Asphalt is enough reliable material, used to cover roads. For high loads, grades with best characteristics, for example, M1200.

Less dense material (M1000) cannot withstand the load from the weight of numerous cars, for this reason it is usually laid only when constructing sidewalks and paths.

First of all, it is necessary to plan the area where the asphalt will be laid. Required work are planned taking into account the purpose of the coating. For a “light” highway, with low traffic flow, only 1 layer of crushed stone will be required, but to build a serious highway, a minimum of 3 layers is required.

Crushed stone fractions are arranged from maximum to smallest, after which they are carefully rolled with a roller. This is required to create special pillow(base), onto which asphalt is poured. All asphalt laying work is carried out taking into account the requirements of SNiP and GOST.

There are 2 main technologies for pouring asphalt:

1. Cold way. They are most often used for repairing asphalt surfaces, since such material sets in a short time, and the repaired asphalt can be used without restrictions;
2. Hot method. Used to create new asphalt pavement. For this method, the heated bitumen-based mixture must be poured and rolled until it cools down.

The cost of repairing bitumen should not be less than 0.5 liters, and when creating a new route, the material consumption must be calculated separately. In this case, it is necessary to take into account not only the dimensions of the asphalt surface, but also its structure and possible additional factors.

During operation it is necessary to use mandatory a special thermometer that makes it possible to measure the temperature of the bitumen mixture. Constant checking of this indicator has great value, because after the material has cooled, it can no longer be used for asphalt pavement.

Application of impregnation

Currently, 3 types of impregnation are used for this purpose:

1. Based on acrylic polymer. Most expensive coverage, it is used only in small spaces, for example, on a tennis court. They create the highest quality protection, and they also come in several colors;
2. Coal tar. Coating that is resistant to petroleum products. With the help of special components, in addition to a long service life, a visually attractive shade is achieved;
3. Asphalt emulsion. Available and popular material, but it is not able to provide necessary protection coating, which forces the asphalt surface to be repaired more often.

If cracks appear on the asphalt, a non-bitumen mixture can be used for repair. It’s better to use a sealant sprinkled with cement on top.

To ensure maximum pavement strength and prevent the formation of cracks, special meshes are placed under the asphalt.

They create high-quality adhesion of the new coating, increase the performance characteristics of asphalt and increase the time of its use.

Compaction is an essential consideration when laying asphalt pavement. It is produced using special machines - a roller, an asphalt paver, or a vibrating plate is used; this is not very mobile equipment, but it has a number of advantages over other rolling methods. For example, an asphalt paver can perform at least 2 types of work, and a vibrating plate is the most maneuverable among them.

Laying asphalt according to GOST

Mixing of components is carried out in accordance with GOST 9128, the mixture is divided into 2 types, according to installation conditions:

• for use at temperatures exceeding +5 degrees;
• for use at temperatures in the range -25 - + 5 degrees.

Crushed stone, which is part of the mixture for laying asphalt, must be selected in accordance with the requests specified in GOST 8267; screenings are standardized according to GOST 8736. Bitumen are used as the binder component of the mixture - BND 90\130 and BND 60\90, corresponding to GOST 22245.

The influence of material on the quality of asphalt pavement

In order not to buy low-quality asphalt concrete, the seller must be required to provide a certificate of conformity for the product. There are a number of laboratories that perform asphalt testing and sampling. Asphalt analysis is carried out by examining a selected core (asphalt core).

Improvement of asphalt pavements

Despite their practicality, asphalt sheets can be modernized. One of effective methods is the use of mastics specifically designed to improve asphalt. They contain bitumen and special emulsions for it, which contain rubber and polymer additives.

In most cases, bitumen mastics are used heated, and emulsions are used without heating. Mastics close pores and cracks on the surface of the asphalt; this does not allow moisture to penetrate under the asphalt and destroy its structure - when freezing, moisture breaks the coating and creates water hammer when vehicles pass.

Do-it-yourself asphalt laying

In your home or country house, asphalt pavements are suitable for constructing sidewalks and creating paths; they are used to make blind areas. In addition, this material can be used to create roofing coverings.

