Options for open wiring in a wooden house. Which wire is best to use for wiring in the house: varieties and practical tips

A wooden house is a beautiful, cozy structure, but easily flammable, requiring increased attention to the power supply process. Doing electrical wiring yourself is not an easy task, but it can be done. You just need to approach the issue responsibly, in compliance with the norms and rules.

Requirements for wiring in a wooden house

Electrical wiring in wooden house must meet the main requirement - to be safe. More than half of fires in buildings of this type occur due to short circuit in the power grid due to mechanical damage insulation or increased load on the cable.

You can eliminate the risk of fire if you follow the basic requirements:

1. Correct selection of materials.
2. Reliable insulation.
3. Possibility of automatic power interruption.
4. Regular network diagnostics.

Compliance with these requirements will reduce the likelihood of fire in wooden structures and ensure the safety of property in both city and country houses.

Regulations

The provisions governing the installation of electrical power in wooden buildings are contained in "Rules for electrical installations" (PUE) and in the Code of Practice “Design and installation of electrical installations of residential and public buildings”.

They provide criteria for selecting switchgear, conductors, automation, lighting, and indicate the terms used and their meaning.

Electrical wiring is still regulated Building codes and rules ( SNiP).

SNiP 3.05-06-85 describe input methods power cable into a living space, and SNiP 31-02– requirements for the design of the power supply system in residential buildings.

Preparation of a power supply project

The first stage of electrification of the facility is project preparation. In a private house, drawing up an electrical wiring diagram can be done on your own. To do this, you need a house plan with the placement of furniture, equipment, electrical appliances, and the designation of sockets and switches. The installation location is marked distribution panel and passing cable lines.

The location of distribution boxes is indicated and calculated maximum power energy consumption of all devices, the total number of machines and the rated load on the input machine.

Cable selection

After drawing up the electrical diagram, you need to decide which wire to use for wiring in a wooden house: aluminum or copper. The first one is cheaper, the second one is more reliable. Having settled on aluminum, you need to remember that its cross-section should be larger than copper, and it is brittle when bent. More suitable material is copper, wires from which can withstand temperatures from -50 to +50 ° C.

Having decided on the house, you can move on to choosing its brand. For wooden structures, VVG non-flammable copper wire with solid cores and reduced smoke emission is more suitable. It has high anti-corrosion properties and does not deform due to temperature changes.

When planning how to conduct wiring in the house, you need to remember the requirements of the PUE for insulation coloring: the cable cores must be of different colors. This will simplify the process of installation, maintenance and repair.

Selection of devices and automation for the distribution panel

The purpose of selecting automatic protection devices is the safety of the network and equipment in emergency situations. Each device has its own purpose. All devices are located in the distribution panel.

Circuit breakers protect against voltage overload and short circuit.

(RCD) – from fire and electric shock.

Voltage relay - against load drops affecting the operation of devices.

They combine the functions of a circuit breaker and an RCD and save space when installed in a panel.

The integrated use of these devices guarantees reliable operation devices and the safety of people in the room.

Installation of electrical wiring - step-by-step instructions

Installation of electrical wiring in a private house requires preliminary preparation and adherence to step-by-step instructions consisting of the following steps:

• project development and determination of the total equipment capacity;
• selection of cables, automation devices and electrical appliances;
• power supply, connection of circuit breakers, electricity meter;
• installation of an electrical panel;
• internal cable routing;
• installation of sockets, switches, lighting devices;
• system testing.

This sequence will show how to properly install electrical wiring in the house and ensure its reliable operation. It is important to remember that each step must be carried out in compliance with safety rules: turn off the power to the room in which work is being done, do not use bare wires, place all connections and branches in boxes, lay the cable either vertically or horizontally, avoiding its intersection.

Following the step-by-step instructions will allow you to complete the installation efficiently.

Installation of distribution panel

The distribution board is designed to receive and distribute electricity indoors. Everything begins with its installation electrical work. It does not matter whether the wiring is carried out in country house, city cottage or village log house.

The shield must be made of fireproof material, placed in a dry place and locked with a key. Rooms with high humidity cannot be located above it ( shower, bath, toilet), and within a radius of half a meter - heating equipment, water and gas supply systems.

An electric meter, an input circuit breaker, an RCD, grounding bars, voltage relays and circuit breakers for different power groups are mounted in the panel.

Grounding device

Any modern house equipped household appliances in a metal case, and possible contact of metal with electricity requires grounding - protecting people from electric shock through electrical appliances.

You can do it yourself.

A trench 30 cm deep is dug in the shape of an equilateral triangle with a side of 1 m. Pins 3 m long and 3 cm in diameter are driven into the corners, which are connected together with an angle using welding.

A hole is cut in one of the corners, a grounding wire is attached using a bolt and nut, which is connected to the busbar in the distribution panel. The grounding conductors of cables in yellow-green insulation are attached to this bus.

Inserting the power cable into the room

Electricity enters the building through a power cable that enters the distribution panel. It can be supplied in two ways: aerial and underground.

In the first case, the cable is supplied through the air from the electric pole to the house, where it is attached to porcelain fittings. This method is simple and cheap, but has a number of disadvantages: it is less durable, there is a high probability of damage to the wire by wind, snow, and branches.

