In this article we will tell you what a hip roof is, why it is so named, what types of structural elements consists of. We will also analyze the technology of its construction. In addition, after reading the article, you will learn why roofs of this type are considered one of the most difficult, and for what reasons their construction takes more time than, say, gable roofs.
What is a hip roof
Many can say that a hip roof is exactly the roof shown in the photo above. That is, these are four identical triangular-shaped slopes. In fact, the figure shows the classic version of the roofing structure of this modification. But this is just one example. And at its core is a square-shaped house.
If we talk about tent structures, they got their name due to the fact that all the roof slopes rest on one point, like a tent. And there may be several stingrays, but not less than four. For example, if the building has round shape, then the roof structure can be constructed from five or six slopes. And this is not the limit. It’s just that the more slopes, the more complex the design. And since many private houses have a rectangular shape, the classic model is most appropriate here.
The tent-type roofing structure is designed and formed on the principle of symmetry. That is why it is erected over buildings of the appropriate shape - round, square, hexagonal, octagonal and so on. In general, there is no problem in building it over rectangular building, as shown in the first figure, but structurally it is difficult, so most often in such cases preference is given to a hip roof.
Structural elements of a hip roof
The installation of a hip roof is several standard elements. Next we will deal with the classic modification.
Hip roof ridge. It should be noted that there is no ridge as such, in the classical sense of this design, here. There is a so-called ridge knot. This is the connection point of the upper ends of the rafter legs. It is the ridge knot that forms the peak of the tent structure.
Stingrays. In our case there are four of them. They are formed by rafters and frames. The latter are still the same rafter legs, only their upper ends rest not on the ridge unit, but on the main rafters. That's why the sprigs have a shortened length. Their number is determined by the size of the slope. The larger the area, the more roof racks will have to be installed to ensure the required load-bearing capacity of the roof.
Stingray overhangs. They can be formed by the rafter system by extending the rafters beyond the walls of the building. Or with the help of fillies - these are short rafters that are attached to the main elements rafter system to lengthen them.
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Advantages of a hip roof
The tent-type roofing structure is quite complex to design and difficult to install; in any case, it is a labor-intensive process. But architects and designers say that hip roofs have quite serious advantages over other structures. It’s not for nothing that they are so popular among country developers. What are these advantages:
Excellent aerodynamic qualities. They allow a roof of this shape to cope not only with strong winds, but also with hurricane gusts.
It is possible to erect a hipped roof structure at an angle of inclination of the slope within 20-50° . This solves the problem of clearing snow from the roof. That is, at this angle, snow precipitation does not linger on the roof. This means that it is not necessary to clean the hip roof in winter.
Under this type of roof easy to organize attic. True, since such a roof does not have gables, it will be necessary to install skylights. However, installing windows of this type is not a problem today, so this cannot be considered a minus in modern construction.
Original form– always stands out among other types of roofs.
Construction technology of hip roof structures
First of all, the hip roof is calculated. That is, they determine the quantity necessary elements, their dimensions and cross-section. This is an important point on which will depend load bearing capacity the entire roof structure. Here, they mainly take into account the size and shape of the house, snow and wind loads in the region where construction is taking place, as well as whether living quarters will be organized under the roof.
In fact, this is a complex process that requires knowledge and experience in performing calculations. Today on the Internet on different construction portals There are special online calculators with which such calculations can be made. Some of them, according to experts, can calculate the simplest options quite accurately. But the final calculation must still be done by a professional - not a single calculator will “tell” what formulas and errors are included in it.
Now we move on to analyzing the rafter system of the hip roof. In this design, both hanging and layered rafters can be used.
Features of layered rafters
A support must be installed under the layers. Usually this is a large cross-section beam that supports the ridge assembly. That is, the main rafter legs will rest on it with their upper ends.
This support post is attached either to load-bearing beam, or to a load-bearing internal wall, or to concrete slab ceilings That is, they only install under it solid foundation. In this case, the rafters are attached to the support different ways. The photo below shows one of the options where special U-shaped metal perforated brackets are used, as the simplest option.
Hanging rafters on a hip roof
As for the hanging rafters, they are connected at the top point with a special knot. Let's figure out how they do it. So, the classic hip-type roof consists of four main rafters, which rest with their lower ends on the corners of the house. Or rather, in a laid Mauerlat, to which they must be attached.
If the angle of inclination of the slopes is known, then according to this parameter, one rafter leg is installed, secured to the Mauerlat and temporary supports placed under it. These can be racks made of slats or boards, jibs.
Then install in exactly the same way three remaining rafters. But it must be taken into account that the four rafter legs must rest against each other. This is the basis for the reliability of the design.
Now it is necessary secure the upper ends of the rafters together so that they do not “move apart” to the sides. There's enough here big choice fasteners. Modern ones are perforated metal plates, which are bent and laid between two rafters and secured to them with wood screws.
The photo above shows another option for attaching rafter legs, constructed from double boards with a section of 50x200 mm. Please note that a small piece of board (50x200 mm) is installed between two oppositely mounted rafters. At the same time, the rafter legs themselves do not completely rest against each other. The gap is left specifically so that two other rafters located in perpendicular to the plane. That is, in this case, a piece of board serves as a connecting element. All elements of the rafter system are attached to it.
So, the main rafters are installed and secured. Now all that remains is to install the spigots. There is nothing complicated here; they are cut to the required length and evenly installed over the area of the slopes. It is important to carry out high-quality fastening to the main rafter legs. For example, in the same photo above you can see that bolts or studs were used as fasteners. This is one of the most reliable types of fastening. As for fastening the lower ends, here the fastening is carried out to the Mauerlat.
