The question of language styles and speech styles is one of the most complex, undeveloped and controversial in the stylistics of literary language. Soviet linguists V.V. Vinogradov, A.I. Efimov, V.G. Kuznetsov and others have repeatedly written about how diverse the concept of style is. M. N. Kozhina explains this situation, on the one hand, by the very historical process of development of stylistics as a science, the presence in it of several directions, in each of which the subject of research is inadequately defined, and on the other hand, by the complexity of the concept itself.
The most accurate definition of functional styles is that of V.G. Kuznetsov: “Functional styles are varieties of language that correlate with certain areas of social consciousness and linguistic functions.”
Researchers usually identify five functional styles: n scientific, conversational, official business, newspaper and journalistic, artistic.
1. Scientific style
The scientific style is characteristic of texts intended to convey accurate information from any special field and to consolidate the process of cognition. The main meaning of scientific works is the presentation of data obtained through research, introducing the reader to scientific information. This predetermines the monological nature of the language of science. The informative function of this style is also reflected in its genre uniqueness: it is represented by scientific literature (monographs, articles, abstracts), as well as educational and reference literature. The content and purpose of these types of literature are varied, but they are united by the nature of scientific thinking: its main form is the concept, and the linguistic expression of thinking is judgments and conclusions, following one after another in a strict logical sequence. This determines such features of the scientific style as abstraction, generalization; it is structurally
the logic of the presentation is expressed.
Characteristic features of the scientific and technical style are its informativeness (content), consistency (strict consistency, clear connection between the main idea and details), accuracy and objectivity and the clarity and intelligibility arising from these features.
Scientific and technical people have a special, unique use of linguistic means that help meet the needs of this sphere of communication. This style of speech primarily uses terminology and so-called special vocabulary. So, for example, the terms are the following words and groups of words: cost – costs; stock exchange – commodity exchange; computer-aided design system – computer-aided design system.
The process of constructing a complex term can be presented in the following form: system – system; control system – control system; aircraft control system – aircraft control system; fly-by-wire aircraft control system – fly-by-wire aircraft control system, EDSU; digital fly-by-wire aircraft control system – digital fly-by-wire aircraft control system, digital EMDS.
From the above examples it is clear that a term can be single-word and consist of a keyword (first example), or represent a terminological group that includes a keyword or the core of a group, one (second) or several (third) left definitions. The number of left definitions attached to the core of the term in the process of its development can reach up to 10 - 12, however, with an increase in the number of attached left definitions, the term becomes cumbersome and begins to show a tendency to become an abbreviation.
The general characteristics of the lexical composition of this or any other scientific text include the following features: words are used either in basic direct or terminological meanings, but not in expressive-figurative ones. In addition to neutral words and terminology, the so-called book words are used: automaton – automata, perform, cardinal, comprise, susceptible, analogous, approximate, calculation, circular, heterogeneous, initial, internal, longitudinal, maximum, minimum, phenomenon – phenomena, respectively, simultaneous . Words of other styles are not used.
If we consider the syntactic structure of scientific texts, we can note that complex sentences predominate in its text structure. And a few simple sentences are expanded using homogeneous members. Short simple sentences very few, but their very brevity highlights the very important thoughts they contain. For example, This is the analogue of memory. They lend themselves very well to describe in physiological terms, etc.
A scientific text is characterized by double conjunctions: not just... but also, whether... or, both... and, as... as... In many scientific texts There are also double conjunctions such as there, therewith, hereby, which in fiction have already become archaisms.
Word order is predominantly straight. The inversion in the sentence Between the receptor or sense organ and the effector stands an intermediate set of elements serves to provide a logical connection with the previous one.
The author's speech in such texts is constructed in the first person plural: we are coming to realize, we have taken it to be, the tube has shown us, etc. This “we” has a double meaning. Firstly, N. Wiener everywhere emphasizes that the new science was created by the community of a large team of scientists, and, secondly, the lecturer’s “we” involves listeners and, accordingly, readers in the process of reasoning and proof.
In the scientific style, a noticeable preference is given to the passive, where the doer is not necessarily indicated, and impersonal forms of the verb. So, instead of “I use the same notation as previously” they write: “The notation is the same as previously used”. Along with the first person plural, the impersonal forms “It should be borne in mind”, “it may be seen” and constructions with one are widely used: one may write, one may show, one may assume, one can readily see. The content of verbs in the personal form is reduced, and interjections are completely absent.
