How to pour a staircase. How to make a monolithic concrete entrance staircase with your own hands

Concrete stairs are widely used not only in places common use apartment buildings, but also in private houses, cottages and apartments.

Reinforced concrete stairs in a house or apartment will suit almost any interior thanks to wide possibilities for finishing such stairs. Concrete stairs are very durable and have high wear resistance. Of course, these conditions are fulfilled if correct design And correct calculations, not only the durability of the future staircase, but also the safety of the people who will use it depends on these parameters. You will find all the details of constructing a concrete staircase in this article.

Types of monolithic stairs

Monolithic stairs are divided by type of structure and shape. There are the following options for concrete stairs:

screw;
straight marching;
rotary.

When making concrete stairs, the simplest design is a straight staircase, but it is not always convenient to use. If the staircase is located in a small room, to save space, they often use either a multi-flight staircase with winder steps or a turning platform, or a spiral one.

During design, and subsequently during construction, it is necessary to provide for the release of reinforcement at the points of contact with the stairs. This is necessary in order to connect the metal structure of the staircase with the elements of the house, for greater rigidity.

Monolithic stairs are the most versatile; they are resistant to moisture and temperature changes, so they can be used not only as interfloor stairs. For example, a staircase to a basement or entrance staircase to the house.

Straight one-flight staircase

This type stairs are very common. A single-flight staircase is built in houses with no high ceilings, turning staircases are often built in houses with high ceilings.

Based on the calculation that a comfortable flight length is no more than 15 steps, we find that in rooms with high ceilings it is more correct to use stairs with winder steps or turning platforms. Using a straight staircase in this case will lead to an increase in the number of steps and discomfort during its use.

Advantages of a straight staircase:

ease of installation compared to stairs of other shapes;
price;
Following the recommendations of our website, you can build such a staircase without any problems.

Spiral staircase

This reinforced concrete staircase will fit beautifully into the interior of any home.

Advantages:

placing the stairs on an area of 1.5 m2 is a huge plus, especially in small houses;
The unusual, graceful shape of the staircase will decorate any interior.

Spiral flooded staircases also have a number of installation difficulties:

difficult installation, regardless of the chosen type of structure, it is necessary to manufacture specially shaped panels for formwork;
difficulty in moving up stairs due to different widths steps along the entire length;
difficulties in lifting and lowering bulky objects, the problem is solved by increasing the diameter of the stairs.

Rotary staircase

They are used in various cases - in houses with high ceilings, to preserve optimal angle rise and flight length are also widely used in the construction of apartment buildings. Let's highlight two common options:

with a rotation of 90 degrees (L-shaped);
with a rotation of 180 degrees (U-shaped).

Winder steps or a turntable are used as a turn. Due to its design feature, a staircase with winder steps occupies a smaller area compared to a turning platform.

Types of structures

All concrete stairs are divided into:

monolithic concrete stairs - production is carried out directly at the installation site by pouring concrete mortar into pre-prepared formwork;
prefabricated - they are reinforced concrete blocks, pre-prepared in factories according to a standard template.

All types of stairs (straight, rotary and spiral) can be either monolithic or prefabricated, but in addition to this they are also divided by type of construction. The main designs are:

on bowstrings;
on stringers;
console;
modular.

We will analyze each of them in detail so that you can better understand which type of design is right for you.

On the bowstring

The design is a staircase, from the side of which no steps will be visible. The steps are located between the elements of the concrete structure.

The design can be either with closed steps,

same with open ones.

There are designs with a one-sided arrangement of the bowstring, in this design it is similar to the cantilever design.

On the stringer

The only difference between this design and the previous one is that the steps are open on the sides and the staircase has a zigzag appearance.

In addition, designs are distinguished by the location of the stringer:

Monocosure - can be located either in the center of the staircase or offset to either side.

Stringers - outwardly looks smooth, just like stairs on stringers made of other materials. In this design, stringers are made of concrete, and the steps themselves can be made of concrete or other material.

The staircase is a monolithic stringer.

Modular

Modular structures include prefabricated reinforced concrete stairs. The most common among modular concrete structures these are the stairs in apartment buildings. In such buildings, multi-flight staircases with turning platforms are used.

Much less often, prefabricated reinforced concrete stairs are presented in the form of spiral ones.

Another option modular design is the use of individual steps as sides, which are installed on inclined channels.

The process of assembling stairs from ready-made concrete elements is ultimately simpler compared to installing monolithic stairs using pre-prepared concrete elements. During the assembly process, the staircase elements are installed in pre-prepared places and secured with concrete mortar.

Console

Unusual and interesting design. Due to the absence of railings, risers and supporting elements, a feeling of lightness and weightlessness is created.

To avoid damage and destruction of steps cantilever staircase During operation, it is necessary to carefully carry out all calculations at the design stage.

To make a cantilever staircase from concrete steps, it is important that the walls are made of durable material and had sufficient width. During the construction of a house, a step 1/3 of the length is built into the wall.

Design and requirements for monolithic reinforced concrete stairs

When designing, it is important to remember that each staircase has its own characteristics of calculating parameters based on the shape of the staircase and its design. You will be able to use detailed calculation all the necessary parameters in the article on calculating stairs, as well as a construction calculator for each type.

