Filimonov Evgeniy

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How to create a sewer system in a private house. External and internal sewerage. Selection of materials and location of sewerage. Installation of pipes and sewer drains.

When building a mansion, the sewage system in a private house should play an important role. After all, the comfort of living and the availability of repair work sewerage in the future.

Laying stages sewer system. Materials for creating sewerage. Internal and external sewerage, what are the differences between them. Choosing a location. Arrangement options. Selection of necessary pipes. Tips and recommendations for reliable installation.

When constructing a new building, sewerage is an integral part. With modern materials and the amount of useful information on the Internet, finding out how to correctly design a sewerage system in a private house with your own hands will not be a problem.

By following simple requirements, you can easily install the waste system yourself, since you do not have to use outdated, bulky materials.

Since the old grandfather's toilet has lost its relevance, especially in the cold season, three main types of waste systems are currently in use:

• A system connected to a collective or city sewer;
• Stationary waste collection point;
• Sealed tank;
• Stationary sewer well without bottom;
• Biosewage installation diagram.

The principles of installing a pipe system in the house and up to the collector are almost the same for all types. It is convenient to make all the wiring around the house from PVC, and it is more rational to make the connection to the collection point with a HDPE pipe for technical purposes, since its length allows for a seamless method. The main branch connected to the toilet is laid with a pipe with a diameter of 110 mm, all other standard water points (sink, washing machine, shower stall), are connected to the general system with 50-diameter pipes.

The only requirement is an angle of 2-3o at horizontal sections to ensure optimal water flow.

U sewer PVC pipes have their advantages and disadvantages when installing a waste system:

• An easy way to connect. The entire circuit is assembled like a construction kit, pipes and components are simply inserted into each other;
• The materials are light in weight compared even to HDPE materials;
• A simple method of fastening, including on a vertical surface;
• The only drawback is the maximum length in free access is 6 m.

Do-it-yourself sewerage diagram in a private house

Do-it-yourself installation of a sewerage system in a private house is possible for all types of sewerage, except biosewage. To implement this option, it is recommended to contact specialists. All others can be installed independently, but when connecting to a central system, a package of permitting documents will be required.

Where to start

The first point is to select the type of collection point. The most profitable is connecting to the general city branch. The user makes a one-time investment in installation and required materials and pays a symbolic amount monthly for services. This option is not always feasible for suburban construction, but there is an alternative.

Stationary sewerage scheme for a private house: depth of laying the pipe to the tank

The reservoir can be made of different materials.

It could be:

• Metal or plastic tank;
• Concrete structure;
• Concrete rings installed on a concrete base.

This method is acceptable even if there is a water well on the site, since liquid waste with good waterproofing they do not penetrate into the soil. The only drawback is waste Money for the services of vacuum cleaners. A septic tank, as a rule, is installed at a depth of 1.5-2 m. It is strongly recommended that the pipeline be laid below the freezing level of the soil, which can be determined using a special map.

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Depending on the number of water collection points, the working volume of the container is selected, but it should be taken into account that the standard volume of a sewer truck is 3 m3, that is, the volume of your container must be a multiple of this figure.

For example, if the tank volume is 5 m3, you will either overpay for the services of a second machine, or 2 m3 of working volume will be filled once and become useless.

In the case of a standard family of 4 people, with periodic washing, showering, and washing dishes, a container with a volume of 3 m3 is filled on average in two weeks.

Option with leaky waste collection point

When implementing this type of sewage system, the location of the waste collection point is very important. The minimum distance from the house and outbuildings to the cesspool is 6-10 m. Otherwise, liquid drains wash away the soil and sandy base of the foundation.

Execution options:

• Concrete rings installed on a drainage pad;
• Brick version of the cesspool;
• Metal or plastic barrels with holes connected into one system.

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Note! When using barrels, the base is laid out with gravel, since the weight of the poured soil will press the container into loose soil.

When laying a sewer system in a private house, it is recommended to make the ditch with a slope exceeding an angle of 2-3° for a more efficient process. The depth of the ditch for each case is different, depending on the size of the site and its location relative to the access roads.

Basic principles of sewer pipeline construction

Depending on the number of communication drainage points, a diagram of the internal arrangement of pipes is drawn up. For convenience, the diagram is drawn on graph paper. In the case of constructing a two-story building, in order to save materials, it is recommended to locate bathrooms and secondary drain points as close as possible to the collector. The main collector is mounted along one vertical line on all planned floors, all subsequent parts of the system are connected in series to the main line.

Technology PVC assembly materials is very simple, since any pipe can be shortened to the right size. It is also recommended that each unit with a closed system be equipped with an emergency adapter, in case of blockage, or an adapter of a larger diameter.

It is recommended to connect nodes located in closed walls using sealant. It is recommended to avoid 90° angles, this reduces the risk of clogging.

Operating principle of a water seal

The water valve prevents the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewer into the room. Its device has the same design, the only differences are in size. The water serves as a kind of plug.

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Note! In the event of a long period of inactivity without operation, the water evaporates and the water seal loses its functional qualities.

Vacuum valves and drain pipe

These two concepts are unknown to most people outside the plumbing profession. The purpose of these two elements is to prevent air discharge in the system when draining a large amount of water or during the operation of vacuum cleaners, at the time of pumping waste from the storage tank.

Undoubtedly, installing a sewer system is the simplest stage of construction compared to electricity or building walls, but there are many pitfalls at this stage.

Here is a list of some of them:

• When purchasing pipes and components, check for the presence of a rubber gasket in the socket. She often gets lost;
• It is strongly not recommended to connect the drain pipe to the ventilation system;
• In the case of a standard set of water consumption points (one toilet, two sinks, washing machine, shower), it is not necessary to install a drain pipe; you can limit yourself to a vacuum valve;
• When laying PVC pipes into the ditch, carefully monitor the joints, as the joints are unstable;
• It is strongly recommended to install an emergency drain for cleaning the sewer. It is installed as close as possible to the point where the pipe enters the house, in an accessible place.

Compared to other stages of construction, sewerage is the easiest to install, with the exception of biosewage. Consult with specialists or select specialized literature, as rash actions can destroy bacteria present in the storage tank. For example, from a bleach-based toilet cleaner, bacteria will take a week to recover.

To ensure a quality standard of living in your country house care must be taken to ensure convenient drainage of used water and waste products. Correctly calculated at the design stage and subsequently installed sewerage in a private house is the key to a long and trouble-free operation. You can install such a structure yourself, with your own hands, if you approach this issue thoroughly. The design of the house plays a key role in drawing up the internal pipeline diagram, but for laying external sewer networks you need to adhere to several rules.