The underground method is more reliable, but more labor-intensive and expensive. A trench is dug where it is laid armored cable or in metal pipes. A layer of sand 20 cm thick is poured on top, a warning tape is laid, and the trench is buried.

– the main element of the wiring, because it bears the load from all the electrical appliances in the house.

Laying cables and connecting them

Installation of electrical wiring in a private house is carried out along the routes indicated in the project diagram. Mounted on it distribution boxes, fixed, switches, lighting fixtures. In wooden buildings, wires are used only with special markings, the insulation of which does not ignite even at high temperatures.

“Twisting” and “temporary work” are not allowed. It is better to minimize the number of turns and bends. Where possible, run the entire wire from the machine to the end point.

When installing electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands, you must remember that the boxes cannot be closed. decorative panels or ceilings that impede access for maintenance.

Installation of switches and sockets

Surface-mounted sockets and switches are selected based on calculated value current and connection possibilities under one frame. Before installation, turn off the power and make sure there is no voltage in the cable.

The most in a safe way fastening switches and sockets in a wooden structure is their installation on metal substrates. This will protect against possible sparks when closing or an arc when removing the plug. For wooden house It is preferable to use carbolite rather than plastic devices that have greater heat resistance and can withstand high heat.

Methods for open wiring

Open electrical wiring in a wooden house is laid along inside premises. The main requirement is that the wire does not directly touch the walls, ceiling or floor and is protected: located in the middle of a channel, pipe or has several layers of insulation. Pipes and channels must be made of materials that do not support combustion.

Installation of wiring in a wooden house can be done in several ways:

1. In a corrugated pipe made of PVC;
2. In a metal sleeve;
3. In PVC pipes or boxes;
4. On staples;
5. On ceramic insulators.

The most common options are the use of corrugated pipes and cable ducts.

The use of ceramic insulators or “” is becoming popular when there is an air space between the twisted electrical wire and the wall. This option also decorates the home.

Open wiring in a wooden house can combine several options. On walls and ceilings with a flat surface, you can apply plastic boxes, and in other areas - corrugated pipes.

Hidden wiring in a wooden house

Internal electrical wiring in a wooden house has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is the absence of corrugated pipes and cable channels that spoil appearance premises. There is no risk of mechanical damage to the cable. On the other hand, installation complexity, increased fire safety requirements, and additional financial costs.

Unlike external wiring, it is more difficult to conduct internal wiring in a wooden house. To do this, you need to know more requirements and nuances related to this type of power supply arrangement.

Hidden wiring should not have many turns, because... The cable must be laid in steel or copper pipes. The use of metal hoses and PVC corrugations is allowed only if they are protected with plaster or asbestos padding.

If installation of external wiring is not required special tool, then for hidden it is necessary. It is necessary to drill in horizontal and vertical directions and cut out seats for insulating boxes. You will have to pull not only wires and cables, but also a large number of steel or copper pipes. The latter are better suited because they bend well, taking the required form.

You can conduct wiring in the house with your own hands, open and in a closed way. This is done in places where the wires are connected to switches or sockets.

Installation errors

Typical mistakes when laying electrical networks indoors:

• the power cable is bent or weakened;
• fastening the wire to a wooden structure, which is prohibited by the rules;
• installation of hidden wiring using corrugated pipes, metal hoses and plastic boxes;
• installing the distribution panel too close to the power cable entry point;
• the number of machines is calculated incorrectly: either more or less than necessary.

Wiring test

After installation, the wiring must be tested: conduct a visual inspection, measure the insulation resistance and ground wire, check the operation of circuit breakers, RCDs or automatic circuit breakers. The reliability of the electrical network must be maximum, because Electrical wiring requires increased attention and regular monitoring.

If you look at the statistics of fires in our country, the question of how to properly install wiring in a wooden house is quite relevant. After all, most of all fires in wooden houses occur due to a short circuit, and if you want to protect your home from this, then the closest attention should be paid to electrical supply issues.

Connecting your home to electrical network performed by your energy supply company. After agreeing on all the necessary papers, they must install the meter and connect it to the power supply.
They must do this with a flexible wire in insulation. And to avoid problems in the future, we advise you to check that the insulation on this wire is not damaged.
The meter is usually installed on the street. The distribution panel is usually located inside the house.
To connect it, we will need to punch a hole in the wall of the house, and according to paragraph 2.1.38 “Rules for Electrical Installations” (PUE), protect it on all sides with fireproof material. Typically, a steel pipe is used for this, followed by plastering.
The input itself, according to 2.1.79 PUE, must be located at a height of at least 2.75 meters from the ground surface. In this case, the distance from insulators or wires to the protruding part of the roof must be at least 200 mm.
It is also quite important to provide, and the rules stipulate this, that it is impossible for water to accumulate in the pipe, as well as for it to penetrate into the house through the power supply inputs.

Installation of distribution board

Internal wiring in a wooden house begins with switchboard. It must be installed in a dry, non-flooding location.
At the same time, the PUE rules regulate that a bathroom, shower or toilet cannot be located above the installation site of your switchboard.
The shield itself must be made on a fireproof basis and be locked with a key. On the market you will now find many such boxes for distribution panels in a wide variety of sizes.

