What do you do with a plane? Hand plane

1. Flat planing
2. Figure planing

Zenzubel, tongue and groove, folding, kalevka are the names of a hand plane. The article describes what this or that tool is intended for and how the devices differ from each other.

Flat planing

Single

Designed for leveling wood surfaces, equipped with a straight blade with a slightly rounded edge. The tools do not leave burrs or irregularities - they are used for fine planing of wood after rough processing.

Double

In addition to processing the ends, the cross-cut type of planes is used for finishing leveling of wooden material. The main blade is duplicated with a knife for breaking chips.

Sherhebeli

They are distinguished by a rounded blade set at an angle of 45° relative to the sole. Thanks to the oval edge, the wood material can be processed across the grain. To remove thick chips, the hole for its exit exceeds the parameters of a standard tool by 3–5 mm. The device allows you to give workpieces the required configuration, but it cannot be used to obtain smooth surface, the product must be finished with a jointer.

Sanders

This is a grinding plane with a double knife and a chip breaker located at an angle of 50° to the working sole. The device is used for grinding, obtaining perfectly smooth surfaces.

Planers

Used to align edges and planes. Finishing of large surfaces is ensured by sharp knife with chipbreaker and extended block.

Tsinubeli

Equipped with a single serrated knife. After passing through wood or plywood, a grooved surface is left. The grooves formed by the cutter contribute to better adhesion of the parts on which the adhesive composition is applied.

Roughing

Designed for aligning the ends of plasterboard slabs. There is no need to sand after using them. sheet material. The design feature of the tool is that the cutting blade has the shape of a grater.

Figure planing

Planes classified in this category are designed for processing grooves, protrusions, and edges.

Zenzubeli

With their help, quarters are selected and cleaned, rectangular cuts, grooves, folds are formed, and perpendicular elements of the workpieces are planed. The zenzubel cutter is made in the form of a blade with a straight or oblique cutting edge, it depends on how the knife is secured relative to the sole. The oblique blade has two cutting edges; they are sharpened on both sides. Zenzubels are used where it is necessary to form a groove " dovetail" Even processing across the grain gives a perfectly smooth surface.

It is better to start selecting a quarter with a folding tool, and use a zenzubel for finishing work.

Kantenhobeli

This is an edge selector used for chamfering, processing ends, edges, and bringing to specified dimensions.

The main difference between the kantenhobel and other planes is the trapezoidal shape of the blade.

Some models may be equipped with two cutting elements. Depending on the position of the knife, you can make a cut along the edge at an angle. In this case, a fold is formed for future joining of two parts, and gaps are eliminated.

Tongue and pile piles

With their help you select longitudinal groove. The groove consists of two blocks connected to each other with screws. One of them serves as a guide, the second serves as a mount for the blade. Using an adjustable stop, the edge of the groove can be set at the desired distance from the edge. Thanks to the persistent protrusion, the penetration occurs to the required parameters, while the blade does not bend.

Federgubeli

A shaped end plane is designed to form a longitudinal protrusion along the edge of the workpiece. This is ensured by a blade having an opening in the center. After passing along the edge, a ridge remains. It fits into the groove. As a result, two parts are connected.

Kalevki

Equipped with a replaceable blade with a shaped cutting edge. They have a multi-stage sole. The tool is most often used for the manufacture of decorative parts: cornices, baguettes, etc. wooden elements.

Falzgebeli

Necessary for selecting a groove along the edge of the workpiece without preliminary marking. Includes multi-stage sole. A wide block helps to form grooves of equal size. If it is necessary to process the vertical wall of the quarter, an additional side cutter is installed on the rebate.

Staples

Designed for rounding edges of parts. These planes have a blade whose edge is equipped with a semicircular recess. There is a concave sole. When processing the edges of the rectangular ends of parts, the knife removes chips in such a way that the edge acquires a rounded shape.

Making a plane with your own hands

The photo shows a drawing indicating the dimensions of each part.