Where to place the sewer system on the site

The installation of sewerage in a private house must be carried out in accordance with all rules and regulations so that its operation is long and problem-free. Internal - combines all the pipes that are located inside the house and plumbing fixtures. Its main purpose is to remove wastewater generated during human activity. Installation of the internal sewerage system is carried out taking into account SNiP according to a pre-agreed plan. But the main thing in this project is the construction of a cesspool, septic tank or other container for collecting wastewater.

The main rules for constructing a cesspool:

The distance to the accommodation facility should be 5-12 meters. If the distance is greater, then difficulties may arise with the outflow of liquid from the pipes.

Distance between outbuildings and the sump must be at least 1 meter deep.

The distance from the neighbor's fence is 2-4 meters.

The distance from ornamental and garden plants is 3-4 meters.

The sedimentation tank with sewage must be located at least 30 meters from wells and boreholes.

The depth of the hole is determined depending on the level of groundwater, but not less than three meters.

The bulk of sewage should be below the freezing point of the soil. The tank can be filled with a gap of 35 cm to the top cover.

Sewage options

Which treatment systems to install directly depends on the desires and capabilities of the owner. There are the following types of sewer systems:

Septic tank - allows you to ensure not only the collection of wastewater, but also its processing. In the chambers of such containers, wastewater settles and is processed by special bacteria that feed on organic matter.

Biological wastewater treatment using a special station. This option is characterized by a high degree of wastewater treatment and high productivity. However, the station depends on electricity and is quite expensive.

Dry toilet - this option is only suitable for a dacha where the owners do not live permanently. A dry toilet is not able to solve the problem of drainage in their kitchen and shower.

Cesspool - this option was previously used most often. But due to technological progress, against the backdrop of which the number of household items interacting with water (dishwasher and washing machine) has increased, the amount of waste has increased noticeably, and the volume of the cesspool can no longer cope with it. And the risk of soil contamination in this case is much higher.

You can make a sewer system in a private house with your own hands in all of the above cases, except, perhaps, for installing a treatment station. Here you cannot do without the help of specialists.

1. cesspool

   To install a cesspool, a long and voluminous hole is dug in the ground, into which wastewater from the toilet, kitchen and bathroom is drained through pipes. In some cases, the pit is lined with bricks. The advantages of this design include low cost and ease of installation. However, the cesspool still has more disadvantages:

   

   It all depends on which pit the owner chose. A structure with an earthen bottom is more dangerous in an environmental sense and can lead to poisoning of the entire area. A sealed pit is a brick-lined structure with concrete bottom. This option is safer and requires cleaning 1-2 times a year. Construction from concrete rings also considered a sealed pit.

2. Sealed tank

   A popular option is a sealed storage tank, which can be metal or plastic. The first option has significant disadvantages - it is susceptible to corrosion and requires replacement over time, especially in such an aggressive environment as wastewater. Also, a metal tank requires a waterproofing procedure.

   

   Sealed tank

   A plastic container is a more suitable option, which has many advantages:

   The disadvantages of a plastic container include its rather high cost.

3. Single chamber septic tank

   This option is suitable for small family of three people, where the total volume of water for local sewerage does not exceed 1000 liters. The design of a single-chamber septic tank is a sealed container or structure with a filter for discharging water into the soil. The last option is the construction of concrete rings with periodic addition of biological preparations to the container to improve the quality of cleaning.

   

   Advantages of a single-chamber septic tank:

   Low price and ease of installation;

   The ability to do all the work yourself;

   Safety for environment;

   No unpleasant odor;

   A reinforced concrete septic tank, like a plastic container, is resistant to aggressive environments;

   Durability of use.

   The operating principle of this design is very simple: wastewater flows through pipes into the septic tank chamber, and solid particles settle to the bottom. From the settling tank, water goes into the soil and ground for purification. The main thing is to choose the right place drainage area, the installation depth of the septic tank is correctly determined and the volume of the container is calculated.

   The disadvantages of a single-chamber septic tank include the need to install it on great depth to prevent waste from spilling into water resources.

4. Two-chamber septic tank

   When is it advisable to install a two-chamber septic tank in a private house? The first chamber of this design serves to settle water and purify it. All impurities settle in it, and only water, oil and residues remain on top household chemicals. In the second chamber, secondary wastewater treatment takes place. Oil and household chemical products already settle here. Only water remains at the level, which is 65% cleaner than it was before. When the container is overfilled, its top layer falls into the soil. But due to the low level of contamination of the liquid, it does not pose a danger to the environment. A two-chamber septic tank for sewage in a private house provides a high level of wastewater treatment and safety. This design is suitable for installation in big house, where 5-8 people live.

   

   Advantages of a two-chamber septic tank:

   High quality wastewater treatment;

   The container does not rust and lasts up to 50 years;

   You can install a two-chamber septic tank yourself.

   TO weak side Such structures include the need to sometimes clean it of silt. It is worth knowing that this must be done carefully, without completely getting rid of siltation, because microorganisms that feed on organic compounds from the wastewater and live in it participate in the separation.

5. Septic tank with biofilter

   A biofilter in a septic tank is a container filled with inert material (expanded clay). How does a biofilter work:

   The sewage masses enter the settling tank, are cleaned and enter the biofilter;

   Aerobic bacteria living in the biofilter break down and oxidize organic compounds from the wastewater;

   The water is cleared of contaminants and enters the drainage pipe.

   

   Diagram of a septic tank with a biofilter

The installation of a sewer system in a private house begins with the layout and installation diagram. This allows you to arrange all the plumbing fixtures as conveniently as possible, make the correct slope, and accurately calculate all consumables.

As a result, the system will work uninterruptedly, and if one of the elements breaks or becomes clogged, everything can be quickly and easily repaired. In this article we will tell you how to correctly draw up plans for internal and external (external) sewerage for a private home or country house, what is the optimal depth for laying sewer pipes and what consumables should be used during installation and installation autonomous system with your own hands in the house and outside.

Drawing up a diagram starts from the farthest plumbing fixture in the attic or upper floor. All horizontal lines necessarily come down to one riser. To save money and Supplies bathrooms on different tiers are located along the same vertical line.

The sewage system in the house consists of:

• Water seals that prevent odors from entering the room;
• Drains from all plumbing;
• Pipes leading wastewater into the external sewer system;
• Elbows and tees connecting pipes into a single system;
• Clamps in walls that support pipes and give them direction and angle.
• Central riser.

It is important that there is no transition in the house from a larger sewer diameter to a smaller one. Therefore, in the diagram, the toilet should be located as close as possible to the riser.

Accurate drawing of the internal system depends on the number of floors of the building, the presence of a basement, the amount of plumbing used and the number of users. The depth of the septic tank and connection to additional equipment(pumping station or separately for each device).