Based on SNiP, we will highlight the main parameters that must be taken into account when designing a concrete staircase:

number of steps - calculation is carried out relative to the length of the span to the height of the step;
tread width - according to the standards, for comfortable use of the stairs it is necessary that the foot can be completely placed on the tread;
step height – varies depending on the angle of inclination of the stairs, comfortable height is about 160–180 mm;
the length of the step corresponds to the width of the flight; for the quiet movement of two people in both directions, as well as for lifting bulky objects, a flight width of about 1200 mm is sufficient;
ceiling opening - the distance from the steps to the edge of the opening must be at least 200 cm;
railing height – on average 90 – 110 cm;
the length of the string or bowstring is calculated using the mathematical formula of Pythagoras. (stringer length) 2 = (stringer height) 2 + (flight length) 2 ;

the optimal angle of inclination for stairs in residential premises is from 24 to 37°, depending on this it will be possible to determine the height of the riser and the width of the step;

For turning stairs it is necessary to calculate additional supporting posts and a turning platform or winder steps.

These parameters apply to single-flight and multi-flight stairs, in the case of spiral staircases there are small differences:

It is necessary to determine the diameter of the staircase, it depends on the length of the step and the diameter of the central pillar of the support: 2 * (length of the step) + (diameter of the central pillar).
Special parameters also go to the shape and size of the step. Due to the fact that the step tapers towards the mounting support, it is necessary to adhere to following parameters: at the narrowest point the width should be at least 10 cm, at the central part of the rise - at least 20 cm, at the widest part - no more than 40 cm.

In addition to the above parameters required when building stairs, it is important to remember that concrete stairs have a number of additional parameters.

One of these conditions is the reinforcement of concrete stairs. Reinforcement is a kind of skeleton of the staircase that strengthens and supports it. When designing, it is necessary to separately draw a reinforcement diagram; it must completely follow the contour of the future staircase; it is also important for the necessary strength of the entire structure.

Particular attention also needs to be paid to the quality of the concrete mixture; the strength of the future staircase also depends on it. To properly prepare a concrete mixture, you can rely on a table that shows the ratios for obtaining 1 m 3 of concrete, or you can use a calculator for.

After calculating all the above parameters, it is necessary to draw the staircase and all its components separately, in at least two projections - a top view and a side view. The execution of the drawing is necessary for a visual representation of both each element separately (shape of the step and pattern of the balustrade or railing), and the entire staircase as a whole.

The main advantages of concrete stairs:

They have a rigid structure, no creaking or vibration.
The construction of a concrete staircase in a private house begins simultaneously with the construction of the house, thanks to this it can be used for construction needs without fear of damaging it.
Concrete stairs are resistant to moisture and temperature changes, ideal for outdoor locations, like an entrance staircase.
There is no possibility of fire.
The material allows you to carry out the craziest design projects.

A special feature of the design is the fact that a concrete staircase requires a solid base (foundation) and an equally strong floor on which it will rest. All this is due to the fact that concrete is a very heavy material; in addition, the heavy reinforced skeleton of the staircase also adds weight.

Construction stages

Now we have reached the most important stage, this is the construction of a concrete staircase. For convenience, we will divide this stage into six steps:

Foundation - we have already discussed that to make a concrete staircase you need a solid foundation and floor on which it will rest. This stage must be completed if the foundation for the stairs was not provided at the stage of pouring the foundation for the house.
Formwork is a structure that determines the shape of the future staircase; depending on the shape and size of the structure, wood or metal is used for formwork.
Reinforcement is a necessary process to give the staircase tensile strength and strength.
Pouring concrete - it is important to pour the stairs in one go and expel all the air from the concrete.
Removing formwork - all panels are dismantled after strengthening the concrete.

We will analyze each of the presented steps in detail so that you have no questions left and you can make a monolithic staircase yourself.

Foundation

You can find their descriptions on our website. The foundation is selected depending on the soil and the loads placed on it.

Let's look at an example slab foundation under the stairs. Since the foundation is also reinforced concrete structure, you will need to follow almost all the same steps as for the stairs:

We excavate the soil within the limits required for the stairs, to a depth of 60-80 cm.
When making a pillow under the foundation, we fill it with sand and tamp it down; the thickness of the sand pillow should be at least 20 cm.
We pour 20x40 crushed stone on top of the sand and compact it; the thickness of the crushed stone cushion should be from 10 to 20 cm, depending on the loads on the foundation.
After preparing the cushion, if it is necessary to raise the foundation above the ground, we make formwork. Otherwise, the earth will perform the formwork function.
We prepare a reinforced frame and fill the entire structure with concrete, providing a reinforced frame in such a way that the reinforcement for attaching the reinforced staircase frame to it sticks out above the level of the foundation.
After pouring, it is necessary to use a vibrating tool to eliminate air bubbles in the foundation and eliminate porosity.
After pouring the foundation, you must wait until the concrete is completely set before proceeding with the installation of the stairs. The process of complete consolidation will take about three weeks. In order for the foundation to gain rigidity before it dries, it must be regularly watered.

Stairs on concrete base much stronger, due to the fact that there is no subsidence of the soil, which leads to deformation and destruction of the stairs.

Installation of formwork

Preparing formwork for a future staircase in a private house is one of the most important stages, because it depends on it how beautiful the staircase will be.

