The porch of a private house made of metal is a structure that has a presentable, expensive appearance. with their own positive qualities it is in no way inferior to designs made from other materials. Similar design suitable for buildings of various types architectural style. This article contains photographs that demonstrate this.
Advantages and disadvantages of the design
Positive traits metal porch:
The porch is very rarely made only of metal. This option is only possible for elite class designs. At the same time, it is very important to think about how to make a metal porch and a design that will match the style of the main building.
Making a metal porch may be necessary to organize an emergency entrance to the room. Durable structures consisting only of metal are usually manufactured in a factory. But if you wish, you can weld a porch with your own hands from metal using necessary set tools and drawings. The metal porch is welded to the side or front side of the building. If desired, you can make a metal canopy that will protect the door and porch in bad weather.
When organizing a porch with your own hands, elements from of this material can be used as an enclosing structure. It is compatible with any other materials, such as brick, concrete, wood. Look at the photo. In this case, fences can be either welded or forged. After graduation welding work they are coated with paint or special polishes.
Material selection
A metal canopy over a porch is usually made for houses that also have metal roofing. Special anchors are used as materials for attaching the canopy, or it rests on the columns of the structure. The material that can be used to make a metal porch with your own hands is very diverse:
- Sheet metal;
- Galvanized or polymer-coated corrugated sheet;
- Copper;
- Aluminum;
The most budget and practical material considered aluminum, which does not lose its properties and does not fade over time. Copper visors are considered the most expensive. Their service life is almost unlimited, but over time they lose their original shine. In order for such a porch not to become covered with patina, it very often needs to be treated with special compounds.
For creating load-bearing structure porch most often use square or round shape. Ready-made structures, welded by hand, are ideal for building facades in classic style. The canopy over such a porch can be sloping, flat or spherical. If the house is wooden, to create more robust construction carrier can be combined wooden beam with a metal frame.
We build it ourselves
Before purchasing materials for constructing a porch, you need to make a schematic drawing of the future product. Such a drawing can also be called a sketch. Marking can also be done directly on the site of the future building and its dimensions can be calculated.
The frame can be made of metal pipes and angles. Additionally, it is also reinforced with reinforcement. If the metal porch will be covered in the future, a frame design is selected. In the absence of a visor, it is best to give preference to a durable one metal coating for the site. Water should not accumulate on it and it should not be slippery. winter time of the year. An expanded sheet 3-4 mm thick is ideal for this.
The steps are made from the same material. Their number and size must be thought out in advance. As a rule, the number of steps is always made odd so that the ascent of the steps ends on the same foot from which it began. Optimal width the steps are 20 cm and the depth is 30 cm. If the staircase has more than three steps, it is necessary to make a railing. Their height must be at least 1 meter. They are fixed anchor bolts or welded to the porch frame. As shown in the photo.
The area in front of the entrance to the room can be large and spacious, like a veranda. It all depends on wishes and financial capabilities. If limited a simple porch with steps, then its depth must be at least one meter to ensure the free opening of doors at any time of the year and the movement of at least one person.
The result is an inexpensive and functional outdoor metal porch. Building a porch is not so much a difficult task as it is a responsible one. After all, the result of labor directly affects appearance the entire structure and the convenience of subsequent operation of the porch.
To make a metal porch with your own hands, you will need to decide on its type.
Experts include the following advantages of this design:
- strength;
- reliability;
- high resistance to the influence of natural factors;
- absence of debris and dirt during execution installation work.
Preparatory work
A metal porch can be made for wooden house according to individual drawing. Dimensions future design applied to paper. A pre-prepared drawing helps correct calculation fittings.
It is recommended to make a metal porch with a staircase, the dimensions of which should vary between 0.8-1 m. If the width of the flight of stairs is 1 m, then 2 people can walk on it. If necessary, this figure is increased.
Experts recommend setting up flight of stairs with an odd number of steps. In this case, a slope of 26-45° is maintained. The height of the step can vary between 12-20 cm. To maintain a given slope of the stairs, you will need to build steps of the same height.
The dimensions of the porch area are selected taking into account the location front door to the house. Bottom part door leaf should rise 5 cm above the platform. To manufacture the structure, you will need old pipes, angles and a welding machine. You can make a product from a metal profile. Previously, old pipes are treated with anti-corrosion compounds. Experts recommend welding a porch for a house from galvanized pipes. This material does not require rust protection.
