The Russian hut symbolizes Russia in small ways. Its architecture represents the persistence of traditions that have come down to us thanks to the loyalty of the peasants to the commandments of the past. Over the course of several centuries, the style, layout and decor of the Russian hut were developed. The interior of all houses is practically no different; it contains several elements: several living rooms, a canopy, a closet and a room, as well as a terrace.
Izba in Russia: history
The hut represents wooden building, which up to a third of its part goes underground, reminiscent of a semi-dugout. Those houses where there was no chimney, were called chickens. Smoke from the stove came out into the street through entrance doors, so during the fire it hung above the ceiling. To prevent soot from falling on people, special shelves were built along the entire perimeter of the walls. A little later they started making holes in the wall, and then in the ceiling, which was closed with a valve. D decor of Russian hut the chicken was unremarkable. There were no floors as such, they were earthen, the house also had no windows, there were only small windows for lighting. At night they used a torch to illuminate the room. A few centuries later, white huts began to appear, which had stoves with chimneys. This is the kind of house that is considered a classic Russian hut. It was divided into several zones: the stove corner, separated from the others by a curtain; on the right at the entrance there was a women's corner, and near the hearth - a men's corner. WITH east side horizon in the house there was a so-called red corner, where on a special shelf under embroidered towels in in a certain order there was an iconostasis.
Interior decoration
The ceiling in the house was made of poles, which were previously split in half. The beams were laid on a powerful beam, and the cracks were covered with clay. Earth was poured on top of the ceiling. The cradle was hung from the beam using a special ring. This one supposed to have lining inside interior walls linden boards. Near the walls there were benches where people slept and chests where things were stored. Shelves were nailed to the walls. There was no special luxury inside the hut. Every thing that could be seen there was needed in the household; there was nothing superfluous. In the women's corner, items needed for cooking were placed, and there was also a spinning wheel.
Decorative elements of a Russian hut
Everything in the huts sparkled with cleanliness. Embroidered towels were hung on the walls. There was little furniture; beds and wardrobes appeared only in the nineteenth century. The main element was dinner table, which was located in the red corner. Each family member always sat in his own place, the owner sat under the icons. The table was not covered with a tablecloth, and no decorations were hung on the walls. On holidays, the hut was transformed, the table was moved into the middle of the room, covered with a tablecloth, and festive dishes were placed on shelves. Another decorative element was the large chest that was in every hut. Clothes were stored in it. It was made of wood, covered with strips of iron and had a large lock. Also, the decor of the Russian hut implied the presence of benches where they slept and for infants, which was passed down from generation to generation.
Threshold and canopy
The first thing they encountered when entering the hut was the canopy, which was a room between the street and the heated room. They were very cold and were used for economic purposes. A rocker and other necessary items hung here. Food was also stored in this place. Before entering the warm room, a high threshold was built, where the guest had to bow to the owners of the house. Over time, the bow was supplemented by the sign of the cross in front of the icons.
Russian stove
When you got into the main room, the first thing you noticed was the stove. Thus, it assumes the presence of such a main element as a Russian stove, without which the room was considered uninhabitable. Food was also cooked on it, and garbage was burned in it. It was massive and retained heat for a long time; it had several dampers for smoke. There were many shelves and niches for storing dishes and other household items. For cooking, they used cast iron pots, which were placed in the oven using stags, as well as frying pans, clay pots and jugs. There was a samovar here. Since the stove was in the center of the room, it heated the house evenly. A bed was placed on it, which could accommodate up to six people. Sometimes the structure was so large that people could wash in it.
Red corner
An integral part of the interior decor of the hut was considered to be located in the eastern part of the house. It was considered a sacred place; embroidered towels, icons, holy books, candles, holy water, Easter eggs, and so on were placed here. Under the icons there was a table where they ate food; there was always bread on it. The icons symbolized the altar Orthodox church, and the table is a church throne. The most honored guests were received here. Of the icons in each hut, the faces of the Mother of God, the Savior and St. Nicholas the Pleasant were obligatory. The headboards of the beds faced the red corner. Many rituals related to birth, wedding or funeral were performed in this place.
Shops and chests
The chest was also important element decor. It was inherited from mother to daughter and was placed near the stove. All the decoration of the house was very harmonious. There were several types of shops: long, short, kutny, court and the so-called beggars. They were placed various items for household purposes, and could sit on a “beggar’s” bench uninvited guest or a beggar who entered a house without an invitation. Benches symbolized the road in many old rituals.