The paths are laid in stages:

1. Pre-clean up trash and remove soil to a depth of 30 cm;
2. After this, curbs are installed, serving not only as decoration, but also as walls for bitumen;
3. Next, arrange a pillow. A layer of crushed stone is poured to a depth of 15 cm, then it is compacted, a layer of fine crushed stone is filled in and rolled again. The sand is poured last, in a layer of 5 cm. The prepared pillow must be thoroughly shed with water and then rolled with a hand roller;
4. Hot asphalt must be spread evenly over the area of ​​the path. After that, the unevenness is leveled with a motor mop, while simultaneously filling the resulting depressions with new portions of asphalt. Since the material cools quickly, it is better to do the work with 1-2 assistants;
5. After the asphalt has been laid and leveled, you need to compact it with a hand roller. Before work, the roller needs to be lubricated with diesel fuel; this will help create an even and smooth coating (the asphalt will stick to a dry roller). It is advisable to coat all tools used during work with diesel fuel.

When laying asphalt, it is important to monitor its temperature. It must be maintained at a level of at least 120 degrees; a coating laid from cold material will completely deteriorate in a short time.

In addition, when laying, it is important to perform only straight movements with the tools; in no case should they be returned to you along the surface of the coating.

After completing all the work, you can impregnate the coating by replacing the impregnation with a special paint intended for asphalt. With its help you can get the shade you need.

Asphalt repair

The structure of asphalt is destroyed not only from physical stress, but also under the influence of the sun's rays, which over time destroys the bitumen and makes the surface fragile.

There are 3 main asphalt restoration technologies:

1. The first method: sealing cracks in the coating using tar. The surface intended for repair is cleaned in advance. Taking into account the size of the crack, 2-3 cm is covered with sand and then filled with tar, or if the width of the defect is small, tar is used immediately. After 10-15 minutes have passed, the sealed asphalt must be leveled with a spatula. Do the same with other cracks on the surface.
2. Second method: you can buy rolls of ready-made asphalt. This is an inexpensive and practical product and what is important is that it is convenient to use for minor repairs. The rolls are rolled out, and after removing protective layer, are placed on the surface with an adhesive surface. Press the roll tightly for a few seconds and the repair is complete.
3. The third method: will make it possible to eliminate small holes and damage on the asphalt surface. The defect must be cleaned in advance, all debris removed and dust removed. Densely fills all voids with bitumen composition. After 2-3 minutes, the sealed area must be leveled and compacted.

To prevent the destruction of asphalt, it must be renewed every 4-5 years, and any cracks found must be sealed with water and chemically resistant sealant.

If the asphalt begins to crumble, then this coating must be completely changed. It is very easy to apply the sealant, pour it out of the container and brush the surface to be treated well with a stiff brush.

Asphalt repair in winter

For asphalt repair winter period, you will need to first prepare the work site: clear the snow, chop off the ice and treat the defect area with a special compound.

Snow and moisture cool the asphalt; for this reason, it is not worth laying and repairing thick layers of asphalt in wet weather.

In light precipitation, work can be carried out exclusively on the entire asphalt surface, and work can be carried out at intervals in parts, during a snowstorm and during heavy rain You can't pour asphalt. Otherwise, after a short time, the bitumen coating will require repairs.

If you eliminate defects in a timely manner, repairing the most worn areas, then it will last much longer. The most important thing during repairs is to carry out milling correctly, this means removing a layer of old coating at the site of the defect using cutters.

A seam cutter is also necessary for removing the used coating layer and for creating seams. Heated asphalt is transported in a kocher; it is designed for transporting hot bitumen mass. To reduce the cost of manual labor, specialized enterprises use real automated complexes.

For example, for the repair of highways, units are used to remove a layer of worn-out pavement, which simultaneously perform cutting of defective material and milling.

Pothole repair

Complete repair of asphalt is not always carried out; the pitting technique is often used, which consists of filling detected defects, cracks and potholes with a bitumen composition. It is used only if the damage to the canvas is no more than 15%.

Before starting repairs, prepare:

Marking. In addition to defective areas, it is also necessary to mark a small part of the whole canvas. If several holes are located in the same radius, then they will need to be painted with the same outline.

Dismantling. After this, the damaged asphalt is removed, for example, using a jackhammer. In this case, it is advisable to use the cold milling method, since with its help you can obtain smooth walls.

Cleaning up. At this stage, crumbs and debris are removed from the coating, and you can begin treating the defective areas with a bitumen compound.