Functional style is a subsystem of a language that has individual characteristics in terms of lexical means, syntactic structures and even phonetics. The emergence and existence of styles is associated with the conditions of communication in various fields human life.
Styles differ not only in fact, but also in the frequency of use of the elements listed above. For example, some expressions may appear in a colloquial style, but are less likely to appear in a scientific style.
Classification of styles is very difficult task. Let us turn to the opinion of I.V. Arnold and I.R. Galperin. Thus, Galperin considers functional styles as properties of written language, thereby excluding conversational style.
Both scholars agree that each functional style can be recognized by one or more key features. At the same time, Halperin pays more attention to the coordination of linguistic means and stylistic devices, while Arnold connects the features of each style with the features of its use in the field of communication.
According to Halperin, a functional style of language is a system of interconnected linguistic means that serves a specific purpose in human communication. Functional style should be considered as a product of a specific task set by the author of the message.
Functional styles are present mainly in the literary standard of the language. They represent different kinds of abstract invariant and may deviate from or even contradict it.
Each functional style is a relatively stable system at a specific stage of development of the literary language, but it can undergo significant changes from period to period. Thus, functional style is a historical category.
For example, in the 17th century it was believed that not all words could be used in poetry, and that there was a separate poetic style. Later, in the 19th century, romanticism rejected the norms of poetic style and introduced new vocabulary into poetry.
The development of each style is predetermined by changes in the norms of the standard in English. This is also greatly influenced by changing social conditions, scientific progress and the development of cultural life.
Each functional style is characterized by a special use of linguistic means and, thus, establishes its own norms, which, however, are subject to the invariant norm and do not violate the general literary norm. Writers of a particular period of literary language make a great contribution to the establishment of a system of norms for this period.
It is worth noting that research language norms of this period are largely based on literary works. Conscious choice of style and way of handling selected elements are the main features of individual style.
Individual style
Individual style is a unique combination of linguistic units, expressive means and stylistic devices that are characteristic of a given author and make the works or even statements of this author easily recognizable. (Galperin, p. 17)
Individual style is based on thorough knowledge modern language and allows some justified deviations from strict norms. Individual style is the object of the study of stylistics, since it uses the potential of linguistic means.
Each author has a specific individual manner of using language to achieve the desired effect. The author makes a conscious choice of linguistic means. This process must be distinguished from idiolect - language features that appear in the everyday speech of a person.
Style classification
Neutral style
The term "neutral style" is used mainly to indicate the basis for the implementation of the features of stylistically colored elements. The neutral style is characterized by the absence of stylistic coloring and a high probability of use in any communicative situation. This is a deliberately simplified style.
Conversational style
While the neutral style is acceptable in any communicative situation, the conversational style is characteristic of situations of spontaneous everyday (informal) communication.
This division does not coincide with the division between oral and written speech, since the colloquial style can also be used in fiction, and some types of book style, for example, oratorical, exist only in oral form. At the same time, it must be remembered that colloquial speech in literature undergoes certain transformations: the writer, as a rule, compresses linguistic information, choosing typical elements and avoiding random ones.
Conversational style is divided into high colloquial, normal colloquial and low colloquial. The last two have their own characteristics, depending on the place of residence, gender and age of the speaker.
Book style
Book style covers scientific, official business, journalistic (newspaper), oratorical and poetic styles.
Arnold belongs to a group of scientists who deny the existence artistic style. Her opinion is that each literary work is an example of individual authorial speech and, thus, follows its own norms. Authors often combine different styles in one work.
Arnold introduces the concept of language function for various styles. The intellectual-communicative function is associated with the transfer of intellectual content. The voluntary function refers to the impact on the will and consciousness of the listener or reader.
| Intellectual and communicative | Voluntary | Emotive | Contact-establishing | Aesthetic | |
| Oratorical | + | + | + | + | + |
| Colloquial | + | + | + | + | - |
| Poetic | + | - | + | - | + |
| Journalistic and newspaper | + | + | + | - | - |
| Official business | + | + | - | - | - |
| Scientific | + | - | - | - | - |
Given the fact that functional style is a historical category, Arnold doubts that there is a separate poetic style in modern English. As can be seen from the table, oratorical and scientific styles are opposite to each other in that the first has all the functions of language, while the second has only one.