Note! Within a radius of half a meter from the distribution panel there should be no heating equipment, no water supply or drainage systems, no gas supply systems, and ventilation ducts passing through this room should not have branches.

Electrical wiring in a wooden house

Hidden electrical wiring

You can lay electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands in an open or hidden way. The hidden method, which is almost universally used in brick and concrete houses, is not so popular in the case of wooden houses.
After all, it is somewhat more difficult to implement it here, and most importantly, the cost of the issue is much higher. In the list below you can see options for laying electrical wiring in a hidden way in accordance with the rules of the PUE, in compliance with fire safety conditions.
So:

• If we use a regular wire sheathed in combustible material (not fire-resistant corrugation), then it must be laid on a lining made of fireproof materials. In the future, the wire must be plastered with a continuous layer at least 1 cm thick.
• If you are using a regular wire sheathed in a fire-resistant material (fire-resistant corrugation), then all you need to do is place a fireproof material under the wire along its entire length.
• If you use a wire sheathed in a fireproof material (metal corrugation), then you can lay the wire directly on the structural elements.
• In boxes made of fireproof materials (steel boxes), even wires can be used directly on structural elements without additional protection.
• In the case of using boxes made of fire-resistant materials (plastic boxes), any wires can be used, but under the box there must be a gasket made of fireproof material, and the box itself must subsequently be plastered with a layer of at least 1 cm thick.

One of the most important measures when building a house made of wood is its electrification in compliance with fire safety rules. Usually, professional electricians are involved in installing the house and further laying cables to each point, although some homeowners tend to take responsibility themselves by doing this not an easy task. To help those who decide to install electricity in the house themselves, step-by-step instructions accompanied by mandatory rules.

Rules for laying electrical cables in wooden structures

Before working out in a wooden house, you should study some of the features of this activity that are typical for buildings made of timber or logs. The rules for electrifying a wooden structure differ from the wiring and installation of equipment in houses built from stone, brick or building blocks. The main difference is the flammability of wood, which requires special care when carrying out all work related to supplying power to each point.

The second feature of a building made from lumber is its significant shrinkage, the degree of which must be taken into account when installing electrical wiring. The specified features of buildings erected from wood building materials dictate following rules that must be observed when installing electrical wiring with your own hands:

• preference is given to an electrical cable with a copper power core, as it is more flexible and less susceptible to damage from bending and stretching;
• priority is given to the open (external) method of laying wires;
• use of metal (non-flammable) socket boxes and distribution boxes;
• holes in the walls for routing cables between different rooms and when entering the house, they are fenced off from the wood with metal cases (sleeves);
• when installing electrical wiring in a closed way, the cable is laid only in a solid metal tube; the use of corrugated cable ducts for these purposes is strictly prohibited;
• It is recommended to use a wire protected by several layers of non-flammable braiding, outside diameter which is at least 40% smaller than the internal cross-section of the case or mounting tube;
• special attention is paid to protection against short circuits (installation of automatic circuit breakers and RCDs), grounding of all electrical appliances with connection to the appropriate circuit, creation effective protection from lightning strikes;
• The electrical distribution panel is mounted to a wooden wall using a reliable dielectric non-flammable plate.

These rules will ensure you maximum safety during the operation of the electrical supply, because more than half of the cases of fires occur in wooden buildings caused by problems with electrical wiring. Due to fire safety, to the detriment of aesthetic preferences, experts recommend using an open cable installation method when wiring around the house.

If, however, hidden (internal) laying of wires is preferred, the laying of metal cases for electrical cables must be done during the construction of walls. This is a labor-intensive process, which also requires accurate calculations when designing power supplies in order to minimize the likelihood of channel deformation from the pressure of building structures during shrinkage of the house. For this reason, preference is often given to open mounting wiring in a wooden house, as safer and more controllable during operation.

With the open method of laying cables, two options for installing wires are used. The first, considered somewhat outdated, involves fixing the wiring to special dielectric insulators, which are installed with a certain step according to the wiring diagram. This method is inferior in aesthetics, but at the same time it is the easiest to install, safest and least expensive in terms of material investments. Open wiring on insulators is now used less and less, preferring to lay electrical cables in special closed cases that are mounted on top of a wooden wall or ceiling. Laying wires in wall cable channels is convenient, functional and allows you to implement complex circuits wiring that meets modern requirements for power supply of private houses.

Electrical design - highlights

Any complex installation work is preceded by design, including the installation of wiring in a wooden house. But first, it is necessary to coordinate the provision of electricity to housing with the organization providing electricity supply services, whose specialists must develop technical specifications– the basis for further design. At the same time, the total energy consumption and the set of necessary electrical equipment for introducing a power cable into the house are assessed.

For private households, according to approved standards, it is considered acceptable to consume electricity within 15 kW at a time, which corresponds to an installation at the input of 25 A. If consumption exceeds the indicated figure, it is necessary to install an additional electric current converter.