It is better to purchase a blade and chip breaker at a hardware store. Their prices are low. The dimensions of the body are usually determined by the dimensions of the blade.

The block is carved from hard wood. Its workpiece must exceed in size ready product by 40–50 mm. Vertical and oblique lines are applied to the side faces with extension to the remaining sides. On drilling machine A hole with a diameter of 6 mm is formed in the center of the workpiece, then the same holes (4 pcs.) are drilled on both sides in the corners. The “cheeks” are sawn off from the workpiece, then markings are applied to the cut site.

When cutting the heel and toe, the saw should go close to the lines.

The block is being assembled. To do this, the “cheeks”, “heel” and “toe” are glued together. After the glue has dried, the bottom of the block is sanded. The thickness of the sole is marked with a pencil, and excess material is removed with a saw (the scrap is used to make a wedge). Then the protruding edges are sawed off. They should be equal to the “cheeks”.

The oblique marking lines from the “cheeks” are extended to the lower part of the sole, and a hole is drilled (see photo).

Copies of the side template of the block are created and its attachment to one of the “cheeks”. A hole is cut through which the plane blade will pass. A brass rod is glued into the hole in the “cheeks”, and the shape of the block is adjusted to the specified parameters. The block is then sanded smooth. A wedge is cut out of a piece of wood; it should fit tightly between the blade and the brass rod.

The blade extension is adjusted using a wooden mallet. To do this, you need to lightly hit the “heel”. The blade will need to be sharpened periodically. The sharpening angle of the plane cutter when the iron is tilted at 45° is usually 30°. It is suitable for planing soft and hard wood.

It is difficult to imagine carpentry without using special tools, a plane, sherhebel, jointer and other specialized devices serve this purpose. Each of them performs its own tasks. It is impossible to do carpentry work with only a plane.

All types of planes for rough and fine wood processing

Different types of planes are used for different types of wood processing. Most often used for carpentry work:

Pioneer for wood workpiece

Sherhebel is a real “heavy artillery” among carpentry tools. It is used for planing wood that has not previously been subjected to any processing. When planing with Sherhebel, only the required shape and dimensions of the workpiece are achieved, but it will not be possible to achieve a smooth, even surface. Other types of planes are used for this purpose.

With the help of Scherhebel, only rough processing of the wood surface is performed. Unlike a plane, it allows you to plan to a greater depth, easily cutting off even significant irregularities. The design of the tool, externally resembling a conventional plane, has its own characteristics that make it easier to perform rough processing wooden surface. Unlike other tools, the Scherhebel iron has a rounded blade and is set at an angle of 45° to the sole. The sharpening angle may vary depending on the hardness of the wood being processed.

For planing soft rocks, a sharpening angle of 25-30° is sufficient; for processing hard rocks, the blade is sharpened at an angle of 35°.

IN standard design Scherhebel blade (iron) has a width of 35 mm. Sizes may vary on some models. The width of the block is approximately 15 mm larger than the size of the blade. The hole for the chips in the sherhebel is larger than in the plane, approximately 3-5 mm. As noted above, rough processing of wood does not allow achieving a flat, smooth surface. The blade will leave groove-like marks on the wood. To eliminate them, a plane and finishing are used.

How do wooden and metal sherhebel work?

The Scherhebel block can be made of wood or metal. Depending on the material used to make the block, the design of the tool will vary slightly. Wooden sherhebels are produced in accordance with GOST 14666-79. In accordance with the standard, their design includes a rectangular body, horns to rest the hands while working, a knife, a clamping wedge for the blade, a sole, and a cork. Some models may additionally include a blade stop. The surface of the wooden elements in the Scherhebel design is coated with varnish, which ensures wear resistance and increases the service life of the tool.

In accordance with GOST, the following materials are used for the manufacture of sherhebels:

• block - made of hard wood;
• sole (according to GOST 2695-83) made of hornbeam, maple, ash, beech, white acacia;
• the lining of the block is made of the above wood species, as well as birch and elm;
• knives are made of double-layer steel. The main layer according to GOST 1050-88 is made of steel grade 30, or according to GOST 1435-99 from steel grades U8, U8A, U9. For the cladding layer, steel grades 9ХФ, 9Х5ВФ, Х6ВФ, 9ХС are used (in accordance with GOST 5950-2000). It is also permissible to use other steels that correspond in terms of resistance to the grades listed above.