Thus, before us appears a cozy Russian hut, unity of design and decor which is a beautiful creation that a peasant created. There was nothing superfluous in the house, all interior items were used in Everyday life owners. On holidays, the hut was transformed, it was decorated with handmade items: embroidered towels, woven tablecloths and much more. This must be remembered if you need to bring a drawing on this topic to school. In the 5th grade in fine art, “decor of a Russian hut” is one of the tasks provided for in the program.
People arranged their huts, matching them with the world order. Here, every corner and detail is filled with a special meaning; they show a person’s relationship with the outside world.
3 In a peasant hut
The peasant's home was adapted to his lifestyle. It consisted of cold rooms - cages And entryway and warm - huts with oven. The canopy connected the cold cage and the warm hut, utility yard and home. Peasants stored their goods in them, and slept in the warm season. Must have been in the house basement, or underground (i.e. what was under the floor, under the cage). It was a cold room where food supplies were stored.
The Russian hut consisted of horizontally stacked logs - crowns, which were stacked on top of each other, cutting out round recesses along the edges. It was in them that the next log was placed. Moss was laid between the logs for warmth. In the old days, huts were built from spruce or pine. There was a pleasant resinous smell from the logs in the hut.
Cutting the corners of the hut: 1 – “into the area”; 2 – “in the paw”
The roof was made sloping on both sides. Rich peasants covered it with thin aspen boards, which were fastened one to another. The poor covered their houses with straw. The straw was piled on the roof in rows, starting from the bottom. Each row was tied to the base of the roof with bast. Then the straw was “combed” with a rake and watered with liquid clay for strength. The top of the roof was pressed down with a heavy log, the front end of which was shaped like a horse's head. This is where the name came from skate
Almost the entire façade of the peasant house was decorated with carvings. Carvings were made on shutters, window frames that appeared in the 17th century, and the edges of porch awnings. It was believed that images of animals, birds, and ornaments protected homes from evil spirits.
Hut on the basement of the 12th–13th centuries. Reconstruction
If we enter a peasant's hut, we will definitely stumble. Why? It turns out that the door, hung on wrought iron hinges, had a low lintel at the top and a high threshold at the bottom. It was over him that the person entering stumbled. They took care of the warmth and tried not to let it out in this way.
The windows were made small so that there was only enough light for work. There were usually three windows in the front wall of the hut. These windows were covered (covered) with planks and were called fibered. Sometimes they were covered with a bull bladder or oiled canvas. Through the window, which was closer to the stove, smoke was released during the fire, since there was no chimney on the roof. It was called drowning "in black".
In one of the side walls of the peasant hut they made oblique window - with jambs and vertical bars. Through this window they watched the yard; through it the light fell on the bench, sitting on which the owner was engaged in his craft.
Volokovy window
Slanted window
A hut on a residential basement. Reconstruction. On the second floor you can see the stove on the stove
Grip and cast iron
In the northern regions of Rus' and its central regions, floors were laid from floorboards- half logs, along the hut from the door to the front windows. In the South, floors were earthen, smeared with liquid clay.
The central place in the house was occupied by the stove. It is enough to remember that the word “izba” itself comes from the word “to heat”: “heater” is the heated part of the house, hence “istba” (hut). In the hut, where the stove was heated “black,” there was no ceiling: the smoke came out of the window right under the roof. Such peasant huts were called chicken. Only the rich had a stove with a chimney and a hut with a ceiling. Why is that? In the smoking hut all the walls were black and smoked. It turns out that such sooty walls do not rot longer, the hut could last a hundred years, and a stove without a chimney “ate” less wood.
The stove in a peasant house was set on cares– foundation made of logs. They laid out inside under- the bottom where wood was burned and food was prepared. The upper part of the furnace was called vault, hole – mouth. The stove occupied almost a quarter of the peasant hut. Depends on the location of the furnace interior layout huts: even a saying arose - “Dancing from the stove.” The stove was placed in one of the corners, to the right or left of the entrance, but so that it was well lit. The location of the furnace mouth relative to the door depended on the climate. In areas with a warm climate, the stove was placed with the mouth towards the entrance, in areas with a harsh climate - with the mouth towards the wall.
The stove was always built at a certain distance from the wall to prevent fire. The small space between the wall and the stove was called bake- it was used for household needs. This is where the owner kept necessary supplies for work: grips different sizes, poker, chapel, big shovel.