On the diagram All elements should be displayed to scale so that in the event of a planned repair or emergency, you can quickly understand the wiring and find the breakdown.

External line

External sewerage starts with the pipeline from the foundation. The wastewater is discharged to a septic tank, cesspool or filter structure. At each turn of the pipe, revisions are installed (adapters with covers, with which you can quickly clear the blockage). There is also an inspection well and a ventilation hood located outside.

Ventilation is removed from the riser through a fan pipe. Due to strong foreign odors, it cannot be installed near windows, with access to the yard or near smokers. Categorically it is prohibited to connect it to a regular ventilation shaft. Instead of an umbrella, you can use a special vacuum valve at the top of the riser (not to be confused with a check valve!).

Advantages and disadvantages of different types of tanks

The final element of the system is a storage and cleaning tank. In the absence of a central collector for collecting drains, autonomous installations are used.

1. cesspool. It is easy to organize on site and is the most cheap option. But it cannot cope with large volumes of wastewater. There is a possibility of dirt getting into groundwater and bad smell.
2. Do-it-yourself septic tank made of brick filled with concrete or ready-made reinforced concrete stakes c. It performs its functions well, is durable and strong. The disadvantages include long installation times and serious construction costs.
3. Industrial off-grid installation. Such a septic tank is more expensive, but the costs are covered due to the speed of construction, high quality and long-term operation of the equipment.
4. Biological treatment station. The most expensive option, requiring constant electricity. It features the highest degree of purification and high productivity.

Consumables, calculation and prices

You definitely need to decide on the volume of the septic tank. The calculation is carried out taking into account that Each resident of the house uses 200 liters of water per day. The wastewater in the septic tank settles for 3 days. Based on these data, we get Exact size waste tank.

So, a family of 4 consumes 800 liters. In three days, 2400 liters are accumulated. Means, you need to select a septic tank of exactly this volume. If desired, you can make a small reserve in case the tank is maximally loaded. Septic tanks with such parameters cost from 20 thousand rubles.

Main fittings:

• Crosses for connecting 4 sections at an angle (80-100 rubles).
• Tees with a side section at 45 or 90 degrees.
• Elbow for connecting pipes with different heights (RUB 450/piece).
• Straight-line double-sided coupling with rubber cuffs in sockets (from 30 rubles).
• Revision (60 rub.)
• reduction of various parameters (from 40 rubles/piece)
• Hood hood (from 50 RUR)

Before you begin to equip a sewer system, you must carefully familiarize yourself with the basic requirements put forward for it. As we will tell you in a special review.

Water can be not only beneficial, but also harmful to the human body. What filter rough cleaning would be better suited for a summer residence, find out from this.

Optimal slope and depth during construction

According to the recommendations of SNiP for pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, a stable 3 cm is made for each meter of installation. With a cross-section of 100 mm, this value can be reduced to 2 cm. In order to avoid blockages and “greasy” sewage in the kitchen, it is advisable to increase the slope by 0.5-1 cm for each meter of wiring.

When installing on a plot of land, the same angle of inclination is maintained. The sleeve (a pipe with a larger diameter than the main pipeline, protruding 15 cm from each end) is installed in a hole made in the foundation. It provides a transition to external sewerage, And located 30 cm above the soil freezing level.

Burying pipes below the freezing level (on average it is 1.6 m) is unprofitable– you will have to make a very deep septic tank. If a constant slope is maintained, this will be 4-5 m, where groundwater may already appear. The cost increases due to additional concrete rings and more durable (corrugated) pipes that can withstand both the pressure of the drain and the weight of the soil.

The drain temperature is usually above room temperature, which prevents freezing, and if desired, thermal insulation or insulation with a heating cable can be used.

Selection of pipes and diameters

Pipes are used to drain wastewater from plumbing fixtures diameter 5 cm. The pipe from the toilet should have a cross-section of 10-11 cm, which will help avoid blockages.

To organize a sewer system in a private house, pipes can be used cast iron, reinforced concrete or plastic. The latter are more acceptable due to their strength, durability, corrosion resistance and smooth surface.

External (PVC)

Designed for external networks. They are distinguished by their characteristic orange or yellow-brown color. Despite their relative cheapness, these pipes have sufficient strength, which allows their use both for external and hidden installation . For them, cold welding is recommended. All turns are made using fittings and bends.

Internal (polypropylene)

For internal communications they are light gray in color and have different technical parameters, depending on the manufacturer and model. Their common features:

• Single or multi-layer.
• Foam propylene is protected by an aluminum coating and a polymer layer.
• The connection is made by welding or using special fittings.

Rules for the design and installation of an external system

Briefly, the instructions on how to properly make a local autonomous sewage system in a private country house (dacha) with your own hands look like this:

1. Mechanical or manual excavation of a trench.
2. Formation of a sand cushion.
3. Layout of all component elements (pipeline, trays, fittings).
4. Connecting fragments starting from the exit internal sewerage. For greater reliability The fastening points are treated with silicone sealant.
5. Testing the tightness of connections at maximum load.
6. Backfill the trench, trying to compact sand or soil only on the sides of the pipe, avoiding sudden loads at right angles. Thickness of sand backfill - not less than 15 cm.

For pipeline turns, shaped parts for external utility networks. If the distance from the foundation to the septic tank is more than 10-12 m, it makes sense to equip the area with an intermediate inspection well.

This video shows how to properly make a sewer system for a private home, as well as how to lay pipes yourself:

How to properly install a sewer system in a private house, do everything according to the diagram yourself and lay the pipes for the system without errors? Installation of the sewer system will be of better quality if follow several instructions:

When installing sewerage it is important to take into account every nuance: placement of plumbing fixtures, topography of the site, location of the intake manifold or septic tank, depth of pipe laying and angle of inclination.

Only with careful charting, careful planning and order By installing a sewerage system in a private house or country house with your own hands, you can guarantee that the system will not freeze in the middle of winter and will drain wastewater well without creating additional problems in the house and on the site.

Disposal of human waste products is an indispensable condition for organizing comfortable living in private property. Therefore especially important stage drainage system design is the development of a sewerage system in a private house.

Gone are the days when the typical device for a private country household was an ordinary country toilet, which consisted of a plank booth and a cesspool. We invite you to read the article.

In modern times, a sewage system in a house is an indispensable attribute.

Types of sewerage systems for a private home

Water is necessary in your home or dacha; there is no point in arguing with this statement. But its excess is even more harmful than its deficiency. An excessively watered area is even more useless in an economic sense than a dehydrated one. Therefore, to remove excess moisture are being created special systems:

1. A drainage sewer system designed to collect and remove liquid from moisture-saturated soil layers.

1. A storm sewer system that performs the function of collecting rain and melt water, its sewage into special storage tanks and subsequent discharge into storm sewers or devices for use for household needs during the dry period.