For installation, it is necessary to prepare the materials from which the formwork will be constructed:

Edged board 30 mm thick or waterproof plywood 12-18 mm thick - these will be used to make the bottom of the formwork (it will bear the main load of all the poured concrete), as well as the side parts of the formwork and risers.
Bars 100x100 mm and boards 50x150-170 mm will be used to support the entire structure.
A thin sheet of metal or waterproof plywood 6-9 mm - for forming semicircular sections of the stairs.
Metal corners and screws for fastening - the use of self-tapping screws is due to the fact that with their help it is easier to disassemble the formwork than after using nails.

To get the maximum smooth surface future staircase, care must be taken to internal elements the formworks that will come into contact with the concrete were smooth and without unnecessary errors; for this it is better to sand them before assembly.

Step-by-step assembly of formwork:

There are special boards for assembling formwork; they are often used by professional builders.

The set of such shields includes special supporting pillars. All panels have locks for a tight and durable connection with each other.

Stair reinforcement

To reinforce a monolithic staircase, it is necessary to use reinforcement with a diameter of at least 12 mm. The fittings must be corrugated with a class not lower than AIII.

Let's sort it out correct location fittings:

The reinforcement bars must be located at least 20-30 mm and no more than 50 mm from the edge of the structure. It is necessary to provide special supports that will be used to maintain distances from the bottom of the formwork.
The distance between the reinforcing bars must be at least 20-30 cm. As a result of the bundle of reinforcement, cells of 20x30 cm should be formed. Close placement of the reinforcement is not allowed, due to the fact that this may create an obstacle to the passage of the concrete solution.
At the junctions of the stairs with walls and ceilings, it is necessary to deepen the reinforcement into these elements, drill a hole and drive the reinforcement into it.
The reinforcing mesh must be made in at least two or more layers, depending on the thickness of the stairs. The diameter of the transverse rods must be at least 6 mm.
The reinforcement is tied using wire.

Reinforcement should not be excessively filled with reinforcement:

Firstly, the passage of concrete may be obstructed, which will lead to the formation air gaps and reducing structural rigidity.
Secondly, this will significantly make the structure heavier. It’s good if your foundation is designed with a margin and can withstand this load, but it can be completely different.
Thirdly, this is an unnecessary increase in construction costs.

As an example, we present a number of cases of correct and incorrect reinforcement of rotating sections of a structure (edit photo)

Pouring concrete

Having completed the installation of formwork and reinforcement, do not rush to fill the stairs with concrete. Consider a number of points in advance:

Finishing the stairs - if the stairs are covered with wood, it would be more correct to place small bars in the concrete at the pouring stage, to which you can later attach finishing elements. Thanks to this, there will be no need to drill the ladder, thereby weakening it.
Posts for railings - depending on how the railing posts will be fastened, it is necessary to install the railing posts themselves or embedded parts for them, this is the case if the railings are placed on the steps. If the placement is on the side of the stairs, it is possible to place a metal plate to which railing posts can later be attached.

Don’t rush, before pouring concrete on the stairs, try to take everything into account possible elements, with which you will want to complement your staircase. If necessary, place the insert tubes under electrical cable for illumination. Any drilling or drilling of a finished concrete staircase to a certain extent will reduce the strength of the entire structure, so the more possible factors you consider before pouring the staircase, the stronger it will be.

To fill the stairs with concrete, you need to prepare concrete of a grade of at least M200, you can get it using the table given earlier or a construction calculator. (insert link) The concrete must contain crushed stone of a fraction of 10x20 mm, a smaller size will make the solution mobile and viscous, larger fractions may interfere with the passage of the solution in the reinforcement piping.

Sequence of pouring a monolithic staircase:

It is better to start the filling process from the lower stages. Having filled the first 3 steps, it is necessary to expel the air from the concrete; to do this, use a submersible vibrating tool. If the air is not expelled, the concrete will become porous and more brittle.
If the concrete sags after the air is released, add mortar and give the steps the correct shape.
Then proceed to filling all the remaining steps. Try to pour the entire staircase at one time so that the concrete mixture binds well. In the case of a large staircase, fill one flight at a time.
After pouring concrete, you need to cover the stairs with film to prevent moisture evaporation and allow the concrete to harden.

Removing formwork

You should not rush to remove the formwork elements; if the concrete has not gained enough rigidity, the entire structure will collapse and the whole process will have to start from the very beginning.

First of all, the formwork is removed from the steps and from the side support, this happens 10-14 days after pouring. After dismantling the formwork, it is possible to process the steps and sidewalls grinder to level the surface of your concrete stairs to the second floor.

During the entire time until the formwork is removed, it is necessary to maintain the moisture content of the concrete, water it with water and cover it with polyethylene, especially in hot weather. This must be done to prevent the concrete from drying out before it hardens. Otherwise, it will not gain sufficient hardness, and there is a risk of cracking and destruction.

After 30-45 days from the moment of pouring, you can begin to dismantle the lower supports and the base of the foundation. This is perhaps the most crucial and exciting moment in the entire construction of the staircase. But if you followed all the recommendations, then you do not need to worry; within the specified time, the concrete will gain the necessary strength, and the stairs can be used in full.

Finish options

After the construction process, we move on to the final stage of finishing. Reinforced concrete stairs have wide choose by finishing:

You can sheathe the staircase with wood - in this case, upon completion of the finishing, it may seem that the staircase is not made of concrete, but in fact made of wood.

Wooden steps on a concrete staircase (insert link) - in this case, wooden treads or treads with risers are installed, and the rest of the staircase remains concrete. It must be carefully sanded, puttied and painted or tiled.