Material rating:

• The asphalts used are the most environmentally friendly, when compared with similar compositions of previous years;
• The cost is quite expensive;
• Can be used to create almost any coating. In addition, it can also be used in the construction of buildings;
• The new asphalt looks quite attractive in appearance, but over time it begins to fade. You can restore its color by painting the surface with a special paint;
• It is impossible to prepare asphalt at home;
• Requires quick work and the use of assistants, because after cooling it is unusable.

When should cold and hot paving be used?

Cold laying of this material is mainly used for repairing coatings. The main thing here is high-quality compaction of the material. A big plus of cold asphalt is that it can be used at any time of the year. The necessary work can be done even in winter.

There are 2 types of cold asphalt:

• Summer. When laying, the desired air temperature is within +15 - +30 degrees;
• Off-season. When laying, the desired air temperature is within -5 - +15 degrees.

But such material is not suitable for major repairs or installation of a new coating. Here it is better to use hot asphalt.

For small potholes, distribution and leveling of the mixture is carried out, as a rule, manually with shovels and trowels or using boxes without a bottom (Fig. 9), and on large repaired maps (area more than 20–25 m2), it is advisable to use a small paving asphalt paver.

After filling the pothole (map) with the hot mixture, it is compacted with special vibratory plates or small-sized vibratory rollers in compliance with all technological rules and requirements (see section 3). The surface of the repaired area after compaction should be at the level of the main coating, that is, it should not have any depressions, protrusions, or the appearance of a “clumsy patch.”

Traffic along the repaired pavement area is opened immediately after all work is completed and the laid mixture has cooled to a temperature not exceeding 30°C. IN hot weather The cooling time of the mixture can be reduced by pouring water at a flow rate of approximately 2 l/m2.

Quite often the question arises about repairing pavements using cast asphalt, which has been known since 1914. Cast asphalt is a hot mixture of dough-like consistency, in which the most important component is mastic, consisting of high-viscosity solid bitumen. large quantity mineral powder and sand (sometimes small crushed stone). Cast asphalt can contain up to 13% bitumen and up to 30–35% mineral powder, which makes it much more expensive than traditional asphalt concrete mixtures. In addition, the temperature of its preparation and laying must be quite high (220–250°C).

A noticeable increase in the costs of using cast asphalt also leads to the need for special vehicles (cochers with mixers and heating) and special pavers (for the construction of pavements) that cannot work on laying other mixtures. All this hinders the use of rather attractive cast asphalt in Russia for pothole repair and pavement construction.

Jet-injection cold technology for filling potholes on road surfaces using bitumen emulsion is now one of the most advanced and progressive, despite the fact that in some countries of Europe and America it has been successfully used for a long time.

Its essence is that all necessary operations (Fig. 10) are performed by the working body of one machine (installation) of a self-propelled or trailed type (Fig. 11).

Preparing a pothole for repair actually comes down to thoroughly cleaning it from dust, debris and moisture by blowing with a high-speed air stream and treating the surface of the pothole with bitumen emulsion. The operation of cutting, breaking or milling asphalt concrete around a pothole may not be performed in this technology.

The pothole filling itself is carried out by filling it with small crushed stone, pre-treated with bitumen emulsion in the mixing chamber of the machine. Due to the involvement and supply of crushed stone by an air stream, its placement into the pothole occurs at high speed, which ensures its good packing (compaction), practically eliminating the need for additional use vibrating plates and vibrating rollers.

For pothole repair using jet-injection cold technology It is recommended to use clean small crushed stone of a fraction of 5–10 (15) mm and a rapidly disintegrating cationic (for acidic rocks, for example, granite) or anionic (for basic rocks, for example, limestone) bitumen emulsion of 60% concentration.

First, in the laboratory, you should check the adhesion of bitumen to crushed stone and the disintegration time of the emulsion, which should not exceed 25–30 minutes. If necessary, adjustments should be made to the composition of the emulsion and adhesive additives.

The consumption of the emulsion of the specified concentration for priming potholes and processing crushed stone in the mixing chamber of the machine can be approximately 3–5% by weight of crushed stone (in terms of bitumen consumption - no more than 2–3%).

The main elements of a machine or installation for the jet-injection method of filling potholes are shown in Fig. 12.

All these elements and units can be permanently mounted on light trailer or basic truck. In some cases, it is possible to combine them on a separate frame in the form of a hinged or rearranged module for suitable transport.

Such units and machines provide for the repairman-driver to leave the vehicle cab to perform patching repairs at the rear of the car or trailer. Subsequently, some improvements were made to this technology and the scheme of work, which reduced the costs of the repair itself.

