A wooden house pleases its residents with lightness and indescribable comfort. But wood, for all its advantages, is a flammable material that requires increased attention from the point of view fire safety. But since the need to equip a house with electricity is not discussed today, before starting work, you need to carefully read the rules for installing electrical equipment (PUE) and the provisions of GOSTs. There are no particular difficulties in following these rules, but you need to know about them.
Basic requirements for electrical wiring in a wooden house
Codes of rules PUE and SNiP are developed by specialists in the field of safety. This is not the whim of an office official, but a list of necessary standards, compliance with which brings the level of “carelessness” as close as possible to the desired one. We can say that life itself writes these dry chapters, behind which human tragedies are sometimes hidden.
The main cause of fires in wooden buildings is a short circuit in the electrical wiring
Statistics on fires, unfortunately, leave no doubt that wood construction always on the front line of fire risk. However, if we remember that for hundreds (and maybe thousands) of years our ancestors lived in wooden log houses, there is hope that everything is possible, you just need to competently deal with the wiring. After all, it is this that in the vast majority of cases becomes the cause of fire.
The basic requirements contained in the PUE and GOSTs are as follows:
- The wiring calculation should be made with a margin of up to 30%. This concerns, first of all, the selection of the cross-sectional area of the wires, since this determines the degree of heating of the insulation and the likelihood of a short circuit during operation. To cover the whole picture of electrification as a whole, it is necessary to prepare a detailed design with detailed diagram and electrical wiring specifications, and upon completion of the work, undergo certification and receive a wiring passport.
- The quality of the connections should not allow the slightest possibility of electric shock to the residents of the house.
- Heating and ignition of cables is unacceptable, as this will most likely lead to the arson of the entire house. Opportunity short circuits should be completely excluded.
The PUE encourages the installation of lighting in wooden houses using 12-volt lamps and LED equipment, which is considered the safest today. For example, in mines and mines, especially in those where there are accumulations of methane gas, and an explosion can occur from a single spark, all equipment is powered by a current of 12 volts. The same thing is done in cars.
A significant obstacle that makes it difficult independent conduct work on installing wiring in a wooden house is the lack of a single document regulating the installation. The main regulations are dispersed in the normative documents of GOST and SNiP and are not systematized. Therefore, when drawing up a project, it is better to contact a specialized organization that has a license for this type of activity.
Preparation of a power supply project
Project documentation must include all details of future wiring. It shows the location of lighting fixtures, sockets, mounting boxes, distribution board. The specification describes in detail the brands of conductors used for wiring, their total number and nominal characteristics. All electrical devices involved in the power supply circuit, such as an electric meter, RAM, automatic machines and others, are calculated in advance to ensure compliance with the loads expected during operation.
An electrical supply project usually includes a wiring diagram indicating the markings of the cables used, the type of devices to be installed and the calculated load on each of them The presence of a project is a sign of a civilized and responsible approach to business.
You can, of course, route the cables without it, but:
- practice shows that installing wiring without a preliminary design usually costs 10–15% more. At the same time, errors are possible, the correction of which also costs money;
- in case of fire Insurance Company will require you to present a certified home electrification plan. In its absence, damage coverage will be delayed indefinitely (until the circumstances are clarified). It's good if only one house burns down. In densely populated areas, a fire can spread to neighboring areas. The culprit will be the owner of the wooden structure from where the fire began to spread. The only way to prove your non-involvement is to present a certified plan for the electrification of the premises;
- Having a plan significantly reduces the cost of preventative and repair work on electrical wiring during further operation, and also helps to quickly find and eliminate the source of damage to the power supply.
A full-fledged project consists not only of drawings, but also of detailed description all elements and equipment. It usually includes:
- A graphic representation of all levels of living space, on which, using accepted symbols, the locations of cable routes, consumers and electrical equipment are reflected.
- Single-line electricity supply diagrams.
- Detailed calculations of grounding loops.
- Cross-sectional area of conductors.
- List of switching devices.
- Maximum current and voltage of the meter.
- Calculations of power of electrical receiving devices.
In addition, the project must provide for external lighting of the site and the connection of courtyard buildings - bathhouses, garages, utility rooms.
The electrical wiring project for a private house must contain a calculation and diagram of the installation of external lighting in the adjacent area Project documentation is developed in several stages:
- Formulation of the problem. Power supply is planned in accordance with terms of reference and conditions. The customer expresses his vision to the contractor orally or using a diagram. As one of the options, a design project can serve as an order form.
- Development and approval of the project. If necessary, the project is protected and approved by representatives of inspection organizations. The parameters of electrification and their compliance with regulatory documentation are being clarified.
- Project implementation support. Sometimes it is also called installation supervision, during which the designer directly monitors the execution of the work.
Calculation of cable cross-section
Calculation of conductors consists of determining two parameters:
In conditions of increased fire safety requirements, the rules prescribe mandatory use three-core wires. This measure is dictated by the need for protective grounding of the entire power supply system.