The grips are “horned” semicircular devices for placing pots in the stove. Bottom of the pot, or cast iron, entered between the horns of the grip. The chapelnik took the frying pans out of the oven: for this, a bent tongue was made in the middle of the iron strip. These devices were mounted on a wooden handle. With the help of a wooden shovel they put bread in the oven, and with a poker they scooped out coals and ash.
The stove was a must pole, where the pots were. Coals were shoveled onto it. Under the pole in a niche they kept equipment, a torch, and in winter... chickens lived there. There were also small niches for storing household items and drying mittens.
Everyone in the peasant family loved the stove: it provided delicious, steamed, incomparable food. The stove heated the house, and the old people slept on the stove. But the mistress of the house spent most of her time near the stove. The corner near the mouth of the furnace was called - woman's cut, i.e. women's corner. Here the housewife prepared food, there was a cabinet for storing kitchen utensils - dishware
The other corner - near the door and opposite the window - was male. There was a bench where the owner worked and sometimes slept. Peasant property was stored under the bench. And on the wall hung horse harnesses, clothes and work supplies. This corner, like the shop that stood here, was called conic: on the bench they made patterns in the form of a horse's head.
Wooden spoons. XIII and XV centuries.
Scoops. XV century
Think about why the pattern with a horse's head is so often found in peasant huts.
Between the stove and the side wall under the ceiling they laid pay, where children slept, property was stored, onions and peas were dried. They even made a tongue twister about it:
Under the mat, under the ceiling
Half a container of peas hanging
Without a worm, without a wormhole.
From the entrance to the stove there was an extension made of boards - baked goods, or cabbage roll You could sit on it, from it you could climb onto the stove or go down the stairs to the cellar. Household utensils were also stored in the oven.
In the peasant house, everything was thought out to the smallest detail. A special iron ring was inserted into central beam the ceiling of the hut - mother, a baby cradle was attached to it. A peasant woman, sitting on a bench at work, inserted her foot into the loop of the cradle and rocked it. To prevent a fire, where the torch was burning, a box with earth must be placed on the floor, where the sparks would fly.
Interior view of the hut with floors. Reconstruction
Interior view of the 17th century hut. Reconstruction
The main corner of the peasant house was the red corner: here hung a special shelf with icons - goddess, underneath there was a dining table. This place of honor in a peasant hut was always located diagonally from the stove. When a person entered the hut, he always directed his gaze to this corner, took off his hat, crossed himself and bowed low to the icons. And only then did he say hello.
In general, the peasants were very religious, and the word “peasant” itself comes from the related “Christian”, “Christian”. The peasant family attached great importance to prayers: morning, evening, before meals. This was a mandatory ritual. Without praying, they did not begin any work. Peasants regularly attended church, especially in winter and autumn, when they were free from economic burdens. The peasant family also strictly observed posts. Peasants loved icons: they were carefully preserved and passed on from generation to generation. Lights were lit at the icons lamps– special small vessels with oil. The goddess was decorated with embroidered towels - towels.
Russian village in the 17th century. Engraving
Water dispenser. XVI century
Russian peasants who sincerely believed in God could not work poorly on the land, which they considered a divine creation.
In the Russian hut, almost everything was made by the hands of the peasants themselves. The furniture was homemade, wooden, of simple design: a table in the red corner the size of the number of eaters, benches nailed to the walls, portable benches, chests. The chests contained goods, so in several places they were lined with iron strips and locked. The more chests there were in the house, the richer the peasant family was considered.
The peasant hut was distinguished by its cleanliness: cleaning was done regularly, curtains and towels were changed frequently. Next to the stove in the hut there was always water dispenser- a clay jug with two spouts: water was poured on one side and poured out on the other. Dirty water was going to tub– a special wooden bucket. Water was also carried in wooden buckets on rocker. It was said about him: “At dawn he went, bent over, from the yard.”
All the dishes in the peasant house were wooden, and the pots and patches(low flat bowls) - clay. Cast irons were made from a hard material – cast iron. Stove irons had a rounded body and a narrow bottom. Thanks to this shape of the stove, the heat was evenly distributed over the surface of the pots.
Liquids were stored in clay containers jars with a round body, a small bottom and an elongated throat. Used for storing kvass and beer trenches, valleys(with spout) and brothers(without him). The most common form bucket In Rus' there was a swimming duck, whose nose served as a handle.
Clay dishes were covered with simple glaze, while wooden ones were decorated with paintings and carvings. Many of the ladles, cups, bowls and spoons are today in Russian museums.