In the metal version, the body is made cast. The handle-horn is tightly fixed in it. To support the carpenter's hands while working, a large handle is installed. The knife is fixed with screw connection between the clamp and the base of the housing. Unlike wooden models, metal ones are more wear-resistant. However, craftsmen prefer to use wooden carpentry tools as they provide best quality processing.

How to use the tool correctly?

The use of Scherhebel is rough planing of wood. During this operation, chips are removed from the workpiece through the reciprocating movements of the plow. A tool in a metal case is used to process workpieces made of hard wood or chipboard. Experts recommend that most woodworking work be done with tools in a wooden case, as they provide better glide over the surface of the workpiece.

The design of the scherhebel is distinguished by the presence of a rounded blade, which makes it possible to remove significant unevenness from the surface of the workpiece tee. In this way, wood is prepared for further processing and final leveling. Unlike carpenter's planes, sherhebels are large in size. They are massive and heavy.

To provide high-quality processing the workpiece must be carefully fixed. The best way to do this is with carpentry workbench. If this is not possible, you can use a regular table to which the workpiece is attached with clamps. The processing area should be located as close as possible to the vice. During work, smooth, even, reciprocating movements are performed. The force is applied as the tool moves forward. The return movement allows you to return the tool to its original position, so it is always performed passively, without force.

If the plane blade becomes dull...

Not only the workpiece must be prepared for work, but also the tools and devices used. The knife must be sharpened to required angle(depending on the hardness of the wood being processed). The position of the knife in the body of the carpentry tool must be carefully adjusted. Sharpening of the cutting blade is carried out on a block mounted on a workbench or table. It is necessary to move along the block with the lower edge of the knife (chamfer). The pressure is applied when moving away from you, while the chamfer should be completely adjacent to the stone.

Hand plane is a woodworking tool that has long been used for planing. To this day, it does not lose popularity in private workshops. Using this device, you can give a wooden surface the desired roughness, flatness, straightness or shape, reducing the size of the parts. The plane is also used to make long recesses that may have different shapes, - these can be tongues or quarters.

Description

The hand plane is no longer so popular today; it is being replaced by tools that are powered by electricity and can meet the needs of mass production. Today, everything is run by automated lines. However, if you want to make a stool or chair in your garage, then you can remember the good old plane.

Its main parts are:

• iron (knife);
• wedge;
• block.

Depending on the equipment, purpose and size additional accessories, the plane can be divided into many types and subspecies. Mechanical planes are made from metal, plastic, and a combination of these materials. In terms of functionality, they are almost no different, but specifications depend on the material that forms the basis of the body.

Electric models are complemented by a motor that allows for a more impressive amount of work. With this tool you can achieve high speed wood processing. One of the most popular wood processing tools in the home today are wooden planes.

The main types of planes and their purpose

A hand plane can be classified according to the type of planing: it can be profiled or flat. These tools are also divided by profile, shoe size and knife installation angle. Among other varieties, we can distinguish the sherhebel, which is a tool for rough planing. It has a flat sole and has rounded cutter blades.

If you see a device with two handles and an elongated body, then this is a bear. It has the form of a single or double plane, which is intended for rough planing. Additionally, the tool is equipped with a chip breaker.

A hand plane can be represented by a semi-jointer or a jointer, which is distinguished by a long, large block. It is intended for finishing planing, fitting parts, planing large planes, during which a ruler is used.

If particularly clean planing is required, a grinder with a double blade is used. Its design includes a chipbreaker, and the double blade is set at an impressive angle of 50° instead of 45°. To create small paths on the surface, tsinubel is used, after processing which the parts can be glued together.