In particular, a flexible hose feeding materials into a pothole was installed in front of the car and secured to a lightweight hydraulic manipulator boom, which is capable of extending, folding and rotating horizontally, serving a certain sector of the coating. The control panel for all operations is located in the truck cab, and the repairman driver no longer needs to leave his workplace. He fills a pothole directly from the cab within 20–30 seconds (Fig. 13).

The jet-injection method of filling potholes can be used almost all year round. Some experience in Russia (Roshchinsky DRSU Leningrad region Moscow region, Saratov region and other places) and more extensive practice of its use, for example in the USA, England and Sweden, show that in fact, strong and durable pothole sealing can be ensured even at air temperatures down to -10...-15°C .

As a rule, potholes in the initial stage of pitting destruction of coatings are repaired in this way, i.e., mostly small in size (diameter no more than 40–60 cm), although there are no fundamental and serious objections and obstacles to repairing potholes and larger potholes.

Research and experimental work for several recent years(mainly in the USA) showed that the cleanliness and dryness of the pothole plays a more important role in the quality of pothole repairs. important role than even the temperature of the material and the outside air. Therefore, jet injection technology in Lately underwent further qualitative improvement, the essence of which came down to replacing the cleaning and drying of potholes by blowing with a high-speed air stream to vacuum cleaning (Fig. 14).

High performance Vacuum pump sucks out debris, dust and moisture from potholes. The surface becomes drier and cleaner than with conventional sweeping or blowing with compressed air.

Priming with bitumen emulsion and filling the pothole with crushed stone treated with emulsion in vacuum jet injection technology are similar to the same operations using jet injection technology.

The developers of the method and equipment, based on experience of its use in 25 US states, provide a 3-year service life guarantee for repaired areas.

Russian road workers today have already begun a wider practical use jet-injection repair method using the BCM-24 equipment set, produced by JSC Becema (Moscow region), attached to a dump truck (Fig. 15).

It is appropriate to note that in some Russian places the method of pothole repair using mixtures has not lost its relevance and attractiveness to this day.

Cold mixtures include asphalt concrete mixtures of all types or compositions in accordance with GOST 9128-97 (except for type A) prepared with liquid or liquefied bitumen of grades SG 70/130 (medium-thickening) or MG 70/130 (slow-thickening). Preference, as a rule, is given to medium-thickening bitumen, since with it a layer of material in the coating is formed faster than with slow-thickening bitumen.

Such mixtures are prepared in the same mixing plants as hot mixtures. However, the temperature for preparing cold mixtures is 40–50% lower. After the mixer, the mixture goes through the obligatory stage of cooling to outside air temperature, then it is stored and only after that can it be placed in a coating layer in a cold state. It can be stored in a warehouse in a stack and used as needed for 3–5 months. It lends itself well to loading by machines and transportation by conventional vehicles over any distance.

The most important and special technological problem for a cold mixture is ensuring its non-caking, i.e. maintaining looseness without the mineral grains sticking together into lumps. Without this, it is impossible to prepare the mixture for future use and further effective use.

Usually, the caking of the mixture before storage is reduced by cooling it in air with repeated shoveling with the blade of a bulldozer, loader or motor grader, and sometimes with watering. Cooled and hardened on mineral grains, thin layers and films of bitumen lose their stickiness, and the mixture in stacks in the warehouse does not cake. To return stickiness to the bitumen and form the structure of the mixture after laying it in the coating, it must be heated for some time by the heat of the air and the sun to evaporate the light fractions of the bitumen with simultaneous good compaction by rollers and transport for 2-3 weeks. That's why such pothole repair asphalt concrete pavements preferable in spring or summer and only on roads of categories III–IV (traffic intensity no more than 3000–1000 vehicles/day).

The technology and all repair operations in this case are similar to pothole repair of coatings using hot mixes. In cold technology, there is only no strict limitation on the time of laying and compaction, which is imposed in hot technology due to the possibility of rapid cooling of the mixture and a decrease in its compaction.

In some foreign countries (Sweden, Finland, Norway, etc.), asphalt concrete mixtures based on low-viscosity and liquid bitumen, as well as on a special petroleum binder (the mixture in this case is called oil gravel) are used to construct coatings from the so-called “soft asphalt concrete”, the use of which is limited roads with traffic intensity up to 1000–1500 cars/day. Moreover, when using low-viscosity or liquid bitumen, the mixture for soft asphalt concrete is prepared and laid in the coating using conventional hot technology.

