"Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"
Khakass branch
Department of Production and Processing Technologies
agricultural products
Lecture course
by discipline OPD. F.07.01
"Mechanization in livestock farming"
for specialty
110401.65 - “Animal science”
Abakan 2007
LectureII. MECHANIZATION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Mechanization production processes in livestock farming depends on many factors and, above all, on the methods of keeping animals.
On cattle farms mainly used stall-pasture And stall housing system animals. With this method of keeping animals there may be tethered, untethered And combined. Also known conveyor system cows
At tethered content the animals are tied in stalls located along the feeders in two or four rows; a feeding passage is arranged between the feeders, and manure passages are arranged between the stalls. Each stall is equipped with a harness, feeder, automatic waterer and equipment for milking and manure removal. The norm of floor area for one cow is 8...10 m2. IN summer period The cows are transferred to pasture, where a summer camp is set up for them with sheds, pens, a watering hole and installations for milking cows.
At loose keeping V winter period cows and young animals are kept in the farm premises in groups of 50...100 heads, and in the summer - in the pasture, where camps with noses, pens, and a watering hole are equipped. Cows are also milked there. A type of free-stall housing is box housing, where cows rest in stalls with side fences and floors. Boxes allow you to save bedding material. Conveyor-flow content mainly used when servicing dairy cows with their fixation to the conveyor. There are three types of conveyors: ring; multi-cart; self-propelled. The advantages of this keeping: animals are forced to the place of service in accordance with the daily routine in a certain sequence, which contributes to the development of a conditioned reflex. At the same time, labor costs for moving and driving animals are reduced, it becomes possible to use automation tools for recording productivity, programmed dosing of feed, weighing animals and managing all technological processes; conveyor service can significantly reduce labor costs.
In pig farming There are three main systems for keeping pigs: free-range- for fattening pigs, replacement young animals, weaned piglets and queens in the first three months of growth; easel-walking(group and individual) - and sire boars, ewes of the third and fourth months of pregnancy, suckling dams with piglets; without walking - for feedstock.
The free-range system of keeping pigs differs from the free-range system in that during the day the animals can freely go out into the walking yards through manholes in the wall of the pigsty for walking and feeding. When keeping free-range pigs, they are periodically released in groups for a walk or into a special feeding room (dining room). When kept without walking, animals do not leave the pigsty premises.
In sheep farming There are pasture, stall-pasture and stall systems for keeping sheep.
Pasture maintenance used in areas characterized by large pastures where animals can be kept all year round. On winter pastures, to shelter them from bad weather, semi-open buildings with three walls or pens are always built, and for winter or early spring childbirth (lambing), capital sheepfolds (sheds) are built so that 30...35% of the animals fit in them. ewes. To feed sheep in bad weather and during lambing, feed is prepared in the required quantities on winter pastures.
Stall-pasture keeping Sheep are used in areas where there are natural pastures and the climate is characterized by harsh winters. In winter, sheep are kept in stationary buildings, given all types of feed, and in summer - on pastures.
Stall housing sheep is used in areas with high arable land and limited pasture sizes. Sheep are kept all year round in stationary (closed or semi-open) insulated or non-insulated buildings, giving them feed that they receive from field crop rotations.
For raising animals and rabbits apply cellular housing system. The main herd of minks, sables, foxes and arctic foxes are kept in individual cages installed in sheds (sheds), nutria - in individual cages with or without swimming pools, rabbits - in individual cages, and young animals in groups.
In poultry farming apply intensive, walking And combined housing system. Methods of keeping poultry: floor and cage. When kept on the ground, birds are raised in poultry houses 12 or 18 m wide on deep litter, slatted or mesh floors. In large factories, birds are kept in battery cages.
The system and method of keeping animals and poultry significantly influence the choice of mechanization of production processes.
BUILDINGS FOR KEEPING ANIMALS AND POULTRY
The design of any building or structure depends on its purpose.
Cattle farms include cowsheds, calf sheds, buildings for young stock and fattening, maternity and veterinary facilities. For keeping livestock in summer time They use summer camp buildings in the form of light rooms and sheds. Auxiliary buildings specific to these farms are milking or milk-milking units, dairy (collection, processing and storage of milk), milk processing plants.
Buildings and structures of pig farms include pig pens, fattening pig pens, and premises for weaned piglets and boars. A specific building for a pig farm can be a dining room with appropriate technology for keeping animals.
Sheep buildings include sheepfolds with greenhouses and shed bases. Sheepfolds contain animals of the same sex and age, so sheepfolds can be distinguished for queens, dams, breeding rams, young animals and fattening sheep. Specific structures on sheep farms include shearing stations, baths for bathing and disinfection, sheep slaughter departments, etc.
Buildings for poultry (poultry houses) are divided into chicken coops, turkey coops, goose coops and duck coops. According to their purpose, poultry houses are distinguished for adult birds, young animals and chickens raised for meat (broilers). Specific poultry farm buildings include hatcheries, brooder houses, and acclimatizers.
On the territory of all livestock farms, auxiliary buildings and structures must be built in the form of storage facilities, warehouses for feed and products, manure storage facilities, feed workshops, boiler houses, etc.
FARM SANITARY EQUIPMENT
To create normal zoohygienic conditions in livestock buildings, various sanitary equipment is used: internal water supply network, ventilation devices, sewerage, lighting, heating devices.
Sewerage designed for gravity removal of liquid excrement and dirty water from livestock and industrial premises. The sewage system consists of liquid grooves, pipes, and a liquid collection tank. The design and placement of sewerage elements depend on the type of building, the method of keeping animals and the technology adopted. Liquid collectors are necessary for temporary storage of liquid. Their volume is determined depending on the number of animals, the daily norm of liquid secretions and the accepted shelf life.
Ventilation designed to remove polluted air from premises and replace it with clean air. Air pollution occurs mainly with water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3).
Heating livestock buildings are carried out by heat generators, in one unit of which a fan and a heat source are combined.
Lighting there is natural and artificial. Artificial lighting is achieved using electric lamps.
MECHANIZATION OF WATER SUPPLY FOR LIVESTOCK FARMS AND PASTURES
WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR LIVESTOCK FARMS AND PASTURES
Timely watering of animals, as well as rational and nutritious feeding, is an important condition for maintaining their health and increasing productivity. Untimely and insufficient watering of animals, interruptions in watering and the use of poor quality water lead to a significant decrease in productivity, contribute to the occurrence of diseases and increased feed consumption.
It has been established that insufficient watering of animals when kept on dry feed causes inhibition of digestive activity, as a result of which the palatability of feed decreases.
Due to a more intensive metabolism, young farm animals consume water per 1 kg of live weight on average 2 times more than adult animals. Lack of water has a negative impact on the growth and development of young animals, even with a sufficient level of feeding.
Drinking water of poor quality (cloudy, unusual smell and taste) does not have the ability to stimulate the activity of the secretory glands of the gastrointestinal tract and, with severe thirst, causes a negative physiological reaction.
Water temperature is important. Cold water has an adverse effect on the health and productivity of animals.
It has been established that animals can live about 30 days without food, and 6...8 days (no more) without water.
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK FARMS AND PASTURES
2) underground sources - ground and interstratal waters. Figure 2.1 shows a diagram of water supply from a surface source. Water from a surface water source through an inlet 1 and a pipe 2 flows by gravity into the receiving well 3 , from where it is supplied by pumps of the first lift pumping station 4 to treatment facilities 5. After cleaning and disinfection, water is collected in a reservoir clean water 6. Then the pumps of the second lift pumping station 7 supply water through a pipeline to the water tower 9. Further along the water supply network 10 water is supplied to consumers. Depending on the type of source, different types of water intake structures are used. Mine wells are usually constructed to draw water from thin aquifers located at a depth of no more than 40 m.
Rice. 2.1. Scheme of a water supply system from a surface source:
1 - water intake; 2 - gravity pipe; 3- receiving well; 4, 7- pumping stations; 5 - treatment plant; 6 - storage tank; 8 - water pipes; 9 - water tower; 10- water supply network
A shaft well is a vertical excavation in the ground that cuts into an aquifer. The well consists of three main parts: the shaft, the water intake part and the head.
DETERMINING A FARM'S WATER REQUIREMENT
The amount of water that should be supplied to the farm through the water supply network is determined according to the calculated standards for each consumer, taking into account their number using the formula
Where - daily norm water consumption by one consumer, m3; - the number of consumers having the same consumption rate.
The following norms of water consumption (dm3, l) per head for animals, poultry and wild animals are accepted:
dairy cows........................
sows with piglets................6
beef cows...................................70
pregnant sows and
idle........................................60
bulls and heifers...................................25
young cattle...................30
weaned piglets...................................5
calves........................................................ ..20
fattening pigs and young animals........ 15
breeding horses........................80
chickens........................................................ ......1
stud stallions...................70
turkey.........................................1.5
foals up to 1.5 years...................................45
ducks and geese...................................2
adult sheep...................................10
minks, sables, rabbits......................3
young sheep......................................5
foxes, arctic foxes...................................7
boars-produce
In hot and dry areas, the norm can be increased by 25%. The water consumption standards include the costs of washing the premises, cages, milk utensils, preparing feed, and cooling milk. For manure removal, additional water consumption is provided in the amount of 4 to 10 dm3 per animal. For young birds, the specified norms are halved. No special domestic water supply is designed for livestock and poultry farms.
Drinking water is supplied to the farm from the public water supply network. The water consumption rate per worker is 25 dm3 per shift. To bathe sheep, 10 dm3 is consumed per head per year, at the point of artificial insemination of sheep - 0.5 dm3 per inseminated sheep (the number of inseminated queens per day is 6 % total livestock on the complex).
The maximum daily and hourly water consumption, m3, is determined by the formulas:
;
,
where is the coefficient of daily unevenness of water consumption. Usually taken = 1.3.
Hourly fluctuations in water flow are taken into account using the hourly unevenness coefficient = 2.5.
PUMPS AND WATER LIFTERS
Based on their operating principle, pumps and water lifts are divided into the following groups.