To select quarters, a sampler is used, which is also called a zenzubel. To strip the quarters, a rebate is used, while a tongue and groove can be used to remove the tongue. Sanding of surfaces is carried out using a tool of the same name, and the operation consists of finishing before applying primers. As distinctive feature These works are characterized by the absence of abrasive particles that remain inside the wood during sanding.

However, scraping has a drawback, which is expressed in the excessive labor intensity of the operation. The advantage is the smooth surface and thinness of the chips. To process figured edges, a molding is used, while an American or humpback block has a curved block. It is used for curved surfaces, which can be concave or convex.

A stacker is used to give the parts a rounded shape. The edge of the knife of this tool has a concave shape, while the fillet has a convex shape.

Additional types

The screw is narrower than the Scherhebel. It is intended for surface treatment at the initial stage. This plane has an iron cutter, which is not straight. It has a rounded shape, so when planing it is possible to obtain long grooves.

To form phase trapezoidal shape a primer is used. Using this tool, wood is processed across the grain. The design of the tool includes blocks and cutters that look like a pointed hook.

A more detailed description of the Scherhebel

If we consider carpentry tool more carefully, you can pay attention to the features of the scherhebel. It represents the heavy artillery among a variety of similar devices. It is used when planing material that has not been processed before. This device is quite heavy and massive, as it has a metal body.

Its main purpose is primary processing, after which the products acquire the desired shape and size. This is used for planing to an impressive depth, when it is necessary to remove a fairly thick layer of wood. It is unlikely that it will be possible to achieve an even and smooth surface with the help of sherhebel. For this, other types of planes are used. In appearance, its design resembles a regular plane, but the iron in it is installed at an angle of 45° and has rounded blades.

Processing Features

In one pass, using the described tool, you can remove a layer of up to 3 mm. In those places where the wood was processed, quite deep hollows remain, so they have to be leveled in the future. Sherhebel has a cutting edge oval shape, so it can be used to process wood across the grain. The sharpening angle may vary, depending on the hardness of the wood.

Description of the professional planer brand Groz 39701

This plane (manual professional) is a fairly popular model. It has a length of 260 mm and a weight of 1.7 kg. The cutting width is 50 mm. The tool has high quality, has a durable strong foundation, which is made of gray cast iron. Tool steel forms the basis of the blade, which is removed and has long term use.

The hardness of the material is 50-60HRC; it contains a high amount of chromium. The tool is polished to obtain a predictable, stable and clear result, it is manufactured with maximum precision. This wood plane (manual), according to consumers, has only one drawback, which is that when it hits a nail, the blade suffers significantly.

Description of the mini-plane brand "Zubr"

If you are interested in a manual mini-plane, then you can consider the “Bison” model, the body of which is made of high-quality gray cast iron. The blade is made of U8A steel and meets state standards. It provides the possibility of repeated finishing work surface. This manual plane, the price of which is 970 rubles, has plastic at the base of the handle. The length of the sole is 250 mm, while the width is 50 mm.

Conclusion

You can purchase an additional knife for a hand plane; its cost is 198 rubles. But when choosing the main device, you need to pay attention to the presence of a chip breaker, which is also called a humpback. Its lower edge is parallel to the cutting edge of the knife. The distance between these elements can vary from 0.2 to 2 mm. The closer the bottom edge is, the wider the planing.

When choosing a tool, you must also take into account what stage of wood processing it is intended for. For example, a double planer is used for finishing - it can be used to clean out burrs. If you direct the double plane at an angle of 40° to the longitudinal axis, then with the help of the tool it will be possible to plane the ends of the workpieces.

Children are acutely aware of untruths, and therefore almost everyone calls a plane a “plane.” Planer is a non-Russian word that has nothing to do with cutting. Raubank from him. Rau (rough) and lat. bank (bench). It is the Russian language that has brought the consonances closer together; anyway, both the Russian and the German word are associated with a woodworking tool that removes excess from the tree with a sharp metal blade.