Ladle. XVII century
Wooden utensils of the 12th–13th centuries: 1 – plate (traces of cutting meat are visible); 2 – bowl; 3 – stave; 4 – dish; 5 – valley
Cooperage items of the 10th–13th centuries: 1 – tub; 2 – gang; 3 – barrel; 4 – tub; 5 – tub; 6 – bucket
Adze and skobel
Cooperage products were also widely used in peasant farming: barrels, tubs, vats, tubs, tubs, gangs. Tub It was called that because ears with holes were attached to it on both sides. They put a stick through them to make it easier to carry water in the tub. Gangs They had one handle. Barrels called large round-shaped containers with a narrow bottom, and tub the bottom was wide.
Bulk products were stored in wooden suppliers with lids, birch bark tuesakh And beetroot Wicker products were in use - baskets, baskets, boxes made of bast and twigs.
The peasants made all the utensils using simple tools. The main one was axe. There were carpenter's, large axes, and carpenter's, small axes. When hollowing out troughs, making barrels and tubs, a special ax was used - adze. For planing and sanding wood they used skobel– a flat, narrow, slightly curved plate with a blade on the working part. Used for drilling drills. The saw did not appear right away: in ancient times everything was done with axes.
Centuries passed, and the peasant hut with its simple household utensils was passed on from generation to generation without changing. The new generation only gained more experience and skill in making products and building houses.
Questions and tasks
1. How was a peasant hut built? What parts did it consist of? Try to draw her plan.
2. Describe what a peasant hut looked like from the inside.
3. How were windows, stoves and benches located in a peasant hut? Why is this so?
4. What role did the Russian stove play in a peasant house and how was it constructed?
5. Draw peasant utensils:
a) stove utensils; b) kitchen utensils; c) furniture; d) tools for work.
6. Rewrite, insert the missing letters and explain the words:
k-ch-rga
k-r-thought
kr–styanin
catcher
hand washer
p–stavets
7. Compose detailed story"In a peasant hut."
8. Solve the riddles and draw answers to them.
1. Warp – pine, Weft – straw.
2. Marya the Princess Herself in the hut, Sleeves in the yard.
3. Two clerks lead Marya around.
4. White eats, Black drops.
5. The mother is fat, the daughter is red, the son is a falcon, he has gone under the heavens.
6. Good to pray, Good to cover pots.
7. The black horse gallops into the fire.
8. Not a bull, but goring,
He doesn’t eat, but he has enough food,
What he grabs, he gives,
He goes to the corner himself.
9. – Blackie-tan!
Where did you go?
- Shut up, twist and turn,
You'll be there too.
10. Three brothers
Let's go swimming,
Two are swimming
The third one is lying on the shore.
We swam, went out,
On the third they hung.
11. Fish in the sea,
Tail on the fence.
12. Worth a hit,
Belted with three belts.
13. With ears, but he doesn’t hear.
14. All the lovebirds
Around one hole.
Guess: buckets and rocker, icon, burning splinter, ladle, tub, roof, poker, spoons and bowl, motherboard, hinges and door, stove, grip, tub, cast iron and pot.
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The hut in the form of a caged wooden frame of various configurations is a traditional Russian dwelling for rural areas. The traditions of the hut go back to dugouts and houses with earthen walls, from which they gradually began to rise cleanly wooden log houses without external insulation.
A Russian village hut usually represented not only a house for people to live in, but a whole complex of buildings that included everything necessary for the autonomous life of a large Russian family: living quarters, storage rooms, rooms for livestock and poultry, rooms for food supplies (haylofts), workshop premises, which were integrated into one fenced and well-protected peasant yard from bad weather and strangers. Sometimes part of the premises was integrated under a single roof with the house or was part of a covered courtyard. Only baths, considered a habitat for evil spirits (and sources of fires), were built separately from the peasant estate.
For a long time In Russia, huts were built exclusively with the help of an ax. Devices such as saws and drills appeared only in the 19th century, which to some extent reduced the durability of Russian wooden huts, since saws and drills, unlike an ax, left the wood structure “open” for the penetration of moisture and microorganisms. The ax “sealed” the tree, crushing its structure. Metal was practically not used in the construction of huts, as it was quite expensive due to its artisanal mining (swamp metal) and production.
Since the fifteenth century, the Russian stove, which could occupy up to one quarter of the area of the living part of the hut, became the central element of the hut's interior. Genetically, the Russian oven goes back to the Byzantine bread oven, which was enclosed in a box and covered with sand to retain heat longer.