Reinforced concrete stairs in private houses are quite rarely covered with tiles; more often this option is found for stairs to the basement, for a porch or for monolithic stairs in shopping and office centers. insert link

After completion of construction country house, dachas or modern cottage you should worry about the construction of the porch. This task must be taken seriously. It is important not only to reliably protect the entrance from the effects of precipitation and sun rays using a canopy, but also ensure an attractive appearance, reliability, strength and durability entrance structure. You can build a porch with your own hands from concrete in a limited time using timely prepared materials. It is important to be guided by the working design and adhere to the construction technology.

What is needed to make a concrete porch

Having no experience self-execution construction work, some developers are lost in the face of many questions that arise. The most important thing is how to make a concrete porch with your own hands? When trying to answer it, it is important to figure out what building materials will be needed, whether it will be necessary to use special equipment and whether there are enough tools available in the home arsenal. Let's figure it out in order.

DIY concrete porch

The main building material that will be required to pour the foundation under the porch is a concrete mixture, marked with the M200 index. Despite the fact that it is produced by specialized enterprises, it is easy to prepare a concrete solution on your own from the following components:

cement marked M500;
sifted sand;
medium-fraction crushed stone;
water.

To purchase materials you will not need significant expenses, the list is small:

metal rods with a cross section of 8–10 mm, used for concrete reinforcement;
annealed wire for connecting reinforcement into a spatial frame;
wooden blanks used to assemble the formwork frame;
boards or plywood intended for covering the formwork structure;
self-tapping screws intended for fixing the formwork structure;
construction waste, broken brick, stones that allow you to fill the volume;
roofing felt or polyethylene used as waterproofing.

Home craftsmen will not face the problem of purchasing special tools, since they have most of it. Required:

grinder equipped with a metal circle;
wood hacksaw;

Wood saw "Mother-in-law"

building level;
shovels and bayonet shovels;
roulette;
trowel or spatula;
hammer.

You will also need a concrete mixer to prepare the working mixture and a vibrating tamper to compact the concreted mass. They can be rented for the duration of construction activities. Having determined the amount of building materials needed for construction and prepared the tools, proceed to further work.

We are planning the production of a concrete porch - preparation and calculations

The following operations precede the construction of the porch foundation:

Dismantling of a previously installed platform.
Clearing the construction site of debris.
Measuring the distance from the ground level to the bottom of the door.
Calculation of the vertical distance between steps.
Determining the dimensions of the entrance area taking into account the width of the doorway.

Making the calculation optimal sizes concrete base, you should focus on the following recommendations:

The width of the entrance area should be 20–30 cm wider compared to the size of the door frame;
The distance from the beginning of the base of the porch to the door threshold should be in the range of 1–1.5 meters.

Porch foundation

At the design stage, a number of issues should be resolved:

decide on the appearance of the porch;
choose the entrance staircase option.

The design may vary. It provides for:

railing to facilitate climbing;
partial or full glazing;
open access from all sides;
decorative wrought iron fencing.

It is also possible designs without railings or with a lockable metal grill.

The configuration of the entrance staircase is determined by the requirements of the project and can take different shapes:

rectangular;
round;
square.

Staircases with diverging railings made in the form of a trapezoid look original. The appearance and design are determined by the owner of the premises, depending on the artistic taste and the estimated cost of construction activities.

When developing a porch project, observe the following requirements for geometric parameters:

the minimum width of the entrance area is 0.9–1.2 m;
the angle of inclination of the flight of stairs is up to 40 degrees;

Do-it-yourself semicircular concrete porch

width of the support step – 25 cm or more;
height difference between steps –18–22 cm;
protrusion of the supporting surface above the riser – 2–3 cm;
the height difference from the threshold to the concrete surface is 3–5 cm.

Having decided on the size and design of the porch, before starting construction work, you should calculate how much material (concrete and reinforcement) needs to be used for this.

the depth of the concrete base must correspond in level to the location of the base of the foundation of the building;
flight of stairs must be harmoniously perceived with the exterior of the building, and also securely fixed to the walls;
the reinforcement frame must be strong, cover the entire area of the concrete base and be located at a fixed distance from the surface;
The brand of concrete used must provide the necessary strength of the base under conditions of intensive use.

Compliance with these rules will allow you to operate the entrance structure for a long time.

Preparing the base for a concrete porch

Guided by the project and the results of calculations, as well as having decided on the design option, proceed to the construction of the foundation:

Mark the outline of the future building structure.
Go deeper into the soil along the contour by 40–50 cm.
Remove the soil and fill the pit with crushed stone and sand mixture.
Compact the bedding, forming a layer 15–20 cm thick.
Level the pillow and waterproof it with plastic wrap.

Pour concrete mortar into the reinforced pit and compact it

Drill channels in the wall of the building and insert reinforcement rods.
Check the distance between the rods, which should exceed 10 cm.
Hammer the vertical rods, ensuring they rise 20 cm above the soil level.
Mix the solution by mixing sand, cement and gravel in a ratio of 3:1:3.
Pour concrete mortar into the reinforced pit and compact it.
Plan the base and do not expose it to mechanical stress until it dries.

When the concrete has completely hardened, the formwork structure can be installed on the foundation.

Assembling formwork for a concrete porch

Properly installed formwork should follow the configuration of the entrance structure. For the manufacture of the frame the following can be used:

plywood panels;
planed boards;
metal sheets.