Planers, their types and varieties

A planer is a hand-held tool for planing wood. Thing in carpentry(and in general on the farm) necessary, removing roughness from the wood being processed, creating straight planes, reducing dimensions, creating relief (grooves, tenons, curly profiles of plinths, etc.). The tool has been used since ancient times, they found planes in the ashes of Pompeii, and the volcano “covered” them almost two thousand years ago. Of course, during this time planes have changed a lot, new modifications and varieties have appeared.

Now planes, almost like any other hand tool, are divided into:

• - mechanical;
• - electric.

In turn, mechanical ones are divided according to the material from which the tool is made:

The plastic plane is the lightest among all other brethren. Sometimes its body is made classically, that is, its shape resembles wood or metal. There are several blades on its sole. The fact is that they often perform stripping and sanding work not only on wood, but also on drywall. Many models offer quick replacement cutting edges together with the sole to regulate the size and cleanliness of the cut.

A metal plane is similar in principle to a wooden one, but there are several fundamental differences in the device. It consists of a metal block body, front and rear handles (made of wood or plastic), a clamp with a screw and a knife. In the sole there is a tap hole, that is, a slot through which the knife blade comes out. The knife is secured with a screw passing through the clamp. By loosening the clamping screw, you can increase or decrease the output of the knife, thereby adjusting the thickness of the chips (fineness of work). Craftsmen usually use an iron plane when they feel sorry for a wooden one, that is, for rougher or more inconvenient work (for example, you need to plane the end).

There are so many varieties of wooden planes that it is worth paying special attention to them.

Wooden planes

There are a lot of their varieties, why? The fact is that plastic planes appeared quite recently. And the British patented the first metal plane only in 1820. And they built it from wood, and how they built it, everywhere. And it was necessary not only to hew a log or plan a board. For finishing work it was necessary to have boards with a shaped profile for tight jointsI had to select a quarter, cut out the tenon and mortise, etc.

So, because of the profile or flat look planing, due to the size of the block, and this characteristic allows you to maintain an even plane when working (the larger the size, the better), due to the angle of the cutter and the type of profile, there are different types of planes. Here are the main ones:

- sherhebel (shershebel) , the large cutter of which has a slightly rounded blade, is used for rough flat planing, both along and across the grain. Due to this shape of the blade, it leaves behind grooves, but in one pass they can remove up to three millimeters of wood. We can say that this tool performs primary processing of large wooden parts;

- mole cricket ― a long plane with two handles.Two people work with it while sittingfacing each other directly on the beam. This plane can be either single or double. The bearer is also a rather rough tool; it is also often called a chip breaker (although the function of breaking off chips is inherent in many planes);

- jointer used for final finishing of long boards. Its purpose is to smooth and level large surfaces, which is why it is three times longer than a plane. It is used most often when it is necessary to finely process the surfaces to be joined.At the front of the jointer there is a device that allows you to remove the knife from the tap hole using a mallet.

- Half jointer occupies an intermediate position in size between a plane and a jointer; accordingly, it processes smaller surfaces than a jointer;

- sander is a shortened plane, often with two knives. The tool is used to clean out the ends, curls and burrs, while performing clean planing. Thus, clean and fine planing or planing of problematic or hard to reach places on wood it is the prerogative of a sander;

- tzinubel ― also a shortened plane, but it has a knife with fine teeth. Its purpose is to specifically create grooves and roughness on the wood for subsequent gluing. Irregularities increase the contact area, and the glue will hold much better. This corrugation is especially necessary for hardwoods, where the glue does not penetrate well into the surfaces being bonded due to the absence of microcracks in the wood;

- zenzubel, orselector , is intended for selecting quarters, folds, as well as stripping them. Before working with a thicknesser, you need to draw a line that will indicate what width the quarter will be selected for. The first times, the zenzubel knife is held carefully so as not to go beyond the line. When at least a small depression appears, you can work bolder and faster;

- folding tapestry performs, in principle, the same job of selecting folds and quarters as a zenzubel. But its structure is somewhat different. In order not to resort to the help of an already fairly forgotten surface planer, and not to be careful when starting work, the folding sheet has replaceable stepped soles with a metal or wooden ruler along outside. The ruler will not allow the knife to “drive” along the width of the quarter further than required;