Design begins with marking the location of electricity consumers on the construction diagram. Some of them will be powered by shared network(lighting and appliances that plug into regular outlets), others are connected to the distribution panel via a separate cable. This is how devices with increased power consumption are connected (electric stoves, hot water boilers, electric boilers heating). Each of the powerful electricity consumers is connected through an individual circuit breaker.

Depending on the number of devices and their power that will presumably be powered from a particular room, the number of required sockets and the cross-section of the supply cable are calculated. In order to prevent overheating of the conductors, a cable with a core cross-section of at least 1.5 mm is used. Provide at least 2.5 mm to the sockets. The use of tees and electrical carriers is not recommended; it is advisable to install more power consumption points than the number of electrical appliances expected to be used.

Also, during the design, the locations of distribution boxes and their communication paths with lighting fixtures, switches and sockets are noted. In this case, the minimum distances from the laid cable to the door and window openings(at least 10 cm), floor and ceiling. Cable routing diagram, especially when hidden installation, will help in the future not to damage the wiring when carrying out various installation and finishing works.When designing electrical wiring, not only personal ideas about the convenience of the location of electrical points and cables are taken into account, but also requirements dictated by considerations of safety and expediency, which include the following rules:

• It is unacceptable to connect power supply points along the shortest path - cables are laid only vertically and horizontally, forming direction transitions at right angles;
• switches are installed in the range of 0.6-1.2 m from the floor surface, for sockets the permissible height range of 0.4-0.8 m is determined;
• switches, sockets and distribution boxes must be freely accessible for use, inspection or repair work;
• direct contact of passing wires with metal objects and with each other (the distance between adjacent cables should not be less than 50 mm).

The connection of copper and aluminum conductors, if any, is prohibited by twisting. To avoid rapid oxidation of such contacts, it is recommended to use special terminal blocks.

Wiring - widely used methods and diagrams

Installation of wiring in a wooden house begins with choosing a wiring diagram and method of laying cables. But first it is necessary to install external electrical equipment, which includes an electric meter and circuit breakers. Typically, the meter and the main circuit breaker are installed by specialists from the electricity supply organization; further wiring is done by hired electricians or independently.

It is recommended to install additional circuit breakers, through one of which the lighting is powered, the other breaks the circuit going to the sockets, the third - for electrical appliances located outside the building . Individual machines installed on cables supplying electricity to utility and technical buildings, as well as electrical appliances high power, installed in the house and powered using individual wires.

The main power cable is routed inside through a case built into the wooden wall, and is brought to the first junction box, where it is connected to the next main wire going to other rooms. During installation open wiring in a wooden house, before routing wires from distribution boxes to power consumption points, you need to install insulators (in the retro version) or lockable cases (boxes) designed for laying the appropriate number of cables according to the electrical wiring diagram. If the method of installing wires in boxes is chosen, the subsequent steps are performed in this order.

1. 1. We put wires in cases fixed to the walls (fastening spacing 50-60 cm), one end of which is inserted into the distribution box, the other into the corresponding socket box. In the box we leave a cable reserve of up to 20 cm, in the socket box - about 10 cm. After laying the electrical wires, we close the box with a lid.
2. 2. According to the wiring diagram and connection of electrical consumers in the box, we connect the wires. The easiest way is twisting followed by insulation. We clear all conductors from the braid by about 40 mm, twist them along the entire length of the protected conductors, and then insulate them with special caps.
3. 3. More reliable way connecting wires - using terminal blocks of the appropriate cross-section. We strip the wires to about 7-8 mm, insert them into the corresponding connector of the block and tighten them with a screw. This connection method prevents sparking and oxidation of contacts.
4. 4. Next, we connect the contacts of switches, sockets and lighting sources to the corresponding wires. We install sockets and switches in socket boxes and securely fix them with special unclenching “whiskers”.
5. 5. Only after installing all elements of electrical equipment can the distribution boxes be integrated with each other and with the central power cable.

For wires feeding high-power electrical appliances, we lay separate boxes designed for one wire. A cable coming from an electric stove, boiler or other powerful electrical installations, must be continuous and open only at an individual circuit breaker installed in the distribution panel. To install wires into the house for individual electrical appliances, you can use the same case as for the main cable of the main wiring. But at the same time, it is necessary to protect each conductor from each other with dielectric non-flammable material.

This is how open electrical wiring is done in wooden houses, and its installation can be done independently. practical implementation. If you want to carry out wiring hidden in a building made of logs or timber, it is better to contact specialists, since this task is troublesome, requires accurate calculations and involves labor-intensive installation process with the installation of complex communication nodes.

The technology of electrical wiring in wooden houses has its own characteristics. Not only will you need to run a cable from the nearest substation to connect to the network, but the wiring inside the premises must be carried out in compliance with special safety standards.

Wiring Requirements

Wood is the most popular material used in the construction of private housing. Despite its advantages, wood is a fire hazardous and flammable material.

Regardless of the material - brick, gas silicate blocks, concrete, timber in case of fire open fire spreads to furniture and interior decoration of the room. First, everything inside the room burns, and only then the load-bearing walls, partitions and roof begin to burn.