If petroleum binder or bitumen emulsion based on low-viscosity and liquid bitumen is used as a binder, the material for such mixtures can be cold or warm (heated with steam up to 40°C). Thus, in particular, in Finland, cold stored mixtures are produced for this type of asphalt concrete. Their quality cooking is carried out in special mobile (mobile) installations MX-30S from the Finnish company “Kalottikone”, which do not have a drying drum, but have a special container for the emulsion and a turbine unit for producing steam.

Cold asphalt concrete mixtures prepared using emulsions based on viscous bitumen, which are very popular and widespread in the world, are no less effective for pothole repair. Such mixtures are called emulsion-mineral, and they can be either porous or dense.

Depending on the category of the road and the strength of the material in the coating, the required type or grade of emulsion is selected according to the viscosity of the bitumen used, the necessary mineral materials and prepare cold mixtures that can be stocked and stored.

In “cold” mixing plants, an emulsion of a given type, concentration and temperature is mixed with unheated aggregate. The mixing plants themselves can be of almost any design and purpose, including very simple ones with low capital investments. When using high-grade emulsions and mineral aggregates in combination with more efficient and sophisticated mixing and dosing equipment, emulsion-mineral mixtures can provide pavement properties and quality similar to those of hot mix asphalt pavements.

Terms (up to 2–3 months) and storage conditions in the warehouse (open area, closed room‚ airtight containers or sealed plastic bags) of such cold mixtures depend on the type of emulsion, viscosity of bitumen, time of disintegration of the emulsion and are set individually in each specific case.

If it is necessary to urgently repair potholes that are dangerous for traffic, you can use any simple and available methods‚materials and means‚ capable of ensuring temporary (at least 2–3 months) trouble-free operation of the road.

Emergency repairs are carried out at any time of the year - late autumn (wet and cold), winter (cold) and in early spring(cold and wet), which naturally cannot but affect the quality of the repair work.

Such poorly repaired areas must be re-repaired with the onset of warm and dry weather, but in compliance with all the requirements and rules for high-quality pothole repair. This is economically quite acceptable and acceptable, taking into account the not entirely widespread nature and insignificant volumes of accident-defective places on the coating.

During emergency repairs, as a rule, temporary filling methods are used that do not require special preparation of potholes, with the exception of possible cleaning them from dirt, moisture, snow and ice.

The main thing in such repairs is to secure the material used in the pothole so that it has an acceptable connection with the bottom and walls of the pothole and that the particles of such material have sufficiently strong contacts with each other due to mechanical expansion and bitumen, cement, polymer or other adhesive layers.

For emergency repairs, it is recommended to use limestone, dolomite or other not very strong crushed stone materials (fractions 5–20 mm) pre-treated (“cold” black crushed stone) or treated directly in the pothole with liquid bitumen with a surfactant or bitumen emulsion.

As a rule, liquid bitumen should have a viscosity index of at least 130–200 s, and the bitumen emulsion should be rapidly disintegrating, 50–60 percent concentration when heated. Crushed stone for these purposes is sometimes treated with lime or cement (1.5–2% by weight).

Some of the repair materials, with appropriate technologies of use, can be used even with negative temperatures air (up to -10...-15°C), although other materials and technologies are effective only at +5°C and above.

Recently, emergency filling of potholes and other defective areas with special repair mixtures with a shelf life of 1–2 years has been widely practiced in foreign countries. finished form in sealed plastic containers(buckets, barrels, boxes) in sealed plastic bags (25–50 kg each) and even in stacks on outdoors. Such mixtures include “Repasphalt”, “Bormix” and “Stralasfalt” from Germany, “Vespro” and “Silvax” from the USA, “Kolmak” from England, “Excel” from Canada and a number of others.

For the most part, the binder for these cold materials is polymer-modified liquid bitumen with special additives or an emulsion based on it, which makes such repair mixtures quite expensive - about 200 USD/t with a binder price of approximately 1000 USD/t. However, their attractive technological advantages (cold technology, long term storage, performing work on a damp surface and even in frost) together with the high strength of sealing defective areas make it possible and even advisable to use them for minor and single emergency pothole repairs.

Sometimes, given the temporary nature and not too much high quality emergency repairs, they deliberately go to simplify and reduce the cost of both the repair material itself and the technology for its preparation and use.