The design of the hut, verified over centuries of Russian life, did not undergo major changes from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. To this day, wooden buildings are preserved, which are 100-200-300 years old. Basic Damage wooden house construction Russia was damaged not by nature, but by the human factor: fires, wars, revolutions, regular property limits and the “modern” reconstruction and repair of Russian huts. Therefore, every day there are fewer and fewer unique wooden buildings around, decorating the Russian Land, having their own soul and unique identity.
The part of the hut from the mouth to the opposite wall, the space in which all women’s work related to cooking was carried out, was called the stove corner. Here, near the window, opposite the mouth of the stove, in every house there were hand millstones, which is why the corner is also called a millstone. In the corner of the stove there was a bench or counter with shelves inside, used as a kitchen table. On the walls there were observers - shelves for tableware, cabinets. Above, at the level of the shelf holders, there was a stove beam, on which kitchen utensils were placed and a variety of household utensils were stacked.
The stove corner was considered dirty place, in contrast to the rest of the clean space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate it from the rest of the room with a curtain made of variegated chintz, colored homespun, or a wooden partition. The corner of the stove, covered by a board partition, formed a small room called a “closet” or “prilub.” It was an exclusively female space in the hut: here women prepared food and rested after work. During holidays, when many guests came to the house, a second table was placed near the stove for women, where they feasted separately from the men who sat at the table in the red corner. Men, even their own families, could not enter the women’s quarters unless absolutely necessary. The appearance of a stranger there was considered completely unacceptable.
The traditional stationary furnishings of the home were kept for the longest time near the stove in the women's corner. The red corner, like the stove, was an important landmark internal space huts In most of European Russia, in the Urals, and Siberia, the red corner was the space between the side and front walls in the depths of the hut, limited by the corner located diagonally from the stove. In the southern Russian regions of European Russia, the red corner is the space enclosed between the wall with the door in the hallway and the side wall. The stove was located in the depths of the hut, diagonally from the red corner. IN traditional home Almost throughout the entire territory of Russia, with the exception of the southern Russian provinces, the red corner is well lit, since both of its constituent walls had windows. The main decoration of the red corner is a shrine with icons and a lamp, which is why it is also called “holy”.
As a rule, everywhere in Russia, in addition to the shrine, there is a table in the red corner, only in a number of places in the Pskov and Velikoluksk provinces. it is placed in the wall between the windows - opposite the corner of the stove. In the red corner, next to the table, two benches meet, and on top, above the shrine, there are two shelves; hence the Western-South Russian name for the corner of the “day” (the place where the elements of home decoration meet and connect). All significant events family life marked in the red corner. Here, both everyday meals and festive feasts took place at the table, and many calendar rituals took place. In the wedding ceremony, the matchmaking of the bride, her ransom from her girlfriends and brother took place in the red corner; from the red corner of her father's house they took her to the church for the wedding, brought her to the groom's house and took her to the red corner too.
During harvesting, the first and last ones were installed in the red corner. Preservation of the first and last ears of the harvest, endowed, according to folk legends, magical power, promised well-being for the family, home, and entire household. In the red corner, daily prayers were performed, from which any important undertaking began. It is the most honorable place in the house. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to a hut could only go there at the special invitation of the owners. They tried to keep the red corner clean and elegantly decorated. The name “red” itself means “beautiful”, “good”, “light”. It was decorated with embroidered towels, popular prints, and postcards. The most beautiful household utensils were placed on the shelves near the red corner, the most valuable papers and objects were stored. Everywhere among Russians there was a widespread custom, when laying a house, to put money under lower crown in all corners, and a larger coin was placed under the red corner.
Some authors associate the religious understanding of the red corner exclusively with Christianity. In their opinion, the only sacred center of the house in pagan times was the stove. God's corner and the oven are even interpreted by them as Christian and pagan centers. These scientists see in their relative position a kind of illustration of Russian dual faith was simply replaced in God's corner by more ancient - pagan ones, and at first they undoubtedly coexisted there with them. As for the stove ... let's think seriously about whether the “kind” and “honest” Empress Stove, in whose presence they did not dare to say a swear word, under which, according to the concepts of the ancients, the soul of the hut lived - Domovoy - could it personify “darkness”? No way. It is much more likely to assume that the stove was placed in the northern corner as an insurmountable barrier to the forces of death and evil seeking to break into the home. The relatively small space of the hut, about 20-25 sq.m., was organized in such a way that it A fairly large family of seven or eight people was accommodated with greater or lesser comfort. This was achieved due to the fact that each family member knew his place in the common space.