Vane pumps (centrifugal, axial, vortex). In these pumps, liquid is moved (pumped) under the action of a rotating impeller equipped with blades. In Figure 2.2, a, b depicted general form and a diagram of the operation of a centrifugal pump.
The working body of the pump is a wheel 6 with curved blades, which rotates in the discharge pipeline 2 pressure is generated.
Rice. 2.2. Centrifugal pump:
A- general form; b- pump operation diagram; 1 - pressure gauge; 2 - discharge pipeline; 3 - pump; 4 - electric motor: 5 - suction pipe; 6 - impeller; 7 - shaft
Pump operation is characterized by total pressure, flow, power, rotor speed and efficiency.
Automatic drinkers and water dispensers
Animals drink water directly from drinking bowls, which are divided into individual and group, stationary and mobile. According to the principle of operation, there are two types of drinkers: valve and vacuum. The first, in turn, are divided into pedal and float.
On cattle farms, automatic single-cup drinkers AP-1A (plastic), PA-1A and KPG-12.31.10 (cast iron) are used for watering animals. They are installed at the rate of one per two cows for tethered housing and one per cage for young animals. The AGK-4B group automatic drinker with electrically heated water up to 4°C is designed for watering up to 100 animals.
Group automatic drinker AGK-12 designed for 200 heads when kept loose in open areas. In winter, to prevent freezing of water, its flow is ensured.
Mobile drinking bowl PAP-10A Designed for use in summer camps and pastures. It is a tank with a volume of 3 m3 from which water flows into 12 single-cup automatic drinkers, and is designed to serve 10 heads.
For watering adult pigs, self-cleaning single-cup automatic drinkers PPS-1 and teat drinkers PBS-1 are used, and for suckling and weaned piglets - PB-2. Each of these drinkers is designed for 25....30 adult animals and 10 young animals, respectively. Drinkers are used for individual and group keeping of pigs.
For sheep, a group automatic drinker APO-F-4 with electric heating is used, designed to serve 200 heads in open areas. Drinkers GAO-4A, AOU-2/4, PBO-1, PKO-4, VUO-3A are installed inside sheepfolds.
When keeping birds on the floor, grooved drinkers K-4A and auto-drinkers AP-2, AKP-1.5 are used; when keeping birds in cages, nipple drinkers are used.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY ON THE FARM
Water used for animal watering is most often assessed by its physical properties: temperature, clarity, color, smell, taste and flavor.
For adult animals, the most favorable water temperature is 10...12 °C in summer and 15...18 °C in winter.
The transparency of water is determined by its ability to transmit visible light. The color of water depends on the presence of impurities of mineral and organic origin.
The smell of water depends on the organisms living and dying in it, the condition of the banks and bottom of the water source, and on the runoff that feeds the water source. Drinking water should not have any foreign odor. The taste of water should be pleasant and refreshing, which determines the optimal amount of mineral salts and gases dissolved in it. There are bitter, salty, sour, sweet taste water and various flavors. The smell and taste of water are usually determined organoleptically.
MECHANIZATION OF PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FEED
REQUIREMENTS FOR MECHANIZATION OF PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FEED
Procurement, preparation and distribution of feed is the most important task in animal husbandry. At all stages of solving this problem, it is necessary to strive to reduce feed losses and improve its physical and mechanical composition. This is achieved both through technological, mechanical and thermochemical methods of preparing feed for feeding, and through zootechnical methods - breeding animal breeds with high feed digestibility, using scientifically based balanced diets, biologically active substances, growth stimulants.
Requirements for the preparation of feed mainly relate to the degree of grinding, contamination, and the presence of harmful impurities. Zootechnical conditions determine the following sizes of feed particles: cutting length of straw and hay for cows 3...4 cm, horses 1.5...2.5 cm. Cutting thickness of root tuber crops for cows 1.5 cm (young animals 0.5... 1 cm), pigs 0.5...1 cm, poultry 0.3...0.4 cm. Cake cake for cows is crushed into particles measuring 10...15 mm. Ground concentrated feed for cows should consist of particles measuring 1.8...1.4 mm, for pigs and poultry - up to 1 mm (fine grinding) and up to 1.8 mm (medium grinding). The particle size of hay (grass) meal should not exceed 1 mm for birds and 2 mm for other animals. When laying silage with the addition of raw root crops, their cutting thickness should not exceed 5...7 mm. The ensiled corn stalks are crushed to 1.5...8 cm.
Contamination of fodder root crops should not exceed 0.3%, and grain fodder - 1% (sand), 0.004% (bitterweed, knittingweed, ergot) or 0.25% (pupae, smut, chaff).
The following zootechnical requirements are imposed on feed dispensing devices: uniformity and accuracy of feed distribution; its dosage individually for each animal (for example, distribution of concentrates according to daily milk yield) or group of animals (silage, haylage and other roughage or green feeding); preventing feed contamination and separation into fractions; prevention of animal injuries; electrical safety. Deviation from the prescribed norm per animal head for stem feeds is allowed in the range of ± 15%, and for concentrated feeds - ± 5%. Recoverable feed losses should not exceed ± 1%, and irreversible losses are not allowed. The duration of the feed distribution operation in one room should be no more than 30 minutes (when using mobile means) and 20 minutes (when distributing feed by stationary means).
Feed dispensers must be universal (provide the ability to dispense all types of feed); have high productivity and provide for regulation of the output rate per head from minimum to maximum; do not create excessive noise in the room, are easy to clean from food residues and other contaminants, and be reliable in operation.
METHODS OF PREPARING FEED FOR FEDING
Feed is prepared in order to increase its palatability, digestibility and utilization of nutrients.
The main methods of preparing feed for feeding: mechanical, physical, chemical and biological.
Mechanical methods(grinding, crushing, flattening, mixing) are used mainly to increase the palatability of feed, improve their technological properties.
Physical methods(hydrobarothermic) increase the palatability and partially the nutritional value of feed.
Chemical methods(alkaline or acid treatment of feed) makes it possible to increase the availability of indigestible nutrients to the body by breaking them down into simpler compounds.
Biological methods- yeasting, silage, fermentation, enzymatic treatment, etc.
All of these methods of preparing feed are used to improve their taste, increase their complete protein(due to microbial synthesis), enzymatic breakdown of indigestible carbohydrates into simpler compounds accessible to the body.
Preparation of roughage. The main roughage feeds for farm animals include hay and straw. In the diet of animals in winter, feed of these species makes up 25...30% in terms of nutritional value. The preparation of hay consists mainly of grinding to increase palatability and improve technological properties. Physico-mechanical methods are also widely used to increase the palatability and partial digestibility of straw - grinding, steaming, brewing, flavoring, and granulation.
Chopping is the easiest way to prepare straw for feeding. It helps to increase its palatability and facilitates the functioning of the digestive organs of animals. The most acceptable length for cutting medium-fine straw for use in loose feed mixtures is 2...5 cm, for preparing briquettes 0.8...3 cm, granules 0.5 cm. For chopping, stacked straw is loaded with forage (FN-12, FN-1.4, PSK-5, PZ-0.3) into vehicles. In addition, to crush straw with a moisture content of 17%, crushers IGK-30B, KDU-2M, ISK-3, IRT-165 are used, and for straw with high humidity, screenless shredders DKV-3A, IRMA-15, DIS-1 M are used.
Flavoring, enrichment and steaming of straw are carried out in feed mills. For the chemical treatment of straw, various types of alkalis are recommended (caustic soda, ammonia water, liquid ammonia, soda ash, lime), which are used both in pure form and in combination with other reagents and physical methods (with steam, under pressure). The nutritional value of straw after such treatment increases by 1.5...2 times.
Preparation of concentrated feed. To increase the nutritional value and more rational use of feed grain, various methods of processing it are used - grinding, frying, boiling and steaming, malting, extrusion, micronization, flattening, flaking, reduction, yeasting.
Grinding- a simple, accessible and mandatory way to prepare grain for feeding. Grind dry grain good quality with normal color and odor on hammer crushers and grain mills. The degree of grinding determines the palatability of the feed, the speed of its passage through the gastrointestinal tract, the volume of digestive juices and their enzymatic activity.
The degree of grinding is determined by weighing the residue on a sieve after sifting the sample. Fine grinding is the residue on a sieve with holes with a diameter of 2 mm in an amount of no more than 5%, with no residue on a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm; medium grinding - residue on a sieve with 3 mm holes in an amount of no more than 12% in the absence of residues on a sieve with 5 mm holes; coarse grinding - the residue on a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm in an amount of no more than 35%, with the residue on a sieve with holes of 5 mm in an amount of no more than 5%, while the presence of whole grains is not allowed.
Of the grains, the most difficult to process are wheat and oats.
Toasting grain feeding is carried out mainly for suckling piglets with the aim of accustoming them to eating feed at an early age, stimulating the secretory activity of digestion, and better development of chewing muscles. Typically, grains widely used in feeding pigs are roasted: barley, wheat, corn, peas.
Cooking And steaming used when feeding pigs with grain legumes: peas, soybeans, lupine, lentils. These feeds are pre-crushed and then boiled for 1 hour or steamed for 30...40 minutes in a feed steamer.
Malting necessary to improve the taste of grain feed (barley, corn, wheat, etc.) and increase their palatability. Cooling is carried out as follows: grain mud is poured into special containers, filled with hot (90 ° C) water and kept in it.
Extrusion - This is one of the most effective ways to process grain. The raw material to be extruded is brought to a moisture content of 12%, crushed and fed into the extruder, where under the action high pressure(280...390 kPa) and friction, the grain mass is heated to a temperature of 120...150 °C. Then, due to its rapid movement from a high-pressure zone to an atmospheric zone, a so-called explosion occurs, as a result of which the homogeneous mass swells and forms a product with a microporous structure.
Micronization consists of treating grain with infrared rays. In the process of grain micronization, starch gelatinization occurs, and its amount in this form increases.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FEED
To prepare feed for feeding, the following machines and equipment are used: grinders, cleaners, washers, mixers, dispensers, storage tanks, steamers, tractor and pumping equipment, etc.