This is the path followed, for example, by the Helsinki road service, which for more than 20 years has been annually producing about 3,000 tons of stored cold mixture “Korsal” for urgent (urgent) repair of pavements and temporary filling of trenches on city streets.

It consists of crushed stone (3–8 mm), sand and bitumen emulsion (7–8%). Cooking repair mixture cold method in a regular concrete mixer (capacity 3 m 3) of periodic action and stored in an open area. Before use in winter, the mixture is heated in a warm room.

If you have a bitumen emulsion and a corresponding machine or installation, it is advisable to use the already discussed jet-injection method for emergency patching. cold method. However, due to the inability to thoroughly clean and prepare the pothole, the service life of such a seal will be significantly lower than under normal normal conditions.

In the absence of the required jet-injection equipment, filling a pothole is possible by manually filling it (tamping) with cold crushed stone (preferably blackened), followed by treating it from the surface with bitumen emulsion by simply spraying it with improvised means. The result will be filling the pothole with crushed stone impregnated with bitumen emulsion.

The method of impregnating crushed stone in a pothole with somewhat liquefied and hot bitumen is also practiced by road workers different countries‚including Russia‚ to eliminate emergency potholes. Its difference from the emulsion impregnation method is that the impregnation itself is performed before compacting the crushed stone. In this case, the bitumen is heated to a temperature not lower than 170–180°C. Satisfactory results can be obtained even at low air temperatures (down to -5...-10°C).

Some unique technological methods include the Russian method of reverse impregnation, in which bitumen heated to a minimum of 170–180°C, falling on the moisture remaining on the bottom and walls of potholes and on raw crushed stone, foams with a multiplicity of up to 4–6 and covers thin layer surface of potholes and crushed stone particles. The penetration of bitumen between the particles and grains of crushed stone occurs from the bottom up, which is why this repair technique is called the “reverse impregnation method.” Its effectiveness is limited by air temperature +5...+10°C. With more low temperatures bitumen foams poorly and is difficult.

In the impregnation method, instead of bitumen, they sometimes use polymer materials. In particular, when repairing with polymer concrete, the pothole is filled with crushed stone, which is then impregnated with a fluid composition based on polyurethane, acrylic or other resin, while during the compaction process the residual water is squeezed out of the hole to the top.

Such repairs are possible at air temperatures from -30 to + 50°C. Traffic opens after 30 minutes. In unfavorable weather conditions(dampness, cold) emergency pothole repair can also be performed with a wet organic-mineral mixture (VOMS), the composition and technology of preparation and use of which was developed at RosdorNII.

VOMS consists of limestone or dolomite crushed stone of a fraction of 5–20 mm (up to 40%), sand with a particle size modulus of at least 1.0, mineral powder (6–12%), binder (tar, liquid or liquefied viscous bitumen) in the amount of 6 –7% and water. Instead of crushed stone, it is possible to use crushed screenings, ASG, crushed slag. This mixture is prepared cold in ABZ mixing plants, retrofitted with a system for supplying and dosing water into the mixer. After unloading from the mixer ready mixture at a temperature of 25–40°C, it is supplied to the warehouse, where it is stored in a stack for several months.

Potholes with a depth of at least 3–4 cm are repaired with this mixture. The main advantage of VOMS is that it is used ready-made using cold technology, on a dry or damp surface and at air temperatures down to -10°C. However, it should be borne in mind that in winter and early spring the formation of a strong VOMS structure in the coating is slow and difficult due to frequent transitions of air temperature through 0°C.

This material acquires the greatest strength after complete drying, but this strength is not so great (1.5–2 times lower than the strength of cold asphalt concrete and 2.5–3 times lower than the strength of hot asphalt concrete) to use VOMS even for ordinary patching of road surfaces high categories. Only emergency (temporary) repair of the surfaces of such roads is permissible with this mixture.

An equally interesting and useful development for pothole repair of pavements, including emergency repairs, was made at one time at SoyuzdorNII: stored asphalt concrete mixtures (SAC) based on viscous bitumen, which can be stored, laid and compacted when cold.

They are prepared using viscous bitumen with increased thixotron properties, which is achieved by introducing special plasticizers into them (summer automotive diesel fuel LTD and petroleum feedstock SB for the production of viscous road bitumen). But the situation with practical use and the implementation of SAS remains the same as with VOMS, that is, not very satisfactory.