- tongue and groove designed for making grooves at a given distance from the edge of the board. The knives are removable; they set the width of the groove. The distance of the groove from the edge of the board is adjusted with nuts that move the guide closer or further away.To connect into a groove, you need boards with tongues. This job is donefedergebel , having either a U-shaped knife or two blocks with two knives;

- mold is a rather narrow plane for giving the edges of wooden parts a shaped profile. The curly shapes of the sole of the plane and the blade of the knife ensure the creation of a profile shape;

- groundtube designed for making a trapezoidal groove running across the fibers. To prepare, first make a rectangular groove with a hacksaw or chisel, then finish the trapezoidal groove with a primer. The tool is narrow, the width of the knife does not exceed 12 mm , it is sharpened along two edges, which converge upward into an acute angle. Such a connection is the so-called "dovetail";

- humpback , having a curved block. It is designed for transverse planing of convex or concave surfaces, therefore its sole has either a convex or concave surface.

There are some other types of planes, but they are rarely used. It is also fair to note that many types of planes are also made with an iron block, but complete sets are practically impossible to find.

Electric planes

If you need to carry out large volumes of simple planing work, then the advantages of electric planers over mechanical ones are very significant. On the one hand, the enormous speed at which knives pass through wood greatly increases processing productivity. On the other hand, an electric planer brings significant savings, because a treated board costs almost twice as much as an untreated one.

How does planing happen? The electric motor, thanks to the belt, transmits rotational motion to the drum. The drum has double-sided knives that remove wood. In order for the planing to be clean, without nicks or snags, the drum rotation speed must be more than 1200 rpm. At this speed, knives can easily cut not only simple wood, but also laminated wood, as well as plastic. If performance deteriorates, the knives are removed and put back, but with the other side. The aluminum alloy sole is divided into two parts: one before and the other after the drum. The back part goes along the already planed surface, the front part does not. So,by how much the front handle will raise (adjust) the lifting of the front part of the sole, so will the cutting depth. The chips are thrown out through the side channel, which protects the face and eyes from injury. The accessories included in the package include an additional stop, which, by screwing it to the electric planer, you can select a quarter.

The performance of an electric planer depends on the following characteristics:

• - engine power;
• - drum rotation speed;
• - planing depths;
• - drum width.

Spontaneous turning on of the electric planer is excluded, since the switch has an additional lock, so to turn it on you will have to simultaneously press the bracket and the button. But, all the same, since the tool is electric and high-speed, increased safety rules must be observed.

1. 1. Before work, you need to check whether the power cord is intact.
2. 2. When working, you must use safety glasses and gloves.
3. 3. It is necessary to securely fasten the workpiece.
4. 4. There is no need to put pressure on the front handle: there is an extra load and the possibility of disrupting the adjustment of the planing depth.
5. 5. It is better to work along the fibers.

Reasons for poor quality work with a plane

Often defects in wood processing occur not due to the fault of the plane, but due to inept actions. Here are some examples.

At the beginning of planing the workpiece, the back part of the sole hangs in the air, at the end - the front part. The position of the plane is skewed, resulting in the beginning and end being planed more than the middle. The counteraction to this is simple - put pressure on the side of the plane that is on the board, support and guide the one that is in weight. A similar mistake can occur in the middle of the board, albeit with the side edges, if you do not monitor the position of the plane relative to its longitudinal axis.

You shouldn’t try to rip off thick chips to speed things up; it’s better to go through it a couple of times, otherwise you can completely ruin the part with burrs. Also, to avoid scuffing, you need to monitor the direction of the wood grain: if you plan against the grain, scuffing cannot be avoided either.

If the end is planed, then, in order to avoid scoring, you must plan first from one edge to the middle, then in the same way from the second.