Technological equipment for preparing feed is classified according to technological characteristics and processing method. Thus, feed grinding is carried out by crushing, cutting, impact, grinding due to the mechanical interaction of the working parts of the machine and the material. Each type of grinding has its own type of machine: impact - hammer crushers; cutting - straw and silage cutters; grinding - burr mills. In turn, crushers are classified according to their operating principle, design and aerodynamic features, loading location, and method of removing the finished material. This approach is used for almost all machines involved in feed preparation.
The choice of technical means for loading and distributing feed and their rational use are determined mainly by such factors as the physical and mechanical properties of feed, method of feeding, type of livestock buildings, method of keeping animals and poultry, size of farms. The variety of feed distribution devices is due to different combinations of working bodies, assembly units and different methods of their aggregation with energy means.
All feed dispensers can be divided into two types: stationary and mobile (mobile).
Stationary feed dispensers are various types of conveyors (chain, chain-scraper, rod-scraper, auger, belt, platform, spiral-screw, cable-washer, chain-washer, oscillating, bucket).
Mobile feed dispensers can be automobile, tractor, or self-propelled. The advantages of mobile feed dispensers over stationary ones are higher labor productivity.
A common drawback of feed dispensers is their low versatility when distributing various feeds.
FEED SHOP EQUIPMENT
Technological equipment for feed preparation is placed in special premises - feed shops, in which tens of tons of various feeds are processed daily. Integrated mechanization of feed preparation makes it possible to improve their quality and obtain complete mixtures in the form of monofeeds while simultaneously reducing the cost of their processing.
There are specialized and combined feed mills. Specialized feed mills are designed for one type of farm (cattle, pig, poultry), and combined ones are designed for several branches of livestock farming.
In the feed shops of livestock farms, there are three main technological lines, according to which feed preparation machines are grouped and classified (Fig. 2.3). These are technological lines of concentrated, juicy and roughage (green feed). All three come together in the final steps of the feed preparation process: dosing, steaming and mixing.
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The technology of feeding animals with complete feed briquettes and granules in the form of monofeed is being widely introduced. For farms and cattle complexes, as well as for sheep farms, standard designs of feed mills KORK-15, KCK-5, KCO-5 and KPO-5, etc. are used.
Set of equipment for feed mill KORK-15 created for instant cooking wet feed mixtures, which include straw (in bulk, in rolls, bales), haylage or silage, root crops, concentrates, molasses and urea solution. This kit can be used on dairy farms and complexes with a size of 800...2000 heads and fattening farms with a size of up to 5000 heads of cattle in all agricultural zones of the country.
Figure 2.4 shows the layout of equipment for the KORK-15 feed shop.
The technological process in the feed shop proceeds as follows: straw is unloaded from a transport dump vehicle into a receiving hopper 17, from where it comes to the conveyor 16, which previously
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loosens rolls, bales and delivers them to the conveyor through dosing beaters 12 exact dosage. The latter delivers the straw to the conveyor 14 collection line along which it moves towards the chopper-mixer 6.
Similarly, silage from a transport dump vehicle is loaded into a bunker 1 , then enters the conveyor 2, through dosing beaters it is fed to the conveyor 3 precise dosing and then goes to the feed chopper-mixer 6.
Root and tuber crops are delivered to the feed shop by dump mobile vehicles or supplied by stationary conveyors from the root storage unit, interlocked with the feed shop, to the conveyor 11 (TK-5B). From here they are sent to the stone crusher 10, where they are cleaned of contaminants and reduced to required sizes. Next, the root tuber crops are purchased into a dosing hopper 13, and then onto the conveyor 14. Concentrated feed is delivered to the feed shop from feed mills using the ZSK-10 loader and unloaded into dosing bins 9, from where by screw conveyor 8 fed to the conveyor 14.
MACHINE MILKING OF COWS
ZOOTECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINE MILKING OF COWS
The release of milk from a cow's udder is a necessary physiological process that involves almost the weight of the animal's body.
The udder consists of four independent lobes. Milk cannot pass from one lobe to another. Each lobe has a mammary gland, connective tissue, milk ducts and a nipple. In the mammary gland, milk is produced from the animal's blood, which flows through the milk ducts into the nipples. The most important part of the mammary gland is the glandular tissue, consisting of a huge number of very small alveolar sacs.
At proper feeding A cow's udder produces milk continuously throughout the day. As the udder capacity fills, intrauder pressure increases and milk production slows down. Most of the milk is found in the alveoli and small milk ducts of the udder (Fig. 2.5). This milk cannot be removed without the use of techniques that induce a full milk let-down reflex.
The release of milk from a cow's udder depends on the person, the animal and the perfection of milking technology. These three components determine the overall process of milking a cow.
The following requirements apply to milking equipment:
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the milking machine must ensure milking of one cow in an average of 4...6 minutes with an average milk yield of 2 l/min; The milking machine must ensure simultaneous milking of milk from both the front and rear lobes of the cow's udder.
METHODS OF MACHINE MILKING OF COWS
There are three known ways of milk secretion: natural, manual and machine. With the natural method (sucking of the udder by the calf), milk is released due to the vacuum created in the calf’s mouth; when done manually - by squeezing milk from the teat tank with the hands of the milker; with machine milking - due to suction or squeezing of milk with a milking machine.
The process of milk ejection proceeds relatively quickly. In this case, it is necessary to milk the cow as completely as possible and reduce the amount of residual milk to a minimum. To meet these requirements, rules for manual and machine milking have been developed, which include preparatory, basic and additional operations.
Preparatory operations include: washing the udder with clean warm water (at a temperature of 40...45 ° C); rubbing him and massaging him; milking several streams of milk into a special mug or onto a dark plate; putting the device into operation; putting teat cups on teats. Preparatory operations must be completed in no more than 60 seconds.
The main operation is milking a cow, i.e. the process of releasing milk from the udder. The clean milking time must be completed in 4...6 minutes, taking into account machine milking.
The final operations include: turning off the milking machines and removing them from the udder teats, treating the teats with an antiseptic emulsion.
During manual milking, milk is removed mechanically from the teat tank. The milker's fingers rhythmically and strongly squeeze first the receptor zone of the base of the nipple, and then the entire nipple from top to bottom, squeezing out the milk.
At machine milking milk is extracted from the udder teat by a milking cup, which acts as a milker or calf when suckling the udder. Milking cups come in one type: two-chamber. In modern milking machines, two-chamber cups are most often used.
In all cases, milk from the nipples of the udder is secreted cyclically, in portions. This is due to the physiology of the animal. The period of time during which one portion of milk is released is called cycle or pulse milking workflow. A cycle (pulse) consists of individual operations (cycles). Tact- this is the time during which a physiologically homogeneous interaction of the teat with the teat cup (animal with the machine) occurs.
A cycle can consist of two, three beats or more. Depending on the number of strokes in the cycle, two- and three-stroke milking machines and milking machines are distinguished.
A single-chamber milking cup consists of a conical wall and a corrugated suction cup connected to it at the top.
A two-chamber cup consists of an outer sleeve, inside of which a rubber tube (nipple rubber) is freely placed, forming two chambers - the interwall and the nipple. The period of time during which milk is secreted into the nipple chamber is called the rhythm of sucking, the period of time when the nipple is in a compressed state - compression stroke, and when blood circulation is restored - tact of rest.
Figure 2.6 shows the operation diagrams and structure of two-chamber teat cups.
During machine milking, milk is released in teat cups due to the pressure difference (inside and outside the udder).
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Rice. 2.7. Diagram of a single-chamber teat cup with a corrugated suction cup:A- sucking stroke; b- rest period
The operation of a two-stroke glass can occur in two-three-stroke cycles (sucking compression) and (sucking - compression - rest). During the sucking stroke, there should be a vacuum in the submammary and interwall chambers. There is an outflow of milk from the udder nipple through the sphincter into the nipple chamber. During the compression stroke, there is a vacuum in the sub-nipple chamber, and atmospheric pressure in the interwall chamber. Due to the pressure difference in the sub-nipple and inter-wall chambers, the nipple rubber is compressed and compresses the nipple and sphincter, thereby preventing milk from flowing out. During the rest period, the atmospheric pressure in the sub-mammary and interwall chambers, i.e. during a given period of time, the nipple is as close as possible to its natural state - blood circulation is restored in it.
The push-pull mode of operation of the teat cup is the most intense, since the teat is constantly exposed to vacuum. However, this ensures high milking speed.
The three-stroke mode of operation is as close as possible to her natural way of releasing milk.
MACHINES AND DEVICES FOR PRIMARY TREATMENT AND PROCESSING OF MILK
REQUIREMENTS FOR PRIMARY TREATMENT AND PROCESSING OF MILK
Milk is a biological fluid produced by the secretion of the mammary glands of mammals. It contains milk sugar (4.7%) and mineral salts (0.7%), the colloidal phase contains part of the salts and proteins (3.3%) and the fine phase contains milk fat (3.8%) in the form close to spherical, surrounded by a protein-lipid shell. Milk has immune and bactericidal properties, as it contains vitamins, hormones, enzymes and other active substances.
The quality of milk is characterized by fat content, acidity, bacterial contamination, mechanical contamination, color, smell and taste.
Lactic acid accumulates in milk due to fermentation of milk sugar under the influence of bacteria. Acidity is expressed in conventional units - Turner degrees (°T) and is determined by the number of millimeters of decinormal alkali solution used to neutralize 100 ml of milk. Fresh milk has an acidity of 16°T.
The freezing point of milk is lower than that of water and ranges from -0.53...-0.57 °C.
The boiling point of milk is about 100.1 °C. At 70 °C changes in protein and lactose begin in milk. Milk fat solidifies at temperatures from 23...21.5 °C, begins to melt at 18.5 °C and stops melting at 41...43 °C. In warm milk, fat is in an emulsified state, and at low temperatures (16...18°C) it turns into a suspension in milk plasma. The average size of fat particles is 2...3 microns.
Sources of bacterial contamination of milk during machine milking of cows can be contaminated skin of the udder, poorly washed milking cups, milk hoses, milk taps and milk pipeline parts. Therefore, during the primary processing and processing of milk, sanitary and veterinary rules should be strictly observed. Cleaning, washing and disinfection of equipment and dairy utensils must be carried out immediately after completion of work. It is advisable to locate washing areas and compartments for storing clean dishes in the southern part of the room, and storage and refrigeration compartments in the northern part. All dairy workers must strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene and systematically undergo a medical examination.