Hip roof elements
In principle, the roof is ready. All that remains is to dismantle the temporary supports, fill the sheathing and lay the roofing material. But it is necessary to indicate that the hip roof and its design can be different sizes. If such a roof is built over a small gazebo, then these operations can be limited. If the project plans a tent structure over big house, then the number of elements is increased, with the help of which the reliability of the roof is increased. What other elements are used in the construction of hip roofs:
Support posts. They are usually installed under the main rafters. The frequency of installation depends on the cross-section of the rafters and the cross-section of the racks. The thicker the rafter legs, the more often you will have to install supports. If you choose boards for supports of a larger cross-section, the pitch can be increased.
Struts. They are used instead of support posts. These elements got their name because they are installed at an angle of 45°.
Rigel, they are puffs. These are horizontally mounted beams, with the help of which the rafter legs oppositely located at the corners are pulled together. Their purpose is to absorb the bursting load that acts on the walls of the building. The cross-section of the puffs is selected according to the principle - the higher this element is located, the larger it should be in cross-section.
Very rarely, but sometimes installed sloping run. This horizontal beam, which is installed under the rafters and ledges of one slope. Racks must be installed underneath it.
Video description
We invite you to watch the video, which schematically shows one of the options for constructing a hip roof:
Conclusion on the topic
It is very important to understand the fact that hip roofs require symmetry in the shape of the house itself. This is the main and only requirement that allows such roofs to be constructed. As for the roofing covering, and accordingly the type of sheathing, there are no restrictions.
Hip roof It can be one- or two-level, have four or more slopes. For the right choice sections of its elements, it is necessary to perform a sketch and a correct calculation, which comes down to several formulas. In the article we will talk about the design of a hip roof and the method for calculating its rafter system.
A hip roof is one of the most common options when building a house or gazebo that has a circular, square or rectangular plan with a slight difference in the lengths of the sides. This design is a good solution for houses with relatively Not large area or two-story cottages with a small base. The roof got its name because of the pyramidal shape of the traditional eastern tent, formed by one peak and triangular slopes.
Hip roof options
The name “hipped roof” combines several roofing options that have structural differences.
A single-level hip roof is geometrically a tetrahedral pyramid. A two-level roof is a more complex structure: the upper part is a pyramid, the middle part is a cube or parallelogram, the lower part is truncated pyramid. It was as if the top of the roof had been cut off from the base and lifted up. The middle part is sometimes made in the form of a glass lantern or finished in the color of the walls.
A hip roof can have not only four slopes, but also six or eight slopes. This shape is more reminiscent of a cone than a pyramid, and is most common when building gazebos with a round base. The most difficult thing in implementing such a design is connecting the rafters in the center.
The rafter systems differ not so much aesthetically as structurally:
- hanging;
- layered.
A hanging rafter system rests solely on the walls of the house; a layered rafter system has a support located in the center of the building and rests on load-bearing wall or on a specially erected pole inside the house.
a - design of hanging rafters; b - design of layered rafters; 1 - rafter; 2 - crossbar; 3 - tightening; 4 - stand; 5 - strut; 6 - run; 7 - lying down
The choice of design depends on the size of the span (8 m is suitable hanging system, 12 m - layered is required) and maximum length timber for construction (when connecting a rafter leg in length, installation of a vertical support is required).
In practice, a layered system is often used as it is more reliable and maintainable. If the house does not have a suitable load-bearing wall or pillar for support, the base can be created from timber by bandaging at the level of the mauerlat.
Basic diagrams and elements of the rafter system
As we wrote, a hipped roof is geometrically a pyramid, so all calculations are carried out based on the rules that apply to the pyramids and triangles that make it up.
Essential elements
In order not to be confused in the future with terms, we will name the main elements of the rafter system of a hipped roof, schematically shown in the figure below, and tie them to the geometric image of a hipped roof in the form of a pyramid.
Design with hanging rafters
- Mauerlat. The foundation and support of a roof, especially in a structure with hanging rafters. Located along the perimeter of the building (ABCD), resting on the walls or attached to them outside. To construct the Mauerlat, large cross-section timber is used.
- Sloping rafters. Roof angles that converge at a central point and form a pyramid. On the pyramid diagram (without taking into account overhangs): AK = DK = CK = BK = Lн. The longest rafter legs in the structure.
- Ridge knot (K). Most complex knot in a design for a carpenter. If the base of the house is not square, and the ridge forms an edge, the hip roof is transformed into its “sister” - a ridge roof. In a structure with layered rafters, section KF (H) is the central support.
- Central rafters. They converge at the ridge unit with slanted rafters. They are the height of each slope, which is an isosceles triangle. On the diagram of the pyramid (without taking into account the overhangs) there is a segment KE, length Lt.
- Narozhniki. These are shortened rafters running parallel to the central one in both directions.
Now consider structures with layered rafters.
Transomless design with layered rafters
Along with the already designated elements: slanted (1) and central (2) rafters, as well as the ridge (3), new elements appear. The central support (stand) or headstock (4), which rests on the ties (5) connecting the mauerlat diagonally. This is an option for making a rack that rests not on the masonry, but on an element of the rafter system.
In the absence of central rafters and to strengthen the ridge assembly with the headstock (2), it is supplemented by crossbars (3), connecting oppositely placed sloping rafters (1) in pairs (see figure above).