If asphalt is laid according to all the rules, it should last for more than one year. But this is in theory. In our life everything is different. As a rule, the first potholes appear on the roads within a few months after the road surface is renewed.

Why is this happening? The main reasons, of course, are negligence and violation of asphalt laying technology. To save money (they want to get more money and spend less), road workers add less bitumen emulsion to the mixture and save on sand and crushed stone. Because of this, the asphalt becomes brittle and, as a result, kinks, cracks and holes appear.

Current regulations do not allow road services to wait for good and comfortable weather to carry out repairs. Judge for yourself, the existing GOST R 50597–93 “Roads and streets. Requirements for operational condition acceptable under safety conditions traffic» the maximum permissible dimensions for potholes on roads have been established: road width - no more than 60 cm, length - 15, depth - 5.

And if problem areas are identified, road workers should be immediately notified. They, in turn, are obliged to promptly repair the roadway. After all, if a car falls into such a hole, the organization that services this section of the road will have to answer.

That is why, despite rain and snow, the asphalt rolls into holes. After all, according to the standards, the elimination period is a maximum of 10 days. Is it correct?

Road work on laying asphalt (including during patching) is carried out in accordance with SNIPs and GOSTs. When repairing potholes, a cold laying method is usually used. In this case, the asphalt mixture sets very quickly and you can drive along the repaired area almost immediately.

Is there some more hot way. It is used mainly in the construction of new roads and reconstruction of old ones. Here they use a hot bitumen mixture and roll it until it cools completely. Occasionally, hot laying is also used during pothole repairs. More often in warm weather, when the temperature outside is not lower than 10ºС. However, there are so-called cast mixtures that allow hot styling even at sub-zero temperatures. This mixture is brought to the repair site in a special thermos trailer. The composition is in a liquid state, like thick glue. The temperature of the mixture is under 200ºС. By following the technology, it can be laid even in harsh winter conditions. The high temperature simply evaporates moisture from the pit. After the mixture has hardened, the road section can be used. This pleasure is quite expensive. Therefore, this type of repair is used in case of serious damage to the road surface, when it is necessary to quickly restore traffic in the emergency area.

So, if hot styling is used in the warm season (+10ºС and above), cold styling limited to slight frosts (not lower than -5ºС), and cast mixtures are suitable for more serious cold weather, already at -10ºС, for example. It is clear that, if necessary, road workers will patch the road at lower temperatures. If a hole suddenly appears on the highway (fault, etc.), traffic is blocked, and it’s minus 30 outside, you won’t wait for spring warming. In general, any winter repairs for laying asphalt are essentially emergency. Their task is to make sure that the repaired area lasts until the weather warms up, when restoration work can begin in earnest.

As you can see, roads can be repaired even in winter. The main thing is to follow technology. That's just in our realities about quality repairs Few people think about roads. After all, for most road services it is more important to have a good and constant income from road repairs and maintenance. If you do everything efficiently, you won’t get money from the budget. The problem is that we have not yet established guarantees for the service life of the road surface. If there was such a deadline, then the road workers would fix all the potholes at their own expense. And so they built the road and received the money. Potholes appeared, they patched them up, and they got money again. As a result, we are simply doomed to drive through holes and potholes.

Well, for example, some numbers. Last year, the following was spent on repairing the road and street network: in Kazan - 2.87 billion rubles, in Vladivostok - 2 billion, in the Moscow region - 12 billion, in the capital - 22.4 billion. This is for comparison. Now imagine how much could be saved if the roads, after construction (reconstruction and major repairs), did not require repairs for at least four years.

So that in the spring you don’t have to fill the holes with crushed stone or broken brick, as is often customary to do in our country, it is necessary to carry out winter repairs expensive Basically, road repairs in winter involve fixing potholes, while restoration road surface entirely - very rare.

Unfortunately, this is only a temporary remedy that does not allow achieving a “long-lasting” effect, but for most roads this measure is necessary.

Carrying out work of this nature often depends on regional characteristics. Important criteria are the duration of the winter period, the degree of soil freezing, and the absolute value of negative temperatures. The amount of frozen soil in the embankment should not exceed 70%, and its maximum permissible size is more than 20-30 cm. Allowable height the roadbed during work carried out at a temperature of -20°C should not be more than 2.5 m, while at -5°C the height is not limited.