Under unfavorable conditions, microorganisms quickly develop in milk, so it must be processed and processed in a timely manner. All technological processing of milk, conditions of its storage and transportation must ensure the production of first grade milk in accordance with the standard.
METHODS OF PRIMARY TREATMENT AND PROCESSING OF MILK
The milk is cooled, heated, pasteurized and sterilized; processed into cream, sour cream, cheese, cottage cheese, fermented milk products; thicken, normalize, homogenize, dry, etc.
In farms that supply whole milk to milk processing plants, they use the simplest milking - cleaning - cooling scheme, carried out in milking machines. When supplying milk to a retail chain, the following scheme is possible: milking - cleaning - pasteurization - cooling - packaging in small containers. For deep farms that supply their products for sale, lines for processing milk into lactic acid products, kefir, cheeses, or, for example, production butter according to the scheme milking - cleaning - pasteurization - separation - oil production. Preparation of condensed milk is one of the promising technologies for many farms.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR PRIMARY TREATMENT AND PROCESSING OF MILK
Keeping milk fresh long term- an important task, since high-quality products cannot be obtained from milk with high acidity and a high content of microorganisms.
For milk purification from mechanical impurities and modified components apply filters And centrifugal cleaners. The working elements in the filters are plate discs, gauze, flannel, paper, metal mesh, and synthetic materials.
For cooling milk used flask, irrigation, reservoir, tubular, spiral and plate coolers. By design, they are horizontal, vertical, sealed and open, and by type of cooling system - irrigation, coil, with intermediate coolant and direct cooling, with a refrigeration machine evaporator built-in and immersed in a milk bath.
The refrigeration machine can be built into a tank or stand-alone.
For heating milk apply pasteurizers tank, displacement drum, tubular and plate. Electric pasteurizers are widely used.
To separate milk into its component products, it is used separators. There are separators-cream separators (for obtaining cream and purifying milk), separators-milk purifiers (for purifying milk), separators-normalizers (for purifying and normalizing milk, i.e., obtaining purified milk of a certain fat content), universal separators (for separating cream, purification and normalization of milk) and separators for special purposes.
According to their design, separators are open, semi-closed, or hermetic.
EQUIPMENT FOR CLEANING, COOLING, PASTEURIZATION, SEPARATION AND NORMALIZATION OF MILK
Milk is purified from mechanical impurities using filters or centrifugal cleaners. Milk fat in suspension tends to aggregate, so filtration and centrifugal purification are preferably carried out for warm milk.
Filters retain mechanical impurities. Fabrics made from lavsan and other polymeric materials with a number of cells of at least 225 per 1 cm2 have good filtration quality indicators. The milk passes through the fabric under pressure of up to 100 kPa. When using fine filters, high pressures are required and the filters become clogged. The time of their use is limited by the properties of the filter material and the contamination of the liquid.
Milk separator OM-1A serves to clean milk from foreign impurities, particles of coagulated protein and other inclusions, the density of which is higher than the density of milk. Separator capacity 1000 l/h.
Milk separator OMA-ZM (G9-OMA) with a capacity of 5000 l/h is included in the set of automated plate pasteurization and cooling units OPU-ZM and 0112-45.
Centrifugal clarifiers provide a high degree of milk purification. Their operating principle is as follows. Milk is supplied to the purifier drum through a float control chamber along the central tube. In the drum, it moves along the annular space, distributed in thin layers between the separating plates, and moves towards the axis of the drum. Mechanical impurities, which have a higher density than milk, are released in a thin-layer process of passing between the plates and are deposited on the inner walls of the drum (in the mud space).
Cooling milk prevents spoilage and ensures transportability. In winter, milk is cooled to 8 °C, in summer - to 2...4 °C. In order to save energy, natural cold is used, for example cold air in winter, but cold accumulation is more effective. The simplest method of cooling is to immerse flasks and cans of milk in running or ice water, snow, etc. More advanced methods are using milk coolers.
Open spray coolers (flat and cylindrical) have a milk receiver in the upper part of the heat exchange surface and a collector in the lower part. Coolant passes through the heat exchanger pipes. From the holes in the bottom of the receiver, milk flows onto the irrigated heat exchange surface. Flowing down it in a thin layer, the milk cools and is freed from gases dissolved in it.
Plate devices for cooling milk are included in pasteurization units and milk purifiers in a set of milking units. The plates of the devices are made of corrugated stainless steel used in the food industry. The consumption of cooling ice water is taken to be three times the calculated productivity of the apparatus, which is 400 kg/h depending on the number of heat exchange plates assembled in the working package. The temperature difference between cooling water and cold milk is 2...3°C.
To cool milk, cooler tanks with intermediate coolant RPO-1.6 and RPO-2.5, a milk cooler tank MKA 200L-2A with a heat recuperator, a milk purifier-cooler OOM-1000 “Kholodok”, a milk cooling tank RPO are used. -F-0.8.
SYSTEMS DELETIONS AND RECYCLING MANURE
The level of mechanization of work on cleaning and removing manure reaches 70...75%, and labor costs account for 20...30% of total costs.
The problem of rational use of manure as a fertilizer while simultaneously complying with the requirements of protecting the environment from pollution is of great economic importance. Effective solution This problem requires a systematic approach, including consideration of the interrelation of all production operations: removal of manure from premises, its transportation, processing, storage and use. The technology and the most effective means of mechanization for the removal and disposal of manure should be selected on the basis of technical and economic calculations, taking into account the type and system (method) of keeping animals, the size of farms, production conditions and soil and climatic factors.
Depending on the humidity, there are solid, litter (humidity 75...80%), semi-liquid (85...90 %) and liquid (90...94%) manure, as well as manure waste (94...99%). The output of excrement from various animals per day ranges from approximately 55 kg (in cows) to 5.1 kg (in fattening pigs) and depends primarily on feeding. The composition and properties of manure affect the process of its removal, processing, storage, use, as well as the indoor microclimate and the surrounding natural environment.
The following requirements apply to technological lines for the collection, transportation and disposal of manure of any kind:
timely and high-quality removal of manure from livestock buildings with minimal consumption of clean water;
processing it to identify infections and subsequent disinfection;
transportation of manure to processing and storage sites;
deworming;
maximum preservation of nutrients in the original manure and its processed products;
eliminating environmental pollution natural environment, as well as the spread of infections and infestations;
ensuring an optimal microclimate and maximum cleanliness of livestock premises.
Manure treatment facilities should be located downwind and below water intake facilities, and on-farm manure storage facilities should be located outside the farm. It is necessary to provide sanitary zones between livestock buildings and residential settlements. The site for treatment facilities should not be flooded with flood and storm water. All structures of the manure removal, treatment and disposal system must be constructed with reliable waterproofing.
The variety of animal husbandry technologies necessitates the use of various indoor manure removal systems. Three manure removal systems are most widely used: mechanical, hydraulic and combined (slotted floors in combination with an underground manure storage facility or channels in which mechanical cleaning means are located).
The mechanical system predetermines the removal of manure from the premises by all kinds of mechanical means: manure conveyors, bulldozer shovels, scraper units, suspended or ground trolleys.
The hydraulic system for manure removal can be flush, recirculation, gravity and settling-tray (gate).
Flush system cleaning involves daily flushing of the channels with water from flushing nozzles. With direct flushing, manure is removed with a stream of water created by the pressure of the water supply network or a booster pump. The mixture of water, manure and slurry flows into the collector and is no longer used for re-flushing.
Recirculation system provides for the use of clarified and disinfected liquid fraction of manure supplied through a pressure pipeline from a storage tank to remove manure from channels.
Continuous Gravity System ensures the removal of manure by sliding it along the natural slope formed in the channels. It is used on cattle farms when keeping animals without bedding and feeding them with silage, root crops, stillage, pulp and green mass, and in pigsties when feeding liquid and dry compound feeds without the use of silage and green mass.
Gravity batch system ensures the removal of manure that accumulates in longitudinal channels equipped with gates by discharging it when the gates are opened. The volume of longitudinal channels should ensure the accumulation of manure for 7...14 days. Typically the channel dimensions are as follows: length 3...50 m, width 0.8 m (or more), minimum depth 0.6 m. Moreover, the thicker the manure, the shorter and wider the channel should be.
All gravity-fed methods for removing manure from premises are especially effective when animals are kept tethered and in boxes without bedding on warm expanded clay concrete floors or on rubber mats.
The main way to dispose of manure is to use it as organic fertilizer. Most effective way removal and use of liquid manure is its disposal on irrigation fields. There are also known methods for processing manure into feed additives to produce gas and biofuels.
CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNICAL MEANS FOR THE REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF MANURE
All technical means for the removal and disposal of manure are divided into two groups: periodic and continuous.
Transport devices, trackless and rail, ground and overground, mobile loading, scraper installations and other means are classified as periodic equipment.
Continuous transport devices are available with or without a traction element (gravity, pneumatic and hydraulic transport).
According to their purpose, there are technical means for daily cleaning and periodic cleaning, for removing deep litter, and for cleaning walking areas.
Depending on the design, there are:
ground and suspended rail trolleys and trackless hand trucks:
scraper conveyors of circular and reciprocating motion;
rope scrapers and rope shovels;
attachments on tractors and self-propelled chassis;
devices for hydraulic removal of manure (hydrotransport);
devices using pneumatics.
The technological process of removing manure from livestock buildings and transporting it to the field can be divided into the following sequential operations:
collecting manure from stalls and dumping it into grooves or loading it into trolleys (carts);
transportation of manure from the stalls through the livestock building to the collection or loading point;
loading onto vehicles;
transportation across the farm to a manure storage facility or composting and unloading site:
loading from storage onto vehicles;
transportation to the field and unloading from the vehicle.
To perform these operations, many different types of machines and mechanisms are used. The most rational option should be considered the one in which one mechanism performs two or more operations, and the cost of harvesting 1 ton of manure and moving it to fertilized fields is the lowest.