Reinforcement elements
For greater strength and rigidity of the structure, especially in a climate prone to strong winds, or with a large building area, and therefore a large length of rafter legs, the main structural elements are supplemented with reinforcement elements.
Option to strengthen the truss structure
Along the axis of the building, an additional beam is embedded into the opposite beams of the mauerlat (1). The basis of the structure, as before, is made up of central (4), shortened (springs) (5) and slanted (3) rafters. The slanted rafters are reinforced by cranial bars (6), fixed at the bottom. This is a reinforcement for both the mowed legs and the riggers leaning on them. The ties (7) fasten the oppositely located rafters and serve as a base for installing the racks (8). They are fixed on top of the Mauerlat and on top of the bench and rest on them.
For particularly long rafter legs, struts are used - supports that are not located vertically, but at an angle of 45-60°. In practice, struts are installed when the length of the wall is more than 9 m (for a gable or four-pitch wall).
The system of strengthening the main elements also helps to save lumber. The cross-section of the main elements in such a design can be taken to be reduced. Another way to save is the formation of overhangs by adding rafters ending on the mauerlat with fillets - bars or boards of a smaller cross-section.
Calculation of the rafter system of a hip roof
The calculation is based on the following initial data:
- length of the house;
- width of the house
- ridge height.
Let's consider the procedure and formulas for calculations using a conditional example, using the geometric image of a hip roof (see above):
- house length: AB = DC = 9 m;
- house width: AD = BC = 8 m;
- height of the ridge located in the geometric center of the roof: KF = 2 m.
Calculation of the lengths of rafter elements
1. Length of beams Mauerlat.
- AB + DC + AD + BC = 9 + 8 + 9 + 8 = 34 m
2. Central rafters(excluding overhangs). They are the hypotenuse of a right triangle, in which one leg is the height of the ridge, and the second is half the width (8/2 = 4 m) or length (9/2 = 4.5 m) of the house.
Let's remember the Pythagorean theorem:
3. Sloping rafters(excluding overhangs). They are the hypotenuse of a right triangle, in which one leg is half the width or length of the house, and the second is the corresponding central rafter. For a roof with a ridge in the geometric center of the roof, the lengths of the slanted rafters are the same.
4. Narozhniki. The shortened rafters are located parallel to the central one, with a pitch depending on the length of the rafters. Let's consider a table compiled taking into account weather loads for the Moscow region.
Table 1. Data correspond to atmospheric loads in the Moscow region
| Rafter spacing, cm | Rafter length, m | ||||||
| 3,0 | 3,5 | 4,0 | 4,5 | 5,0 | 5,5 | 6,0 | |
| 215 | 100x150 | 100x175 | 100x200 | 100x200 | 100x250 | 100x250 | — |
| 175 | 75x150 | 75x200 | 75x200 | 100x200 | 100x200 | 100x200 | 100x250 |
| 140 | 75x125 | 75x125 | 75x200 | 75x200 | 75x200 | 100x200 | 100x200 |
| 110 | 75x150 | 75x150 | 75x175 | 75x175 | 75x200 | 75x200 | 100x200 |
| 90 | 50x150 | 50x175 | 50x200 | 75x175 | 75x175 | 75x200 | 75x200 |
| 60 | 40x150 | 40x175 | 50x150 | 50x150 | 50x175 | 50x200 | 50x200 |
Our center rafters are 4.472 m long and 4.924 m long. The rafters will be shorter, so you can look at the column - 3.5 m.
To calculate the lengths of narozhniks, let’s remember school and use the properties of similar triangles.
If in the figure AB is the central rafter, then MN is the frame, AC is half the length of the wall (4.0 and 4.5 m, respectively), AM is the step depending on the number of frames. MC for each narozhnik is calculated separately.
- MN = (AB · MC) / AC
We will calculate the options for choosing the most economical arrangement of shortened rafters, the results of which will be summarized in a table.
Table 2. Calculation of lumber for frames
| Pride step, cm | Beam cross-section, mm | Long side bars: AC = 4.5 m, AB = 4.472 m | Short side spigots: AC = 4.0 m, AB = 4.9242 m | ||||||
| quantity per half slope | AM, m | length in half slope, m | quantity per half slope | AM, m | length in half slope, m | volume of lumber for two slopes, m3 | |||
| 215 | 100x175 | 1 | 2,25 | 2,356 | 0,165 | 1 | 2,0 | 2,461 | 0,172 |
| 175 | 75x200 | 2 | 1,5 | 2,981 + 1,491 | 0,268 | 1 | 2,0 | 2,461 | 0,148 |
| 140 | 75x175 | 2 | 1,5 | 2,981 + 1,491 | 0,235 | 2 | 1,333 | 3,282 + 1,641 | 0,258 |
| 110 | 75x150 | 3 | 1,125 | 3,354 + 2,236 + 1,118 | 0,302 | 3 | 1,0 | 3,693 + 2,462 + 1,231 | 0,332 |
| 90 | 50x175 | 4 | 0,9 | 3,578 + 2,683 + 1,789 + 0,894 | 0,313 | 3 | 1,0 | 3,693 + 2,462 + 1,231 | 0,259 |
| 60 | 40x175 | 6 | 0,643 | 3,834 + 3,195 + 2,556 + 1,917 + 1,278 + 0,639 | 0,376 | 6 | 0,571 | 4,218 + 3,515 + 2,812 + 2,109 + 1,406 + 0,703 | 0,413 |
Obviously, for our example, options with with long steps. However, you should also take into account the requirements for fastening the roofing material and the costs of the sheathing. From this point of view, the answer will not be so obvious.