There are no strict boundaries separating one style from another. The oratorical style has many similarities with the journalistic style. The journalistic newspaper style is close to the conversational one. However, if we look at this problem more deeply, it becomes obvious that we are dealing with a combination of different styles in the speech of a particular person, since each style is characterized by specific parameters of vocabulary and syntax.
Art style
According to I. R. Galperin, this term combines three substyles: the language of poetry, the language of emotive (fiction) prose and the language of drama. Each of these substyles has both common and individual features for all three. The common features of these substyles are:
Aesthetic-cognitive function
It ensures that the reader's intention is gradually revealed and at the same time gives him a sense of satisfaction because he can penetrate the author's intention and form his own conclusions.
Certain linguistic features:
- Original, unconventional images created by purely linguistic means.
- The use of words in different meanings, highly dependent on the lexical environment (context).
- Vocabulary that, to a certain extent, reflects the author’s personal assessment of events or phenomena.
- Special individual choice of vocabulary and syntax.
- Introduction of features characteristic of spoken language. This applies to the greatest extent to drama, to a lesser extent to prose, and to the smallest extent to poetry.
The artistic style is individual in its essence. This is one of its main characteristics.
The language of poetry
The language of poetry is characterized by orderly form, based primarily on the rhythmic and phonetic construction of phrases. The rhythmic aspect determines syntactic and semantic features.
The restrictions imposed by style lead to brevity of expression, epigrammatic character of phrases and the creation of fresh, unexpected images. Syntactically, this brevity is expressed in elliptical sentences, isolated constructions, inversion, etc.
Emotive prose
Emotive prose has the same common features, but the relationship between these features is different than in poetry. The imagery of the prose is less rich, the percentage of words with contextual meaning is not so high. Emotive prose combines the literary version of the language with the colloquial one in both vocabulary and syntax.
But spoken language in an artistic style is not just a reproduction of natural speech; the author processes it and makes it “literary.”
In emotive prose there are always two forms of communication - monologue (author's speech) and dialogue (characters' speech). Emotive prose allows you to use elements of other styles, but all of these styles are, to a certain extent, influenced by emotive prose. Fragments written in other styles can only be considered as interpolations of those styles, but not like their samples.
Language of drama
The language of drama consists entirely of dialogue. The author's speech is practically absent, with the exception of stage directions and stage directions. But the speech of the characters does not exactly reproduce the norms of spoken language. Any type of artistic style uses the norms of the literary language of a given period. The language of the plays is always stylized and preserves the norms of literary English.
Journalistic style
The journalistic style became a separate linguistic style in the middle of the 18th century. Unlike other styles, it has two oral varieties, namely: the oratorical substyle and the substyle of radio and television announcer texts. Written substyles are essays (philosophical, literary, moral) and journalistic articles (political, social, economic).
The general goal of the journalistic style is to influence public opinion, to convince the reader or listener that the interpretation given by the author is the only correct one, and to encourage him to accept the point of view presented.
The journalistic style is characterized by a clear and logical syntactic structure with extensive use connecting words and careful paragraphing. The power of emotional appeal is achieved by using emotionally charged words.
Stylistic techniques are generally traditional and the individual element is not too obvious. The journalistic style is also characterized by laconic expressions, sometimes this becomes its main feature.
Oratorical style
Oratorical style is an oral subcategory of journalistic style. Direct contact with listeners allows the use of a combination of syntactic, lexical and phonetic features of both written and oral speech. Typical features of this style are direct appeal to the public; sometimes - the use of contractions and colloquial words.
The stylistic devices involved in the oratorical style are determined by the communicative situation. Since the audience relies only on memory, the speaker often resorts to repetition so that listeners can follow the main points of his speech.
The speaker often uses analogies and metaphors, but usually traditional ones, since individual stylistic devices would be difficult to understand.
Essay
An essay is more a personal reflection than a complete presentation of an argument or a comprehensive examination of an issue. The characteristic language features of the essay are: brevity; speech in the first person singular; quite extensive use of connecting words; frequent use emotional vocabulary; use of analogies and stable metaphors.