Sequence of assembly operations:

Cut the blanks for the edging elements of the formwork structure.
Mark the coordinates of the stair steps on the surface of the boards.
Cut the panels according to the markings made.
Attach jumpers between side panels to increase rigidity.
Assemble the formwork and secure it to the soil with rods to prevent movement.

Concrete porch formwork

Fix the elements that repeat the placement of the support steps.
Eliminate leaks and gaps between the formwork panels and caulk them.
Treat the inner surface of the formwork structure with mastic.

The use of a special lubricant at the final stage of formwork installation facilitates the process of dismantling the structure after the concrete has hardened.

Concrete porch - how to make steps

Application reinforcement cage increases the strength of the concrete mass, helps to increase the service life. When making steps, follow the given sequence of actions:

Cut the reinforcing bars into pieces that match the dimensions of the entrance structure.
Tie the steel blanks with annealed wire, ensuring the reliability of the power grid.
Place stones and construction waste to reduce the volume of poured concrete.
Prepare the working mixture in a concrete mixer, following the standard recipe when mixing.
Gradually pour the concrete mixture into the formwork in levels, starting pouring from the bottom tier.
Compact the poured concrete with an internal vibrator to eliminate air inclusions.
Level the surface of the concrete, controlling it with building level no slopes.
Ensure the immobility of the formwork structure with the hardening solution for 10-14 days.
Wet the surface of the array with a small amount of water to maintain the required humidity.
Cover the filled array with plastic film, which reliably protects against moisture evaporation.
Dismantle the formwork elements after the final completion of the concrete hydration processes.

This operation completes the roughing stage of work preceding finishing.

Level the concrete surface, using a building level to check that there are no slopes

How to make a concrete porch beautiful - finishing options

Application for finishing stairs paint and varnish materials, tiles and other cladding options allows you to decorate it, improves aesthetic perception. It is important to ensure that the style of the staircase structure matches the exterior of the building. As budget option You can use one of the following solutions:

imitate the texture of natural stone on the concrete surface;
Place multi-colored pebbles on the finished base.

It is difficult to call a concrete surface attractive. It is advisable to veneer it using one of the following solutions:

stick ceramic tiles, imitating natural stone;
lay porcelain tiles with a unique surface texture;
finish the surface with natural or artificial stone.

The following will add a unique “zest” and also increase the functionality of the entrance structure: additional elements design:

original shaped protective visor;
comfortable railings with wooden handrails.

Often tiles are used for cladding, which have a number of advantages:

resistance to negative temperatures;
anti-slip surface.

Clinker tiles for porch and steps

Combination of different color solutions When using tiles, it will give the concrete porch originality. Deserves attention combined option, providing a combination of colors that are similar in shade:

monochromatic design of the supporting surface of the steps;
facing the riser with clinker close to the color of the tile.

When solving problems of decorating a porch, creative people have the opportunity to show imagination and originality. From a variety of options, you can always choose the optimal solution.

We cover the concrete porch with our own hands

To carry out finishing activities it is not necessary to invite hired specialists. You can handle laying tiles on your own by following the following algorithm:

Remove dust from the concrete base.
Apply adhesive compound to the surface of the site.
Lubricate glue mixture work surface tiles and concrete base.
Carefully press the tiles onto the concrete base without allowing them to move.
Maintain the interval between tiles using special spacers.
Level the resulting seams using a special grout mixture.

The required amount of special glue can be calculated by knowing the surface area to be covered.

Conclusion

Answering the question of how to make a concrete porch with your own hands, it should be noted the importance of a responsible approach and adherence to technology when performing construction and finishing works. By following the recommendations of professionals, you can complete the task yourself. This will not only save money, but also master the skills of carrying out construction activities. The most important factor success is the use of high-quality raw materials, correct execution calculations, as well as compliance with technology.

The porch at the entrance to the house is as important a part of the entire building as the front door, for example. Often, construction concrete steps performed at a single stage of building a house. But, there are times when there is a need to do this after the house is built.

In such situations rational decision the stair steps will be filled from. This process is characterized by a number of sequential actions, following which you can cope with the task yourself.

The first step is to make a drawing of the project with details drawn. This will make your work easier, since you will see in front of you a detailed picture of the future concrete steps for.

The building's classic entrance with steps is located on the front side. Its task is to ensure comfortable passage, as well as in harmonious combination with general view the buildings. Therefore, it is very important to choose the right form. It should not only be functional, but also become, to a certain extent, part of the design of the front entrance to the house. Steps in the shape of a semicircle or trapezoid look great.

The choice of shape and size of the structure directly depends on the dimensions of the building. If you have a small compact house, then the porch should be appropriate. Traditional porch in the shape of a square or rectangle the best way suitable for small houses. Concrete steps and a porch of the same shape and size can be built as an additional entrance to the house from the rear.

Making concrete steps

Calculations

The progress of construction of the structure depends on the size of your future concrete steps. For buildings of this type There are specially prescribed SNiP standards, according to which a flight of stairs must be reliable, durable and easy to use.

To make the correct calculation of concrete steps with your own hands, pay attention to a number of rules:

After detailed plan Once all the parameters have been calculated, you can proceed with the construction of concrete steps to the house.

Tools and building materials

If you are planning to purchase ready-mixed concrete, you need to know its volume. To prepare the solution yourself, you must proceed from the mixture consumption parameters for preparing 1 cubic meter of concrete.

You will need:

– 340 kg;
sand – 1.02 m3;
crushed stone - 0.86 m3.