In private houses, wiring should be done with a three-core cable: one core is the phase wire, the second is neutral, the third is grounding Table: selection of cable cross-section depending on current strength
| Cable cross-section laid openly | Single-phase connection, 220 V | Three-phase connection, 380 V | Section of the cable laid in the pipe | ||
| Continuous current when the cable is heated to 60 o C | power, kWt | Continuous current when the cable is heated to 60 o C | power, kWt | ||
| 0,5 | 10 | 2,2 | |||
| 0,75 | 13 | 2,8 | |||
| 1 | 15 | 3,3 | 12 | 8 | 1,5 |
| 1,5 | 20 | 4,4 | 18 | 12 | 2,5 |
| 2,5 | 30 | 6,6 | 27 | 18 | 4 |
| 4 | 40 | 8,8 | 35 | 23 | 6 |
| 6 | 50 | 11 | 45 | 30 | 10 |
| 10 | 75 | 16,5 | 65 | 43 | 16 |
Calculation of electrical installation devices
Electrical installation devices - sockets, switches and distribution boxes are selected based on the technological conditions of their operation.
Selection of input cable and circuit breaker at the input
Proper electrical input into the home is of great importance in ensuring the safety of electrical wiring. When choosing a cable and a circuit breaker, you should take into account the fact that in the future the load on it will only increase - the number household appliances and units that are used at home, increases over time.
The cross-section of the input cable must be calculated for the future: over time, the number of electrical devices used and their total power consumption will only increase The electrician's task is to choose a cable that will ensure the use of electrical devices without the risk of overvoltage of the input conductor. The optimal placement of the input circuit breaker (AB) is considered to be its location in front of the meter. Its task is to turn off the internal network in case of excessive current consumption, for example, during a short circuit. But at the same time, it should not turn off at the maximum permissible load. In order to calculate the rating of the input AV independently, use the formula I nom = P/U x cos(f), where I nom is the rated current, P is the total power of all devices, cos(f) is the power factor, which for most electrical appliances can be count equal to one. 10% is added to the resulting rated current value and the circuit breaker is selected relative to it. Most often, in a private house, an AB with a nominal value of 25 A is sufficient.
The input circuit breaker must withstand maximum load from all switched on electrical appliances, but open the network when too high currents appear, for example, from a short circuit Three-phase power supply for a private house
Overwhelming majority wooden houses use single-phase power. But if you plan to use high-power units - for example, powerful electric welding or woodworking machines - a three-phase current supply is required. In this case, to calculate the installation devices, you need to contact a specialist. Calculations are made using more than complex formulas and in relation to a specific situation.
Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house
If you have an agreed project, completed in accordance with all legal standards, you can install the electrical wiring yourself. To do this you need to stock up necessary tools and materials, as well as familiarize yourself with safety regulations. Let's consider the main stages of home electrification.
Installation of distribution board
The distribution board is the main control point for electrical energy. It is a cabinet containing devices for monitoring and metering current consumption. Can be metal or made of dielectric plastic.
The distribution panel contains control and monitoring devices electrical network: meters, circuit breakers, residual current devices, etc. The shield is mounted in a place convenient for use, at a height of 1.5 to 1.7 m from the floor surface. Most often it is located near front door in such a way that when leaving you can turn off the electricity, and when returning you can turn it on. An input cable is connected from the power lines to the switchboard, and then the electricity is distributed throughout the house. The following is installed inside the shield:
- electricity consumption meter;
- circuit breakers on DIN rail;
- RCD (residual current device);
- buses for grounding and neutral circuit output.
An input circuit breaker can also be located here, but it is also practiced to locate it outside the house at the point where the overhead line is connected to the home network. This option is not without meaning, since the risk of excessive load on the input cable is significantly reduced.
Installation of the distribution board is done first. Special attention You should pay attention to the selection of automation, using proven and reliable brands of devices from well-known manufacturers.
Video: review of a switchboard for a private home
Cable entry indoors
There are two options for introducing the cable from the power line into the house.
- An aerial method that uses a self-supporting insulated conductor.
- Underground method, when the cable is brought into the room from underground.
The first option is more common due to its speed and efficiency. The second one is more expensive, but has a number of advantages, such as long service life and independence from atmospheric disasters.
The underground cable entry method is more labor-intensive, but more reliable and durable In any case, the rules require that the cable be inserted into a wooden house through a metal thick-walled (from 2.5 to 3.3 mm) pipe. Its interior must be painted or galvanized, and the installation is carried out at an angle of 3–5 o to the horizontal plane so that the resulting condensate can flow out freely (GOST R 50571.15–97 (IEC 364 5 52 93): clause 522.3.2).
The cable is inserted into a wooden house through a metal sleeve, which is placed at an angle to organize condensate drainage. The installation of the metal sleeve and the cable entry are always carried out from the outside of the wall. The installer must have the appropriate qualifications and approval. Most often, this work is performed by employees of the energy supply organization.
Video: introducing cable into the house and connecting to the switchboard
Installation of switches and sockets
In wooden buildings there are certain nuances in the installation of switches and sockets.
Otherwise, the installation of sockets and switches is no different from installation in a stone building.