Basic requirements for electrical wiring in wooden buildings:

• Safety - Wiring must be laid in such a way as to minimize the likelihood of overheating and ignition of the cable, as well as to prevent the transmission of open flames to adjacent wooden structures.
• Design - technical specifications and performance the wires and components used must correspond to the calculated peak load on a particular section of the electrical network. To prevent heating, the cable cross-section is selected with a margin of 20–30%.
• Laying method - it is preferable to carry out the electrification of wooden buildings using the open method. This allows you to easily and regularly diagnose the state of the electrical network.
• Isolation - the location of the input unit (electrical panel) must be isolated from interface with wooden structures. Ideally if switch box will be installed in a room with a partition made of non-combustible materials.
• Conductor - it is better to use a three-core copper cable with insulation made of non-combustible materials as a conductor. Laying the cable in PVC corrugation is strictly prohibited.
• Automation - a circuit breaker must be installed for each group in the electrical network. The current rating of the circuit breaker is selected in accordance with the load on the site. It is highly not recommended to overestimate the current rating, as this will lead to overheating of the conductor.

It is not recommended to independently lay a power cable and install an electrical network without appropriate experience - this should be done by specialists. But every owner of a private home must know the basic rules of electrification. This will allow him to diagnose existing wiring, and will also provide an opportunity to control the quality of work of hired electricians.

Regulations

Electrical Installation Rules is the main document for electrical wiring design

General requirements and rules for electrical wiring are described in the following documents:

1. PUE, edition 7 - the main document used in the design of the electrical network. It describes in detail the choice of conductor, switchgear, automation and lighting.
2. SNiP 3.05–06–85 - electrical wiring in old and new houses. Methods of wiring and rules for introducing power cables into residential premises.
3. SNiP 31–02 - requirements for the installation of power supply systems in residential buildings. The document complies with the norms and rules described in the PUE.

The information contained in these sources is described in technical language and may not be understandable to an unqualified person. When studying on your own, we recommend relying on the “Rules for Electrical Installations”, since this document most clearly formulates the meanings and concepts necessary for installing wiring in private homes.

Preparation of a power supply project

An example of two electrical circuit diagrams in a wooden house

After reviewing the application, the governing body will prepare an agreement and technical conditions necessary for connection to the local electrical network. Then you can begin designing the power supply, which is performed in the following sequence:

When drawing up a project, you should be guided by the PUE. According to this document, electrical wiring is laid strictly in a vertical or horizontal direction. Optimal angle turn - 90 o.

The socket group, switches and distribution boxes must be located in open areas with free access. Typically, switches are mounted 80–150 cm from the floor level, and a socket or socket group - 50–80 cm. The number of sockets varies from 1 to 6 pieces. Exact amount depends on the size of the room, but at least one piece per 6m2.

When designing a cable route, it is worth considering that minimum distance there should not be less than 10 cm from the openings. If the cable may come into contact with metal elements along the route, then it is removed 15–30 cm in any convenient direction.

Selecting wires and devices

Electrical wire cross-section taking into account the total power of the electrical network

When installing private electrical networks, two types of cables are used: NYM and VVGng. NYM type cable is a power cable that complies with the European standard and is used for laying electrical networks with a rated voltage not exceeding 660 V. VVGng cable is a bare power cable, in double vinyl braid, operating in networks with a constant voltage of no more than 1 kW.

The cable cross-section for laying electrical networks is determined in “mm 2”. For identification, the marking is applied to the cable insulation and is indicated by two numbers. The first number indicates the number of wires inside the single insulation. The second number is the cross-sectional area of ​​the conductor. For example, when an electrician says that you need a three-core copper cable one and a half square, this means NYM cable 3x1.5 mm.

The easiest way to determine minimum section power cable cores for a specific section of the network is a special table. This method is proven, as it is used when designing electrical networks in apartment buildings. The table for selecting the cross-section of the core can be found in the photo above.

As a rule, a copper cable with a cross-section of 2.5–4 mm is used for socket groups, and an aluminum cable with a cross-section of 1.5–2.5 mm is used for lighting. In the case of wooden houses, it is recommended to use only copper wiring, as this will protect the electrical network from overheating.

Wire of various sections for installing electrical wiring in a wooden house

According to the PUE, each section of the electrical network is equipped with a residual current device and a circuit breaker designed for the corresponding current values. To calculate the current strength, use the standard formula –I = P/U cosφ, where:

• I - current strength;
• P is the total power of electrical appliances connected to one section of the electrical network;
• U - voltage in the electrical network;
• cosφ – constant coefficient. In household networks it is almost always equal to 1.

For example, it is necessary to determine the current strength for a section of the network to which household equipment with a total power of 3 kW will be connected. I = 3000 / 220 = 13.64 A. Taking into account a small margin and rounding, it turns out that for this section you will need an RCD and a diphatomat, designed for a rated current of 16A.

To determine the type of circuit breaker, it is necessary to calculate the minimum current during a short circuit: I short circuit = 3260 x S/L, where S is the cross-section of the conductor in mm2, L is the length of the conductor in m. As a rule, in networks with a mixed load, which will presented in most private homes, type “C” machines are used.

