Zlatoust engraving on steel are made on the South Ural soil; Kasli casting and Ural bronze are famous all over the world.
More than half of the Ural crafts have long been associated with stone and metal processing. Pavel Petrovich Bazhov glorified the art of the Ural stone-cutters in his tales.
Zlatoust steel engraving originated in 1816 - 1817.
The art of Zlatoust absorbed the rich traditions of Russian and Western European gunsmiths of the 17th-18th centuries, but soon the Ural engravers created their own unique style of decorating weapons.
Zlatoust weapons gained fame not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. At the end of the 1830s, the factory began to decorate Appliances- various boxes, caskets, trays. In the second half of the 19th century, the range of products expanded - decorated cutlery, paper knives, cigarette holders, cigarette cases, Hunter knives and hatchets.
Today, along with gift weapons, the factory produces prizes, decorative souvenirs, wall panel, close in artistic design to easel painting.
Orenburg downy shawl
Knitted scarves made from goat down are an ancient craft that originated in the Orenburg region 250 years ago. Shawls self made, knitted by the hands of craftswomen, light as feathers and warm as the palms of a mother. Down scarves live a long time and are passed on from generation to generation, warming their ancestors with their warmth and accumulated energy. Russian craftswomen make three types of scarves: shawls, cobwebs and stoles. They are different in shape, knitting density, color and pattern. Down scarves not only fulfill their direct purpose - to insulate and warm, but are also an exclusive decoration. Openwork light shawls and white cobwebs will become an adornment for any woman, emphasizing her grace and delicate taste.
Kasli art casting
garden furniture, gratings, tombstones, household items, sculptures made of cast iron and bronze, made at the Kasli Iron Foundry (Southern Urals), become a work of art. The traditions of Kasli casting include complex technologies for molding and casting products, hand-chasing, and graphic clarity of the silhouette. The plant was built in the 18th century, and since then the iron foundry has been a center for casting highly artistic products. Openwork lattices, slabs with ornaments, bas-reliefs and sculptures, plates and candlesticks are not inferior in quality and artistic value to the best world samples. Famous sculptors and artists, graduates of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, worked at the plant. With their participation, many projects were developed and implemented, incl. production of memorial plaques with portraits, monuments, architectural casting for the Moscow metro.
Ural painted trays began to be manufactured at the beginning of the 18th century, during the period of development of metallurgical production, also associated with the production of sheet iron. Bright multicolor painting has been entrenched in Nizhny Tagil for a long time. At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. In Nizhny Tagil trays, plot painting by professional artists appeared, creating a new direction of painting that brought the tray closer to a decorative painting.
Artistic processing of plant materials. Natural resources - the presence of various tree species - contributed to the development of woodworking crafts in the Chelyabinsk region. Here they prepared capo root, bast, splint, green and peeled twig, birch bark, and bast. Woodworking enterprises specialized in the production of furniture, agricultural implements, carts, sleighs, boats and household utensils - chests, dishes. The cooperage craft was developed. The production of products from birch bark is developed in the Satka and Ashinsky districts of the Chelyabinsk region. The presence of linden on the western slopes of the Urals led to the development of crafts related to its processing - the production of bast shoulder bags, baskets, and bast shoes. At all times, weaving from willow twigs has been very popular. Craftsmen from the Uvelsky district wove baskets and furniture from wicker.