The language of journalistic articles largely depends on the nature of the newspaper or magazine, as well as the chosen topic. Literary reviews are stylistically closer to essays.
Newspaper style
The appearance of the first English newspapers dates back to the 17th century. The earliest English periodical is the Weekly News, first published in May 1622. The first English newspapers were only a means of disseminating information; comments appeared in them later.
However, by the middle of the 18th century, British newspapers in many ways resembled modern ones and contained foreign and local news, announcements, advertising, as well as articles with commentary.
Not all materials found in the press are newspaper style. It may only include materials that perform the function of informing the reader and assessing the published information.
English newspaper style can be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means, which are perceived as a separate linguistic unit and serve to inform and instruct the reader. Information in an English newspaper is conveyed through:
- brief news notes;
- reporting;
- articles that are purely informational in nature;
- advertising and announcements.
The newspaper seeks to influence public opinion on political and other issues. Elements of evaluation can be observed in the selection and manner of presentation of news; use of specific vocabulary; expressing doubts about facts; syntactic constructions, indicating the reporter’s lack of confidence in what was said or his desire to avoid responsibility.
The main means of evaluation and interpretation are the newspaper article and, in particular, the editorial article. An editorial is a leading article characterized by a subjective presentation of facts. The same goal determines the choice of linguistic elements, mostly emotionally charged.
Newspaper style has its own specific features vocabulary and is characterized by extensive use of the following words:
- special political and economic terms (president, election);
- non-terminological political vocabulary(nation, crisis, agreement, member);
- newspaper clichés (pressing problem, danger of war, pillars of society);
- abbreviations (NATO, EEC);
- neologisms.
Formal business style
This style is heterogeneous and is represented by the following substyles or varieties:
- language of legal documentation;
- language of diplomacy;
- language of military documentation.
Like others language styles, it has a specific communicative purpose and its own system of interconnected linguistic and stylistic means. The main purpose of this type of communication is to determine the terms binding the two parties and to reach an agreement between the two contracting parties.
The most general function of the official business style also determines its features. Its most noticeable feature is a special system of cliches, terms and set expressions by which each of the substyles is easy to recognize.
In financial documents we may come across terms such as e xtra revenue, liability. Diplomacy is characterized by such expressions as high contracting parties, memorandum, to ratify an agreement. Examples of legal language: to deal with a case, a body of judges.
All of these substyles use abbreviations, symbols and abbreviations such as M.P. (Member of Parliament), Ltd (Limited), $. Abbreviations are found especially often in military documentation.
They are used not only as designations, but also as part of military code. Another feature of this style is the use of words in their direct dictionary meaning. Figurative sense not used in it.
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In contact with
1. Subject, tasks and basic concepts of stylistics.
2. Linguistic stylistics. Its connection with other sciences.
3. Expressive means and stylistic devices.
4. Onomatopoeia.
5. Alliteration.
6. Rhyme and rhythm.
7. Sound symbolism.
8. Graphic stylistic means (GS). Punctuation (P).
9. Graphic imagery.
10. Paths and figures. Metaphor.
11. Metonymy and synecdoche.
13. Antonomasia.
16. Stylistic potential of pronouns.
21. Slang.
18. Archaisms.
12. Half-marked structures.
19. Barbarisms and borrowed words.
22. Functional styles.
25. Main directions of hermeneutics.
20. Jargon.
24. Bakhtin’s concept of dialogism and the theory of intertextuality.
17. Stylistic potential of the adjective.
14. Syntactic stylistic devices (SST).
1. Subject, tasks and basic concepts of stylistics.
Stylistics deals with stylistic means, principles and techniques of literary and artistic speech (Galperin)
Stylistics is the study of so-called functional styles (Arnold)
Stylistics is an applied normative discipline that teaches language skills (Riffaterre)
Stylistics deals with the relationship of the form of content to the content itself (Gyro)
Stylistics is often tasked with:
studying the expressive resources of various linguistic means (vocabulary, phraseology, morphology, phonetics).
descriptions of one or another national uniform, both internally and externally, in comparison with other national standards.
Style- manner or technique of writing.
Rhetoric- the art of oratory, or good speech in general.