Wherever the board is: in the floor, in a door or in furniture - in a planed state it is much more aesthetically pleasing, safer and more beautiful than an unplaned one. This is also necessary for its durability, since treating the board with an antiseptic, drying oil, varnish or paint is advisable only after planing the board. Circular saw from a hand-held circular saw

A hand plane is a tool for processing wood; it has been used for planing since ancient times. IN modern world it also does not lose its popularity and is in the arsenal of any private workshop. Thanks to this tool, surfaces made of wood can be given the desired flatness and roughness, achieving the desired shape and part thickness. It is also used for making the necessary recesses of various shapes in the workpiece.

Description

The standard type of planes as such is slowly being replaced by more modern counterparts that have electric motors and allow for faster mass production of products. Today automatic devices rule the roost, but if the goal is to build a chair in garage conditions, then the mechanical version of the tool, the main structure of which is made of a block, a wedge and cutting knife(iron).

Depending on the additional elements and the task at hand, the tool is divided into several types of planes, sorted by purpose. Mechanical options are made mainly from combinations of metal and plastic, and in terms of functionality they differ only in the strength of the material used in the base.

Electric ones are equipped with a motor that provides greater speed in completing the task. One of the most popular in today's economy are planes for woodworking.

Hand plane design

A jointer is one of the planer design options, characterized by a large, elongated block protruding beyond the main plane. This version of the tool is intended for fine planing (including planes big size) or adjusting product fragments in a company with an auxiliary line.

The block is the main load-bearing part of which the plane consists. Already attached to it is a blade, commonly called a piece of iron among carpenters, as well as a wedge that fixes it in the block.

These components, in one form or another, are available in both electrical and mechanical versions of the tool, and depending on the dimensions, technical purpose and the presence of additional modules, they can be divided into many types and types.

This design has existed since the days of the so-called wooden plane - which has a very long history. It's worth starting with the name of the instrument, which comes from the German word Raubank. The ancient invention was created around the first century AD, if, of course, you believe the finds of archaeological excavations on the territory of Pompeii. And it became widespread among masters only at the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Structurally consisted of wooden block with a blade fixed with a wedge.

After many years, the device evolved into carpenter's plane. Its differences lie in the use of more metal parts. Naturally, his block also changed material. Certainly, wooden plane much lighter than its counterpart, and glides very well on a wooden surface, but in practice, most basic models are quite difficult to build in comparison with their metal counterparts, which are also cheaper due to mass production.

Types of planes

Flat planing

For flat planing, it is best to use hand planes such as Scherhebel, which is perfect for rough processing of wood. After cutting, the surface is prepared for final alignment roughly fitting all the irregularities into one format. Scherhebel is a plane suitable for a huge number of tasks.

It has proven itself well as the main tool for planing wood that has already been processed. It has a fairly weighty and dimensional metal body, and is mainly intended for rough initial processing material by deep planing to obtain the approximate size and shape by cutting away thick layers of wood. However, it is impossible to obtain a smooth surface when working with this plane, for which they usually use other types of tools to help, because as mentioned earlier, the types of planes and their purposes differ.

In addition to sherhebel and zenzubel:

1. For the manufacture of floor and external coverings, a bear is well suited - appearance which is distinguished by a wide base with paired handles mounted on the sides of the structure. This tool usually requires two people to operate. The blade in the structure is secured with a wedge at a distance sufficient to remove a 1 mm layer of wood.
2. A semi-jointer is a shortened version of a standard jointer, used for planing large surfaces. Despite the length of the sole, 60 centimeters, it has an “adult” blade with a width of 8 centimeters. Used for primary processing of prepared parts.
3. Sander - a hand plane for final cleaning of the surface and eliminating most defects caused by the influence of previous treatments. When using this tool, planing is carried out on the ends, areas with knots or with disturbances in the structure of the wood. The design provides for the installation of a double knife with a chip breaker blade installed at an angle of 60 degrees relative to the sole.
4. Tsinubel is a hand plane for working with twisted types of wood, during use of which small grooves are applied to the surface of the material, which improve the fastening of elements when using an adhesive joint. Installed knives have ribbing that forms teeth when sharpened. Adequate work without scoring with twisted wood is ensured by proper installation of the knife blade at an angle of 80 degrees. The length of the device varies around 20 centimeters.
5. Structurally similar to a zenzubel, the selector plane differs from it in the presence of a single blade made of high-strength tool steel with the use of subsequent hardening to give additional strength. Designed for cutting grooves when performing carpentry and joinery work.