TECHNICAL MEANS FOR REMOVING MANURE FROM ANIMAL PREMISES
Mechanical means for removing manure are divided into mobile and stationary. Mobile equipment is used mainly for loose housing of livestock using bedding. Straw, peat, chaff, sawdust, shavings, fallen leaves and tree needles are usually used as bedding. The approximate daily norms for applying bedding per cow are 4...5 kg, for a sheep - 0.5...1 kg.
Manure is removed from premises where animals are kept once or twice a year using various devices mounted on a vehicle for moving and loading various cargoes, including manure.
In livestock farming, manure collection conveyors TSN-160A, TSN-160B, TSN-ZB, TR-5, TSN-2B, longitudinal scraper installations US-F-170A or US-F250A, complete with transverse scrapers US-10, US-12 and USP-12, longitudinal scraper conveyors TS-1PR complete with transverse conveyor TS-1PP, scraper installations US-12 complete with transverse conveyor USP-12, screw conveyors TSHN-10.
Scraper conveyors TSN-ZB and TSN-160A(Fig. 2.8) of circular action are designed to remove manure from livestock buildings with its simultaneous loading into vehicles.
Horizontal conveyor 6 , installed in a manure channel, consists of a hinged collapsible chain with scrapers attached to it 4, drive station 2, tension 3 and rotary 5 devices. The chain is driven by an electric motor through a V-belt transmission and a gearbox.
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Rice. 2.9. Scraper installation US-F-170:
1, 2 - drive and tension stations; 3- slider; 4, 6-scrapers; 5 -chain; 7 - guide rollers; 8 - barbell
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Rice. 2.11. Technological diagram of the UTN-10A installation:
1 - scraper type US-F-170 (US-250); 2- hydraulic drive station; 3 – manure storage; 4 – manure pipeline; 5 -hopper; 6 - pump; 7 - manure removal conveyor KNP-10
Screw and centrifugal pumps type NSh, NCI, NVTs used for unloading and pumping liquid manure through pipelines. Their productivity ranges from 70 to 350 t/h.
The TS-1 scraper installation is intended for pig farms. It is installed in a manure channel, which is covered with lattice floors. The installation consists of transverse and longitudinal conveyors. The main assembly units of conveyors: scrapers, chains, drive. The TS-1 installation uses a “Carriage” type scraper. The drive, consisting of a gearbox and an electric motor, imparts reciprocating motion to the scrapers and protects them from overloads.
Manure is transported from livestock buildings to processing and storage sites by mobile and stationary means.
Unit ESA-12/200A(Fig. 2.12) is designed for shearing 10...12 thousand sheep per season. It is used to equip stationary, mobile or temporary shearing stations for 12 workplaces.
Using the KTO-24/200A kit as an example, the process of shearing and primary processing of wool is organized as follows: the equipment of the kit is placed inside the shearing station. A flock of sheep is driven into pens adjacent to the shearing station. The servants catch the sheep and bring them to the shearers' work stations. Each shearer has a set of tokens indicating the workplace number. After shearing each sheep, the shearer places the fleece along with the tag on the conveyor. At the end of the conveyor, the auxiliary worker places the fleece on the scales and, using the token number, the accountant writes down the weight of the fleece separately for each shearer. Then, on the wool grading table, it is divided into classes. From the classification table, the wool enters a box of the appropriate class, from where it is sent for pressing into bales, after which the bales are weighed, labeled and sent to the finished product warehouse.
Shearing machine "Runo-2" Designed for shearing sheep on distant pastures or farms that do not have a centralized power supply. Consists of a shearing machine driven by a high-frequency asynchronous electric motor, a converter powered from the on-board network of a car or tractor, a set connecting wires and a briefcase for carrying. Provides simultaneous operation of two shearing machines.
Power consumption of one shearing machine is 90 W, voltage 36 V, current frequency 200 Hz.
Shearing machines MSO-77B and high-frequency MSU-200V are widely used at shearing stations. MSO-77B are designed for shearing sheep of all breeds and consists of a body, cutting apparatus, eccentric, pressure and hinge mechanisms. The body serves to connect all the mechanisms of the machine and is lined with cloth to protect the shearer’s hand from overheating. The cutting apparatus is the working part of the machine and is used to cut wool. It works on the principle of scissors, the role of which is performed by knife blades and combs. The knife cuts the wool by moving forward along the comb at 2300 double strokes per minute. The working width of the machine is 77 mm, weight is 1.1 kg. The knife is driven by a flexible shaft from an external electric motor through an eccentric mechanism.
The high-frequency shearing machine MSU-200V (Fig. 2.13) consists of an electric shearing head, an electric motor and a power cord. The fundamental difference its difference from the MSO-77B machine is that it is three-phase asynchronous electric motor with a squirrel-cage rotor, it is made as a single unit with the cutting head. Electric motor power W, voltage 36 V, current frequency 200 Hz, rotor speed electric motor-1. The IE-9401 current frequency converter converts industrial current with a voltage of 220/380 V into a high frequency current - 200 or 400 Hz with a voltage of 36 V, which is safe for the work of maintenance personnel.
To sharpen the cutting pair, a single-disc grinding machine TA-1 and a finishing machine DAS-350 are used.
Preservation" href="/text/category/konservatciya/" rel="bookmark">preservation lubricant. Previously removed parts and assemblies are installed in place, performing necessary adjustments. They check the functionality and interaction of the mechanisms by briefly starting the machine and running it in idle mode.
Pay attention to the reliability of grounding of body metal parts. Besides general requirements When preparing for the use of specific machines, the features of their design and operation are taken into account.
In units with a flexible shaft, the shaft is first connected to the electric motor, and then to the shearing machine. Pay attention to the fact that the rotor shaft can be easily rotated by hand and does not have axial and radial runout. The direction of rotation of the shaft must correspond to the direction of twisting of the shaft, and not vice versa. The movement of all elements of the shearing machine should be smooth. The electric motor must be secured.
The performance of the unit is checked by briefly turning it on during idle operation.
When preparing for operation of the wool conveyor, pay attention to the belt tension. The tensioned belt should not slip on the conveyor drive drum. When preparing sharpening units, scales, classification tables, and wool presses for operation, attention is paid to the performance of individual components.
The quality of sheep shearing is assessed by the quality of the resulting wool. This is primarily the exception of recutting the wool. Re-clipping of wool is achieved by loosely pressing the comb of the shearing machine to the body of the sheep. In this case, the machine cuts the wool not near the animal’s skin, but above it, thereby shortening the length of the fiber. Repeated shearing leads to chaff, which clogs the fleece.
MICROCLIMATE IN LIVESTOCK PREMISES
ZOOTECHNICAL AND SANITARY-HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS
The microclimate of livestock premises is a combination of physical, chemical and biological factors inside the premises that have a certain effect on the animal’s body. These include: temperature, humidity, speed and chemical composition of the air (the content of harmful gases, the presence of dust and microorganisms), ionization, radiation, etc. The combination of these factors can be different and affect the body of animals and birds both positively and and negative.
Zootechnical and sanitary-hygienic requirements for keeping animals and poultry are reduced to maintaining microclimate parameters within established standards. Microclimate standards for various types of premises are given in Table 2.1.
Microclimate of livestock premises table. 2.1
Creating an optimal microclimate is a production process that consists of regulating microclimate parameters by technical means until a combination of them is obtained in which environmental conditions are most favorable for the normal course of physiological processes in the animal’s body. It is also necessary to take into account that unfavorable parameters of the microclimate in the premises also negatively affect the health of people serving animals, causing them a decrease in labor productivity and rapid fatigue, for example, excessive air humidity in stalls with a sharp decrease in external temperature leads to increased condensation of water vapor on structural elements of the building, causes decay wooden structures and at the same time makes them less permeable to air and more thermally conductive.
Changes in the microclimate parameters of livestock premises are influenced by: fluctuations in external air temperature, depending on the local climate and time of year; heat inflow or loss through the building material; accumulation of heat generated by animals; the amount of water vapor, ammonia and carbon dioxide released, depending on the frequency of manure removal and the condition of the sewage system; condition and degree of lighting of premises; technology for keeping animals and poultry. The design of doors, gates, and the presence of vestibules play an important role.
Maintaining an optimal microclimate reduces production costs.
WAYS TO CREATE STANDARD MICROCLIMATE PARAMETERS
To maintain an optimal microclimate in rooms with animals, they must be ventilated, heated or cooled. Ventilation, heating and cooling should be controlled automatically. The amount of air removed from the room is always equal to the amount entering. If an exhaust unit is operating in the room, the flow of fresh air occurs unorganized.
Ventilation systems are divided into natural, forced with a mechanical air stimulator and combined. Natural ventilation occurs due to the difference in air densities inside and outside the room, as well as under the influence of wind. Forced ventilation (with a mechanical stimulus) is divided into forced ventilation with heating of the supplied air and without heating, exhaust and forced-exhaust.
Optimal air parameters in livestock buildings are usually maintained by a ventilation system, which can be exhaust (vacuum), supply (pressure) or supply and exhaust (balanced). Exhaust ventilation, in turn, can be with natural air draft and with a mechanical stimulant, and natural ventilation is pipeless and pipe. Natural ventilation usually works satisfactorily in the spring and autumn seasons, as well as at outdoor temperatures up to 15 °C. In all other cases, air must be pumped into the premises, and in the northern and central regions additionally heated.
The ventilation unit usually consists of a fan electric motor and a ventilation network, which includes an air duct system and devices for air intake and exhaust. The fan is designed to move air. The causative agent of air movement in it is an impeller with blades, enclosed in a special casing. Based on the value of the developed total pressure, fans are divided into low (up to 980 Pa), medium (980...2940 Pa) and high (294 Pa) pressure devices; according to the principle of action - centrifugal and axial. In livestock buildings, low and medium pressure fans are used, centrifugal and axial, general purpose and roof fans, right and left rotation. The fan is made in various sizes.