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Arrangement of the base
The base should lie 20-30 cm below the soil freezing depth.
If the house is heated, then this figure is reduced to 10 cm. It is recommended to first find out where the groundwater. If the horizon is located under the foundation, then work is carried out to drain the water.
The next stage is to construct a pit for the foundation. Sand is placed at the bottom of the pit (layer thickness - 10 cm) and compacted. Then the bottom is covered with crushed stone (a layer 5 cm thick). To make formwork, boards 20 cm long and 2 cm thick are used. Pegs are placed at the corners of the base, onto which string is applied. Similar pegs are driven in along the perimeter of the foundation in increments of 1 m. The boards are fixed with beams from the inside using nails. If the height of the foundation exceeds 2 m, then a stop or spacer is installed to the pegs.
The next stage involves reinforcing the base of the porch. For this purpose, reinforcement with a diameter of 12 mm is used. Where the reinforcement intersects, wire is used, then arranging protective layer. Metal part the stairs are recessed in concrete. The solution should be poured at a distance of 10-30 cm from the site. This indicator depends on the type and size of the structure. If a metal porch is installed, then the concrete platform is poured to the top point. For this, it is recommended to use concrete grade B15, F150 or W. To remove voids from it, use a vibrator or hoe. Then the concrete is covered with film for 7 days.
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Welding work
The metal porch consists of a staircase, railings and a canopy. 2 channels are used as the basis of the structure. Rolled products for the steps are prepared for them. To do this you will need an equal angle corner. The rolled products are cut to the size of the step, taking into account the length of the weld seam. The corner is welded along the contour, the 2nd corner is fixed to it.
The next stage is to connect the resulting elements. The upper and lower parts of the structure are connected by an equal angle: in the 1st case - with the shelves inward, and in the 2nd - outward. The steps are filled with wood or other material. To attach them to the metal, self-tapping screws and horse glue are used.
If necessary, the boards are mounted on the steps. If the porch is equipped with 4 or more steps, then install railings with handrails. The height of the structure should not exceed 0.9 m. The railings can be made from various rolled products. Racks are installed in the lower and upper parts of the structure: they can be made from rectangular pipe. The space between the pipes is filled with rolled products. Upon completion of installation work, the metal is cleaned and painted with primer 2 times.
The entrance structure to the house serves for a hospitable and comfortable meeting of guests, reliable protection premises from noise, dust, all kinds of precipitation, drafts. This composition can completely coincide with the style of the main building, or, conversely, be eclectic, but inseparably fit into the exterior.
A metal porch is one of the popular options for constructing an entrance, in private homes and in public buildings. The article will tell you which and how to choose and make a metal porch.
Before you think about building a metal porch, you should get acquainted with its advantages and disadvantages.
These include:
| Advantages | Flaws |
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In the presence of welding machine, a welded metal porch can be easily assembled from a profile pipe and corners. Sticking to the right technology assembly, by properly finishing, you can get a reliable and beautiful welded structure, as can be seen in the photo.
Tip: To make the design cheaper, metal elements should be combined with other materials.
Metal porch structure
Metal porches, like any structure, require design and development of drawings. To do this, you must first perform all the calculations correctly. The main parameters of the product are regulated by norms and standards, which clearly indicate the basic requirements for structural elements.
The design includes:
- Upper platform;
- The manufactured structure from rolled profiles, taking into account the floors, should be lowered lower than the door threshold by 50 mm;
- You can choose any width of the area: encircling the entire house, a terrace or veranda, or a very small patch in front of the door;
- The depth should be selected based on the width of the front door multiplied by 1.5.
Optimal site dimensions: 2 meters wide and 1 meter deep.
- Ladder. Its angle of inclination should be from 25º to 45º. Width metal stairs from 0.8 to 1 meter, the width of the step is 270 - 300 mm, and the height or riser is 120-220 mm, although spare entrances and a metal porch for a summer house can be made with narrower steps; If the structures are metal, a porch with three steps requires a railing with a height of 0.9 - 1.2 meters, according to safety precautions for humans;
- To protect the porch from precipitation, it is necessary to provide a canopy.
Tip: According to the laws of ergonomics, the total size of the height of the riser and the width of the tread should be chosen equal to 45 cm. For example, if the width of the step is 27 cm, then its height is 45 - 27 = 18 cm.