Men usually worked and rested during the day in the men's half of the hut, which included a front corner with icons and a bench near the entrance. Women and children were in the women's quarters near the stove during the day. Places for sleeping at night were also allocated. Old people slept on the floor near the doors, the stove or on the stove, on a cabbage, children and single youth slept under the sheets or on the sheets. In warm weather, adult married couples spent the night in cages and hallways; in cold weather, on a bench under the curtains or on a platform near the stove. Each family member knew his place at the table. The owner of the house sat under the icons during a family meal. His eldest son was located at right hand from the father, the second son is on the left, the third is next to his older brother. Children under marriageable age were seated on a bench running from the front corner along the facade. Women ate while sitting on side benches or stools. It was not supposed to violate the established order in the house unless absolutely necessary. The person who violated them could be severely punished. On weekdays the hut looked quite modest. There was nothing superfluous in it: the table stood without a tablecloth, the walls without decorations. Everyday utensils were placed in the stove corner and on the shelves.
On a holiday, the hut was transformed: the table was moved to the middle, covered with a tablecloth, and festive utensils, previously stored in cages, were displayed on the shelves. The interior of the upper room differed from the interior of the hut by the presence of a Dutch stove instead of a Russian stove or the absence of a stove altogether. The rest of the mansion outfit, with the exception of the beds and sleeping platform, repeated the fixed outfit of the hut. The peculiarity of the upper room was that it was always ready to receive guests. Benches were made under the windows of the hut, which did not belong to the furniture, but formed part of the extension of the building and were fixedly attached to the walls: the board was cut into the wall of the hut at one end, and supports were made on the other: legs, headstocks, headrests. In ancient huts, benches were decorated with an “edge” - a board nailed to the edge of the bench, hanging from it like a frill. Such shops were called “edged” or “with a canopy”, “with a valance”.
In a traditional Russian home, benches ran along the walls in a circle, starting from the entrance, and served for sitting, sleeping, and storing various household items. Each shop in the hut had its own name, associated either with the landmarks of the internal space, or with the ideas that had developed in traditional culture about the activity of a man or woman being confined to a specific place in the house (men's, women's shops). Under the benches they stored various items that were easy to get if necessary - axes, tools, shoes, etc. In traditional rituals and in the sphere of traditional norms of behavior, the bench acts as a place in which not everyone is allowed to sit. Thus, when entering a house, especially for strangers, it was customary to stand at the threshold until the owners invited them to come in and sit down. The same applies to matchmakers: they walked to the table and sat on the bench only by invitation.
In funeral rituals, the deceased was placed on a bench, but not just any bench, but one located along the floorboards. A long bench was a bench that differed from others in its length. Depending on the local tradition of distributing objects in the space of the house, a long bench could have a different place in the hut. In the northern and central Russian provinces, in the Volga region, it stretched from the conic to the red corner, along the side wall of the house. In the southern Great Russian provinces it ran from the red corner along the wall of the facade. From the point of view of the spatial division of the house, a long shop, like a stove corner, was traditionally considered a women's place, where at the appropriate time they were engaged in one or another women's work, such as spinning, knitting, embroidery, sewing.
The dead were placed on a long bench, always located along the floorboards. Therefore, in some provinces of Russia, matchmakers never sat on this bench. Otherwise, their business could go wrong.
A short bench is a bench that runs along the front wall of a house facing the street. During the family meal, men sat on it. The bench located near the stove was called kutnaya. Buckets of water, pots, cast iron pots were placed on it, and freshly baked bread was placed on it.
The threshold bench ran along the wall where the door was located. It was used by women instead of a kitchen table and differed from other benches in the house in the absence of an edge along the edge.
Judgment bench - a bench running from the stove along the wall or door partition to the front wall of the house. The surface level of this bench is higher than other benches in the house. The bench at the front has folding or sliding doors or can be closed with a curtain. Inside there are shelves for dishes, buckets, cast iron pots, and pots. Konik was the name for a men's shop. It was short and wide. In most of Russia, it took the form of a box with a hinged flat lid or a box with sliding doors. The konik probably got its name from the horse’s head carved from wood that adorned its side. Konik was located in the residential part of the peasant house, near the door. It was considered a "men's" shop, since it was workplace men. Here they were engaged in small crafts: weaving bast shoes, baskets, repairing harnesses, knitting fishing nets, etc.