A. Roim“Little Dictionary of Style” (= Roym’s Dictionary) – gives 106 definitions for the word “style”
K.A. Dolinin:
Style denotes a specific way of acting.
Style represents difference, selection.
And the subject of action, who chooses one specific method of action, characteristic of him or everyone in a similar situation. This implies a necessary condition for the emergence of style. Style appears where and only where some activity aimed at achieving certain goals can be carried out in different ways, and the subject of the activity can and must choose one of them.
Urve Lehtsaalu(Tartu Ulikool):
Style is more or less sustainable system, existing in a language, consisting of certain lexical-phraseological, grammatical and phonetic resources of this language, which are selectively and purposefully used to express certain ideas in a given situation.
2. Linguistic stylistics. Its connection with other sciences.
Stephen Ullmann (English philologist) – “Language and Style”
Stylistics is a linguistic discipline, so it has 3 levels of linguistic analysis:
lexical;
phonetic;
syntactic
Unlike linguistics, stylistics deals not with the study of language units, but with their expressive potential.
I. Stylistics and lexicology.
A word can express the subjective (+ or -) attitude or assessment of the speaker in relation to the object, phenomenon, quality, or action that it names.
That is, the word acquires a certain emotional and evaluative connotation, which is the sphere of stylistics.
Stylistics studies the expressive resources of the vocabulary of a language, studies all possible stylistic implications, the principles of the use of words and combinations of words in their expressive function.
II. Stylistics and phonetics.
Phonostylistics (sound stylistics) shows how individual sounds, combinations of sounds, rhythm, intonation, etc. can be used as expressive means and stylistic devices in order to most fully realize the author's meaning.
III. Stylistics and grammar.
Grammatical stylistics considers grammatical phenomena as expressive speech means that add various emotional and stylistic colors to the statement, individual grammatical forms, as well as units of more high level, into which individual sentences are combined.
High-level units = direct, indirect, improperly direct speech.
3. Expressive means and stylistic devices.
Stylistics deals with some special concepts that have nothing to do with a purely linguistic interpretation of linguistic categories.
Expressive means– these are phonetic means, grammatical forms, morphological forms, means of word formation, lexical, phraseological and syntactic forms that function in the language to emotionally intensify the utterance.
Expressive means are used to enhance the expressiveness of the statement; they are not associated with figurative meanings of the word.
Expressive means = repetitions, parallelisms, antitheses, phonetic devices, use of archaisms, neologisms, etc.
Stylistic device- this is the purposeful use of linguistic phenomena, including expressive means.
Expressive means have a greater degree of predictability compared to stylistic devices.
Stylistics deals with expressive means and stylistic devices, their nature, functions, classification and possible interpretation.
Classification of expressive means (Urve Lehtsaalu):
lexical group (poetic words, archaisms, dialectisms, neologisms)
phonetic group (rhythm, euphony (euphony))
grammatical group (inversion, elliptical sentences, repetition, exclamation)
Stylistics - what is it? Answer to asked question you will receive from the materials of the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about what categories and sections of stylistics exist in the Russian language, and we will consider in detail the styles and techniques of English.
General information
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics, or a philological discipline that studies completely different conditions and principles for choosing linguistic communication, as well as methods for organizing linguistic units. In addition, the section identifies differences in the presented principles and methods of using styles.
There is the following division of such a philological discipline as stylistics: these are literary and linguistic sections. However, it should be noted that the named subtypes are not officially recognized.
Thus, the linguistic branch of stylistics examines all functional styles of speech, and the literary branch studies plots, a system of images, plot, etc. in a single work.
It must also be said that the practical stylistics of the Russian language is quite closely related to other sections of the course of this school subject. In this regard, it will not be possible to study it separately from grammar and theoretical lexicology. After all, they serve as a kind of basis for characterizing linguistic means.
Main categories
Now you know what stylistics is. This is a special section of linguistics, which has the following categories:
Main sections
The main sections of the presented discipline are:
- theoretical stylistics;
- stylistics (or the so-called stylistics of resources);
- practical style;
- stylistics of the varieties of use of the Russian language (or the so-called functional section).