1. Fecal sewer, responsible for the collection, purification and disposal of household wastewater and human waste products. We suggest you read the article about that.

Each of these devices performs a specific function and has its own design differences in accordance with its purpose.

The nature of the wastewater in each system requires separate collection and sewerage of liquid from each type of specified device.

How to make a sewerage diagram in a house with your own hands

Such a document is a graphical action plan. A sewerage project makes it possible to correctly calculate the need for materials for installing a sewerage system for your home.

Watch the video

The basis for drawing up drainage diagrams is a building project, which clearly indicates the installation locations of plumbing fixtures and their names, which allows you to select the correct materials.

Factors influencing the composition and design of sewage systems in the house

To determine the size and placement of the main elements when installing a sewer system in a private house, it is necessary to determine the level of water consumption. The calculation uses average consumption data.

As a first approximation, you can use the standard of 100 liters per person. When designing, you should adhere to the basic rule of placing the main external sewerage equipment at a distance of no closer than 4 meters from the border of the site and no closer than 10 meters from a residential building.

In this case, the distance to the nearest water intake (well or borehole) must be at least 35 meters.

If your neighbors complain about you, then the inspection authorities (the sanitary and epidemiological service) will demand that the distance be no less than the figure indicated above!

Below is an example project.

The purpose of drawing up a plan is to locate the main equipment of the drainage system, determine the cross-section of sewer outlets and select the appropriate fittings for the installation of a gravity drainage network.

Elements of the internal sewer system

These include the following details;

1. Kitchen sink siphon and drain pipe.
2. The same device for the washbasin in the bathroom.
3. There is also a siphon and drain pipe from the bathtub, and a drain with a siphon from the shower stall.
4. The drain pipe and siphon from the bidet are in the toilet. There is also a siphon and an elbow connecting the toilet to the sewer riser.

In a two-story house, these elements may be repeated on each floor, but they may also be absent, in which case appropriate adjustments must be made to the list provided.

All of the listed parts are connected to a horizontally located outlet pipe. Since we are talking about a gravity drainage system, when laying the drainage channel, it is installed with a slope of 2-5 millimeters in the direction of the drainage and is connected to the riser of the drainage system.

The size of the outlet pipe may vary within the nominal diameter 32-50 millimeters. In practice, they usually prefer to make do with one, maximum diameter, which simplifies the selection of fittings. See the diagram below.

All data on the use of plumbing elements are summarized in an axonometric drawing, according to which it is necessary to calculate the need for materials.

When laying sewer pipes in a country house, all connections must be made at an angle of 135 degrees, for which appropriate fittings are produced.

How to make a diagram of the internal sewage system at home yourself

Such a graphic document provides for the display of all communications in the house, including the drainage diagram. The following circumstances are taken into account:

1. All plumbing fixtures are installed on the floor along one wall, common to rooms such as the kitchen, bathroom and toilet.

1. The kitchen is equipped with a sink, dishwasher and washing machine.
2. These units are connected to a common outlet pipe through siphons, which prevent air from the sewer with characteristic odors from entering the room.
3. The outlet pipe passes through a hole in the wall into the bathroom, where the following plumbing fixtures can be connected: washbasin, bathtub, washing machine - each device with its own siphon.

1. The next hole in the wall opens into the toilet, where a bidet and toilet can be placed.
2. All connections are made to a discharge pipe with a diameter of 40-50 millimeters using tees at an angle of 135 degrees. The connections must be made “in a socket”, equipped with a sealing collar for tightness.

The system for collecting and disposing of wastewater is free-flowing, so the sewerage drainage line. This rule must be followed very scrupulously.

If the slope is insufficient, water drainage will be difficult or impossible, and exceeding the parameter will lead to accelerated drainage. As a result, the water will drain, and some of the contaminants will remain in the pipe, creating the preconditions for future blockage.

The second significant component of the internal sewerage system in a private house is the riser, which receives waste water from the outlet pipe. There may be several such outlets.

For this reason, the diameter of the riser pipe is selected within 100-150 millimeters. The riser must be equipped with an inspection to monitor its condition and ensure the possibility of cleaning.

But functionally, this element of the system performs another important task - its continuation provides ventilation in the sewerage system.

Another revision is installed at the upper end of the riser in the house, to which the base of the fan pipe is attached. It is discharged through the ceiling and roofing. The upper end must be at least half a meter above the roof ridge to reliably remove unpleasant sewer odors.

In addition, when the riser pipe is completely filled drain waters siphon failure is possible.

A vacuum is created in the filled riser pipe, as a result of which the water seals in the siphons are sucked into the riser. Air, not at all scented, penetrates into the living space of the house through empty water seals. The result is obvious.

This unsightly situation is completely resolved by installing a fan pipe through which air enters the system, equalizing the pressure.

The fan pipe must be protected by the head from clogging with debris and leaves. They are most often made in the form of a deflector, creating an upward air flow for ventilation.

So the boner plays vital role in the general drainage system and all the features of its structure must be taken into account when designing the sewer system.

Features of sewerage installation in a two-story private house

Device top floor in a country house also provides for the use of a drainage system. There are fewer drain points, usually a shower and a toilet.

To save money, the sewerage distribution on the second floor is carried out in parallel to a similar network on the first floor. This simplifies the design and installation of the system, since there is no need to install a second riser - the drain will be connected to the existing one.

Elements of the external sewer system

The external wastewater treatment and disposal system consists of a number of units, the action of which is aimed at disinfecting wastewater.

The main ones are:

1. Filter wells or septic tanks. The first ones are the easiest to manufacture and operate. They are a pit in the ground up to three meters deep. The transverse size can reach two meters regardless of its shape. The walls of the pit are reinforced with concrete or brickwork. They can be solid or perforated with holes of 40-60 millimeters. A filter up to 80 centimeters thick is installed at the bottom of the well.

You can use slag, gravel, broken bricks for it. The latter is laid in a top layer of broken brick, the size of the fraction is about 50 millimeters. For the gravel filter, material from 15 millimeters is used.

1. Septic tanks. The container is divided by one or more partitions.

The drained liquid fills the first chamber. At the site where the liquid jet falls, you need to install a protective plate that will not allow it to erode the silt layer. You need to place a cartridge with a bacterial culture in the chamber, which will become the basis of the aerobic filter.

In it, the biological mass decomposes pollution. Water overflows over the upper edge of the partition and enters the second chamber, where an aerator is installed and the water is blown through with sprayed air. In this case, the contaminants are oxidized and further processed, this time aerobic bacteria in the presence of oxygen

When using a septic tank, the degree of wastewater treatment reaches 75–90%, which indicates the need for additional purification for complete disinfection.