- First, the wall is marked. It is best to use this building level or laser level.
- Next, socket boxes or protective platforms are installed.
- The device base is mounted on them.
- After connecting to the wires, the outer casing is attached.
All of the above applies to distribution boxes. It is recommended to design wiring in such a way as to reduce their number to a minimum.
Connecting wires
Based on the same premises of increased fire hazard, it is recommended that conductor connections in wooden buildings be made using factory terminal blocks. Twisting is allowed only in case of additional soldering of current-carrying conductors and using plastic caps.
Wire connections must be made using special terminal blocks; twists can only be used as a last resort Grounding and installation of RCDs
A residual current device (RCD) is designed to protect humans (and pets) from electric shock in the event of a possible leak on damaged insulation or the metal casing of household appliances.
In the electrical wiring diagram in a private house, it is necessary to provide for the presence of an RCD device that protects against electric shock in case of accidental leaks The device is capable of detecting minimal leakage and responding to it by opening the circuit. The level of sensitivity depends on the brand of the device. The choice is made according to the main parameter - leakage current, which is expressed in milliamps. If the RCD is included in the whole house protection scheme, a leakage current value of 30 mA is sufficient. If the device is intended to protect individual rooms, for example, a bathroom or toilet, select a higher sensitivity of 10 mA. An RCD is installed in the distribution board. The connection diagram provides for the location of the RCD in front of the circuit breakers.
The residual current device for the general circuit of the house is selected for a leakage current of 30 mA Video: connecting a circuit breaker and an RCD
The same tasks are assigned to grounding all electrical installations inside the house. Separately, we can say about the grounding device. In order for the stray current drainage system to work properly, you need to follow the recommendations for independently installing a grounding strip.
The grounding loop consists of three metal plates fixed to reinforcing pins To do this, you will need three-meter-long metal fittings and three-meter sections of corners.
Do not forget about the seasonal expansion and contraction of metal under the influence of changing air temperatures.
To prevent the grounding bus from being broken, a “compensation hump” is made in it, which is designed to absorb thermal changes.
Methods for open wiring
In practice, three types of external wiring are used in wooden houses:
The choice depends entirely on the aesthetic inclinations of the residents of the house. All the necessary materials are available for sale to realize your preferences in terms of design solutions.
Video: external wiring in a cable channel in a wooden house
Hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house
If for some reason the customer is not satisfied with the external location of the wiring in the house, the cables are routed in a hidden way. IN wooden building This is a rather time-consuming and painstaking procedure. Each wire, regardless of its thickness, must be packaged in a metal pipe. Socket boxes and distribution boxes must also be made of metal. The pipes are supposed to be protected from corrosion. To do this, they must be painted from the inside with moisture-resistant enamels, and small holes must be drilled at certain intervals to drain condensate. For the same purpose, it is necessary to place the pipe at a slope so that drops of moisture can flow out. To avoid damage to the insulation, the ends of the pipes are cleaned of sharp burrs and additionally equipped with plastic tips.
To install hidden wiring in a wooden house, cables inside the walls are laid in metal pipes and brought out into niches covered with metal sockets. 
The big disadvantage of hidden wiring in a wooden structure is the inaccessibility of the cables. If any problems occur, replacing the old cable with a new one will be very difficult. Nevertheless, this type of wiring has its fans. Especially among designers who are primarily concerned with the aesthetic design of the home.
Video: hidden wiring in a wooden frame
Wiring test
After completing the installation, the customer needs to invite employees electrical engineering laboratory. The purpose of the test is to measure the resistance of the system as a whole, grounding resistance and check all automation: RCDs, circuit breakers, current flow meter. If all parameters comply with the norm, the customer receives a signed protocol responsible person. This document is presented to the service company when concluding an agreement to supply the facility with electricity.
After completion of the work, it is necessary to invite a specialist to check the system and obtain a test report for the electrical wiring. At independent execution When installing wiring, it is important to observe personal safety measures. Electric shock can cause irreparable harm to health and cause death. Installation is carried out only when the power supply is turned off. Commissioning of equipment is carried out in the presence of an authorized representative of the design organization.
Major repairs or construction of a country house or country house, construction of service outbuildings is usually completed with the supply of electricity and interior decoration. Electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands requires special attention, as well as compliance with a number of special instructions, norms and requirements. This is due, firstly, to fire safety rules electrical installation in wooden houses and, secondly, the low thermal conductivity of wood and its hygroscopicity.
Installation of electrical appliances and electrical wires in a wooden structure has a number of features that must be taken into account during construction or repair. Electrical wiring in a wooden house, installation and fastening rules electrical outlets, automatic switches, electric energy meters have a number of differences compared to the electrical equipment of a brick house.
Correctly installed electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands will help ensure trouble-free operation of the power supply system at home or cottage.
Step-by-step instructions for performing the work include a number of mandatory actions:
- determining the type of power supply - overhead line or underground cable;
- production of a power supply diagram for the premises, taking into account the power of all consumer electrical appliances;
- layout plan for the electrical panel, circuit breakers, electric meter;
- marking the location of lighting devices, stationary electrical appliances and electric heaters;
- determining the location and number of electrical sockets and switches. Wiring plan electric cable to each connection point indicating the length and required cross-section of the electrical wire.