Steps for a metal porch can be made from different materials: metal, stone, wood. The most popular option is a staircase frame made of metal and steps made of wood, which can be: beech, oak, larch, and sometimes pine.
Selecting a porch model
Before making the entrance porch, its design is selected. The appearance of the entire building depends on the type and design of the front door and porch.
A variety of materials can be used to construct the product. It can be of the same type or mixed. The metal structures of the porch are presented in different styles, directions and the most fashionable trends.
Metal external porches are rightfully considered the most attractive, stylish and original. Metal is very universal material, used for making forged elements designs in a classic style, or creating a modern, original product.
Advice: When choosing a metal porch option, you must remember that it should harmoniously and fit well into the design of the entire site and building, regardless of whether the structure is intended for a house or a bathhouse.
Want to build a porch yourself? No problem! Be it concrete, be it wood, or be it metal – choose any one. In this case, the metal will be made with a beautiful canopy roof made of
Building a concrete porch
Reliable, durable and overall solid design.
Choosing sizes
Dimensions of steps: a - normal; b - outsiders Typically a porch consists of several steps. Our task is to choose best dimensions designs.
The optimal width of the stairs is 80-100 cm. If possible, the width should be increased - this will make the porch more comfortable and beautiful. It is not advisable to reduce it.
The permissible angle of inclination of the stairs is from 27 to 45 degrees.
| Step width, mm | Step height, mm | March inclination angle, degrees. |
|---|---|---|
| 400 | 100 | 14 |
| 380 | 110 | 16 |
| 360 | 120 | 18 |
| 340 | 130 | 21 |
| 320 | 140 | 23 |
| 300 | 150 | 25 |
| 280 | 160 | 29 |
| 260 | 170 | 33 |
| 240 | 180 | 37 |
| 220 | 190 | 40 |
| 200 | 200 | 45 |
We make the steps approximately 25 cm in width and 12-20 cm in height, depending on who will use the porch. Children and elderly people? Making the steps lower. Mostly young and energetic users? We can increase the height of the steps.
We arrange the upper platform so that it is approximately 50 mm below the end of the front door.
Pouring the foundation for the porch
We dig a pit around the perimeter of the future porch. Depth – from 50 cm.
We install formwork around the perimeter of the foundation.
We fill the bottom of the pit with a 20-centimeter layer of crushed stone and compact it. Pour a 10 cm layer of sand on top. Spray with water for better compaction.
We cover the area with roofing felt. We lay the reinforcing mesh (recommended cell size is 10x10 cm) and. You can prepare the solution yourself. Standard proportions:
- cement – 1 part;
- sand – part 3;
- crushed stone - 5 parts.
We pour concrete. We level the fill, pierce it with reinforcement in several places to release it excess air. We leave the concrete for several days to gain initial strength.
Prices for cement and basic mixtures
Cement and base mixtures
Installing formwork
We build formwork for the steps. For this we use thick plywood. The height of the formwork should be 20 cm higher than the height of the future porch.
The principle is simple: we cut out the formwork elements according to the height of each step and install them in the appropriate places. We tighten the shields together with metal plates, wooden blocks or other suitable fasteners.
Important! The side panels need to be strengthened with additional stiffeners.
The steps must be reinforced. In this case, the reinforcement must be laid and installed in all three planes. Even more convenient option– weld the frame in the shape of the future staircase and build formwork around it. Do as you please.
Filling the steps
Lubricate the inner walls of the formwork with oil. Thanks to this, in the future we will be able to remove it without much effort.
We prepare the mortar for pouring in the same way as the mixture for the foundation-platform.
We fill the stairs in stages, starting from the first step. Let each step dry slightly, and only then fill the next one. In this case you need to install additional elements formwork with front side steps. The length of these elements must correspond to the width of the stairs. We make the height the same as that of the step itself.
Important! The side of the formwork in contact with should be as smooth as possible.
We carefully level the poured concrete and pierce it with reinforcement in several places.
We remove the formwork after at least 7-10 days. At the end, all we have to do is finish the steps. We can cover them with stone or tiles, lay them and perform any other finishing at our discretion.
We install railings upon request. The height of the handrails is from 90 cm. You can use the following option. It is also suitable for metal and wooden porch(in this case we will replace metal elements with wooden ones).