Sockets are selected taking into account the power of electrical appliances. Typically, these are grounded sockets rated for 16 A current. It is worth remembering that if you plan to use several electrical appliances in a particular room, then it is better to install an outlet group for 2-3 products than to use a “tee” in the future.

Selection of input cable and automation

On the left is an electric meter, on the left is an RCD with an input cable.

Installing electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands - step-by-step instructions

It is optimal if the distribution board is installed in a special room with concrete partition or a wall

The technology for installing electrical wiring in a wooden house will consist of several stages: supplying a power cable to the house, installing a distribution board, laying a cable route, connecting contacts and checking functionality.

To carry out the work, you will need to prepare an electric drill with a core attachment, a screwdriver, a Phillips and slotted screwdriver, indicator screwdriver and protective rubberized gloves.

Installation of distribution panel

Distribution board for a private house for 12–24 modules

Distribution board is a device for entering the power cable and distributing the incoming electrical energy. Inside the switchboard there is electrical equipment responsible for connection, accounting, safety and correct operation of the power supply system.

Ready-made distribution boards from the manufacturer are a plastic, metal or combined box with a door, DIN rail, neutral and grounding bus. The dimensions of the shield are selected according to the number of modules used. For wooden houses, a panel for 12–15 modules is enough.

Installation of the shield consists of several stages:

When using a shield for 16–24 modules, as a rule, it contains two DIN rails. It is better to install an input machine, a meter and an RCD in the required quantity on the upper guide.

Circuit breakers will be located on the lower DIN rail. This type of module distribution will allow for faster and more convenient connections. After installing all the elements, it is recommended to mark the modules taking into account their group. The sequence of assembling the shield is shown in the video below.

Video on the topic: assembly and layout of the distribution board

Cable entry into the room

Laying a power cable to a residential building by air

Inserting a power cable into a residential building can be done in two ways: underground and over the air. The first method is more reliable, since an armored cable protected by a corrugated pipe will be used. In this case, the wiring itself will be located under a 30–40 cm layer of earth.

To lay the cable, a trench 70–80 cm deep is dug. A 15–20 cm layer of fine-grained sand is poured onto the bottom of the trench and compacted well. Next, a protective corrugation is laid on the sand cushion, through which the armored cable is passed. Then the corrugated pipe is covered with a 10–15 cm layer of sand. Finally, the pipe is completely buried in the ground.

Laying a power cable to a residential building underground

Cable installation by air is carried out in cases where the distance between the house and the substation is too large. For this purpose, a cable with a supporting cable is used, which is stretched between the supporting and residential buildings. If the distance from the pole to the house exceeds 20 m, then an intermediate support is installed between them.

When entering a power cable through a load-bearing wall, a sleeve made of non-combustible materials is installed at the junction. It is optimal if the cable is inserted in close proximity to the location of the distribution board.

Installation of overhead switches and sockets

Removing the button and the front part of the socket before installation

Surface-mounted switches and sockets are used for both open and hidden methods of laying electrical wiring. The technology for installing a switch and socket is similar, so as an example we will take the process of installing a switch from Schneider Electric.

The installation process consists of the following:

Finally, the functionality of the switch is checked and final assembly. The technology for installing a surface-mounted socket is similar. As a rule, a three-core cable is used to connect sockets, so when connecting there is a yellow-green cable (grounding), which is connected to the central terminal.

Connecting wires and contacts

When installing electrical wiring in a wooden house, the use of “twists” is not allowed. Ideally, the part of the cable from the difavtomat to the point of consumption will be made from a single piece of wire.

To do this, before cutting the cable, you need to apply markings to the wall surface. Next, using a tape measure, you will need to measure the cable route and only then cut the cable with a margin of 20 cm.

Wago terminal blocks for connecting wiring

If cable connection is unavoidable, then it is better to use:

1. Terminal block - are divided into products with a tightening screw and clamping plates. The latter are more optimal, since a plate is used for contact between the cable and the bus, which does not damage the current-carrying core.
2. Spring terminal is the simplest and most effective method connection in which the core is held and in contact with the plate by a spring clamp. Can be used to connect both aluminum and copper cables.

When installing electrical wiring in a wooden house, we recommend using terminal blocks from Wago. Products differ high quality assemblies and have a wide range of products for cables of various sections. To connect, just strip the cable 10 mm, lift the clamping levers up and insert the cable into the terminal hole.

Methods for open wiring

Covered retro wiring using ceramic sockets and insulators

Opening wiring is optimal solution for installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house. Open way Laying the cable from the distribution panel to the point of consumption has been used for a long time - previously the cable was located on ceramic insulators. Thus, the wiring did not have direct contact with the wooden wall.

Now this technology is called retro wiring and is used in rooms where the total peak power is quite small and does not exceed 4 kW. In residential buildings with high peak loads, this technology has many disadvantages and limitations.

Open wiring in a wooden house without additional insulation

For open wiring it is customary to use:

Some homeowners use a combination approach. To lay the cable in straight sections, a straight steel pipe is used, and metal corrugation is used as rotating elements. This approach cannot be called aesthetically attractive, but it is very reliable. All metal pipes and other elements, for safety reasons, must be connected to the ground loop.