Drawing up a diagram and power supply plan
When drawing up a power supply diagram and an electrical cable installation plan, the following must be taken into account:
- The distribution panel with an electric meter and circuit breakers should be installed near the front door at a height of about 1.5 m. This is determined by ease of access to the panel and safety conditions.
- An input safety circuit breaker is installed in front of the electric meter.
- For each group of consumers, a separate circuit breaker is installed to protect against overloads.
The optimal height for lighting switches is 1.5 m; they must be located in the entrance area on the side door lock or door handles. Electrical sockets are placed, as a rule, at a height of 0.8 - 1 m above the floor level; their number and location are determined by the number of electrical appliances used. When drawing up a plan for the location of sockets and switches, you should also take into account the arrangement of furniture so that pieces of furniture do not block access to them.
Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house imposes increased demands on the electrical cables used in the work. For wooden buildings, it is necessary to use only a cable with a copper core, double or triple insulation, made of non-flammable material, and a cross-section corresponding to the load.
The diagram and layout of electrical appliances will allow you to calculate the total required amount electrical cable and auxiliary elements. These include distribution boxes, connection blocks, sockets and switches. After purchase necessary materials Electrical wiring in a wooden house can be installed quite simply and quickly.
Various installation methods
Electrical wiring in a wooden house (see photo) can be installed in various ways:
- external wiring on brackets or porcelain insulators;
- hidden wiring in cable channels;
- styling hidden cable in a hose or pipe;
- wiring in the cable plinth.
External or open wiring in a wooden house of an electrical cable using fastening brackets or porcelain insulators is one of the simplest and available ways installation The disadvantages of external wiring include:
- unaesthetic appearance;
- danger of damage to exposed cable;
- possibility of damage to junction boxes.
Most often, external installation of electrical wiring on mounting brackets is used for service and auxiliary premises, as well as for installation of power supply to outbuildings. Fastening wires on porcelain insulators is used like retro wiring in a wooden house when decorating a home in an antique style. More labor-intensive, but the most aesthetic and reliable is hidden wiring in a wooden house. This type of installation includes laying wires in special cable channels fixed to the wall surface. They are easy to attach, have an aesthetic appearance, and you can also purchase channels that have the color and texture of wood. Such products look very good on walls made of timber, logs or boards. Hidden cable routing also includes wiring in the electrical baseboard. This plinth is made of plastic and has compartments for fastening power or signal cables. To route the cable from the baseboard to the socket or switch, use either cable channels or laying between the load-bearing wall and the decorative finishing panel. Laying the cable in a metal hose or plastic corrugated protective pipe is used for hidden power distribution. It is produced in the space between the load-bearing wooden wall and the decorative wall panel. Installation of the house's power supply begins from the main circuit breaker and the input panel according to a pre-drawn diagram and layout plan for consumer electrical appliances. The entire installation is divided into separate sections, each of which is equipped with its own marked circuit breaker. Separate installation sections can be divided into various rooms, outbuildings, street lighting, individual high-power electrical appliances, etc.
Hidden wiring in a wooden house
Electrical wiring installation procedure
When planning to install wiring in your home, install additional lighting, or add a couple of outlets without resorting to the services of professionals, you have to face many questions.
The essence of these questions comes down to one thing - how to choose from the variety offered the only option that will serve faithfully for many years.
In this article we will tell you how and which wire is best to choose for wiring in the house.
The first thing you need to decide is which wire to use for wiring in a wooden house - copper or aluminum. Although you can use both, experts still prefer copper:
Aluminum has only two advantages over copper:
- he's more flexible, which makes installation easier,
- he is much cheaper.
In all other parameters, aluminum is inferior to copper:
- oxidizes quickly(and the oxide conducts current less well and this place will heat up quickly),
- after a few bends may break, therefore, aluminum wires must be laid with greater care than copper wires, you will have to avoid bending them multiple times in the same place,
- screw terminals aluminum slips out over time, loosening the contact, and all places where there are clamps require periodic inspection.
The core can be made of aluminum copper - inexpensive composite material , which on the one hand combines good properties both materials, and on the other hand, it is inferior to each of them in terms of performance.
Wires differ in the number of cores (single- and multi-core, each core can be single- or multi-wire), cross-section and rated operating voltage, and are manufactured with insulation for 380, 600 and 3000 V AC. The conductors can be enclosed in a sheath made of vinyl plastic, PVC or rubber.To protect the wire from mechanical damage, it can be covered with a cotton braid. If it is intended for installation in places where it is possible mechanical damage, it is additionally protected by a braid of galvanized steel wire.
Despite the fact that aluminum wires are cheaper, recently copper is increasingly replacing them because many homeowners prioritize reliability.
Would you like to know how to make grounding in a private house? In the next review we will talk in detail about all the nuances, as well as what it should look like.
Read about the rules for installing hidden wiring in a wooden house here.