1. Soil field filtration
2. Sewage installation projects are carried out individually depending on actual conditions.

This method is used for post-treatment of wastewater as it passes through soils. Liquid enters the system from the septic tank drainage pipes, passing through a gravel filter and a double layer of geofabric.

At the same time, all fine particles are retained in them, and the degree of purification reaches 98%.

The limitation for the use of this method of additional wastewater treatment is the characteristics of the soil. Fields are ineffective on soils with low permeability - dense loams and clays. Sandy gravel and sandy soils are the most favorable, allowing for high-quality filtration of wastewater.

1. Infiltrators. Infiltrates are installed on low-permeability soils. These are box-shaped plastic products with side bars, closed at the top and open at the bottom. Depending on the volume of processing, up to 3-4 devices can be installed sequentially.

Any of the described objects can be used both together and in the configuration chosen by the buyer. The connection of objects is made by laying plastic pipes with a diameter of 100-150 millimeters, less often - for large objects - pipes of 200 millimeters are used.

In addition, each external sewerage facility is equipped with a ventilation system; inside the building, vent pipes are used for this purpose.

The use of septic tanks is most popular in areas with insufficient precipitation, while the purified liquid is actively used for reuse for household needs.

Design of external sewerage

These two components of a single task are completely opposite. If the internal sewerage system is intended for collecting wastewater, then the external one is for its disinfection and disposal.

Therefore, the rules for its design have only one similarity with internal requirements - the slope from the foundation of the house towards the storage tank should be 1-2 millimeters per meter for the same reasons (see above).

The tasks solved by external sewerage are the processing of wastewater for the purpose of its disinfection. Water discharged into the ground after purification must be absolutely safe, since, after final purification by ground filtration, it returns to the consumer.

Since the object moves into the external environment, the depth of soil freezing must be taken into account. The pipe should be located below this level.

But, even if this condition is met, it is advisable to insulate the sewer pipe in case of emergency climatic circumstances, which have recently happened with enviable regularity.

And to guarantee the integrity of the pipeline in case of a critical drop in temperature.

Factors influencing circuit design

They can be both objective, caused by specific conditions, and subjective, arising from the appropriate attitude of the designer.

The first include the already mentioned depth of soil freezing, which affects the depth of the pipe in the outer part of the sewer.

Objective reasons also explain the choice of the method of filtering liquid purified by septic tanks. When installing sewerage on clay soils with low water permeability, the method using infiltrates is forced to be chosen.

The factors of the first group include the absence of a special closed shaft for placing a vent pipe. We have already seen its necessity. In such a situation, it is installed with an outlet through the wall in a wall-mounted version; it is fastened to the wall using brackets.

If installing a drain pipe in this option is also undesirable, you can use an air valve to relieve pressure in the sewer drain.

Types of sewerage facilities and their functioning

To disinfect and purify wastewater sewered in a private home, several techniques are used:

1. Accumulation of liquid in a special container. Here the primary separation of the waste into solid liquid fractions occurs. It uses chemicals and biological drugs, promoting liquefaction of the mass and its partial processing by active bacteria. Culture can be purchased in specialized stores or at the construction market.

The given cleaning scheme will be used in industrial conditions, but most operations in one form or another are also performed on home cleaning devices.

INFORMATION TO HELP!!! Thus, chemical and bacteriological treatment of wastewater is carried out in the storage tank. Further purification occurs in the filter well. Filter in in this case consists of gravel and sand. Good results are obtained by using granulated slag and broken bricks, which are good adsorbents.

The well body was made of a concrete ring with a diameter of up to 2.5 meters and a height of up to 2 meters. A neck was installed in the upper part in such a way that only the metal lid remained at ground level.

A filter mass is poured around the ring. It is also practiced to make the body using brickwork.

A further development of filter devices is the production of septic tanks with several chambers designed for various purposes.

The first tank serves for the accumulation of wastewater, primary separation into fractions, chemical and biological treatment, and aeration. Treatment with atomized air is carried out to further oxidize the decomposition products contained in the effluent.

To do this, a compressor operating in continuous mode is built into the cleaning system.

In the last section treatment plant a filter well is installed in which wastewater is purified.

The design of the autonomous cleaning system can various options vary, but the operating principle remains the same. The degree of wastewater purification in modern septic tanks reaches 98%, which is a very high figure.

However, the most modern device requires periodic pumping and desilting.

Laying depth and angle of inclination of pipes to the tank

How deep the elements of the outer part of the sewer system need to be placed depends on the climatic characteristics of the construction region. One thing is obvious - the most dangerous thing for a pipeline is its freezing, especially if it is made of metal materials.

Behind this phenomenon is most often its destruction. But the most unpleasant thing is that before the weather warms up, you can forget about the operation of the sewer system. Only after it is possible to excavate the system is it time to spend money on repairs and restoration of the system.

Routing and laying of pipes

As a result of the accumulated experience, we have formed certain rules installation of internal and external pipelines when laying sewerage. They look like this:

1. Regardless of the location and method of its placement, the type of pipes and other conditions, it is mandatory to observe when laying a slope towards the drain. In this case, you should be guided by the requirements of SNiPs, since each pipe size requires a certain slope. Violation of the rules regarding its size usually leads to the formation of a blockage.
2. The distances between sewerage objects must be optimal in length; if they exceed 4-5 meters, an inspection insert is necessary. An inspection well must be installed in 10-meter sections.
3. When laying a sewer system in a country house (underground installation), you must follow the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 and 2.04.01-85 regarding compliance with the distances between individual sewer network objects.
4. In Russian conditions, an important factor is the placement of the pipeline below the zero freezing point of the soil. To ensure this factor, the trench must be deep enough, but you can go the route of insulating the sewer, even using heating cables during installation.
5. Laying of sewer pipes is carried out only on a bed of sand and the covering is also provided on top. This stage is very important for their integrity.

When using plastic pipes, tamp the sand layer carefully. top scores gives abundant shedding of shelter water. In this case, the highest quality compaction occurs, after which it is possible to backfill with soil.
Watch the video

Correct autonomous sewerage a country house can work for a long time, subject to high-quality installation and proper maintenance.

Insulation of sewer pipes

This event allows you to avoid performing voluminous earthworks when laying communications in regions with harsh climates and protect shallow pipes from freezing. For this purpose, various insulating materials are used:

• glass wool;
• mineral wool;
• foamed polystyrene, and many others.

For complete guarantee, you can also install a heating cable with a switch-on sensor when the temperature drops critically. The costs incurred will eliminate the need for repair work and associated costs. A sewer line constructed in this way does not require deep burial.