Calculation of roof area taking into account overhangs
Since the previous calculation was made without taking into account the eaves overhang, which in our example is performed using fillies, we will consider this part of the roof again as a simple geometric figure.
Let us take the length of the overhang (DC) to be 0.5 m. To determine the area of the slope, we again use knowledge about the properties of similar triangles:
- EF / BC = AG / AD
BC - 8 and 9 m for short and long walls respectively.
AD - 4.924 and 4.472 m for short and long walls, respectively.
AG - 4.924 + 0.5 = 5.424 m and 4.472 + 0.5 = 4.972 m for the short and long walls, respectively.
- EF = (AG ∙ BC) / AD
- EF = (5.424 ∙ 8) / 4.924 = 8.812 m - for the short side
- EF = (4.972 ∙ 9) / 4.472 = 10.006 m - for the long side
The area of the slope is calculated using the formula:
- S = (EF ∙ AG) / 2
- S = (8.812 ∙ 5.424) / 2 = 23.9 m 2 - for the short side
- S = (10.006 ∙ 4.972) / 2 = 24.88 m 2 - for the long side
Total area of roofing material:
- 2 (23.9 + 24.88) = 97.56 m2.
Advice! When calculating the material, take into account the cutting, especially if it is sheet material, like slate or corrugated board.
Attention! The article discusses the calculation of only the main elements of the rafter system, which can help in drawing up a preliminary construction budget.
The roof of a building is its main protection. Variety of shapes, types roofing structures allows you to achieve an individual look for a private home or cottage. One of the most interesting options is a hip roof.
What it is?
A hip roof is a modification where all sides slope down towards the walls, usually at a fairly gentle slope, although a tent by definition is hipped roof with a steep slope as it grows to its peak. Thus, the roof has no gables or other vertical sides.
They can be built in the most different forms. Each ridge is central over a building rectangle. The triangular edges are called hip ends and are bounded by the hips themselves. The "hips" and running rafters are on outer corner buildings and rise to the ridge. Where a building has an internal corner, a valley is the space between inclined surfaces. They provide a compact, durable design appearance. The pitch of the roof may vary.
In modern domestic architecture, such structures are usually found in bungalows and cottages and are an integral part of some styles; their rafter system may differ.
The structure is self-supporting, requiring less diagonal bracing than a gable. Thus, the roof is much better suited for areas where hurricanes are common. It doesn't have big, flat ends to catch the wind and is inherently much more stable than a gable. However, for such an area, the structure must be steep, preferably at least 35 degrees from horizontal or steep.
When the wind flows over a sloping hip, the roof can behave like an airplane wing. An elevator is then created on the leeward side. If the slopes are less than 35 degrees horizontally, the roof will be susceptible to lifting.
Possible disadvantages are that there is less space under the roof, access to maintenance is more difficult, the hips of the roof are more difficult to ventilate and there is no bridgehead with a window for natural light.
Peculiarities
This type of roofing can have a significant impact on the overall appearance. There are literally dozens of options in domestic architecture, but one of the most popular is the hipped roof.
There are several ways to make it, but in general builders arrive at two basic forms. First it is a square, or a pyramid. To cover a square building, four triangular sections meet at one point in the center of the structure, like a pyramid.
But if your building is not square, if it is a rectangle, in that case you will have pieces of different sizes. The rafters do not meet at one point; instead, the two longer sides will be separated by a ridge running parallel to the direction of the building. In principle, the two edges will be similar to the first option. However, rather than leaving the ends open, the triangular sections slope outward from the edges of the ridge, with four slanted sides.
Advantages and disadvantages
There are several advantages to choosing this design. Because they don't have valleys, they are less likely to leak. This means the attic insulation is functioning properly.
This roof holds up well in strong winds. Its aerodynamic qualities and short eaves prevent lifting and help provide greater stability to the house. This makes her much best choice than a traditional gabled one because it is less likely to blow away or break apart during a severe thunderstorm or tornado. A house always has differences, especially if you think through the design.
The perimeter has a large surface area for ventilation. This prevents many roofing problems such as premature aging, cold corridors. In addition to proper ventilation, simple lines make it easier for your gutter system to operate away from your home and eliminate potential leaks and other problems commonly associated with faulty gutters.
Solar panels operate on maximum power when installed on a southern slope. Since the roof consists of four planes, the orientation of the house does not affect the use of solar energy.
However, there are also disadvantages. The structure costs more initially, and the trusses that support the roof are more difficult to construct. In addition, more roofing materials are required to cover the additional two slopes. The design also limits the number available attic space. Because of this, homeowners who want to use the attic for storage or to convert it into additional living space should not choose this option.
Advantages:
- preferred in hilly stations where there is heavy snowfall during winter seasons;
- have continuous fascia on all sides, making it easier to install gutters;
- well suited for warm climates;
- have cornices along all directions, which help ensure complete protection of the house from the sun, as well as other atmospheric hazards;
- One of the most important advantages is the ability to provide water drainage.
Flaws:
- complex construction procedure;
- require additional raw materials, which increases the cost;
- from time to time they need maintenance, to provide long term services.
Kinds
One-story and two-story houses may have a hip or hip roof with a bay window, but all roofs of this type can be classified as follows:
- The mansard roof is a variation with two different angles, the lower ones being much steeper than the upper one.
- the tent is a type of polygonal roof with a steep slope;
- single or double slope.