We install support posts made of metal pipes in the lower and upper parts of the porch. It is advisable to select the length so that the slope of the railing matches the slope of the stairs. We connect the upper and lower ends of the racks with pipes of a slightly smaller cross-section. We use welding.
The top tube will take on the functions of a handrail. To fill the space between our pipes we use any rolled steel. We install elements at any interval. At this point, everything completely depends on your preferences and imagination.
After installing the structure, we clean the metal elements and prime them in 2 layers. This treatment will increase the service life of the railings.
This porch will go well with almost any home.
Making the foundation
In general, the foundation is arranged in the same way as in the case of concrete porch, with only one difference: at the same stage you need to install supports for the future canopy.
It is better to install supports in each corner of the future canopy - this way the structure will be as stable as possible. If the porch is large, we make supports along the length of its walls in increments of no more than 2 m.
We dig holes about one and a half meters deep for each support. They will cope with the role of supports perfectly metal pipes. We insert the pipe into the hole and fill it with concrete.
The supports can also be made from bursa. The operating procedure is the same, but first the lower part of the beam must be wrapped in roofing material or tarred and additionally soaked with an antiseptic.
At the same stage, we install supports for the future staircase. Similarly, we dig holes and place them in metal racks and pour concrete. It is unlikely that the porch will have too long a staircase, so it will be enough to install supports at the bottom and top of the structure. To be more confident, we can install them in the middle of the span.
The further procedure, up to the stage of pouring concrete, remains the same as in the instructions for arranging a site for a concrete porch.
At the pouring stage, we take into account that we will need to drown the staircase structure somewhat in the solution. We do not fill it to the very top of the site - we leave approximately a 100-300 mm gap (depending on the dimensions of the structure being equipped and its features).
Then, after installation metal structure, we will fill the pit to the very top.
Drawing according to the house plan Cooking the stairs
Let's take two metal channels. We weld them to the previously installed and concreted supports. In the future, we will weld rolled products for steps to these products.
We take equal flange metal corner. We cut it to the selected length of the steps, increased by the length of the welding seam. We weld the metal corner along the contour.
We get products in the shape of the letter G. We connect them together. At the top we connect these L-elements using an equal angle corner. To do this, we weld it along the contour to both products, placing the shelves inside. To connect the bottom of the steps we use a similar corner, but we place it with the shelves facing outwards.
To fill the steps we can use different materials, for example, wood and plywood. Fastening is carried out using self-tapping screws, screwing them in bottom side. For additional fastening wooden elements We use silicone and regular glue.
In general, decorate the stairs at your own discretion. If you wish, you can not seal the horizontal openings, but simply mount the sheathing directly on the steps.
Prices for popular models of welding machines
Welders
Making a visor
We installed the racks for the frame at the stage of arranging the foundation. Next we work in this order.
We install transverse supports according to the dimensions of the frame. If desired, we can make a canopy curved shape. To do this, just cut the profile in increments of about 4 cm and bend it to the desired level. The advantage of a curved canopy is that precipitation and various debris will not linger on it.
We lay it on the frame and secure it with self-tapping screws. We maintain a fastening pitch of 300 mm. We glue the edges. At this point the canopy is ready.
Building the foundation
– The best decision for a wooden house porch. Such a foundation is simple and quick to install, but at the same time very reliable.
We dig holes at the points where the pile is installed - in the corners of the future porch and along the length of its edges in increments of 80-100 cm. The depth of such holes is from 80 cm. Optimally, below the freezing point of the soil.
We treat the support beam with an antiseptic, wrap its lower part with roofing felt, and then insert it into the holes. Fill the vertically aligned timber in the pits with concrete.
Let the concrete harden and proceed to further activities.
We install logs
If necessary, we cut off the tops of the timber so that all the piles are at the same level. We calculate the height of the supports so that after laying the platform between it and the front door there remains approximately a 5-centimeter difference in height.
We attach the logs to the supports and the wall of the house in a suitable way(with self-tapping screws, dowels, etc., depending on the wall material).
Making a kosour (string)
We begin to manufacture the load-bearing part of the stairs. We will attach steps to it. That is, the string is the side edge of the steps.
To make a bowstring we use wooden boards from 5 cm thick. Take a board and draw steps on it. We cut out the blanks with a jigsaw or saw.