Above, we have already considered the requirements for the angle of inclination of gravity sewer pipes for the internal system. They are also valid for its outer part: 1-2 millimeters per meter of wiring length.

Storage tank volume calculator

A septic tank is a cleaning device that must contain and process the required volumes of household wastewater. First of all, you need to take into account that the septic tank, in accordance with sanitary requirements, must be enough for at least a three-day wastewater clarification/purification cycle.

Simply put, the minimum volume of the treatment facility’s chambers corresponds to the total three-day water consumption of all residents of a private house. There must also be a certain operational reserve in case of replenishment in the family, i.e., an increase in the number of consumers.

Determining the actual daily water consumption of one person is not a simple question; so, according to SNiP this is 200 liters; this indicator is currently considered outdated due to the widespread use of various types household appliances using water.

For example, it is considered that:

• taking a shower for 7 minutes will require 70 liters;
• using a bidet for 5 minutes – 40 liters;
• one-time bath or jacuzzi – about 110 liters;
• in one cycle of work dishwasher 15 liters consumed;
• 1 toilet flush consumes up to 9 liters of water.

Taking into account the above, in this calculator you are asked to choose and enter into the parameters for calculation the daily water consumption of one person from the range of 260-370 liters; This is the average range of recommendations.

SNiP 2.04.03-85, depending on wastewater flow, distinguishes:

• single-chamber types - with wastewater flow up to 1 m3/day;
• two-chamber - up to 10 m3/day;
• three-chamber - over 10 m3/day; therefore, the attached diagram above is not mandatory, but serves only to demonstrate one of the possible options for installing a septic tank.

For small farms, reinforced concrete rings are most often used as anaerobic concrete tanks. Reinforced concrete sewerage structures are distinguished by their reliability and practically unlimited service life. The problem that previously accompanied them - insufficient tightness, is now solved by modern means of waterproofing. MDS 40-2.200 recommends placing the bottoms of the tanks at least 3 meters from the surface, which limits the number of rings in one section (chamber) of the septic tank.

The active volume of a septic tank (Vak) is determined as the product of the daily water consumption of one consumer (Q liters), the number of consumers (K) and the number of days (D) of wastewater clarification (sludge): Vak=Q * K * D. According to the recommendation of SNiP 2.04.03 -85, with annual discharge of sediments, the minimum D is taken: 3, if the flow of wastewater is up to 5 m3/day or 5, if the flow is more than 5 m3/day. In addition, if you plan to clean the tank less than twice a year, then Vak should be increased by 20 percent for sediment.

When determining the height of chambers (for example, from concrete rings), it should also be taken into account that according to clause 3.35, MDS 40-2.200, the height of the air volume above the liquid level cannot be less than 500 mm.

The capacity of the septic tank must ensure the daily volume of wastewater. The amount of sewage liquid directly depends on the number of people living in a private house. As a first approximation, it is believed that one person consumes up to 200 liters per day.

The areas of these expenses are quite traditional and are associated with economic and sanitary consumption. Thus, a family of 4 people consumes about a cubic meter of liquid per day.

You can more accurately determine this indicator using the built-in online calculator.

Septic tank and cesspool

The most important device in the external part of the sewer system is the septic tank or other device for filtering wastewater. Installation of concrete or brick construction not associated with any features.

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But the now popular high-quality plastic devices require additional attention. In areas where there are high seasonal groundwater levels, the tank may float up.

In sealed cesspools, the contents are retained for the entire time between pumping. At big family such operations are carried out quite often, because each person produces about 100 liters of wastewater per day.

The cesspool is located in a place convenient for access by a sewage truck, no more than 6 meters from the border of the site.

The danger of cesspools lies in insufficient wastewater treatment. If in sealed devices this issue is not considered at all, then in filtration devices the degree of purification is about 75%, which is clearly not enough and contaminants gradually accumulate in the soil.

Filter wells

Do-it-yourself sewerage installation in a private house is also possible in other ways. So, the outer part is made in the form of filter wells. This becomes possible on marl or sandy soils with high permeability.

The composition of the filter in this case is heterogeneous:

• in the lower part a layer of blast furnace slag up to half a meter thick is poured;
• then there is a layer of gravel with a fraction of 15 millimeters;
• The top layer should be properly poured from broken bricks, which exhibit strong adsorbing characteristics.

Large components of the filtrate are deposited on the upper layers of such a filter, followed by smaller ones. Filter wells are effective if biological wastewater treatment is used. Aerobic bacteria gradually develop in the filter, capable of processing organic matter contained in wastewater.

It is possible and often used to dispose of filtered liquid through drainage ditches into the nearest body of water. Wastewater in the drainage ditch undergoes additional purification by passing through a gravel-sand filter.

The degree of purification in a filter well, depending on the throughput characteristics of the soil, can reach 90-95%.

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In general, a filter well is a transitional step from a cesspool to a septic tank. If you add another compartment with an aeration unit to the container, you can get a full-fledged septic tank. Sprayed air actively oxidizes the wastewater biomass, forming another bactericidal sludge layer, in this case it is represented by anaerobic bacteria.

Calculation of the volume of filter structures for sewerage at home

You should understand the responsibility of the residents of the house for the environmental condition of their place of residence. And it largely depends on the purity of groundwater. Therefore, a number of documents regulating water consumption and water treatment have been developed:

• Building codes and rules 2.04.03.85, regulating the installation of external sewage systems in private houses, as well as the arrangement of sanitary protection zones for small protective structures;
• SNiP 2.04.01.85 for internal networks and water supply in terms of determining the volume of wastewater;
• a manual on the procedure for designing engineering support systems MDS 40.2.200, which provides calculations for calculating the volume of wastewater in private housing construction.

Watch the video

Calculation of the volume of a septic tank can be performed for both a single-chamber and multi-chamber scheme. When the volume of consumption per day is about one cubic meter, one chamber is enough for the complete biocenosis of the contents of the septic tank.

With a larger number of drains, you need to use two or more containers, which are installed in series. Septic tanks of two or more chambers are divided equally, but it is possible to use devices in which the first chamber occupies up to 75% of the volume. Important - according to sanitary standards, making cesspools is prohibited!

The main importance when developing a septic tank project for a country house is its working volume, which can be calculated using the following algorithm:

• as the displacement of the daily volumes of incoming wastewater, multiplied by the time of their anaerobic processing in a day;
• as the total amount of liquid in all compartments of the septic tank;
• the distance from the bottom of the container to the lower edge of the spout pipe is taken into account;
• from the volume you need to subtract the height of the sediment layer, which can be up to 20% of the depth of the container; if cleaning is carried out in accordance with the rules - 2 times a year, this indicator can be ignored.