Installation stages and subtleties
Before you begin installing the roof, you need to find out how many materials are needed to do the job yourself step by step. Measure the length of the roof and the width of one side. Multiply these numbers and then double the result by square centimeters. If it is corrugated metal, it is usually supplied in sheets measuring 91.44 x 182.88 cm (548.64 square cm). Divide the roof size squared by 548.64 to get required amount sheets.
As long as the wood on the roof is in good condition, it is necessary to put down embossed paper. It is worth making sure that the rolls overlap by at least two centimeters and are fastened to the tree.
The first sheet is laid overlapping, and to wooden frame it is attached using self-tapping screws. The corrugation should raise the roof towards the ridge. Place the sheet in one bottom corner with projections of 5 centimeters on each edge. Drill a hole in the top corner of the passage, not the crest of the corrugation. Secure the screw and waterproof washer. The screws should be spaced about 15 centimeters apart in all directions. However, when working along the edge, place the screws 7 centimeters apart.
Once the first sheet is in place, you need to install the rest of the bottom row of corrugated metal roofing. The sheets must overlap by at least 10 centimeters. At the other end, make sure there is a 5cm overhang.
Place the next row of corrugated metal roofing so that the bottom is above the top of the first row. This will help the water flow down the roof. Secure the roof in place as you did for the first row and continue working, adding row after row until you reach the ridge line.
When approaching the ridge line, you need to carefully place the top row to ensure that the corrugated metal roofing does not extend beyond the ridge on each side. Instead, it should extend all the way to the ridge so that the tops of the sheets on their side are almost touching each other. To finish, you will need a special roof. Place the sheet so that it covers the tops on both sides.
Preparation
Tent structures can be designed on square as well as rectangular buildings. The roof can follow triangular sides and also combine trapezoidal ones. Some look like pyramids, while others may have a more symmetrical structure. We always make high-quality and well-verified drawings and calculate the amount of material.
Generally, there are three main factors that contribute to the design or style of decoration:
- Cornices: hips with deep eaves which can help in shading the window from sunlight. This circuit helps in cooling the inside of the house and provides reduction in energy bills with reduced energy consumption.
- Force: For those areas where winds and cyclones are more common, these roofs are built with high precision so that they have a long service life.
- Style: famous for their unique styles and elegant appearance.
Construction takes place on sloping sides, so they must be done with high precision and safety.
One of the most important and basic steps is to take measurements before installation. This should be done by experienced people with a calculator. Measurements are taken along the width and length of the building, then they are used to calculate the dimensions of the curb slab, as well as the length of the rafters.
Calculation
Construction requires due attention to some basic factors such as measurements, layout, area, framing and rafter alignment.
The purpose of the plan is to represent the direction as well as changes in the dimensions of the complete structure, calculate the length, width and other parameters. The size of the roof usually depends on the type of house and its dimensions. If doing the calculations yourself, then a pre-designed hip guide is a good place to start.
The angle of hip extension from each corner should be 45 degrees, but other dimensions are also acceptable in some cases. The order is as follows:
- start with a rectangular building layout;
- find the center line in the middle part;
- draw a 45 degree line from each corner to the center line, which can help establish location specifications for the rafters;
- draw a ridge line between the intersection points of the running rafters;
- calculate the distance between the rafters and lay them in accordance with the frame plan;
- create correct diagrams on paper for designing the hips so that these figures can help in the correct layout in the next steps.
Tent structure considered the best choice for covering awnings. Experts say it is guaranteed best return For coastal and windy locations, it also provides an attractive view.
Tools
The best assistants for a roofer who simplify the installation of a roof are:
- hammer;
- clamps;
- chisels;
- screwdriver;
- mallet;
- pliers;
- compass;
- bore gauge and others.
Carrying out work
Once you're done with the measuring part, it's time to cut the rafters to these specifications. These parts will later be used to build the roof. Building a half-hipped roof with your own hands requires experience in order to properly attach the rafter beams.
Ridge slabs act as a frame that rests around the roof. You must begin the installation procedure by positioning the standard rafters on the desired side of the tongue plates. The process continues until the durability or strength of all spine boards has been increased and they can be adjusted according to their weight. The angle of inclination is important and should not be forgotten. The log house is carried out in the direction required by the standards.
Before moving in the direction of building the hips, it is necessary to ensure proper alignment according to the angles. For this type of calculation it is necessary to use a frame square.
Now is the time to move on to fixing the rafters. Experts suggest starting with one side at a time and trying to apply more pressure for each adjustment on board. This pressure will provide much top scores. Once the rafters are finished, you can start trimming them so they can provide a great linear layout. Corner rafters are known as running rafters and need to be connected to the adjacent ones that are already installed.
Once you've completed the installation, it's time to install the jacks. It is good to start with one part and then move towards the end, although this process is long but if done accurately it can certainly produce the desired result.
In case you do not have proper knowledge about the installation process, you need to seek help from experts. It is important to ensure accuracy because the sheathing, ventilation and drainage will then be connected between them. If the roof includes a chimney, you will have to go through several more procedures to achieve perfect design roofs. Building a house is difficult; if you lack experience, it is better to consult a specialist.
This type of roofing is the most common and simplest type. It slopes on all four sides, so no matter how you look at it, the roof slopes towards the gutters. The sides are equal in length and meet to form a ridge at the top.
The hip is the least complex style, and generally has the lowest cost when compared to other styles. "Broken" or "peak" roofing is also very popular. They are easy to distinguish because they form a triangle shape at the end of the house and in other parts. The gable style has an interesting and varied "colonial" look.