Note. To strengthen the porch structure, use reinforcement to create steps.

Materials for making concrete steps:

Sheets and boards 2 cm thick and 20 cm wide, for formwork.
Bars 40 x 40 mm for installing stiffeners.
Nails for fixing boards.
Metal reinforcement to strengthen the frame 6.5 - 1 2 mm.
material.
Concrete mortar or components for its preparation.
Decoration Materials.

Tools:

Vibrating machine to increase the density of concrete.
Shovel and bayonet shovels.
Concrete mixer.
Electric saw.
Putty knife.
Construction tape and level.

Construction site preparation

If the construction of the porch and the simultaneous installation of concrete steps takes place while initial stage building a house, site preparation will not take much time. It is enough to clear the area of dirt and debris.

If it is necessary to replace an obsolete structure without a foundation with a new one, you must adhere to the following procedure:

Preparing a hole for the base of the porch. The depth of the pit should be 20 - 30 degrees deeper than the freezing point of the soil. These indicators differ in different territories. The minimum depth for small steps should be half a meter. The sides of the pit for the foundation should be 25 cm higher than the dimensions of the site for building the porch.
Preparing a recess at the base of the building for mutual reinforcement of concrete steps with reinforcement.
Forming a “pillow” of sand and gravel at the bottom of the pit under the foundation. Sand is poured in a layer of 15 cm and moistened. Then fill the gravel with a layer of 20 cm and compact it. At the end, a ten-centimeter layer of sand is again formed. All layers are moistened abundantly with water. This pillow will provide reliable protection steps from the destructive effects of groundwater.
Laying for waterproofing the structure.
Formation of a reinforcing mesh with a cell size of 10 x 10 cm.
Filling the site with concrete mortar. Upon completion of the coating, the solution must be pierced with a metal rod to release air bubbles.

Note . In order for the foundation under the porch with steps to become stronger, you need to wait about a week.

Formwork equipment

After completing the work with the sand and gravel cushion, you can begin creating the formwork for the concrete steps. It is important to remember that the frame must be strong enough and reliable, taking into account the fact that it must withstand the weight of the concrete solution. The boundaries of the frame must correspond to the dimensions of the planned steps. To create formwork, use boards or.

The sequence of stages for creating formwork is as follows:

To ensure that the formwork can support the weight of the concrete solution, strengthen the sides of the frame. The timber is excellently suited for the role of stiffeners. Using boards that match the size and shape of the riser, the formwork is assembled. Nails act as fasteners. The bottom edge of the boards is formed at a slope to ensure a flat concrete surface.

The formwork for making concrete steps is created near the base of the house at a distance of 1 cm. Spacers are used to secure the structure, and stakes are placed to prevent it from moving. Fastening elements are immersed into the ground at least 25 cm with an installation step of 45 - 50 cm. The gaps must be covered with earth and thoroughly compacted.

Note . Plywood formwork is formed at a level of 30 cm above the height of the flight of stairs.

Before you start pouring concrete into the prepared foundation pit, you need to cover it with a vapor barrier material, which is roofing felt, after which a sealant is applied. The formwork is treated with a lubricant with a special composition to prevent concrete from sticking to boards and plywood.

Reinforcing concrete steps will help ensure the strength of the structure and extend its life. Metal rods are cut certain sizes and fastened with wire. The length of the rods should not exceed the width of the steps, but on the contrary, be 4–5 cm shorter. The step for installing the reinforcement is 15 cm. In order to save concrete consumption, stones and crushed bricks are used, which are laid between the reinforcement.

To make the process of constructing a porch at your house faster, use the service of ordering a concrete mixer. The concrete solution must be poured from the bottom step. Very important point is the need to use the solution immediately after preparation. This is done in order to preserve its original properties. Each subsequent poured layer must be compacted in order to come out air bubbles. Otherwise, the concrete structure will begin to quickly collapse.

Bricks and stones that protrude above the surface are pushed inside using a shovel. The quality of the concrete pouring work will be checked using a building level. The next layer of concrete is poured only after the previous layer has completely hardened.

Upon completion of the work, the formwork is left for a week until the structure completely hardens. If the workflow occurs in summer heat, the concrete solution must be moistened with water to avoid the formation of cracks. Use a hammer to remove the formwork. To do this, gently tapping and detaching the plywood and boards. If necessary, concrete porch steps can be sanded.

How to finish concrete steps on a porch?

Finishing the steps of the porch can begin a month after the formwork is removed. During this period of time, the solution will completely set and harden.

There are the following design options for concrete steps for a porch:

Coloring. This is the easiest and surest way to make a flight of stairs attractive.
Laying pebbles. This option looks very nice. From pebbles you can lay out any patterns that your imagination is capable of. This should be done at the stage of pouring the concrete solution.
Porcelain tiles or clinker tiles. The best solution, experts in this field, consider clinker tiles to be highly durable, resistant to various damages, and also have an anti-slip coating.

Whatever design you choose for the porch steps, it is important that it blends harmoniously with the exterior of the house.

Since ancient times, stairs have been an integral architectural element of most buildings. In addition to their main purpose, steps can become an accent and a successful addition to the interior or exterior. With the development of technology, high-tech and industrial styles have become especially popular, the emergence of which also influenced the design of stairs. With their help, you can divide the room into zones and make the interior interesting and dynamic. The layout of low-rise and high-rise buildings will depend directly on the location of the stairs and porch. Used for filling different materials, but most often builders make steps from concrete.