There are also three planes for additional manipulations with the source material:

• End plane - used for processing ends and surfaces with a tangled pattern of fibers.
• A single plane is a tool for repeated processing during work, which produces small chips on the surface without breaking. (Small chips or nicks are normal as a result of working with a hand plane.)
• Double plane - in addition to the main blade, it has an installed chip breaker, which improves the final quality of the work.

Figure planing

Among the “figurines”, which has become firmly established in everyday life common man variety hand tools planing is a zenzubel plane - structurally, it involves the installation of a double knife in the plane, which increases the quality of the surface of the final product. In most cases it is used for cleaning quarters or surfaces located perpendicular to each other. The installed knife is limited in width to 33 millimeters and is made in the shape of a spatula, which is why, due to inexperience, it can be confused with a folding belt.

Included with this tool you should have on hand:

1. Paznik in common parlance is a tongue and groove plane in a workshop, a tool consisting of two blocks connected by long screws, one of which serves to set the direction of work, and the second secures the position of the blades. This design is used for removing wood from grooves (tongues) placed along the edges of a wood piece.
2. For shaped processing of a wooden surface and creating a special shape of blanks, a molding plane is used. It differs from its counterparts in the presence of cutters with figured edges, mounted on a sole of several steps, installed depending on the desired result from shaping the profile. Often used in workshop production doorways, baguettes and wooden cornices. Outwardly, it is almost indistinguishable from a standard plane, but structurally the blade, which has a rounded shape, is installed at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the base. In one movement, the sherhebel can remove up to 3 millimeters of wood, leaving behind deep depressions that require further processing. The oval edge installed in the sherhebel allows you to plan wood across the grain without the need for longitudinal tearing. The sharpening angle of the tool blade can be changed to suit working with harder types of wood.
3. Half-planes - planes with a length of less than 50 centimeters are the ideological heirs of standard jointers. They have a number classification - No. 5 and No. 6 and are almost completely similar in appearance. However, there is a difference, and quite significant, representing a difference in the width of the blade by a whole centimeter. Despite the fact that No. 6 in terms of blade width may well be classified as a jointer, it is still in the class of semi-jointers. While the No. 5 is a multi-purpose tool recognized as such around the world, the No. 6 is more likely to be called a jointer for women. Due to its shortened base, it weighs less and can be easily taken with you. And despite the size of the blade and sole, it planes very smoothly, especially when it comes to shields. It copes with them in any application, both when planing along the fibers, and across them, and at 90 degrees.
4. A plane designed for selecting folds is a folding plane. It is equipped with a block with a stepped sole, which allows you to cut folds of the same size, since the knife is located at an angle of 80 degrees relative to the plane of the base. The chip tray is located on the left side of the plane. The stepped sole (removable depending on the model) allows you to select the size of folds and profiles to suit every taste.
5. Federgubel is a hand plane with a special blade shape that allows you to form a rectangular “tooth” along the end of the workpiece.
6. Shtabgobel and stabgaltel - concave knives give workpieces a rounded shape and are used for processing products with convex surfaces.
7. Groundtube - A block with a side, chisel-like hook, fixed with a screw or wedge. Serves for making grooves on trapezoidal profiles applied across the wood grain.
8. The humpback or “American” is a hand plane designed for cutting and processing curved and concave planes with diameters on the outside or inside. The block of such a tool differs from the standard one in its curved shape.

When performing carpentry, you should not rely on the apparent versatility of such a tool as a hand plane, because if this were true, there would be no need to come up with so many variations of the same device. Working with wood is very delicate and requires a serious approach to choosing the right plane at each stage of production.

Return