When calculating with your own hands, your own treatment device with final purification by filtration through the ground, you should take into account that this is realistic with a liquid consumption of 3-5 cubic meters per day.

If it is higher, you need to use SBR reactors or use a combined design with treatment with both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, not excluding the use of aeration.

The use of biochemical materials for wastewater treatment increases the degree of wastewater treatment and accelerates its processing tens of times.

The use of biochemical treatment of wastewater makes it possible to purify it to a degree of 98%, so this water can be used for watering the garden and at the same time obtaining an increase in the harvest. To fertilize the soil you can

use sludge deposits.

Principles of sewerage pipeline construction

The main difference between drain systems and other pipelines is the following features:

1. Gravity flow when working under atmospheric pressure conditions. Liquid flows through pipe products under the influence of gravity along a predetermined slope.
2. The flow rate is set by the angle of inclination of the pipeline towards the outflow. Moreover, its value should be strictly within 1-2 millimeters per meter. The reasons have already been mentioned above.
3. Tightness. For a gravity pipeline, it is provided by a socket connection of the elements using a rubber collar for sealing.

When installing a sewer system, it is not allowed to connect pipes that are skewed from common axis. Otherwise, a gap will form between the wall of the part and the cuff with leakage of the transported liquid.

Which pipe products to choose at home

For wastewater disposal systems, pipelines from various materials:

1. Ceramic. This material is very durable and is not subject to any influence from aggressive environments. Disadvantages include complex installation and difficult logistics.

1. For many decades, the market leaders were sewer pipes made of cast iron. This material is almost ideal for this application. The manufacturing material is resistant to corrosion in most environments and has fairly high strength characteristics. The accuracy of the socket connection is ensured by the production method - casting. In addition, the use of cast iron pipes allows the use of caulking during their installation to improve the tightness of the connection.

To facilitate the installation of cast iron pipelines, a large assortment fittings.

1. Asbestos pipes. Some positive characteristics of asbestos pipes do not cancel the main negative point - such materials are prohibited for use in residential construction.
2. Plastic sewer pipes Today they have practically replaced all other species. Simple delivery and unloading, manufacturability of the material during installation and durability have led to the fact that they have become the main materials for those who decided to make sewage systems with their own hands. The main method of assembling pipelines is in a socket. For internal systems, the main dimensions are:
   • For outlets from plumbing fixtures - diameters of 40 or 50 millimeters;
   • For the riser and drain pipe - size 100 or 110 mm;
   • For the outlet pipe from the house to the septic tank 100, 110 or 150.

Laying a pipeline from the house to the tank

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Therefore, a rule has been established that determines the installation of a storage tank at a distance of at least 10 meters from a residential building. However, there are sources that regulate this value at 5 meters.

It should be understood that this is a random discrepancy, but it is better to stick to the first installation option. In this case it will be impossible to make a claim. But, strictly speaking, correct installation capacity depends on the throughput and filtering capacity of the soil on the site.

It is mandatory to comply with the slope in the parameters mentioned above.

To lay a sewer outlet pipe, you will need to dig a trench of the required depth, determined by the level of soil freezing. Let’s imagine the labor costs associated with fulfilling this requirement, because we also need to provide for the thickness of the drainage layer. If in the Moscow region the soil freezes to 1.8 meters, then the depth of the trench will be more than 2.2. Therefore, many prefer shallow ditches, insulating the pipes with a protective jacket and heating cable.

The order of work is as follows:

1. The route is marked with pegs or a cord.
2. Excavation of soil to a connection depth of about 60 centimeters.
3. Backfilling of the drainage - about 20 centimeters of gravel and 10 centimeters of sand at the bottom.
4. Filling the drain with water to seal.
5. Marking the slope is done using a cord and building level. The upper end at the exit from the building should be 20 centimeters higher than the opposite end at a ten-meter distance.
6. The pipes are laid section by section to a depth according to the laying pattern, the position is regulated by placing bricks under them and adding sand.
7. The heating cable is installed and secured with tape.
8. During installation, a thermal insulating casing is placed on the pipe.
9. The pipe with cable and insulation is covered with sand, then with previously removed soil.

The use of plastic pipes for the external drainage system will ensure their integrity during seasonal soil movements, since they are elastic enough to withstand such loads. Installing a sewer system in your home from this material ensures its performance for up to 50 years.

DIY installation cost

Paying for the services of invited specialists costs a lot of money. But if you analyze the installation technology according to the wiring diagram of the sewer system, it becomes obvious that there is nothing in it that cannot be done correctly yourself.

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How to increase efficiency

The uninterrupted operation of the drain system is, first of all, ensured by high-quality installation.

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The only thing that can be advised to the user is to install a waste shredder under the sink in addition to the sewerage system; doing this correctly is not difficult. This action will significantly protect the system from clogging.

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It is difficult for us to live without amenities, even if we are in a private home. We strive to provide maximum comfort, creating an optimal standard of living for our family. For this, it is very important to think through the issue of construction in advance.

When building a sewer system with your own hands in a private country cottage, You can save money, but you need to carry out this work in accordance with construction and installation requirements.

Sewerage installation in a house involves the arrangement of external and internal sewerage systems.

The internal part is pipe routing, installation of a drain pipe and a riser.

External refers to a set of pipes running from the house to a septic tank or deep cleaning station.

Internal sewerage diagram

You need to choose a scheme based on the layout of each house. It is ideal when all plumbing equipment is connected to one collector through which the water will flow.

In a large house with several bathrooms, it is more correct to prefer a scheme in which there will be at least two cesspools or a septic tank. And in a two-story house it is necessary to install risers.

How to draw up a sewerage diagram for a private house:

1. draw up a house plan;
2. determine the location of risers;
3. mark the locations of plumbing fixtures and decide on how to connect them;
4. depict the pipes running from the fittings and riser to the plumbing, and all connection elements;
5. do this for each floor;
6. determine the dimensions of the fan pipe and riser;
7. add up the length of all internal pipes;
8. At the final stage, draw up a diagram of the external sewerage system.

How to choose sewer pipes

Different ones are used for external and internal sewerage.

For laying pipes inside, polyvinyl chloride and gray. For sunbeds and risers, pipes with a diameter of 110 mm are used, and for drainage - 40 and 50 mm. Turns are made with two plastic elbows bent at right angles.

Often, pipes for external sewerage have Orange color, diameter 110 mm and the required rigidity. Double-layer corrugated pipes can also be used.

Pipe properties

Cast iron:

• durable and strong, designed for heavy loads.
• expensive, heavy and fragile, corrosion on the inside can contribute to clogs.