Retro wiring is not only functional, but also a decorative solution for those who want to decorate their home and make their wiring attractive. Detailed and helpful information.
Marking
The marking contains information about the material from which the conductors are made, the degree of flexibility, insulation and design of the protective sheath:
For example, 4x2.5-380 means a 4-core wire with a core cross-section of 2.5 square meters. mm. Let's figure out what kind of wire is needed for wiring in the house. It is necessary to choose, taking into account the maximum amount of current consumed during the load, which determined by the formula P/220, where P is the rated power of the connected devices. So, for a 100-watt light bulb, the current will be 0.5A. Knowing the total power of all connected devices, you can calculate whether the selected wire is suitable or whether you need to select another one.
The choice for a home is made on the basis that For every kilowatt of load you need 1.57 sq. mm. You should adhere to the power characteristics:
- for copper 8 A per 1 sq. mm;
- for aluminum 5 A per 1 sq. mm.
Diameter of current-carrying core measured with a micrometer or caliper and calculated using the formula S = 3.14D2/4, where D is the diameter in millimeters. If the core is multi-wire, then the result is determined by adding the cross-sections of all the wires.
When installing wiring, you can focus on the following cross-section indicators:
- 2.5 sq. mm- sockets, air conditioning, washing machine, storage water heater;
- 6 sq. mm- electric stove;
- 1.5 sq. mm- lighting.
The load must also correspond to the installation method. : open wiring cools better, rubber insulation allows heating no higher than 65 degrees, plastic insulation - 70 degrees. Here's how the type of wire depends on the way the wiring is laid:
Practicing electricians It is recommended not to save money, but to use stranded copper wires even where you can get by with single-core, because multi-core, with the same cross-section as monolithic, withstand overloads 5–10% better.
In addition, it is technically impractical to counterfeit a stranded wire, and in a “monolith” there is a danger of running into a counterfeit - an alloy with the addition of copper. But any advice from a specialist has some bias, so it is still better for the home owner to decide for himself what is more important - the economy of aluminum or the quality of copper.
If to this approach the critical stage of repair accordingly, you may never know what melted insulation, fire or short circuit is. You need to take a particularly responsible approach to the arrangement of baths and saunas - there are elevated temperatures and humidity, which leads to rapid wear of the insulation.
By following safety rules and GOST recommendations, you can protect not only your own home, but also your life from fire.You can learn how to choose a wire for electrical wiring in a private house or apartment from the video review:
A wooden house is a beautiful, cozy structure, but easily flammable, requiring increased attention to the power supply process. Doing electrical wiring yourself is not an easy task, but it can be done. You just need to approach the issue responsibly, in compliance with the norms and rules.
Requirements for wiring in a wooden house
Electrical wiring in a wooden house must meet the main requirement - to be safe. More than half of the fires in buildings of this type occur due to a short circuit in the electrical network due to mechanical damage to the insulation or increased load on the cable.
You can eliminate the risk of fire if you follow the basic requirements:
- Correct selection of materials.
- Reliable insulation.
- Possibility of automatic power interruption.
- Regular network diagnostics.
Compliance with these requirements will reduce the likelihood of fire in wooden structures and ensure the safety of property in both city and country houses.
Regulations
The provisions governing the installation of electrical power in wooden buildings are contained in "Rules for electrical installations" (PUE) and in the Code of Practice “Design and installation of electrical installations of residential and public buildings”.
They provide selection criteria distribution devices, conductors, automation, lighting, the terms used and their meaning are indicated.
Electrical wiring is also regulated by Building Codes ( SNiP).
SNiP 3.05-06-85 describe methods for introducing a power cable into a living space, and SNiP 31-02– requirements for the installation of power supply systems in residential buildings.
Preparation of a power supply project
The first stage of electrification of the facility is project preparation. In a private house, drawing up an electrical wiring diagram can be done on your own. To do this, you need a house plan with the placement of furniture, equipment, electrical appliances, and the designation of sockets and switches. The installation location of the distribution panel and the passage are marked cable lines.
The location of distribution boxes is indicated and calculated maximum power energy consumption of all devices, the total number of machines and the rated load on the input machine.
Cable selection
After compiling electrical diagram you need to decide which wire to use for wiring in a wooden house: aluminum or copper. The first one is cheaper, the second one is more reliable. Having settled on aluminum, you need to remember that its cross-section should be larger than copper, and it is brittle when bent. More suitable material is copper, wires from which can withstand temperatures from -50 to +50 ° C.
Having decided on the house, you can move on to choosing its brand. For wooden structures, VVG non-flammable copper wire with solid cores and reduced smoke emission is more suitable. It has high anti-corrosion properties and does not deform due to temperature changes.
When planning how to conduct wiring in the house, you need to remember the requirements of the PUE for insulation coloring: the cable cores must be of different colors. This will simplify the process of installation, maintenance and repair.
Selection of devices and automation for the distribution panel
The purpose of selecting automatic protection devices is the safety of the network and equipment in emergency situations. Each device has its own purpose. All devices are located in the distribution panel.