Monopoly roofing is an unusual stylish project. It is designed to form a single inclined surface and is often not attached to any other. In some countries this species is popular as a modern alternative and has a striking and distinctive appearance. The monoroof is designed to a higher level than others, which is why the price is usually higher.
An alternative option for converting a hip to a gable loft. However, this creates a limited amount of additional space, which is typically used to access the loft with stairs. Building a conversion to a gable loft – best use space compared to the side attic.
The most important factor To accomplish the conversion is a gigantic change in the roofline. This will achieve a huge amount of extra floor space, maximizing the loft conversion potential. Exterior finishing can be tiled or slated to match the roofing, finished in block and painted. Built in most end walls the holes will be double glass window. It provides natural light either in the attic or on the stairs.
For more information about the rafter system of hip roofs, see the following video.
The hip roof is a colorful and architecturally unusual structure. Due to the absence of gables and relatively short beams, such a roof is considered more economical, but at the same time its construction is quite difficult to implement and requires careful calculations and certain skills. If all conditions are met, the result is an aesthetically attractive and reliable building element, and the slope of the slopes efficiently drains rain and melt water. However, without experience you should not undertake the installation of this roof - it is better to entrust the job to professionals.
Features of a hip roof
About the appearance of this option hip roof its name says - it really resembles a tent. The base is usually a square or rectangle, and the roof itself resembles an envelope. The slopes have the configuration of isosceles triangles, the vertices of which meet at one point. A hipped roof can be multifaceted or symmetrically round. But the main feature is the same for all types - strict symmetry. If it is not there, then the roof will be an ordinary multi-slope one. Another difference between a hip roof is the absence of a ridge on top. It is replaced by a central support (if layered rafters are used) or the top of a hanging truss.
A hip roof will provide the house with a beautiful appearance and reliable protection.
The advantages of a hip roof are:
- Comparative savings of building materials.
- Structural strength and durability.
- Resistant to bad weather and strong winds.
- Good heating on sunny days.
- Presentable and exotic appearance of the building.
- Self-cleaning from snow.
Disadvantages of hip roofs:
- Difficulty in calculation, installation and repair.
- Reduced attic size due to thermal insulation.
- Large waste of top finishing materials (especially for metal tiles).
Types of hip roofs
Hip roofs, depending on the design, are divided into the following types:
- broken line - with indirect slopes consisting of two parts;
A sloping hip roof is most preferable for arranging an attic
- with a bay window or yandovaya. Yandova is usually called the roof of a bay window, and the main one can be hip, gable or hip;
The bay window is equipped with a yandow roof
- attic - it can look like a broken line or the attic windows are located on remote consoles.
A house with a sloping roof is an additional area and an interesting design solution
The hip roof frame consists of the following elements:
Hip roof design
At the heart of the structure there must be a mauerlat (a powerful beam or log), knocked down into a solid frame according to the shape of the base and laid on top of the armored belt. The entire rafter system is tied to the mauerlat. It looks like four inclined beams with a cross section of 50 by 100 mm, fastened in the center of the roof (the size of the beam depends on the dimensions and weight of the future roof). If the house is made of stone or brick, the Mauerlat acts as top harness wall panel, in wooden buildings - the upper crown of the log house. Mauerlat must be waterproofed (for example, with roofing felt). Then it is fixed to the inner upper part of the prepared and leveled walls.
The ridge assembly of a hip roof is connected at one point
The construction of a hip roof requires the use large quantity wooden elements. Before use, they should be treated with a fire-fighting and antiseptic agent.
A hipped roof is not suitable for the construction of buildings with a bay window, since its box shape is square. Therefore, a half-hip roof type is usually used.
Types of rafter systems for hip roofs
According to its structure, the rafter system of the future hip roof can be either layered or hanging. The hanging rafter system is distinguished by the fact that its beams rest directly on the walls. It is most often used when large size spans when there is no other support and no supports are provided. With this option, a horizontal bursting force is generated, and to reduce it, puffs are used.
The process of building and repairing such a roof is complex, so preference is usually given to a layered rafter system. It is more convenient from the point of view of installation and operation, and there is practically no load on the walls. A roof with a slope of no more than 40 degrees is suitable for its installation. A carrier is required for installation interior wall or additional supports in the center of the roof. In this case, struts on the walls are not needed, since the roof has supports at the peak and on the rafter legs.
Thanks to additional supports, the layered rafter system is more convenient for installation and operation
The permissible span size is about 4.5 m. If it is larger and it is impossible to limit it to one central support, then struts are installed.
Struts are supports for rafter legs
Elements of the truss structure
The rafter system of a hip roof includes the following main elements:
- Mauerlat - supporting frame for the lower part of the rafters;
- diagonal or slanted rafters installed at the corners of the main frame;
- narozhniki - shortened rafters attached to the mowers;
- racks and struts - supports for rafter legs;
- beds - laid on brick columns as supports for struts and racks;
- crossbars for resting the rafter legs against each other near the peak;
- purlins - beams parallel to the Mauerlat (used depending on the type of structure and existing supports);
- trusses - additional supports to give rigidity to the building.
Rafters made from metal trusses have great strength and can withstand significant loads, which makes the building more durable. Metal trusses can be used for more than 100 years. They are usually used if the length of the slopes exceeds 10 meters. It is easier to assemble such a structure than wooden frame, since you can purchase elements ready for installation. The only disadvantage of metal trusses is that they are more difficult to insulate. Condensation appears on them, which has a destructive effect on the roofing cake. Therefore, wood is preferable for residential buildings.