The following types of heating are used in livestock buildings: stove, central (water and low pressure steam) and air. Air heating systems are the most widely used. The essence of air heating is that air heated in a heater is admitted into the room directly or through an air duct system. Air heaters are used for air heating. The air in them can be heated by water, steam, electricity or combustion fuel products. Therefore, heaters are divided into water, steam, electric and fire. Heating electric heaters of the SFO series with tubular finned heaters are designed to heat air to a temperature of 50 ° C in air heating, ventilation, artificial climate systems and in drying installations. The set temperature of the outlet air is maintained automatically.
EQUIPMENT FOR VENTILATION, HEATING, LIGHTING
Automated sets of equipment “Climate” are designed for ventilation, heating and air humidification in livestock buildings.
The “Climate-3” equipment set consists of two supply ventilation and heating units 3 (Fig. 2.14), air humidification systems, supply air ducts 6 , a set of exhaust fans 7 , control stations 1 with sensor panel 8.
Ventilation and heating unit 3 heats and supplies atmospheric air, humidifies if necessary.
Air humidification system includes a pressure tank 5 and a solenoid valve that automatically regulates the degree and humidification of the air. Innings hot water in heaters is regulated by a valve 2.
Sets of air handling units PVU-4M, PVU-LBM are designed to maintain air temperature and circulation within specified limits during the cold and transition periods of the year.
Rice. 2.14. Equipment "Climate-3":
1 - control station; 2-control valve; 3 - ventilation and heating units; 4 - solenoid valve; 5 - pressure tank for water; 6 - air ducts; 7 -exhaust fan; 8 - sensor
Electric heating units of the SFOTs series with a power of 5-100 kW are used to heat air in supply ventilation systems of livestock buildings.
TV-6 type fan heaters consist of a centrifugal fan with a two-speed electric motor, a water heater, a louver unit and an actuator.
Fire heat generators TGG-1A. TG-F-1.5A, TG-F-2.5G, TG-F-350 and combustion units TAU-0.75, TAU-1.5 are used to maintain an optimal microclimate in livestock and other premises. The air is heated by combustion products of liquid fuel.
The heat recovery ventilation unit UT-F-12 is designed for ventilation and heating of livestock buildings using the heat of the exhaust air. Air-thermal (air curtains) allow you to maintain microclimate parameters indoors in winter when large cross-section gates are opened to allow vehicles or animals to pass through.
EQUIPMENT FOR HEATING AND IRRADIATION OF ANIMALS
When raising highly productive livestock of animals, it is necessary to consider their organisms and the environment as a whole, the most important component of which is radiant energy. The use of ultraviolet irradiation in animal husbandry to eliminate solar starvation of the body, infrared local heating of young animals, as well as light regulators that ensure the photoperiodic development cycle of animals, has shown that the use of radiant energy makes it possible, without large material costs, to significantly increase the safety of young animals - the basis for the reproduction of livestock. Ultraviolet irradiation has a positive effect on the growth, development, metabolism and reproductive functions of farm animals.
Infrared rays have a beneficial effect on animals. They penetrate 3...4 cm deep into the body and help to increase blood flow in the vessels, which improves metabolic processes, activates the body's defenses, and significantly increases the safety and weight gain of young animals.
As sources of ultraviolet radiation in installations, erythemal fluorescent mercury arc lamps of the LE type are of greatest practical importance; bactericidal, mercury arc lamps type DB; high-pressure mercury arc tube lamps type DRT.
Sources of ultraviolet radiation are also mercury-quartz lamps of the PRK type, erythemal fluorescent lamps of the EUV type and germicidal lamps type BUV.
The PRK mercury-quartz lamp is a quartz glass tube filled with argon and a small amount of mercury. Quartz glass transmits visible and ultraviolet rays well. Inside the quartz tube, at its ends, tungsten electrodes are mounted, onto which a spiral coated with an oxide layer is wound. During operation of the lamp, an arc discharge occurs between the electrodes, which is a source of ultraviolet radiation.
Erythemal fluorescent lamps of the EUV type have a device similar to fluorescent lamps LD and LB, but differ from them in the composition of the phosphor and the type of glass of the tube.
Germicidal lamps of the BUV type are designed similarly to fluorescent lamps. They are used for air disinfection in maternity wards of cattle, pigsties, poultry houses, as well as for disinfection of walls, floors, ceilings and veterinary instruments.
For infrared heating and ultraviolet irradiation of young animals, the IKUF-1M installation is used, consisting of a control cabinet and forty irradiators. The irradiator is a rigid box-shaped structure, on both ends of which infrared lamps IKZK are placed, and between them there is an ultraviolet erythema lamp LE-15. A reflector is installed above the lamp. The ballast control device of the lamp is mounted on top of the irradiator and covered with a protective casing.
Igor Nikolaev
Reading time: 5 minutes
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It's no secret that livestock farming is one of the most important sectors of the economy, which provides the country's population with valuable and high-calorie food products (milk, meat, eggs, and so on). In addition, livestock enterprises produce raw materials for the manufacture of light industry products, in particular such types as shoes, clothing, fabrics, furniture and other things necessary for every person.
We should not forget that it is farm animals that, in the course of their life activity, produce organic fertilizers for the crop growing sector of agriculture. Therefore, increasing the volume of livestock production while minimizing capital investments and unit costs is the most important goal and task for the agriculture of any state.
In modern conditions, the main factor in productivity growth is primarily the introduction of automation, mechanization, energy-saving and other innovative intensive technologies in livestock farming.
Due to the fact that livestock farming is a very labor-intensive branch of agricultural production, there is a need to use modern achievements of science and technology in the field of automation and mechanization of production processes in livestock farming. This direction is obvious and priority for the purpose of increasing the profitability and efficiency of livestock enterprises.
Currently in Russia, at large agricultural enterprises with a high degree of mechanization, labor costs for producing a unit of livestock products are two to three times less than the industry average, and the cost is one and a half to two times lower than the industry average. And, although in general the level of mechanization in the industry is quite high, it is still significantly lower than the level of mechanization in developed countries, and therefore this level needs to be increased.
For example, only about 75 percent of dairy farms use integrated production mechanization; Among enterprises producing beef, such livestock mechanization is used in less than 60 percent of farms, and comprehensive mechanization in pig farming covers about 70 percent of enterprises.
High labor intensity in the livestock industry in our country still remains, and this has an extremely negative impact on the cost of production.
For example, the share of manual labor in dairy farming is at the level of 55 percent, and in such areas of livestock farming as sheep breeding and reproductive shops of pig breeding enterprises, this share is at least 80 percent. In small agricultural enterprises, the level of automation and mechanization of production is generally very low and, on average, two to three times worse than in the entire industry.
As an example, here are some figures: with a herd size of up to 100 animals, only 20 percent of all farms are comprehensively mechanized, and with a herd size of up to 200 animals, this figure is at the level of 45 percent.
What are the reasons for such a low level of mechanization in the Russian livestock industry?
Experts highlight, on the one hand, a low percentage of profitability in this industry, which does not allow livestock enterprises to purchase imported modern machinery and equipment for livestock farming, and on the other hand, the domestic industry cannot currently offer livestock farmers modern means of integrated automation and mechanization, which would not be inferior to world analogues.
Experts believe that this state of affairs can be corrected if the domestic industry masters the production of standard livestock complexes of modular design, which would have a high level of robotization, automation and computerization. Exactly modular design Such complexes would make it possible to unify the design of different types of equipment, thereby ensuring their interchangeability, which would significantly facilitate the process of equipping old ones and creating new ones and re-equipping existing livestock complexes, significantly reducing the amount of operating costs for them.
However, such an approach is impossible without targeted government support in the form of relevant ministries. At present, unfortunately, the necessary actions in this direction have not yet been taken by government agencies.
What technological processes can and should be automated?
In livestock farming, the process of production is a long chain of different technological processes, works and operations that are associated with breeding, subsequent maintenance and fattening and, finally, slaughter of livestock.
The following technological processes can be distinguished in this chain:
- preparation of feed;
- watering and feeding animals;
- removal of manure and its subsequent processing;
- collection of the resulting products (shearing wool, collecting eggs, etc.),
- slaughter of fattened animals for meat;
- mating of livestock to produce offspring;
- various types of work to create and subsequently maintain the microclimate necessary for animals in the premises, and so on.
Simultaneous mechanization and automation of livestock farming cannot be absolute. Some work processes can be automated completely, replacing manual labor with robotic and computerized mechanisms. Other types of work can only be mechanized, that is, they can only be performed by a person, but using more modern and productive equipment for livestock farming as an auxiliary tool. Very few types of livestock farming currently require completely manual labor.
Feeding process
One of the most labor-intensive livestock production processes is the preparation and subsequent distribution of feed, as well as the process of watering animals. It is this part of the work that accounts for up to 70 percent of total labor costs, which, of course, makes their mechanization and automation a priority. It is worth saying that replacing manual labor with the work of computers and robots in this part of the technological chain in most livestock industries is quite simple.
Currently, there are two types of feed distribution mechanization: stationary feed dispensers and mobile (mobile) mechanisms for feed distribution. In the first case, the equipment is a belt, scraper or other type of conveyor controlled by an electric motor. In a stationary dispenser, feed is supplied by unloading it from a special hopper directly onto a conveyor, which delivers food to special feeders for animals. The principle of operation of a mobile distributor is to move the feed bunker itself directly to the feeders.
Which type of feed dispenser is suitable for a particular enterprise is determined by making some calculations. Basically, these calculations consist in the fact that it is necessary to calculate the cost-effectiveness of introducing and maintaining both types of dispenser and find out which one is more profitable to serve in premises of a specific configuration and for a specific type of animal.
Milking machine
The process of mechanizing animal watering is an even more straightforward task, since water is a liquid and easily transports itself under the influence of gravity through the gutters and pipes of the drinking system. To do this, you just need to create at least a minimum angle of inclination of the pipe or gutter. In addition, water can be easily transported using electric pumps through a pipeline system.
Manure removal
The second most labor-intensive process (after feeding) in livestock farming is the process of manure removal. Therefore, the task of mechanizing such production processes is also extremely important, since such work has to be performed in large volumes and quite often.
Modern livestock farms can be equipped with various types of mechanized and automated systems for manure removal. The choice of a specific type of equipment directly depends on the type of farm animals, on the principle of their maintenance, on the configuration and other specific features of the production premises, as well as on the type and volume of bedding material.