Circuit breakers protect against voltage overload and short circuit.
(RCD) – from fire and electric shock.
Voltage relay - against load drops affecting the operation of devices.
They combine the functions of a circuit breaker and an RCD and save space when installed in a panel.
The integrated use of these devices guarantees reliable operation devices and the safety of people in the room.
Installation of electrical wiring - step-by-step instructions
Installation of electrical wiring in a private house requires preliminary preparation and compliance step by step instructions, consisting of the following stages:
- project development and determination of the total equipment capacity;
- selection of cables, automation devices and electrical appliances;
- power supply, connection of circuit breakers, electricity meter;
- installation of an electrical panel;
- internal cable routing;
- installation of sockets, switches, lighting devices;
- system testing.
This sequence will show how to properly install electrical wiring in the house and ensure its reliable operation. It is important to remember that each step must be carried out in compliance with safety rules: turn off the power to the room in which work is being done, do not use bare wires, place all connections and branches in boxes, lay the cable either vertically or horizontally, avoiding its intersection.
Following the step-by-step instructions will allow you to complete the installation efficiently.
Installation of distribution panel
The distribution board is designed to receive and distribute electricity indoors. All electrical work begins with its installation. It does not matter whether the wiring is carried out in country house, city cottage or village log house.
The shield must be made of fireproof material, placed in a dry place and locked with a key. There cannot be rooms above it with high humidity (shower, bath, toilet), and within a radius of half a meter - heating equipment, water and gas supply systems.
An electric meter, an input circuit breaker, an RCD, grounding bars, voltage relays and circuit breakers for different power groups are mounted in the panel.
Grounding device
Any modern house equipped household appliances in a metal case, and possible contact of metal with electricity requires grounding - protecting people from electric shock through electrical appliances.
You can do it yourself.
A trench 30 cm deep is dug in the shape of an equilateral triangle with a side of 1 m. Pins 3 m long and 3 cm in diameter are driven into the corners, which are connected together with an angle using welding.
A hole is cut in one of the corners, a grounding wire is attached using a bolt and nut, which is connected to the busbar in the distribution panel. The grounding conductors of cables in yellow-green insulation are attached to this bus.
Inserting the power cable into the room
Electricity enters the building through a power cable that enters the switchboard. It can be supplied in two ways: aerial and underground.
In the first case, the cable is supplied through the air from the electric pole to the house, where it is attached to porcelain fittings. This method is simple and cheap, but has a number of disadvantages: it is less durable, there is a high probability of damage to the wire by wind, snow, and branches.
The underground method is more reliable, but more labor-intensive and expensive. A trench is dug where it is laid armored cable or in metal pipes. A layer of sand 20 cm thick is poured on top, a warning tape is laid, and the trench is buried.
– the main element of the wiring, because it bears the load from all the electrical appliances in the house.
Laying cables and connecting them
Installation of electrical wiring in a private house is carried out along the routes indicated in the project diagram. Distribution boxes are mounted along it, switches and lighting fixtures are fixed. In wooden buildings, wires are used only with special markings, the insulation of which does not ignite even at high temperatures.
“Twisting” and “temporary work” are not allowed. It is better to minimize the number of turns and bends. Where possible, run the entire wire from the machine to the end point.
When installing electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands, you must remember that the boxes cannot be covered with decorative panels or ceilings that impede access for maintenance.
Installation of switches and sockets
Surface-mounted sockets and switches are selected based on the calculated current value and the possibility of connection under one frame. Before installation, turn off the power and make sure there is no voltage in the cable.
The most in a safe way fastening switches and sockets in a wooden structure is their installation on metal substrates. This will protect against possible sparks when closing or an arc when removing the plug. For wooden house It is preferable to use carbolite rather than plastic devices that have greater heat resistance and can withstand high heat.
Methods for open wiring
Open electrical wiring in a wooden house is laid along inside premises. The main requirement is that the wire does not directly touch the walls, ceiling or floor and is protected: located in the middle of a channel, pipe or has several layers of insulation. Pipes and channels must be made of materials that do not support combustion.
Installation of wiring in a wooden house can be done in several ways:
- In a corrugated pipe made of PVC;
- In a metal sleeve;
- In PVC pipes or boxes;
- On staples;
- On ceramic insulators.
The most common options are the use of corrugated pipes and cable ducts.
The use of ceramic insulators or “” is becoming popular when there is an air space between the twisted electrical wire and the wall. This option also decorates the home.
Open wiring in a wooden house can combine several options. On walls and ceilings that have a flat surface, you can use plastic boxes, and in other areas - corrugated pipes.
Hidden wiring in a wooden house
Internal electrical wiring in a wooden house has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is the absence of corrugated pipes and cable ducts that spoil the appearance of the room. There is no risk of mechanical damage to the cable. On the other hand, installation complexity, increased fire safety requirements, and additional financial costs.
Unlike external wiring, it is more difficult to conduct internal wiring in a wooden house. To do this, you need to know more requirements and nuances related to this type of power supply arrangement.