Linguistic stylistics
As mentioned above, stylistics in the Russian language is unofficially divided into literary and linguistic. The latter is a whole science of speech styles. It studies the various capabilities of language, namely: expressive, communicative, evaluative, cognitive, emotional and functional. Let's look at it in more detail. After all, it is this opportunity of the Russian language that is given the most time in the secondary school curriculum.
Speech styles are functional
Russian stylistics clearly formulates the requirements for In this regard, it is extremely necessary to know that our native language has five main styles, namely:
To have an idea about each, let's look at them in more detail.
Scientific style
This style of speech is characterized by a number of features such as monologue character, preliminary thinking, strict selection of language techniques and statements, as well as standardized speech. As a rule, such texts fully and accurately explain all the facts, show all the cause and effect relationships between certain phenomena, identify patterns, etc.
Conversational style
This functional style of speech serves for informal or informal communication. It is characterized by the exchange of information on everyday issues, the expression of one’s thoughts or feelings. It should be especially noted that for such speech it is often used
Journalistic style
It is especially often used in various articles, essays, reports, feuilletons, interviews, during, etc. It is almost always used to influence people through magazines, newspapers, radio, television, booklets, posters, etc. It is characterized by solemn vocabulary, phraseology , emotionally charged words, as well as verbless phrases, the use of short sentences, “chopped” prose, rhetorical questions, repetitions, exclamations, etc.
Formal business style
This is a style of speech that is actively used in the field of official relations (law, international relationships, military industry, economics, advertising, government activities, communication in official institutions, etc.).
Art style
This style of speech is used in fiction. It quite strongly influences the reader’s feelings and imagination, fully conveys the author’s thoughts, and also uses all the richness of vocabulary, and is characterized by emotionality of speech and imagery. It should be especially noted that other styles may be used.
Stylistics as a discipline
As mentioned above, such a section is necessarily included in school curriculum. However, several hours of study are not enough to fully study the features. That is why the program of some higher educational institutions with a humanitarian bias includes a course such as “Stylistics and Literary Editing.” Its goal is to familiarize yourself with the general theoretical issues of this discipline, as well as to develop practical skills in working with a specific text.
Stylistics of the English language
In order to achieve the highest possible level of proficiency in one or another foreign language, it is not enough just to master the basic grammatical rules, as well as learn several hundred or thousand words. After all, it is extremely important to master the special art of “speaking.” To do this, you need to use not only all kinds of stylistic techniques in your speech, but also know how to correctly use certain speech styles.
Which ones exist in English?
Having reached an intermediate level of English proficiency, you want to improve more and more. But for this you need to learn to understand and feel foreign languages well. Typically this is done through comparison and analysis. Let's look together at what stylistic devices are used in English:
Speech styles in English
As in Russian, speech styles in English differ from each other not only in expressive means and techniques, but also in general specifics. Let's look at them in more detail.
So, in English there are following styles speeches:
- Free, or so-called conversational style. It is distinguished by quite pronounced deviations from accepted norms and is divided into 2 subgroups: familiar-colloquial and literary-colloquial.
- Newspaper and information style. Designed for objective transmission of events (in written or oral speech). This style is not characterized by a subjective nature or emotional assessment.
- Official business. All important documents and all business correspondence are based on this style.
- Scientific and technical. This style is characterized by consistency and logic.
- Art. This style is used in literary works. It is characterized by subjectivity, emotionality, the use of phraseological units, expressive means, as well as detailed and complex sentences.
Durov.
com:
Stylistics of the English language, -
-
Stylistics of the English language
1. Subject and tasks of stylistics
4. Metaphor as a trope
5. Types of speech metaphor.
6. Comparison and epithet.
7. Metonymy as a trope.
8. Periphrasis and euphemism.
9. Hyperbole and meiosis.
10. Antithesis and irony.
11. Paradox and oxymoron,
12. Phonetic means stylistics.
13. Stylistic stratification of general literary vocabulary of the English language.
14. Functional and stylistic characteristics of English poetisms and archaisms.
15. Stylistic differentiation of non-standard vocabulary of the English language.
16. Functional and stylistic features of English slang.
17. Functional and stylistic characteristics of English neologisms.
18. Functional and stylistic characteristics of occasionalisms.
19. Play on words as a stylistic device.
20. Stylistic potential of intertext.
21. Stylistic use morphological x-k English noun, adj., and pronouns.
22. Stylistic use of morphological categories of the English verb.
23. Stylistic means syntax (absence of a component in a sentence).
24. Stylistic means of syntax (excess of components in speech)
25. Functional style.
26. General style of artistic speech.
27. Main features of journalistic style.
28. Oratory in the system of English language styles.
29. Stylistic characteristics of scientific and technical style
30. Linguistic and stylistic features of the official business style.
31. General characteristics of newspaper information style
32. The main features of a free conversational style.
1. Subject and tasks of stylistics
Issues of style have occupied people since ancient times. Rhetoric is the predecessor of modern stylistics. its goal is to teach the art of oratory (the importance of the beauty of expressing thoughts): well-organized speech, ways to decorate speech, interpretation of style in antiquity. Aristotle began the theory of style, the theory of metaphor, and was the first to contrast poetry and prose. Style from Latin stilos – “stick”, then “ability to use language correctly” (metonym transfer)Stylistics is called the science of language use, a branch of linguistics that studies the principles and effect of the choice and use of lexical, grammatical, phonetic and generally linguistic means to convey thoughts and emotions in different communication conditions. There are stylistics of language and stylistics of speech, linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics, stylistics from the author and stylistics of perception, stylistics of decoding, etc.
Stylistics of the language explores, on the one hand, the specifics of language subsystems, called functional styles and sublanguages and characterized by the originality of vocabulary, phraseology and syntax, and, on the other hand, the expressive, emotional and evaluative properties of various linguistic means. Stylistics of speech studies individual real texts, considering how they convey content, not only following the norms known to the grammar and stylistics of the language, but also on the basis of significant deviations from these norms.
Item studying stylistics - emotional expression of language, all expressions of language. -> stylistics – the science of the expressions of language + the science of functional styles
Stylistic tasks:
analysis of the choice of a specific language in the presence of synonymous forms of expression of thought for the complete and effective transmission of information. ( we have closed a deal - finalized the transaction).
analysis of express, image-based language at all levels (background: alliteration, seme: oxymoron, synth: inversion).
definition of a functional task - definition of a style function that a language medium performs.
2. Sections of stylistics and the connection of stylistics with other disciplines
Stylistics is usually divided into linguistic stylistics And literary stylistics.Linguistics, the foundations of which were laid by S. Bally, compares the national norm with special subsystems characteristic of different spheres of communication, called functional styles and dialects (linguistics in this narrow sense is called functional style) and studies the elements of language from the point of view of their ability to express and evoke emotions, additional associations and evaluation.
An intensively developing branch of stylistics is comparative style, which simultaneously examines the stylistic possibilities of two or more languages. Literary stylistics studies the totality of funds artistic expression, characteristic of literary work, author, literary direction or an entire era, and the factors on which artistic expression depends.
LingvoS. and lit.C are divided according to levels into lexical, grammatical and phonetic stylistics.
Lexicalstylistics studies the stylistic functions of vocabulary and considers the interaction of direct and figurative meanings. Lexical stylistics studies the different components of the contextual meanings of words, their expressive, emotional and evaluative potential and their attribution to different functional and stylistic layers. Dialect words, terms, slang words, colloquial words and expressions, neologisms, archaisms, foreign words, etc. are studied with t.zr. their interactions with different contextual conditions. Important role analysis of phraseological units and proverbs plays a role in stylistic analysis.
Grammatical stylistics divided into morphological And syntactic. Morph.stylistics examines the stylistic possibilities of various grammatical categories inherent in certain parts of speech. Here we consider, for example, the stylistic possibilities of the category of number, oppositions in the system of pronouns, nominal and verbal styles of speech, connections between artistic and grammatical tenses, etc. Synthetic stylistics explores the expressive possibilities of word order, types of sentences, types of syntactic connections. An important place here is occupied by figures of speech - syntactic, stylistic or rhetorical figures, i.e. special syntactic structures that give speech additional expressiveness. Both in linguo. and in lit.S, a lot of attention is paid to different forms of conveying the speech of the narrator and characters: dialogue, improperly direct speech, stream of consciousness, etc.