You can also combine metal and wooden rafters. But at the same time, the wooden parts must be well treated with antiseptic agents.
Metal rafters are more often used for industrial buildings
Calculation of the angle of inclination and area of a hip roof
For calculations, you need to know only two parameters: the angle of inclination of the roof and the length of the wall of the structure along its outer edge. Since a roof rafter system of this type in most cases consists of a certain number of isosceles triangles, the angle formed by the slopes is calculated. It is necessary to calculate the area of one figure and multiply by their total number. This way the area of the structure will be known, from which you can determine the amount of roofing material required. When the base is a rectangle and a hipped roof is planned, the area of the triangle (slope) is first calculated. Next, the area of overhangs - trapezoid-like cornices - is calculated. The minimum overhang value is 30 cm.
- The length of the central rafter C is calculated using the formula of a right triangle, where the rafter plays the role of the hypotenuse, half the length of the house wall a is the known leg, α is the inclination angle of the slope: C = a/2 * cosα.
- The length of the slanted rafter is calculated using the Pythagorean theorem, where one of the legs is a/2, the second is C. And L (length of the slanted rafter) is the square root of the sum of the squares of a/2 and C: L = √((a/2) 2 + C 2).
- The height of the roof or central vertical pillar is also calculated using the Pythagorean theorem. The area of one slope is calculated by the formula: S = C * a/2.
Roof calculations are carried out using formulas for simple geometric shapes
Video: review of the calculator for calculating a hip roof
Choosing a roof angle
Typically, when choosing an angle, the following criteria are taken into account:
- Climatic conditions. With a large wind load, the slopes should be flat, since the lower the slope, the more reliable the main structure.
- Amount of precipitation. The more precipitation, the higher the slope must be so that they roll off the roof in time.
- Roofing material. Each type has its own criteria for the slope of the slope.
The higher the angle of inclination, the larger the roof area. This should be taken into account when making calculations. Roofs with a slope of 25 degrees are considered to be the most wind-resistant.
Assembling a hip roof: step-by-step instructions
Before you take on such a difficult task as building a hip roof, you need to get a detailed understanding of the principle of its assembly. The rafter system must be installed before the ceiling is installed in the room. Sequence of work:
- All dimensions and quantities of materials are designed and calculated.
- Components are purchased the right size and characteristics. All ridge elements must be made of the same type of wood. Intermediate rafters will have to withstand a significant load, so they must be strong. Suitable material conifers wood, as they are more resistant to external influences.
- In the case of a brick or stone house, a screed is poured along the top of the walls into which studs are installed to secure the Mauerlat.
- Roofing material is laid on the dried screed.
- Pre-assembly of the base of the entire structure occurs at the bottom. The beds are attached to the mauerlat. The elements are checked to ensure they fit all sizes, then they are disassembled again and then taken upstairs, where they are reassembled. The mauerlat is attached to the upper part of the walls to the studs secured in the screed with collets and nuts. After assembly, ladders for moving are laid on top. It is not recommended to make inserts directly into the Mauerlat - so as not to weaken it.
Rafters to the Mauerlat can be attached in a rigid or sliding way
- The puffs are laid - first the central ones are installed, and then all the rest are installed on the sides of them. Next, a vertical stand is mounted, which should be located strictly in the center. It is fixed with two jibs. After installing the rack, it’s the turn of the diagonal rafters.
Diagonal legs rest on support pillar or the tops of adjacent rafters
- The central rafters are attached to the rack from above, and to the Mauerlat from below using metal plates and corners. A cord is stretched from the top of the support to the corners of the support beam, along which the slopes are installed. Fastening at the peak must be done with a double insert. During the installation of the rafters, a strip is attached to their lower edge, which will act as a stop and prevent them from sliding down to the connection. On the sides of the rafters there are fastenings for splices or square beams. After preparation, the rafters rest against the end of the central support and are sawed diagonally. This is usually done with a power saw. The rest of the rafters are installed in the same way. If their length is more than 4.5 m, then they are additionally reinforced with racks. It is important to attach them well to the load-bearing walls of the house. To do this, reinforcement is driven into the walls, and the rafters are screwed with thick 5–6 mm wire (for wooden house metal staples are used). Rafters and extensions should extend beyond the building by 300–500 mm. This eaves overhang provides good drainage of precipitation. A wind board is placed on the overhangs.
For better protection from precipitation, eaves overhangs should protrude by at least 30 centimeters
- All that remains is to mount the support posts to give rigidity to the structure. They are attached under the spigots (in the middle). It is recommended to install a support stand under each spout, the length of which more than a meter. Diagonal connections are made from boards 25–45 cm. The cornice is hemmed using boards moisture resistant plywood or other materials.
The cornice can be hemmed with boards, plywood, clapboard, corrugated sheets
- After installing the rafter part, you can fill the sheathing, arrange waterproofing and install the proposed roofing.
Installation of the top roofing covering on a wooden sheathing
Video: assembling a hip roof frame
Forming a roofing pie
The roofing pie for a hip roof is arranged in the same way as for any other. If the roof is cold, then its pie looks like this:
- rafters;
- sheathing;
- plywood or OSB;
- lining;
- outer covering.
Thermal insulation is needed if an attic space is built under the roof. After the insulation, a membrane is attached vapor barrier film. The materials are fixed on top with slats to avoid sagging, and drywall or any other finishing material is screwed on top of the slats.