Hidden wiring should not have many turns, because... The cable must be laid in steel or copper pipes. The use of metal hoses and PVC corrugations is allowed only if they are protected with plaster or asbestos padding.
If installation of external wiring is not required special tool, then for hidden it is necessary. Requires drilling in horizontal and vertical directions, cutting out seats for insulating boxes. You will have to pull not only wires and cables, but also a large number of steel or copper pipes. The latter are better suited because they bend well, taking the required form.
You can conduct wiring in the house with your own hands, open and in a closed way. This is done in places where the wires are connected to switches or sockets.
Installation errors
Typical mistakes when laying electrical networks indoors:
- the power cable is bent or weakened;
- fastening the wire to a wooden structure, which is prohibited by the rules;
- installation of hidden wiring using corrugated pipes, metal hoses and plastic boxes;
- installing the distribution panel too close to the power cable entry point;
- the number of machines is calculated incorrectly: either more or less than necessary.
Wiring test
After installation, the wiring must be tested: visual inspection, take measurements of the insulation resistance and grounding wire, check the operation of circuit breakers, RCDs or automatic circuit breakers. The reliability of the electrical network must be maximum, because Electrical wiring requires increased attention and regular monitoring.
Content:When performing repair and construction work, a correctly executed electrical wiring diagram in a wooden house is of great importance. This is primarily due to ensuring electrical and fire safety of such buildings during further operation. Wood is a combustible material, so there are a number of restrictions and technical specifications for laying wires and cables, installing electrical appliances and equipment. Exact fulfillment of all requirements will avoid fire and other negative consequences.
Electrical wiring diagram in a wooden house
The electrical wiring diagram, including for a wooden house, is drawn up even before the start of construction installation work. Standard project consists of a diagram of the planned wiring and the estimated amount of necessary materials. There are recommendations from experts that must be followed. For example, all switches, sockets, junction boxes, meters and other points of the electrical circuit must be located in places accessible for their maintenance and repair.
When deciding how to make electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands, you need to pay attention to the location of the switches. Their placement is carried out in such a way that they are not covered by cabinets, sliding doors and other objects. Minimum height from the floor level is 1 meter, however, modern standards allow installation at any height from the point of view of aesthetics and ease of use.
The placement of sockets on the diagram is planned in such a way that when all electrical appliances are turned on, no additional extension cords are required. Therefore, you need to think about the placement of household appliances and electrical equipment in advance. ranges from 25 to 40 cm, and on an area of 6 m2 there should be at least one of them. In the kitchen, the minimum number of sockets is 3 pcs. The distance of each of them from metal structures must be at least 50 cm.
When laying electrical wiring, all lines must be positioned strictly vertically or horizontally. The main line is located 15 cm below the ceiling and at a distance of 5 to 10 cm from the beams and cornices. Branches for sockets and switches are laid no closer than 15 cm from door and window openings. If the cable is routed from the bottom, its distance from the floor is at least 15 cm. Distribution boxes are used to connect the wires. In addition, it is necessary to provide a grounding connection and an RCD.
After drawing up the project, it is very easy to calculate the required amount of materials and equipment that will be installed in the premises.
Schemes for installing electrical wiring in a wooden house
The installation diagram is slightly different from the electrical wiring diagram. The installation locations of all devices and lines have already been determined; it remains to indicate the execution sequence electrical installation work, that is, the order in which certain devices and equipment are connected.
Before starting work, you need to determine the power consumed by all electrical appliances turned on at the same time. If the obtained value is less than 15 kW, a 25 A input circuit breaker is installed. If this figure is exceeded, the installation of a transformer will additionally be required.
Next, the electric meter and input machines are installed. When installing these devices outdoors, a sealed housing is used, protected from the penetration of dirt, dust and moisture. To make it more convenient to take readings, the cabinet is equipped with a viewing window.
The counter is installed after the introductory machine. Then an RCD is installed that provides emergency shutdown of the current in the event of a short circuit. Next, the cable is connected to the electrical panel located inside the house. The rating of a machine located in the house is one step lower than that installed outside. In case of any violations, it will work first, eliminating the need to go outside to the input device.
In the home panel there are single-pole circuit breakers, from which wires spread throughout all rooms. The number of such machines corresponds to the number of consumer groups. For the possible connection of new consumers, 2-3 free machines are installed.
Consumption groups in wooden houses can have different purposes. For example, power is supplied to the sockets through one machine, and to lighting fixtures. Powerful equipment - electric stoves, boilers, washing machines - is supplied with power from personal automatic machines. Individual groups include street lighting and power supply to outbuildings.
Separate power lines best provide safe operation home network. Due to this, the number of potentially dangerous joints, where oxidation and heating of contacts most often occurs, is reduced. For ease of installation, each line in the diagram is marked with its own color indicating the order of laying.
The next stage will be the installation of wires and cables in the premises. In wooden houses, laying cable lines can be done in the following ways:
- External (open) wiring. It is laid using insulators. Currently, this method is again becoming popular with.
- . In fact, this is the same open wiring, only laid in special trays.