Polypropylene:

• Light and flexible, withstands high water temperatures well.
• there are no shortcomings.

Polyvinyl chloride:

• inexpensive and lightweight, used for external sewerage.
• They are fragile and do not tolerate high water temperatures well.

Pipe laying

The most serious process when constructing a sewer system in a house is the routing and laying of pipes. Upon completion of work, check the tightness of the system, and only then proceed to its operation.

Pipe connection

Today, many types of revisions, tees, elbows and plastic pipes that are easily connected are sold. The joints can be processed. And in places where the pipe passes through the foundation, it is recommended to install a sleeve.

It is also important to remember the slope of the pipes, which depends on its diameter and is 2 - 3 cm per 1 m.

Sewer outlet

In order not to encounter a discrepancy between the internal and external sewer systems, begin the installation of the sewer system from the outlet,

It is installed through the foundation below the frost level. When installing the outlet higher, it will be necessary to insulate the pipe.

If you didn’t think about it, you will need to punch a hole in it large enough to install a drain pipe with a sleeve. The sleeve is a small piece of pipe with a diameter of 130-160 mm. It should protrude 15 cm on both sides of the foundation.

The outlet diameter must be no less than the diameter of the riser. And the sleeve is needed to create a pipe slope.

Pipe routing and riser installation

It is ideal to place the riser in the toilet. It can be mounted openly or hidden.

To connect sewer pipes to the riser, oblique tees are used, and adapters are used at the joints of pipes that differ in diameter. At the intersection of pipes, it is necessary to install a collector with a diameter of 100-110 mm. Also install water seals that will protect you from unpleasant odors.

Installation of a special tee (revision) on each riser is mandatory. With its help it will be possible to clear the blockage. You can install cleaning after each bend.

It is better to place the riser in the toilet of a private house

Fan pipe outlet

Functions of the drain pipe:

• maintains atmospheric pressure inside the system;
• increases the durability of the sewer system;
• ventilates the entire sewer system.

The fan pipe is the continuation of the riser. This is a pipe leading to the roof. Before connecting the drain pipe and the riser, it is important to install an inspection. After which the pipe is led out at a convenient angle into the attic.

You cannot combine the fan pipe with the chimney or ventilation of the house. The exhaust pipe outlet must be located at a distance of 4 meters from windows and balconies. The height of the retreat from the roof should be 70 cm. It is also important to place the sewer, house and chimney ventilation at different levels.

External sewage system of the house

There are different ways to install a sewer system in your home, but it is very important to choose the right system that meets your needs.

It is necessary to select an external sewerage scheme taking into account the following:

• you live in the house temporarily or permanently;
• number of people living;
• daily water consumption per person;
• soil water level;
• plot size;
• soil type and structure;
• climate.

For more detailed information, you should read the relevant chapters of SNiP and SanPin.

All external sewage systems are divided into two types:

• storage (cesspool, sealed container);
• structures for wastewater treatment (single-chamber septic tank, septic tank with two overflowing wells, aeration tank, septic tank with a biofilter, septic tank with several chambers and a filtration field).

Cesspool without bottom

This is a very old method of sewerage, which is now used exclusively as a country house.

In the cesspool, walls are made from rings of concrete or bricks, and the earth remains as the bottom. In a hole, relatively clean water seeps into the ground and organic waste settles to the bottom.

When completely filled with waste, it needs to be cleaned.

It is possible to make such a cesspool if people do not live in the house permanently and do not consume a lot of water. Groundwater in this case, they must pass at least 1 m below the bottom of the pit, otherwise this will lead to contamination of soil waters.

Adding microorganisms to the pit will slightly reduce the unpleasant odor and speed up the process of water purification.

Sealed storage tank

This option involves installing a sealed container into which water will drain. You can purchase a ready-made container made of metal or plastic, or you can make one yourself from concrete rings. The lid is made of metal, and the bottom is made of concrete. Important during construction storage tank is its complete tightness and insulated lid.

When filling the tank, it must be cleaned using a special vacuum cleaner. The volume of the tank and the frequency of cleaning it depend on water consumption.

This system can be used when groundwater is high, so you will protect water sources and soil. But its downside is that you will need to call the sewer truck quite often.

Single chamber septic tank

This is a well, the bottom of which is covered with a layer of crushed stone and coarse sand. Water seeping through them is purified by 50%. Along with mechanical cleaning, biological cleaning processes take place here.

You should not build such a sewer system in a private house if people live in it permanently. This option can only be used when groundwater levels are low. It should be noted that crushed stone and sand need to be changed periodically.

With your own hands, you can make a septic tank from polypropylene, reinforced concrete rings, brick, or fill its walls and floor. In this case, it is necessary to determine whether the wastewater treatment will take place in the well field or in the filtration field. You also need to equip the system and carry out its hydro- and thermal insulation.

Two-chamber septic tank

The most popular method of installation in a country house, it is economical and can be built independently.

It consists of two wells. The first has a sealed bottom, and the second does not, but is filled with crushed stone and sand, which will need to be replaced approximately every five years.

The first well plays the role of a sump, and the second - a filter well. Periodically, the first well is filled with waste and to clean it you need to call a sewer truck about 2 times a year.

It is worth installing such a sewer system in a house if, even during a flood, the groundwater level is below 1 m from the bottom of the second well.

Soil and biological treatment - septic tank with filtration field

This type of septic tank is made in the form of a container divided into sections connected by pipes.

The first container is needed to settle the wastewater. Clarified water goes to the second section, where organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. Afterwards the water goes to the filtration fields.

This is a vast underground area where soil treatment of wastewater takes place. If the soil on your site is sandy, then this perfect option. After this, the water is sent through pipelines to the well or drainage ditch.

Sometimes sand and crushed stone need to be replaced in the filtration field.

Natural treatment station - septic tank with biofilter

With its help, it is possible to carry out sewerage at any level of groundwater.

Such a station is a container divided into 3-4 sections.

In the first, the water settles, in the second, organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms. In the third, water is separated, and in the fourth, organic matter is decomposed by aerobic bacteria, which live only under the condition of constant air flow. To do this, a pipe rising above the ground is installed above the chamber. In the pipe leading from the third chamber to the fourth, there is a filter with aerobic bacteria. Purified water can be used for technical purposes. From the fourth chamber there is a pipe leading to a drainage ditch, or storage tank.

For a country house with permanent residence, a septic tank with a biofilter is optimal solution. The disadvantage is that if they do not live permanently, the bacteria will simply die.

Artificial treatment station - septic tank with forced air supply

This is a quick cleaning installation, in which natural processes are artificially induced. It is impossible to install a sewer system using an aeration tank without connecting it to

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