Under the conic there were also the tools necessary for these works. A place on a bench was considered more prestigious than on a bench; the guest could judge the attitude of the hosts towards him, depending on where he was seated - on a bench or on a bench. A necessary element of home decoration was a table that served for daily and holiday meals. The table was one of the most ancient types of movable furniture, although the earliest tables were made of adobe and fixed. Such a table with adobe benches around it were discovered in Pronsky dwellings of the 11th-13th centuries (Ryazan province) and in a Kyiv dugout of the 12th century. The four legs of a table from a dugout in Kyiv are racks dug into the ground.
In a traditional Russian home, a movable table always had permanent place, he stood in the most honorable place - in the red corner, in which the icons were located. In Northern Russian houses, the table was always located along the floorboards, that is, with the narrower side towards the front wall of the hut. In some places, for example in the Upper Volga region, the table was placed only for the duration of the meal; after eating it was placed sideways on a shelf under the images. This was done so that there was more space in the hut. In the forest zone of Russia, carpentry tables had a unique shape: a massive underframe, that is, a frame connecting the legs of the table, was covered with boards, the legs were made short and thick, the large tabletop was always made removable and protruded beyond the underframe in order to make it more comfortable to sit. In the underframe there was a cabinet with double doors for tableware and bread needed for the day.
In traditional culture, in ritual practice, in the sphere of norms of behavior, etc., the table was given great importance. This is evidenced by its clear spatial location in the red corner. Any promotion of him from there can only be associated with ritual or crisis situation. The exclusive role of the table was expressed in almost all rituals, one of the elements of which was a meal. It manifested itself with particular brightness in the wedding ceremony, in which almost every stage ended with a feast. The table was conceptualized in the popular consciousness as “God’s palm”, giving daily bread, therefore knocking on the table at which one eats was considered a sin. In ordinary, non-feast times, only bread, usually wrapped in a tablecloth, and a salt shaker could be on the table.
In the sphere of traditional norms of behavior, the table has always been a place where the unity of people took place: a person who was invited to dine at the master’s table was perceived as “one of our own.”
The table was covered with a tablecloth. In the peasant hut, tablecloths were made from homespun, both simple plain weave and made using the technique of bran and multi-shaft weaving. Tablecloths used every day were sewn from two motley panels, usually with a checkered pattern (the colors are very varied) or simply rough canvas. This tablecloth was used to cover the table during lunch, and after eating it was either removed or used to cover the bread left on the table. Holiday tablecloths were different best quality canvases like this additional details like lace stitching between two panels, tassels, lace or fringe around the perimeter, as well as a pattern on the fabric.
Lesson in fine arts on the topic “Decoration of a Russian hut.” VII class.
The topic is designed for two lessons
Used textbook"Decorative and applied arts in human life." Goryaeva N.A., Ostrovskaya O.V.; Moscow "Enlightenment" 2003.
Type of activity : Binary lesson ( double lesson).
Lesson type: Learning new material.
Model used : Model 1.
The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students to the interior of a Russian hut.
Lesson Objectives :
1.Give students a figurative idea of the organization and wise design of the interior space of the hut.
2. Give an idea of the life of Russian peasants in the 17th-18th centuries.
3. Use drawings to consolidate the acquired knowledge.
4. Cultivate interest in the life of peasants and the traditions of our people.
Providing a lesson:
For the teacher . 1) Reproductions of samples of household items.
2) Literature exhibition: “Russian Hut” by N.I. Kravtsov; T.Ya. Shpikalov “Folk Art”; Textbook for 8th grade; magazine “Folk Creativity” (1990, No. 2).
3) Demo PC.
For students. Albums. Pencils, eraser, paints (watercolor, gouache). Workbook according to ISO.
Lesson plan:
Org. part – 1-2 minutes.
Communicate the goals and objectives of the new material – 1-2 minutes.
Teacher's story "Life of Peasants."
Practical work. Drawing the interior of a hut.
Summary of lesson 1.
Work in color.
Summary of lesson 2
I.Organizational moment
Establish proper discipline in the classroom. Mark those who are absent. Communicate the goals and objectives of the new material.
II. Teacher's story "Life of Peasants"
rice. 1. Interior view of the hut.
Since ancient times we have read and watched Russian folk tales. And often the action in them took place inside wooden hut. Now they are trying to revive the traditions of the past. After all, without studying the past, we will not be able to assess the present and future of our people.
Let's go up to the red carved porch. It seems to invite you to enter the house. Usually on the porch the owners of the house greet dear guests bread and salt, thus expressing hospitality and wishes for well-being. Passing through the entryway, you find yourself in the world of home life.
The air in the hut is special, spicy, filled with the aromas of dry herbs, smoke, and sour dough.