- Internal (hidden) wiring. Its installation is possible when it is planned to cover the surfaces of the ceiling and walls. For laying, metal corrugated sleeves or metal pipes. The bend angles are 90, 120 or 135 degrees, which makes it possible to replace a damaged section of the cable without disturbing the finish. Used for wire connections metal boxes with free access to them.
Next, in accordance with the diagram, the installation of sockets or switches is carried out. For wooden houses there are special models with metal mounting plate, on which the installation is made external panel. Plates made of non-flammable plastic certified by fire authorities can be used. For safety reasons, all outlets must have a ground wire.
Requirements for electrical wiring in a wooden house
Due to the high fire danger of wooden houses, compliance with the rules and requirements for the installation of electrical wiring is of particular relevance.
Compliance with safety requirements begins already when connecting a wooden house to a power line. This event must be carried out by the organization responsible for the supply of electricity. After completing all the necessary documentation, the meter is installed and a direct connection to the power supply is made. For these purposes, a flexible insulated wire is used, the integrity of the insulation is first checked.
As a rule, the meter is installed outside, and the distribution panel is installed inside the building. The cable connecting both points runs through a steel pipe through a hole punched in the wall. The entry height must be at least 2.75 m from the ground surface. Insulators and wires pass from the protruding part of the roof at a distance of at least 20 cm. The inlet pipe is protected from moisture penetration.
The beginning of internal wiring in a wooden house is the distribution board. Dry places are selected for its installation. This type equipment cannot be located in a bathroom, shower or toilet. The shield must have a fireproof base and be locked with a key. There should not be at a distance of 50 cm from it heating devices and equipment, gas, water supply and sewerage systems.
The already discussed methods of laying cables and wires in wooden houses are also subject to requirements for ensuring electrical and fire safety.
Hidden wiring can be done in several ways:
- An ordinary wire sheathed in flammable materials is laid on a fireproof lining, after which a layer of plaster 1 cm thick or more is applied to it.
- An ordinary wire with a sheath made of fire-resistant materials can simply be laid on a fireproof lining along its entire length without subsequent plastering.
- When using a wire in a metal corrugation, it can be laid on structural elements building.
- In the case of using steel boxes fixed directly to structures, wires that do not have additional protection can be laid in them.
- When using fire-resistant plastic boxes, it is allowed to lay any wires in them, provided that a lining made of fireproof materials is installed under them. Subsequently, the box itself is covered with plaster, a layer thickness of 1 cm or more.
An indispensable condition for the use of metal boxes and corrugated hoses is their additional grounding throughout the entire area of laying cables and wires. The dimensions of the lining made of non-combustible materials are selected so that it protrudes beyond the dimensions of the box or corrugation by at least 1 cm.
Wiring open method in most cases it is performed using rollers. This method is simpler from a technical point of view and does not require as much materials as with hidden wiring. The only drawback is the appearance of such lines, which is successfully hidden thanks to the original design solutions. For safety reasons, a lining made of non-combustible materials is laid along the entire length of the wires.
For open wiring a shell made of non-combustible materials is used, which is laid directly on the structural elements. If pipes or fireproof boxes are used, then the presence of an additional sheath of wires is not necessary. There are separate technical requirements for external wiring of a wooden house, laid directly on the street. First of all, this concerns minimum distance from the ground to the line, which is 2.75 meters. The gap between the wire and the wall of the building must be at least 0.5 meters, and the distance from balconies and windows - 1.5 meters and above.
The main attention is paid to entering the building and protecting it from the ingress and accumulation of moisture. For this purpose, special seals are used to ensure reliable sealing.
Before wiring, it is necessary to determine the location of all consumers and determine the total power of household appliances and equipment. Compliance with all technical standards and requirements will ensure reliable and long-term operation of the home electrical network. At the same time, electrical and fire safety issues, especially relevant for wooden houses, will be resolved.
Drawing up a power supply project
In modern wooden country houses, a large number of household appliances and equipment with high energy consumption are installed. Most often these are electric boiler systems that supply hot water and space heating. Water supply, air conditioning and ventilation systems are also equipped with powerful pumps and other similar elements. In addition, every home has a variety of electronic household appliances that make household work easier and increase comfort for those living in the house.
Many owners of wooden houses install backup power sources in case of an emergency power outage. All these factors must be taken into account when designing future electrical installation work. Electrical wiring in wooden houses must be designed especially carefully. Poor quality wires and cables running along wooden walls very often lead to fires. Therefore, the design and subsequent installation must be carried out by qualified electrical engineers who have the necessary knowledge and practical skills to perform such work.
An electrical project has specific requirements. First of all, they affect the reliability of cable input, automatic protection against short circuits and voltage surges, circuit protective grounding And . When drawing up a project, you need to correctly calculate the power consumption and evenly distribute all loads. In wooden houses, it is mandatory to install an RCD to cut off power consumption in emergency situations in the network.
When developing a project, not only the method of laying electrical wiring is determined, but also cabling and wiring products with the appropriate parameters. All materials used for design must be certified.
Electrician in a wooden house