To obtain the maximum level of mechanization and automation of this technological process, it is advisable (or better yet, necessary) to select specific equipment in advance and, even at the stage of construction of the production facility, provide for the use of the selected equipment. Only in this case will the comprehensive mechanization of a livestock enterprise become possible.
There are currently two methods for manure removal: mechanical and hydraulic. Systems mechanical type actions are:
- bulldozer equipment;
- rope-scraper type installations;
- scraper conveyors.
Hydraulic manure collection systems are divided according to the following characteristics:
1. according to the driving force they are:
- gravity flow (the manure mass moves on its own under the influence of gravity along an inclined surface);
- forced (the movement of manure occurs due to the influence of external forced force, for example, water flow);
- combined (part of the path the manure mass moves by gravity, and part - under the influence of coercive force).
2.According to the principle of operation, such installations are divided into:
- continuous operation (round-the-clock removal of manure as it arrives);
- periodic action (removal of manure occurs after its accumulation to a certain level or simply at specified time intervals).
3.According to the type of their design, devices for removing manure are divided into:
Comprehensive automation and dispatching
To increase the efficiency of production of livestock products and minimize the level of labor costs per unit of this product, it is not necessary to limit oneself only to the introduction of mechanization, automation and electrification at individual stages technological process.
The current level of development of technology and scientific developments today makes it possible to achieve complete automation of many types of industrial production. In other words, the entire production cycle (from the moment of acceptance of raw materials to the packaging stage) finished products) to be fully automated using a robotic line under the constant control of either one dispatcher or several engineering specialists.
It is worth saying that the specific nature of such production as livestock farming does not currently allow us to achieve an absolute level of automation of all production processes without exception. However, one should strive for such a level as a kind of “ideal”.
Currently, equipment has already been developed that allows replacing individual machines with production production lines.
Such lines cannot yet completely control the entire production cycle, but they can already achieve complete mechanization of the main technological operations.
Complex working elements and advanced sensor and alarm systems make it possible to achieve a high level of automation and control in production lines. The large-scale use of such technological lines will make it possible to abandon manual labor and reduce the number of personnel, including operators of individual mechanisms and machines. They will be replaced by supervisory control and process control systems.
If Russian livestock farming transitions to the most modern level of mechanization and automation of technological processes, operating costs in the livestock industry will decrease several times.
Means of mechanization of enterprises
Perhaps the hardest work in the livestock industry is the work of pig farmers, cattlemen and milkmaids. Is it possible to make this job easier? At present, we can already give a definite answer - yes. With the development of agricultural technologies, the share of manual labor in livestock farming gradually began to decline, and modern methods of mechanization and automation began to be used. There are more and more automated and mechanized dairy farms and automatic poultry houses, which are now more like a scientific laboratory or a food processing plant, since all the personnel work in white coats.
Of course, automation and mechanization tools significantly facilitate the work of people involved in livestock farming. However, the use of these products requires livestock farmers to have a large amount of specialized knowledge. Employees of an automated enterprise must not only have the ability to maintain existing mechanisms and machines, but also knowledge of the processes of their adjustment and adjustment. You will also need knowledge of the principles of the effects of the mechanisms used on the body of chickens, pigs, cows and other farm animals.
How to use a milking machine so that cows give milk, how to process feed using a machine so as to increase the yield of meat, milk, eggs, wool and other products, how to regulate air humidity, temperature and lighting in the production premises of the enterprise in such a way as to ensure the best growth of animals and avoiding their diseases - all this is the knowledge necessary for a modern livestock breeder.
In this regard, the issue of training qualified personnel to work in modern livestock enterprises with a high level of automation and mechanization of production processes arises.
Machinery and equipment in livestock farming
Let's start with a dairy farm. One of the main machines at this enterprise is the milking machine. Milking cows by hand is very hard work. For example, a milkmaid must make up to 100 finger pressures in order to milk one liter of milk. With the help of modern milking machines, the process of milking cows is completely mechanized.
The operation of these devices is based on the principle of sucking milk from a cow's udder using rarefied air (vacuum) created by a special vacuum pump. The main part of the milking mechanism consists of four milking cups, which are placed on the udder teats. With the help of these glasses, milk is sucked into a milk can or into a special milk line. Through this milk line, raw milk is supplied to a filter for cleaning or a cleaning centrifuge. After which the raw materials are cooled in coolers and pumped into a milk tank.
If necessary, raw milk is passed through a separator or pasteurizer. The cream is separated in the separator. Pasteurization kills all germs.
Modern milking machines (DA-3M, “Maiga”, “Volga”), when used correctly, increase labor productivity three to eight times and help avoid cow disease.
Most best results achieved in practice in the field of mechanization of water supply to livestock enterprises.
From mines, boreholes or wells, water is delivered to farms using water jets, electric pumps or conventional centrifugal pumps. This process occurs automatically; you only need to check the pumping unit itself weekly and carry out a preventive inspection. If there is a water tower on the farm, the operation of the machine depends on the water level in it. If there is no such tower, a small air-water tank is installed. When water is supplied, the pump compresses the air in the tank, resulting in an increase in pressure. When it reaches maximum, the pump automatically turns off. When the pressure drops to the set minimum level, the pump automatically turns on. In cold weather, the water in the drinking bowls is heated with electricity.
To mechanize the distribution of feed, screw, scraper or belt conveyors are used.
In poultry farming, swinging and vibrating and oscillating conveyors are used for the same purposes. Pig-breeding enterprises successfully use hydromechanical and pneumatic installations, as well as self-propelled electric feed dispensers. On the farms dairy direction Scraper-type conveyors are used, as well as trailed or self-propelled feed distributors.
At poultry and pig farming enterprises, feed distribution is fully automated.
Control devices with a clock mechanism turn on the feed dispensers according to a predetermined program, and then, after dispensing a certain amount of feed, turn them off.
Feed preparation lends itself well to mechanization.
The industry produces various types of machines for grinding roughage and wet feed, for crushing grain and other types of dry feed, for grinding and washing root vegetables, for producing grass meal, for creating various kinds of feed mixtures and animal feed, as well as machines for drying, yeasting or steaming feed
Mechanization of the process of removing litter and manure helps to ease labor on livestock farms.
For example, in pig-breeding enterprises, animals are kept on bedding, which is changed only when the group of fattened pigs changes. At the pig feeding area, manure is washed off from time to time with a stream of water into a special conveyor. From the pigsties, this conveyor delivers the manure mass to an underground collection tank, from where it is unloaded either onto a dump truck, or onto a tractor trailer, or using a pneumatic compressed air installation, and delivers the manure to the fields. The pneumatic installation is automatically turned on by a clock mechanism according to a predetermined program.
Poultry farming enterprises are the most comprehensively automated and mechanized. In addition to such processes as feeding, watering and removing litter, they are automated: turning on and off the lights, heating and ventilation, opening and closing manholes in the walking area. Also at poultry farms the process of collecting, sorting and subsequent packaging of eggs is automated. The chickens lay in specially prepared nests, from where they are then rolled out onto an assembly conveyor belt, which feeds them onto the sorting table. On this table, eggs are sorted by weight or size and placed in a special container.
A modern automated poultry farm can be serviced by two people: an electrician and a livestock operator-technologist.
The first is responsible for setting up and adjusting the machine and mechanisms and for technical care for this equipment. The second one conducts zootechnical observations and draws up programs for the operation of automatic machines and machines.
Also, the domestic industry produces various types of equipment for heating and ventilation of production premises in the livestock sector: electric heaters, heat generators, steam boilers, fans, and so on.
A high level of automation and mechanization of livestock enterprises can significantly reduce production costs by reducing labor costs (the number of personnel is reduced) and by increasing the productivity of birds and animals. And this will reduce retail prices.
Summarizing the above, we repeat that automation and mechanization of the livestock complex makes it possible to transform heavy manual labor into technological and industrialized work, which should erase the line between peasant labor and work in industry.
Mechanization of livestock farming can significantly reduce the cost of livestock production, as it simplifies the procedure of feeding and manure removal. By applying comprehensive measures to automate farming, the owner will be able to receive impressive profits, while fully recouping the costs of modernization
Livestock farming is an important segment of the economy, providing the population with essential food products such as meat, milk, eggs, etc. At the same time, livestock farms supply raw materials for light industry enterprises that produce clothing, shoes, furniture and other material assets. Finally, farm animals are a source of organic fertilizers for crop production enterprises. In view of this, an increase in livestock production volumes is a desirable and even necessary phenomenon for any state. At the same time, the main source of production growth in modern world stands primarily for the introduction of intensive technologies, in particular automation and mechanization of livestock farming with the basics of energy saving.
Status and prospects for mechanization of livestock farming in Russia
Livestock farming is a fairly labor-intensive type of production, so the use of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress through mechanization and automation of work processes is an obvious direction for increasing the efficiency and profitability of production.
Today in Russia, labor costs for producing a unit of output on large mechanized farms are 2-3 times lower than the industry average, and production costs are 1.5-2 times lower. And although the level of mechanization of the industry as a whole is high, it lags significantly behind developed countries and is therefore insufficient. Thus, only about 75% of dairy farms have comprehensive mechanization of work; among beef producers this figure is less than 60%, and among pork producers - about 70%.
In Russia, livestock farming remains highly labor-intensive, which negatively affects production costs. For example, the share of manual labor in servicing cows is about 55%, and in sheep breeding and reproductive shops of pig farms - at least 80%. The level of production automation in small farms is even lower - on average it is 2-3 times behind the industry as a whole. For example, only about 20% of farms with a herd of up to 100 heads and about 45% with a herd of up to 200 heads are fully mechanized.
Among the reasons for the low level of mechanization of domestic livestock farming, one can name, on the one hand, low profitability in the industry, which does not allow enterprises to purchase imported equipment, and on the other hand, the lack of domestic modern means of integrated mechanization and livestock farming technologies.