The method of laying hot asphalt concrete with high-quality work allows you to repair holes and potholes for a longer period. To do this, the pothole must be warmed up, cleaned, primed and asphalt laid. Important point, if observed, the desired effect can be achieved - this is maintaining the required level of asphalt temperature (from +80°C).

A good effect can be achieved by using cold mixture. Instead of viscous bitumen, it uses more elastic analogues, the viscosity of which increases with decreasing temperature. A special additive is introduced into such a mixture, which does not allow the material to quickly harden. Laying the cold mixture can be done at a temperature not lower than + 5°C. When working with this material, the lower permissible threshold for work is -25°C. Such a patch will behave well on roads where there are no traffic jams, at intersections and stops - there will be little benefit from such repairs. Cold mixtures have little resistance to shear. If the road has a high degree of passability, then the repaired section can be put into operation immediately - the machines will only compact the asphalt, which will make it more durable.

Another option is cast asphalt. A hot dough-like mixture of high-viscosity bitumen is transported in special boilers or kochers. The installation temperature must be at least +200°C. When cooled, the mixture hardens and compacts itself, even without the use of a roller.

Basic requirements for asphalt pavements in winter:

1. Increase the thickness of the installation by 1 cm, the total thickness is at least 5 cm.
2. Increased bitumen content is required in the mixture used.
3. Carrying out work in the absence or low wind.
4. Intensive supply of material for laying by dump trucks with insulated bodies.

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

STATE ROAD SERVICE
(ROSAVTODOR)

CENTER
ORGANIZATION OF LABOR AND ECONOMIC
MANAGEMENT METHODS
(TSENTRORGTRUD)

COLLECTION OF CARDS
LABOR PROCESSES FOR REPAIR AND
MAINTENANCE OF HIGHWAYS

Work process map

Pothole repair of asphalt concrete pavements
with pothole depths up to 50 mm
using ED-105 machines

KTP-1.01-2001

Second edition, revised and expanded.

(Issue 1)

Moscow, 2001

Maps of labor processes are intended to improve the organization of labor of workers engaged in the repair and maintenance of highways.

The maps determine the progressive technology of work, the rational use of working time, the technological sequence of work based on advanced techniques and labor methods.

Maps can be used in the development of organizational and technological documentation for the repair and maintenance of highways (PPR and others), work planning, as well as for educational purposes in the training of highly qualified workers.

A collection of maps of labor processes prepared by engineers A.I. Anashko, E.V. Kuptsova, T.V. Insurance.

Responsible for the release A.A. Morozov.

. Scope and effectiveness of the card

Note: The labor costs on the map include time for preparatory and final work - 5% and rest - 10%.

Using the methods and techniques recommended by the map will increase output by 8%.

. Preparation and conditions for performing processes

3.3 . Working clothes and safety footwear.

1 . Cotton overalls 4

2 . Leather boots 4 pairs

3 . Canvas mittens 3 pairs

4 . Combined mittens 1 pair

5 . Canvas knee pads 3 pairs

6 . Signal vest 3 pcs.

3.4 . Requirement for materials per 10 m 2 of repaired area with pothole depths up to 50 mm: hot fine-grained asphalt concrete mixture ( GOST 9128-84 ) - 1.19 t; liquid bitumen - 5 l; diesel fuel.

4. Process technology and labor organization

4.1 . Work on pothole repair of asphalt concrete pavements using ED-105 machines for repairing asphalt concrete pavements is carried out in the following technological sequence:

Installation and removal of fences and worker crossings at a distance of up to 50 m;

Breaking and cutting off the edges of the covering of the hole being repaired with a jackhammer;

Cleaning pits from dust, dirt and debris;

Lubricating the edges of the coating and base with bitumen;

Laying and leveling of asphalt concrete mixture;

Rolling the mixture with a vibrating manual roller;

Warming up bitumen with bitumen boiler maintenance;

Compressor and generator maintenance.

4.3 . Workplace organization diagram

M 1, A 1, A 2, A 3 - locations of workers; 1 - inventory barrier; 2 - road sign; 3- guide cones; 4 - potholes on the surface; 5 - road sign; 6 - road sign; 7 - machine for repairing black coatings; 8 - cutting map filled with asphalt concrete mixture. The arrow indicates the direction of movement of the link.

Layout of road signs for repair work(detour along the roadway).

Breaking and cutting off the edges of the coverings of the hole being repaired with a jackhammer



Return