Electrical wiring in a wooden house is an important aspect in construction. Despite the fact that the wood that is used to build houses and cottages is treated with a variety of impregnations to increase fire resistance, this material still remains vulnerable. If you do not install the electrical network in your home according to the rules, you can put your family in danger.

If you want to install an electrical network in a wooden house yourself, you need to adhere to a certain set of rules - PUE and SNiP. They provide a short general list of requirements, subject to which you can protect yourself as much as possible and prevent fires in a wooden room. Do-it-yourself wiring in the house must be laid according to clear instructions and each step must be provided for.

PUE (electrical installation rules) – determines the requirements for the installation of an electrical network in premises. Compliance with the requirements of the PUE is considered expensive to implement, but a very advisable method. It is tough and labor-intensive to execute. For this reason, these rules are not often followed.

SNiP and PUE were prescribed in order to calculate absolute safety under the condition of any load flowing through the cable, to protect oneself from a short circuit or ignition of the line. If homemade wiring in a wooden house is not exposed to relatively high voltage, then this does not pose any particular danger.

Therefore, when laying electrical wiring in such a building, you should take into account all risk factors and accept correct solution. Either the line is made in accordance with all the rules of the PUE and SNiP - expensive, but reliable, or it will be done faster and cheaper, but under high loads your home will become unsafe.

IN normative act PUE-6 has special requirements for laying electrical wiring in wooden premises. To prevent moisture and steam condensation from accumulating on the cables, they are placed in pipes and metal sleeves or boxes are bent. This also gives the wires additional protection from mechanical damage.

It is allowed to connect such pipes, ducts or metal hoses if the room is dry, there is no accumulation of gas, vapor, condensation and the humidity level is normal. The connection of metal hoses, ducts and pipes is necessary when negative conditions in the house. They should be fastened together when the room contains vapors and gases that negatively affect the insulation of cables, their protective sheath, as well as when outdoor installation wiring if moisture, oil and other liquids may enter the power line. After bonding, they are compacted and sealed.

In dusty houses, sealing joints and branches of pipes, hoses, and boxes are made to protect against dust and small debris. Connecting pipes, sleeves and boxes are used as a grounding or neutral protective conductor, performing the function of “ground” or “zero” in electrical wiring. It is prohibited to route cables through ventilation ducts and mines. Only crossing with a single wire, which is located in a protective metal sleeve or pipe, is allowed.

Also laying wires behind suspended ceiling must be carried out in accordance with the standards of Chapter 7 of the PUE. When installing an electrical network in a private wooden house, it is necessary to use exclusively copper wires. You also need to carefully select the type of cable that can withstand the required load with a reserve. It is imperative to follow safety precautions when laying electric line in the house.

How not to do it

In order to conduct the electrical network in wooden knowledge All installation methods cannot be used for stone houses or apartments. Do not install the wire on a wooden beam or other structures without protection. The main power line should not be covered with flammable materials or finishes. Do not allow the wiring insulation to be exposed to temperature changes, humidity, accumulation of dust and dirt on the wires, frequent deformation and bending of the wires. It is necessary to avoid increasing the load on the entire home network.

All these factors can cause damage to the wiring, resulting in a short circuit. If the exposed part of the electrical wiring ignites in a wooden house, then a fire is inevitable. Wires should also not be left unprotected. Pets or rodents may chew through the wire, which must be avoided. When processing wood near laid wires, a large amount of shavings and debris accumulates. In the event of a short circuit, the presence of flammable material will help ignite.

Entering cables into the house

Laying electrical cables into a private wooden house is a very important area of ​​work. You shouldn't focus entirely on internal wiring in a buiding. The entry of the power cable into the house must meet modern requirements. It must be taken into account that energy consumption has increased, which increases the load on the line, as well as the impact on the external insulation of solar radiation, temperature changes, and moisture, which subsequently exposes the metal conductors of the wires. There are two possible establishment methods power line in a private house - underground and air.

The underground method of laying an electrical line is more reliable, but complex and expensive. The power cable is completely hidden from exposure external factors, which reduces the risk of mechanical damage to the wire, moisture ingress, etc. For this purpose, excavation. The cable is placed at a depth of more than 80 centimeters, and the security zone must be marked with special signs. The passage of the power line under the foundation of the house is done with a special metal sleeve through which the wire passes. The sleeve is made of thick-walled pipes and durable metal.

Today, this method is used in the construction of new houses, since it is possible to think through the passage of all communications into the building using new construction technologies. Air method. This method is used long time. Only qualified workers with appropriate clearance are allowed on power line poles. Therefore, you cannot enter the cable yourself.

A SIP type cable is used from the pole to the house. Self-supporting insulated wire has a very durable sheath of polyethylene structure, resistant to solar radiation and temperature changes. Service life is about 25-30 years. This line does not go inside the building, only to the switchboard. For separate area, which combines the connection point of the line and to switchgear VVGng cable is used. Can be used for fixed wiring, as well as for outdoor wiring. For reliability, it is placed in an electrical corrugated pipe.

The connection usually takes place outside the building. At the intersection of VVGng wires through the wooden beam of the house, attic walls, overlapping, a metal sleeve is built in for additional protection of the wire.