We fasten the string with the lags using a tongue-and-groove connection.
We design the platform and steps
We screw or nail the deck sheathing boards to the joists. If desired, lay some kind of material on top of the boards. finishing coat– we focus on our preferences.
We attach risers and treads to the string. We start working from the bottom step. The procedure is simple: fix the riser, attach the tread to it, and so on until the end. For fixation we use self-tapping screws or a tongue-and-groove connection.
Arrange the railings and canopy at your discretion. Installation instructions for these elements have been provided previously. The sequence remains the same, you just need to replace the supporting elements and cladding parts with similar products made of wood or other preferred material.
Prices for various types of construction boards
Construction boards
Good luck!
Video - DIY house porch
The entrance group is one of key elements a building that hospitably and comfortably allows people into the house, and reliably protects the room from noise, dust, precipitation, and drafts. Architectural solution for the entrance composition it can completely coincide with the style of the main building, and vice versa, be eclectic, but fit organically into the exterior. A metal porch is one of the popular options for arranging an entrance, both in private homes and in public buildings.
In the article we will tell you which metals are most in demand for the home, cottage, office premises. Let's give detailed instructions, how to make a metal porch, what material to use for this, how to install one correctly.
Metal porch construction
A metal porch for a house, as well as structures made from other materials, requires accurate calculations, on the basis of which a construction project is drawn up. The main parameters for the porch are regulated regulatory documents, in Gosts and SNiPs the basic requirements for this species extensions.
Added metal porch, photo of a low frame for wood finishing
The upper platform made of metal profiles, taking into account the floors, must be 5 cm below the door threshold; this requirement is imposed by fire safety. The width of the area can be any, encircling the entire house, in the form of a terrace or veranda, or a very small area in front of the door. The depth of the platform should correspond to the width of the entrance door multiplied by a factor of 1.5. In practice, a platform is most often set up 2 m wide and 1 m deep.
The angle of inclination of the metal porch relative to the horizon should be from 23 to 40 degrees; stairs with a large angle are inconvenient to use. If necessary, you can make the climb steeper, but such structures are already becoming attached. The average width of a metal staircase is 0.8 - 1.0 m.
steps
For comfort and ease of use, the depth of the steps (tread) for a metal porch should be in the size range of 27-30 mm, and the height (riser) 12-22 cm, although a metal porch for a summer house and emergency entrances can be made with narrower steps. According to the laws of ergonomics, the sum of the dimensions of the tread width and riser height should be equal to 45 cm. For example, if the step is 30 cm, then its height is 45-30 = 15 cm.
As for the materials for constructing the steps of a metal porch, they can be made of metal, etc. The most popular combination is a metal porch frame and wooden steps made of beech, oak, larch and sometimes pine.
Iron porch, photo of a completely metal structure with forged elements
Blueprints
Based on the standards for the dimensions of a metal staircase, it is made independent project metal porch, where it is important to take into account not only the location of the steps relative to the facade of the building. So, if the base is high, and you don’t want to take up a lot of space in front of the house, the steps can be placed on the sides of the upper platform, or made into a spiral or two-flight turning staircase. If the height of the metal porch is not large, then the steps are made perpendicular to the front door, or around the landing.
Scheme for attaching steps to a metal stringer
Materials
A metal porch, see photos in the gallery, can be made from a profiled corner, pipe, stainless steel, or even cast from cast iron. The strength of a metal ladder is directly dependent on the selected rolled metal. A porch made from a thick-walled I-beam, beams, and channel will be stronger than a concrete structure and much lighter.
But good rolled metal is too expensive a “pleasure,” so usually metal porches are made from an equilateral angle, an iron rod, or a professional pipe. The result is significant savings on the cost of material, coupled with high strength of the product, provided that the welding technology is followed.
A porch made from a corner, decorated with railings with elegant forging, makes this decision lightweight design, almost airy
In addition, properly manufactured metal carcass for the porch will never crack, unlike concrete structures. Also, an iron porch has a number of advantages over: it is not susceptible to fungi, and is not afraid of bugs and microorganisms. Metal porches are afraid of corrosion; in order for them to last as long as possible, they should be carefully treated with anti-corrosion compounds.
Foundation
As we have already noted, a welded porch made from a corner or profile pipe weighs much less than concrete and even some wooden buildings, therefore, for a metal ladder it is necessary to arrange a buried foundation. If this is not done, then soil heaving in winter period it will simply push the structure upward, deforming the entire entrance group.