When the frame is completely ready, it can be sheathed. Rolls out overlapping from the bottom up along the rafters roll waterproofing. They shoot it with a construction stapler and nail it with counter battens to the rafter legs. The choice of lathing depends on the coating - under soft roof you need a solid one made of plywood or boards, but a sparse arrangement of elements is also suitable for a rigid one. The roofing covering is laid on the sheathing, the installation of which is consistent with the selected material.
When constructing a roofing pie, it is important to follow the sequence of layers
Choosing an external covering for a hip roof
The external finish of the roof can be anything, but when choosing, the steepness of the slopes is taken into account:
- from 12 to 80 degrees - metal profile coatings, ondulin, flexible tiles;
- from 30 degrees - ceramic tiles.
Top coating on hip roofs laid in a special way - from the middle. To determine the middle, a marking cord is laid from the peak to the Mauerlat. When making calculations, you need to add at least 15% of the margin for materials that overlap, and 20% of the margin for waste.
The choice of external coating is quite wide
Additional elements for a hip roof
The roof ridge is the upper part of the roof, located along the edges of the intersection of the slopes.
The ridge performs both a protective and decorative function.
The main purpose of the ridge is to bridge the gaps between the slopes and protect the roof space from moisture, debris and insects. The secondary function is decorative. A properly installed ridge strip will also be the key to good under-roof ventilation, because it is through the structural gap between the roof and the ridge plane that air exchange occurs.
Fasteners
In addition to a large number of wood elements, you will need metal fasteners - anchor bolts, wood screws and nails. Professionals advise choosing floating mounts. This applies to connections of rafters with the Mauerlat. Thus, the roof will not be affected by the natural shrinkage of a house made of wood or logs.
To install a hip roof, in addition to wooden ones, metal fasteners will be required
Installation of aerators
Lack of roof ventilation can lead to dire consequences. Dampness accumulates under the roof, and the roofing material begins to deteriorate and leak. To avoid such problems, special ventilation ducts, or aerators. Thanks to them, air circulates freely under the roof, excess moisture evaporates and the roofing cake remains dry.
When arranging an attic, aerators are not only recommended, but also necessary. They are usually made of durable plastic. Aerators can be ridge (continuous) or point.
The ridge is installed along the entire length of the ridge and looks like a corner element with holes covered with barriers from debris and insects. Its installation is quite simple and is recommended for roofs with a slope of 12–45 degrees.
The ridge aerator is installed along the entire length of the ridge
The point aerator is mounted on separate areas- on slopes or skates at a distance of 0.5–0.8 m from the horizontal ribs. It resembles a ventilation pipe with a protective cap. Connects it to the roof flat base or a skirt.
Building a hip roof is not an easy task. Inaccuracies in calculations or lack of knowledge will be fatal when building such complex design. Therefore, before starting work, you should soberly assess your capabilities and carefully study the equipment. And then the result will be satisfactory.
Sometimes gable roof looks boring and destroys harmony architectural style, so designers have to invent something more original. One of these options with a “twist” is a hip roof. The elegant symmetrical design on one side seems simple, but at the same time amazes with its exoticism, referring to the aesthetics of the East or northern yurts.
Roofing experts advise against erecting a hip roof yourself if you are not sure high level construction skills and experience.
The easiest option is to trust design work and installation by professionals. However, nothing will stop you from understanding how a hip roof and its rafter system are constructed in order to assess the possibility of building it yourself.
Design Features
A hip roof, the design of which can consist of four or more slopes, is considered in the classic version as a type of hip roof. The number of slopes depends on geometric shape roof bases.
If they cover a structure in the form of a square, then there will be four of them, and if it is round, then there can be five or six of them or even more, the main condition is that they are the same in shape and size.
The hip roof structure consists of the following parts:
The hip roof is designed based on the principle of symmetry. Therefore, maximum harmony can be achieved when a round or square structure is used as a base. For a rectangular house, you can also build a hip roof, but this is much more difficult than if you build a hip roof.
Advantages
The hip roof is quite complex to design and labor-intensive to install, but looking at the surrounding houses, you can see that it is very popular. Designers explain the use of a hip roof structure in projects by its advantages:
- Excellent aerodynamic properties, allowing the hip roof to withstand squally and even hurricane gusts of wind, without fear of tearing off the roofing material and collapsing the attic.
- The design of the hip roof with its steep slopes allows you to forget about such an unpleasant, routine event as clearing the roof of snow.
- The hip roof leaves the possibility of arranging a spacious, residential attic space. However, due to the absence of gables, you will have to install expensive skylights, which are mounted directly on the slope.
- The original design distinguishes houses with a hipped hipped roof from the rows of similar projects with a gable triangular roof.
Construction of the rafter system
The rafter system of a hip roof is the frame on which it rests, its foundation. Depending on the type, hanging and layered varieties are distinguished.
Hanging rafters rest on two points - the Mauerlat and the ridge unit, while the layered rafters have additional support on vertical stand, which is installed on the internal load-bearing wall. The choice of type of hip roof rafter system depends on the layout and area of the house.
It consists of the following elements:
The rafter system can be made of metal or wood. Wood is a cheaper material that is easier to process, but it requires pre-treatment with an antiseptic and fire retardant to protect it from rotting and fire.
Design nuances
The construction of a hip roof begins with calculations and the creation of a working design. Not only architects can help with this, but also special computer programs. They calculate the angle of inclination of the slopes, the height of the ridge unit, and the cross-section of the frame elements.
A hip-type roof promotes rational heat distribution in the house, protects from rain, prevents the formation of a snow cap, and is also suitable for an openwork gazebo, a monumental respectable cottage!
Video instruction