Phonostylistics, or phonetic stylistics, includes all phenomena of the sound organization of poetry and prose: rhythm, alliteration, onomatopoeia, rhyme, assonance, etc. - in connection with the problem of the content of the sound form, i.e. the presence of a stylistic function. This also includes consideration of non-standard pronunciation with a comic or satirical effect to show social inequality or to create local color.
Practical style teaches the ability to express oneself correctly. Advises the use of words k-x values we know. Do not overuse words such as staff, avoid fr. words (faux-pas instead of mistake), tautologies (decline to accept). Teaches how to use the language correctly. Everything should be used according to the occasion.
Functional style studies style as a functional variety of language, especially in artistic text.
The connection between stylistics and ancient disciplines:
literary criticism (study of content)
semiotics (text is a system of signs, signs can be read in different ways) Eco, Lotman
pragmatics (studies impact)
sociolinguistics (language selection as opposed to the communication situation, communication status, relationships)
3. The concept of stylistic device and stylistic function.
Basic concepts:
image of language - tropes (serve description and are primarily lexical)
expressions of language (they do not create images, but increase the expressiveness of speech and enhance its emotionality with the help of special syntactic structures: inversion, contrast)
image-expression of language - figures of speech
stylist.reception M.b. self or coincide with the characteristics of the language Under the stylistic device of I.R. Halperin understands the intentional and conscious strengthening of any typical structural and/or semantic feature linguistic unit(neutral or expressive), which has achieved generalization and typification and thus become a generative model. The main feature is the intentionality or purposefulness of the use of a particular element, as opposed to its existence in the language system.
The same article may not be a stylist: repetition - in colloquial speech there is no effect, in artistic speech it enhances the effect
Convergence – simultaneous use of several. style techniques (bun). May coincide with the concept of genre (paradox).
Stylistic function is the role that the language plays in express transmission. information:
creation of artistic expression
-//- pathos
-//- comic effect
hyperbola
M.B. descriptive (characterological)
d/creation of speech characteristics of the hero
Functional-stylistic coloring should not be confused with stylistic function. The first belongs to the language, the second to the text. In dictionaries, functional-stylistic connotation - the historical attribution of words and belonging to special terminology - as well as emotional connotation, is indicated by special marks: colloquial, poetical, slang, ironical, anatomy, etc.
Unlike style connotation, style function helps the reader to correctly place emphasis and highlight the main thing.
It is also important to distinguish the style function from the style technique. Style techniques include style. figures and paths. Syntax is also a stylistic device. or stylistic figures that increase the emotionality and expressiveness of the statement due to unusual syntactic construction: different types repetitions, inversion, parallelism, gradation, polynomial coordinating unities, ellipsis, comparison of opposites, etc. A special group is formed by phonetic stylistic devices: alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia and other methods of sound organization of speech.
4. Metaphor as a trope
Tropes are lexical figurative and expressive means in which a word or phrase is used in a transformed meaning.The essence of tropes is to compare the concept represented in the traditional use of a lexical unit and the concept conveyed by the same unit in literary speech when performing a special stylistic function.
The most important tropes are metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, hyperbole, litotes and personification. Allegory and periphrasis stand somewhat apart, which are constructed as an extended metaphor or metonymy.
Metaphor (metaphor) usually defined as a hidden comparison made by applying the name of one object to another and thus revealing some important feature of the second. (transfer based on similarity).
Function m – powerful image medium
M. may noun at the language level: bridge - the bridge of the nose. It has firmly entered into everyday life and is no longer reproduced. like a metaphor. This is a worn out/dead metaphor.
Stylistics deals with speech m. = artistic m. It is not fixed. in dictionary : ” pancake" instead ofthe “ sun” (round, hot, yellow), ” silver dust" instead of "stars”. They walked alone, two continents of experience and feeling, unable to communicate. (W.S.Gilbert)
Dead/living m.: the only difference is that m.m. – image srv-o, and m.m. – expression.sr-vo.
Decoding m. may require knowledge:
Shakespeare: jealousy is a green-eyed monster (like a cat mocking a mouse).
Interpretation m.b. ambiguous:
Shakespeare: Juliet is the sun. (light, warmth, is it far away?)
Subject of designation = theme/designated metaphor -> His voice wasa dagger of corroded brass . Metaphor image (S. Lewis)