Preparation

Pouring steps with concrete requires preparation. First of all, it is necessary to determine the number, height and width of the steps, and calculate the approximate monetary costs. The width of the steps must exceed the width entrance doors, at least fifteen centimeters. If builders plan to make a wide platform near the building, the parameters of the porch can be increased. It is also important to think about the need. Each step should be about seventeen centimeters high and about thirty centimeters wide. Incline concrete porch should be forty-five degrees; if this figure is higher, then it will be difficult to climb the stairs, especially for disabled people and the elderly. If there are more than three steps, builders must take care to install stable ones. Before starting work, it is important to make drawings indicating dimensions. Then you can begin preparing the base, which is also made from concrete.

Tools and materials

You will need:

cement mortar;
crushed stone;
screwdriver;
Master OK;
boards for formwork;
reinforcing mesh, wire;
screws, metal corners;
wooden grater;
jigsaw;
drill;
scissors for cutting metal;
concrete mixer;
vibratory screed

For effective waterproofing the porch is cut off from the base by roofing felt.

Wood lags behind concrete surfaces after they harden, but this material has a significant drawback. Boards warp and deteriorate from variable exposure to moisture. If you are going to use the same boards when building several flights of stairs, you will have to protect them from damage. Before laying the reinforcement and pouring the porch, the tree is covered with a special dense material that will protect it from moisture, for example, roofing felt. If you do not have the necessary building materials at hand, wooden boards varnished. To fasten the formwork, self-tapping screws should be used. Experts do not recommend using nails, since the fastening will be difficult to disassemble.

Filling the steps

Construction work consists of the following stages:

Site preparation. First you need to carry out preparatory work. Builders argue that soil should not be used as a basis for construction, since its structure changes at low temperatures. temperature conditions. Frosts affect the condition of the soil and, as a result, can cause deformation in concrete and steps. First of all, workers must remove upper layer soil. It is necessary to remove the soil that freezes through during frosts: you need to remove more than thirty centimeters of soil. In this way, you will be able to protect the porch from negative impact low temperatures. To create solid foundation for a concrete structure, the soil should be removed not only under the future staircase, but also around it (at least ten centimeters around the perimeter of the prepared area). Then you need to fill the pit with gravel, which will serve as the basis for pouring concrete. It is advisable to use medium-sized gravel, otherwise it will lie unevenly. After this, the site is moistened, compacted, leveled, sand is poured on top, the layer of which should be up to five centimeters thick. Waterproofing material (for example, polyethylene) is laid over the sand. It is important to glue or weld each seam. In this way, the flooded steps can be protected from moisture penetration.
Reinforcement. The porch should be made so that it is securely attached to the building. The use of reinforcement inserts will help solve this problem - they will hold the concrete structures together. Builders can insert reinforcing mesh into the cement foundation using drilling. To do this, holes are made in the foundation, and then special pins are implanted into them. Reinforcement is carried out by strengthening the main components, the rest of the space of the future porch is covered with a mesh.
Formwork. Workers begin pouring concrete steps by preparing the formwork. It will give the concrete solution the required shape. For frame parts, experts use wood or metal, but in this case it is preferable to make formwork from wood. You can save building materials by forming a small elevation in the center of the future porch. The elevation is made from medium-sized gravel. Due to such actions, you will be able to use less concrete mixture. Builders should calculate the amount of mortar, taking into account that along the entire perimeter of the structure the layer of concrete mixture should be at least thirty centimeters. At the beginning of construction work, it is necessary to assemble the formwork, each side of which can be identical to the cutouts of the stairs or have similar shapes. The appearance of the formwork depends on the methods of fastening the elements. It is important that the frame is strong, since the formwork must withstand the concrete solution. To secure the sides at the front, stakes made of metal or wood are used. At the back, builders fix each side to the wall. When installing the frame, it is necessary to take into account all the values indicated in the drawing - any distortion will affect appearance stairs. Builders also cut out transverse wooden elements, with the help of which steps are formed. The height of the steps is approximately seventeen centimeters, the width is thirty centimeters, but you can select the necessary parameters depending on individual preferences. The installation of transverse elements is determined by the features of the sidewalls. So, they can be placed directly on the grooves or fixed with self-tapping screws, squares, if the structure of the sidewalls is solid. After the wooden structure is completely assembled, it is wedged and then secured. This will prevent it from being squeezed out under the pressure of the cement mortar. The upper part of the sidewalls must be connected crosswise with strips, and they are fixed on the outside with pins.
Pouring concrete into formwork.
Concreting. The cement mixture contains sand and Portland cement. In addition, it is added to the solution - it serves as a filler, increasing the volume of concrete and reducing consumption building material. Experts advise adding to cement mixture as much water as needed for a homogeneous solution. At the same time, it is important to take into account: if the composition contains less water, then the concrete will be stronger. After this, you can begin pouring the concrete mixture into the formwork. Sometimes builders add stones to concrete: this will help reduce material consumption. Then, when the form is partially filled, the formwork must be tapped to prevent the formation of voids inside. The formwork is dismantled after the concrete has dried.
Dismantling wooden formwork. It is recommended to remove the form a month after the concrete has been poured. During this period, the solution must dry, otherwise there is a high probability of deformation of the steps.