Everything in the hut, except for the stove, is wooden: the ceiling, smoothly hewn walls, benches attached to them, half-shelves stretching along the walls, below the ceiling, floors, a dining table, stoltsy (stools for guests), simple household utensils. There was always a cradle hanging for the baby. We washed ourselves from a tub.
rice. 2.
The interior of the hut is divided into zones:
At the entrance to the hut, on the left is located Russian stove.
rice. 3. Russian stove
What role did the stove play in the life of a peasant hut?
The stove was the basis of life, the family hearth. The stove provided warmth, they cooked food and baked bread in it, they washed children in the stove, and the stove got rid of illnesses. And how many fairy tales are told to children on the stove. No wonder it says: “The stove is beautiful - there are miracles in the house.”
Look how important the white bulk of the stove lies in the hut. In front of the mouth of the stove there is a well-arranged shelf - a wide thick board on which pots and cast iron pots are placed.
Nearby in the corner there are grips and a wooden shovel for removing bread from the oven. Standing on the floor nearby wooden tub with water. Next to the stove, between the wall and the stove, there was a dowel door. It was believed that behind the stove, above the golbets, lived a brownie - the patron saint of the family.
The space near the stove served as the female half.
Fig.4. Red corner
In the front right corner, the brightest, between the windows there was red corner, red bench, red windows. It was a landmark to the east, with which the peasants’ idea of paradise, blissful happiness, life-giving light and hope was connected; they turned to the east with prayers and incantations. It was the most honorable place - spiritual center of the home. In the corner, on a special shelf, there were icons in frames polished to a shine, decorated with embroidered towels and bunches of herbs. There was a table under the images.
In this part of the hut there were important events in the life of a peasant family. The most valuable guests were seated in the red corner.
From the door, along the stove, there was a wide bench. The neighbors who came in were sitting on it. Men usually did household chores on it - weaving bast shoes, etc. The old owner of the house slept on it.
Above the entrance, in half the room under the ceiling, near the stove they strengthened wooden floors. Children slept on the floors.
Occupied a significant place in the hut wooden loom- krosno, on it women wove woolen and canvas fabrics, rugs (paths).
Near the door, opposite the stove, there was a wooden bed on which the owners of the house slept.
Fig.5.
For a newborn, an elegant dress was hung from the ceiling of the hut cradle. It was usually made of wood or woven from wicker. Rocking gently, she lulled the baby to the melodious song of a peasant woman. When dusk fell, they burned a torch. For this purpose the forged socialite
rice. 6.
In many northern villages of the Urals, houses with painted interiors have been preserved. Look what strange bushes have bloomed.
III. Practical work.
Students are asked to make a pencil sketch of the interior of a Russian hut.
Are being considered different kinds hut interior:
Explanation of building the interior of a hut using an example different options.
VI. Reviewing the material covered with students.
Thus, we come to the next section of our topic, “Decoration of a Russian hut.” Now everyone is trying to revive the traditions of the cultural and spiritual life of the Russian people, but for this you need to understand and study everything. And the first question for the class:
What does it represent appearance huts?
What main material was used in the construction of the hut?
What natural materials were used in the manufacture of dishes and household items?
What zones was the interior of the hut divided into?
What rules did you apply when building the interior of the hut?
What riddles and sayings do you know on the topic “Russian hut?”
(“Two brothers look at each other, but they don’t get together” (floor and ceiling)
“One hundred parts, one hundred beds, each guest has his own bed” (logs in the wall of the hut)), etc.
Lesson II.
VII. Continuation of the practical part - drawing the interior in color.
When painting, all shades of brown, ocher, and not bright yellow are used. Stages of drawing in color:
We paint the walls with different shades of brown.
We paint the floor and ceiling with a different shade of ocher.
The glass in the window is gray.
Furniture is the next shade of brown.
The stove can be painted light gray, light light brown.
VIII. Exhibition of children's works. Analysis.
Students hang their work in a designated area. Students are encouraged to analyze their own work. Using leading questions:
What did you want to show in your work?
By what means artistic expression did you use it?
How are the works presented similar and how are they different?
Have you applied the laws of perspective in your works?
What are your impressions of this work?
Teacher rating. I liked the way you worked, I liked your work on the construction, the color scheme, and the ability to correctly convey the life of Russian peasants.
IX. Completion of the lesson and homework assignment.
At the end of the lesson, students are informed that we will continue working on getting to know the traditions of the Russian people in the next lesson.
At the end of the lesson, folk music is played.
Students get up and put their work places in order.