Manufacturing buried foundation– a labor-intensive process that requires significant financial investments. You should prepare a trench for a strip or a hole for a columnar base. The depth should be 30 cm greater than the soil freezing level; each region has its own indicators. In order not to increase the cost of building a metal porch, it is advisable to use pile foundation, the installation of which does not require excavation work.
Important: To install the porch of a private house made of metal with your own hands, you can drive the piles yourself or buy screw piles and tighten them using a drilling machine. The distance between piles should be no more than 2 m.But if there are rocks on your site, you will have to lay strip foundation. You will have to dig a trench around the entire perimeter and under the partitions of the metal frame, with a depth below the soil freezing level, plus 30-40 cm for installing a sand-crushed stone cushion. Next, make the sheathing, lay the reinforcing frame, and fill it with F150, B15 concrete. After this, in order to load the base, you will have to wait for complete formation concrete mortar, and this is at least 28 days, with ideal conditions. In addition, strip foundations cannot be poured in winter, but piles can be screwed in.
Instructions on how to weld a metal porch
Usually, for dachas and private houses, a metal frame for a porch is made with your own hands from an equilateral corner of 40 * 40 mm; if the porch is made of a profile pipe, then you need to choose a rental with cross section 20*40, 40*40, 45*45 mm. The thickness of the metal must be at least 3 mm.
In order for a welded porch with your own hands to be durable and last for decades, first of all, you should take care of the foundation; what kind of foundation to make is decided on the basis of geodetic research; we will focus on a pile one. The drawings are transferred to the area, the perimeter is marked with posts, the cord is pulled, the marking geometry is checked, the angles must be strictly 90°, unless otherwise provided by the design.
Diagram of a stringer made from corners for a small ladder
Piles are driven in the corners of the upper platform, and in the corners of the last, lowest step. If the width of the metal porch is more than 2 meters, then the piles are also placed in the middle, between the already driven ones. Keep an eye on the vertical, check the level of each pile. If the length of the metal staircase is more than 3 m, intermediate vertical supports are also driven in for structural strength so that sagging does not occur during operation.
The length of the piles outside for the upper platform should correspond to the height of the porch minus the decking and the thickness of the platform frame. For the latter, the length of the outer part of the pile can be flush with the ground, or slightly protrude, if this is provided for by the project.
If the piles are short, they are cut flush with the ground, and metal posts of the required height are welded to them, on which the metal frame will be supported. Piles or racks along the perimeter of the upper platform, as well as the lower ones, should be tied together with a corner or channel along the heads in order to maintain the geometry of the welded metal porch.
Metal porch described in the article
When the base is ready, measure the distance along the hypotenuse from the top platform to bottom pile, then the rolled product of the required length is sawn off; this is the side part of the staircase (string) onto which the steps will be welded. You need 2 strings, cut out the parts and weld them to the finished structure.
- the size of the height of the steps;
- the size of the depth of the steps;
- size equal to the width of the stairs.
The number of blanks should be equal to the number of steps multiplied by 2.
Important: To make sure high quality welding, the seam is coated with kerosene on one side and with a chalk suspension on a chalk base on the other. The procedure must be done 2 times, with a period of 10 minutes. If at sub-zero temperature no stains appeared on the joints within a few hours, which means the welding quality meets the highest requirements.Blanks different types(riser and tread) are welded together along the contour strictly at right angles, you should get L-shaped parts. Since we took the corner as a basis, do not forget about the left and right sides.
The assembly of the metal porch begins from the bottom step. Weld the L-shaped part along the contour to the left bowstring, measure the horizontal, and do the same operation with the right bowstring. Next, we connect the upper corner of the elements with an equal angle corner, which is welded to two elements along the contour, with the shelves inward. Bottom of steps ( internal corner) we connect in the same way, but with the shelves facing out. The remaining steps are welded using the same algorithm.
Light metal porch without foundation
When the metal frame is ready, you can install steps from different materials. The floor is laid on the upper platform. Then, if necessary, railings are welded for safety, and a canopy is attached to protect the metal porch from precipitation. Finishing the whole structure depends on the design entrance group. All metal parts and seams are cleaned of scale, oil stains and rust, and covered with paint for exterior use.