Of all the architectural structures that are found in construction two-story houses, one of the difficult ones is the stairs. Firstly, it should be noted that this element of the room must be highly reliable, meet certain standards for its safe operation, be beautiful and comfortable. Secondly, the most complex of all the proposed structures is the concrete staircase to the second floor. It would be easier to install wood or metal.

Why is this option better than others? Let's start with the fact that concrete tolerates intensive use better than all other materials. Such a staircase does not creak and does not dry out over time. It is possible to implement the most original and non-standard options using concrete mortar.

These can be classic flights of stairs, screw designs or any other compound variations. A wide variety of finishes can be used. Plus, it is a monolithic structure.

As mentioned above, there are many models of staircase structures. Anyone who decides to build this architectural element with their own hands must understand that complex stairs require experience in carrying out this type of work. This is especially true for formwork. It will be very difficult to assemble it exactly according to the shape and geometry of the structure.

Therefore, beginners are recommended to make single-flight stairs to the second floor. But when you master this option, and the end result fully meets the operating requirements, you can move on to more complex structures. For example, to double-flight, screw, and so on.

Photo gallery

Construction stages

Pouring a concrete staircase to the second floor is divided into several stages. Each of them has special requirements.

Calculation

There are certain standards for flights of stairs, determined by SNiPs:

minimum march width 90 cm;
height of steps 17 cm;
step width is 30 cm, this size ensures comfortable climbing the stairs;
the angle of inclination of the structure itself is 30º, with non-standard solutions, for example, to reduce the size of an architectural element - 45º;
the height of the staircase itself is determined based on all layers (thermal, waterproofing, finishing) on the first and second floors.

There are certain standard ratios of step sizes. In this case, it is believed that the two heights of the step plus its width should vary from 60 to 64 cm.

Concrete stairs are a very heavy structure. Even a small one will weigh at least 1.5 tons. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the weight of the structure and build a reliable foundation for it. The calculation here is as follows: the entire structure in the form of a monolith must create a pressure of 1 kg/cm².

The best option is to pour a 10 cm thick concrete screed onto well-compacted soil. If the weight of the structure exceeds 2.5 tons, then it is recommended to pour a separate foundation under it.

This is the most difficult operation in the entire process. To construct the formwork you need:

boards 30 mm thick or moisture resistant plywood 20 mm;
timber 100×100 mm;
plywood 9 mm thick to create curved surfaces.

If the concrete staircase going to the second floor rests on one of the walls, then this simplifies the assembly process itself. To do this, the contours of the future structure are drawn on the wall exactly according to the dimensions planned by the project and calculations. Beams are installed along them, which are attached to the wall with dowels. The strength of the fastener is very important here, so you can’t skimp on it.

Exactly the same contour is assembled from the wall to the width of the span, which is installed on racks made of timber. After which the two contours are connected along the lower planes with plywood or boards. Next, the contours themselves are connected to each other from above by crossbars made of wooden slats. That is, a rigid structure is assembled without cracks or gaps. Some craftsmen install additional racks under stepped spans, thereby increasing the strength of the wooden structure.

There is a simplified version of formwork construction. To do this, it is necessary to cut stringers from the boards, one of which is attached to the wall, the second is installed on racks. Here it is important to install both elements exactly in the same plane. The bottom of the stringers is lined with plywood.

Stringers are elements of a staircase (also load-bearing) in the form of a comb, if you look at them from the side. The shape of the stringer determines the shape of the steps of the staircase.

Laying the frame

Any concrete structure, including stairs, must comply certain requirements strength of poured concrete. Therefore, it must be installed in its monolith metal grill, which will perform the functions of a reinforced frame. It is made from reinforcement with a diameter of 8-12 mm.

There are two ways to lay the frame:

for the entire span;
in sections, fastening the gratings together with binding wire.

The first option is a little more complicated in that installing the grille is simply inconvenient. You will have to involve several assistants. If a staircase to the second floor is being built from several flights, then only the second option is used. To increase the strength of the structure, you can install a double lattice: one along the lower edges of the stringers, the second along the steps.

Before pouring the stairs to the second floor, it is necessary to form the steps. To do this, strictly in size, it is necessary to install crossbars from boards 30 mm thick, which will represent the sidewalls that determine the height of the step.

Everything is ready, you can pour the concrete solution. For stairs, concrete grade M150 is most often used, which contains cement, crushed stone and sand. The ratio of components may be as follows.

Cement brand	Mass composition: cement-sand-crushed stone (kg)
M400	1:3,6:5,8
M500	1:4,5:6,7

As in the manufacture of all concrete structures, the stairs must be compacted after pouring the mortar. Since the process is carried out at home and with your own hands, you can simply pierce it using a trowel.

Maintenance of the structure after installation

In this condition, the semi-finished staircase should last seven days. After which you can remove the formwork.

Hydration

If the air temperature in the room is high enough (for example, pouring is done in the summer), then it is recommended to water the concrete structure periodically. In some cases, it is even covered with burlap or plastic film.

The thing is that the moisture inside the concrete solution plays a very important role. It is this that creates the necessary strength of the concrete itself during the evaporation process. But it should evaporate slowly.

Grinding

After removing the formwork, you need to grind the surfaces using a sander. But there is no need to rush with this operation. To test, try sanding small area, hidden from view. If the crushed stone turns out during the grinding process, this indicates that the concrete has not yet dried well. That is, it did not gain the necessary hardness and strength.

But the flight of stairs can only be loaded after 28 days. It is after this period that the concrete mixture will gain its original strength.