Video “Wiring in a log house”

Shield installation

When installing the shield, you need to follow the step-by-step instructions for installing it. All wiring goes directly to the distribution panel. It is mounted in electric meter, additional protective devices, automatic traffic jams ( modern way de-energize the overvoltage network), DIN rail, as well as ground loop and “zero” buses. What dimensions the box should have is not regulated, but it is better not to skimp on this, so that it is possible to increase the equipment when the need for electricity increases.

Installation of the meter is carried out by specialists government agency, seal it. The power of operating machines is calculated for each zone separately. When a sector is overloaded, the direct supply of electricity is turned off in it to avoid negative consequences. The RCD can be connected to the entire intra-house network. This may result in the machine triggering more frequently, but this is not critical. Installation of the shield is carried out on a strong, stable vertical surface in an accessible place. In private sectors it is located outside the building.

When connecting wires to the distribution panel, ordinary twisting is not used. For this purpose, soldering or terminal connections are used. The terminals are reliable and can be easily replaced if necessary. When choosing which method can best protect the electrical distribution panel, you can choose a protective sealed box, which will prevent moisture from entering and physical damage.

Open wiring

According to PUE-6 standards, open electrical wiring in a wooden house is laid on the surface of the walls of the building, along the ceilings, as well as along trusses and other building elements structures (supports, beams, etc.). Open wiring is laid along a tension string, cable, or on special wheels. Insulators are used for electrical cables and cords, metal pipes, more flexible hands for line mobility, in trays. There are also special electrical skirting boards in which the wire is placed, platbands with this purpose, and free suspension.

Open wiring in a private wooden house involves the use of a special electrical corrugated pipe to create an electrical line. For its production, a special stable and non-flammable type of plastic is used. It is much more expensive than conventional insulating elements, but is justified by its reliability. This corrugated tube is very convenient for installation, as it is quite flexible. Despite its unesthetic appearance, this insulating material is one of the best for open wiring in a wooden house.

The electrical tube collects a large amount of dust due to some characteristics of the material, which requires constant care and wiping of dust from its surface. Electrical boxes can be used for installation of open wiring. After the construction of a private wooden house, channels are installed in special boxes, which are usually made of fire-resistant plastic. Cables are pulled into them and then sealed with lids.

The main problem with using such installation is the shrinkage of the building after construction. The higher quality the wooden beam used for construction, the lower the level of shrinkage of the house. If the building is made of laminated veneer lumber, then the shrinkage is usually 1 centimeter per 1 meter of house height. Then, over time, on average, for a two-story wooden house, the shrinkage will be about 3 centimeters. If the wiring was made with tension on the cord, then it may burst from excess tension and pressure. Otherwise, the lids of the boxes will fly off and they will crack. Then the wiring will need to be re-strung. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account shrinkage, make a small supply of wire at the joints, near the distribution panel, and also at the electric pole.

Hidden wiring

The rules of PUE-6 stipulate that hidden wiring in a wooden house it can be laid directly inside the structural elements of the building (wall, floor, ceilings, foundation), in the ceilings of a wooden floor, as well as under a removable beam. Hidden electrical wiring in a house can be done in several ways - placing the cable in flexible protective sleeves, pipes, boxes, in hollow building structures or closed channels. Also, laying the wiring can be done in a grooved furrow, which is covered with special plaster, or creating a “monolith” in various building structures when they are manufactured at the factory.
Begin installation of hidden wiring in wooden building It is recommended to use metal hoses or pipes to protect the premises. By adhering to these rules, you can avoid the consequences of sparking wiring and overheating of cables from excessive load in the network.

Usually hidden wiring is laid behind wooden beam walls or floor. It is necessary that the protective elements are minimally vulnerable to corrosion. To do this, you need to pre-paint the structures with durable paint to reduce the likelihood of rusting and increase service life, or use pipes made of special material– stainless steel (expensive and reliable), galvanized.

After the pipes and hoses have been cut to the required length, sharp iron burrs and edges remain at their ends, which should not be allowed when laying the cable. Since these edges can damage the braiding of the cord, they need to be cleaned whetstone or a file. Specially designed plastic plugs can be used.

If the electrical wiring in the house will be done under a wooden floor, then you need to raise several bars for more convenient laying of the hose or pipe. In the places where the wiring exits, to connect the fittings you need to drill in the timber. Wires coming from the main line can be placed in copper tube and drown it in the wall. Copper is quite flexible, resistant to corrosion and is well suited to continue further installation work, however, this material is quite expensive. If the electrical cables will be recessed into the wall, then you need to use a drill and a hammer drill. IN in this case the beam is not removed, but a longitudinal hollow is drilled into it, where the wire will be laid in the future.

According to GOST and PUE, there is a standard for installing power lines in rooms with temperature changes. If a stable temperature corresponding to the season will not be maintained in a wooden house, then the pipes with cables should be placed at a slight slope. This is due to the fact that condensation can accumulate in such houses, which cannot be allowed. A slight slope will allow the accumulated condensate to gradually flow into the lower part of the pipe and gradually evaporate.
Since there is no point in using plaster in wooden houses, the wiring is usually placed on a wooden floor beam or between wall partitions where there are recesses.

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