According to scientists, the situation could be corrected by the domestic industry mastering the production of standard modular livestock complexes with a high level of automation, robotization and computerization. The modular principle would make it possible to unify the designs of various equipment, ensuring their interchangeability, facilitating the process of creating livestock complexes and reducing operating costs for them. However, this approach requires targeted intervention in the situation by the state represented by the relevant ministry. Unfortunately, the necessary steps in this direction have not yet been taken.
Technological processes subject to automation
The production of livestock products is a long chain of technological processes, operations and work related to the breeding, keeping and slaughter of farm animals. In particular, industry enterprises perform the following types of work:
- preparation of feed,
- feeding and watering animals,
- manure removal and processing,
- collection of products (eggs, honey, wool shearing, etc.),
- slaughtering animals for meat,
- animal mating,
- performing various works to create and maintain the necessary indoor microclimate, etc.
Mechanization and automation of livestock farming cannot be continuous. Some types of work can be fully automated by entrusting them to computerized and robotic mechanisms. Other works are subject only to mechanization, that is, they can only be performed by a person, but using more advanced and productive equipment as tools. Very few jobs today require entirely manual labor.
Mechanization and automation of feeding
Preparing and distributing feed, as well as watering animals, is one of the most labor-intensive technological processes in animal husbandry. It accounts for up to 70% of total labor costs, which by default makes it the first “target” for automation and mechanization. Fortunately, outsourcing this type of work to robots and computers is relatively easy for most livestock industries.
Today, the mechanization of feed distribution provides a choice of two types of technical solutions: stationary feed dispensers and mobile (mobile) feed distribution devices. The first solution is an electric motor that controls a belt, scraper or other conveyor. Feed is supplied from a stationary dispenser by unloading it from a hopper onto a conveyor, which then delivers food directly to the feeders. In turn, the mobile feed dispenser moves the hopper itself directly to the feeders.
Which type of feeder to use is determined by making some calculations. Usually they come down to the fact that it is necessary to calculate the implementation and maintenance of which type of distributor will be more cost-effective for housing a given configuration and a given type of animal.
Mechanization of watering represents even more simple task, since water, being a liquid, is easily transported by itself through pipes and gutters under the influence of gravity (if there is at least a minimum angle of inclination of the gutter/pipe). It is also easy to transport using electric pumps through a pipe system.
Mechanization of manure collection
The mechanization of production processes in livestock farming does not bypass the process of manure removal, which, among all technological operations, is in second place in terms of labor intensity after feeding. This work must be done frequently and in large quantities.
Modern livestock farms use various mechanized and automated systems manure removal, the type of which directly depends on the type of animals, their housing system, configuration and other features of the premises, the type and amount of bedding material. In order to achieve the maximum level of automation and mechanization of this type of work, it is highly desirable to provide for the use of specific equipment at the stage of construction of the premises in which the animals will be kept. Only then will comprehensive mechanization of livestock farming become possible.
Manure removal can be done in two ways: mechanical and hydraulic. Mechanical type systems are divided into:
- a) scraper conveyors;
- b) rope-scraper installations;
- c) bulldozers.
Hydraulic systems are distinguished by:
- By driving force:
- gravity flow (manure moves along an inclined surface under the influence of gravity);
- forced (manure moves under the influence of external force, for example, water flow);
- combined (part of the “route” manure moves by gravity, and part is forced).
- Based on the operating principle:
- continuous action (manure is removed around the clock as it arrives);
- periodic action (manure is removed when accumulated to a certain level or after certain periods of time).
- By design:
- floatable (manure continuously moves along the channel due to the difference in its level at the top and bottom of the channel);
- slide valves (the channel blocked by a damper is partially filled with water and manure is accumulated in it for several days, after which the damper is opened and the contents descend further by gravity);
- combined.
Dispatching and comprehensive automation in livestock farming
Increasing production efficiency and reducing the level of labor costs per unit of production in livestock farming should not be limited to automation, mechanization and electrification of individual technological operations and types of work. The current level of scientific and technological progress has already made it possible to fully automate many types of industrial production, where the entire production cycle from the stage of receiving raw materials to the stage of packing finished products into containers is performed by an automatic robotic line under the supervision of one dispatcher or several engineers.
Obviously, due to the specifics of livestock farming, it is impossible to achieve such automation levels today. However, you can strive for it as a desired ideal. There is already equipment that allows you to abandon the use of individual machines and replace them with production production lines. Such lines will not be able to control absolutely the entire production cycle, but are capable of completely mechanizing the main technological operations.
Production production lines are equipped with complex working parts and advanced sensor and alarm systems, which allows achieving a high level of automation and control of equipment. Maximum use of such lines will make it possible to move away from manual labor, including operators of hotel machines and mechanisms. They will be replaced by dispatch systems for monitoring and controlling technological processes.
The transition to a modern level of automation and mechanization of work in Russian livestock farming will reduce operating costs in the industry several times.
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Ministry Agriculture RF
Federal State educational institution higher professional education
Altai State Agrarian University
DEPARTMENT: MECHANIZATION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
CALCULATION AND EXPLANATORY NOTE
BY DISCIPLINE
"PRODUCT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY"
COMPLEX MECHANIZATION OF LIVESTOCK
FARMS - CATTLE
Completed
student 243 gr
Shtergel P.P.
Checked
Alexandrov I.Yu
BARNAUL 2010
ANNOTATION
In this course work a selection of main production buildings was made to house standard type animals.
The main attention is paid to the development of a scheme for mechanization of production processes, the selection of mechanization tools based on technological and technical-economic calculations.
INTRODUCTION
Increasing the level of product quality and ensuring that its quality indicators comply with standards is the most important task, the solution of which is unthinkable without the presence of qualified specialists.
This course work provides calculations of livestock spaces on a farm, selection of buildings and structures for keeping animals, development of a master plan, development of mechanization of production processes, including:
Design of mechanization of feed preparation: daily rations for each group of animals, quantity and volume of feed storage facilities, productivity of the feed shop.
Design of feed distribution mechanization: required productivity of the feed distribution production line, choice of feed dispenser, number of feed dispensers.
Farm water supply: determining the water requirement on the farm, calculating the external water supply network, choosing a water tower, choosing a pumping station.
Mechanization of manure collection and disposal: calculation of the need for manure removal means, calculation of vehicles for delivering manure to a manure storage facility;
Ventilation and heating: calculation of ventilation and heating of the room;
Mechanization of cow milking and primary milk processing.
Calculations of economic indicators are given and issues related to nature conservation are outlined.
1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MASTER PLAN SCHEME
1.1 LOCATION OF PRODUCTION ZONES AND ENTERPRISES
The density of development of sites by agricultural enterprises is regulated by data. table 12.
The minimum building density is 51-55%
Veterinary institutions (except for veterinary inspection stations), boiler houses, manure storage facilities open type built on the leeward side in relation to livestock buildings and structures.
Walking and feeding yards or walking areas are located near the longitudinal walls of a building for keeping livestock.
Feed and bedding storage facilities are built in such a way as to ensure the shortest routes, convenience and ease of mechanization of the supply of bedding and feed to places of use.
The width of passages on the sites of agricultural enterprises is calculated from the conditions of the most compact placement of transport and pedestrian routes, utility networks, dividing strips, taking into account possible snow drift, but it should not be less than the fire safety, sanitary and veterinary distances between opposing buildings and structures.
In areas free of buildings and coverings, as well as along the perimeter of the enterprise site, landscaping should be provided.
2. Selection of buildings for keeping animals
The number of cattle places for a dairy cattle enterprise, 90% of cows in the herd structure, is calculated taking into account the coefficients given in Table 1. page 67.
Table 1. Determination of the number of livestock places at the enterprise
Based on calculations, we select 2 barns for 200 tethered animals.
New-born and deep-pregnant calves with calves of the preventive period are in the maternity ward.
3. Preparation and distribution of feed
On the cattle farm we will use the following types of feed: mixed-grass hay, straw, corn silage, haylage, concentrates (wheat flour), root vegetables, table salt.
The initial data for developing this question are:
Farm population by animal group (see section 2);
Diets of each group of animals:
3.1 Design of feed preparation mechanization
Having developed the daily rations for each group of animals and knowing their population, we proceed to calculate the required productivity of the feed shop, for which we calculate the daily ration of feed, as well as the number of storage facilities.
3.1.1 DETERMINE THE DAILY FOOD RATION OF EACH TYPE BY FORMULA
m j - livestock of j - that group of animals;
a ij - amount of feed of i - that type in the diet of j - that group of animals;
n is the number of groups of animals on the farm.
Mixed grass hay:
qday.10 = 4 263+4 42+3 42+3·45=1523 kg.
Corn silage:
qday.2 = 20,263+7.5·42+12·42+7.5·45=6416.5 kg.
Legume-cereal haylage:
qday.3 = 6·42+8·42+8·45=948 kg.
Spring wheat straw:
qday.4 = 4,263+42+45=1139 kg.
Wheat flour:
qday.5 = 1.5 42+1.3·45+1.3 42+263·2 =702.1 kg.
Table salt:
qday.6 = 0.05 263+0.05 42+ 0.052 42+0.052 45 =19.73 kg.
3.1.2 DETERMINING THE DAILY PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FEED SHOP
Q days = ? q days
Q days =1523+6416.5+168+70.2+948+19.73+1139=10916 kg
3.1.3 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FEED SHOP
Q tr. = Q days /(T work. d)
where T slave. - estimated operating time of the feed shop for dispensing feed per feeding (finished product dispensing line), hours;
T slave = 1.5 - 2.0 hours; We accept T work. = 2h; d is the frequency of feeding animals, d = 2 - 3. We accept d = 2.
Q tr. =10916/(2·2)=2.63 kg/h.
We choose a feed mill TP 801 - 323, which provides the calculated productivity and the adopted feed processing technology, page 66.
Delivery of feed to the livestock building and its distribution inside the premises is carried out by mobile technical means RMM 5.0
3.1.4 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED PERFORMANCE OF THE FLOW TECHNOLOGICAL LINE FOR FEED DISTRIBUTION AS A WHOLE FOR THE FARM
Q tr. = Q days /(t section d)
where t section - time allocated according to the farm’s daily routine for feed distribution (finished product distribution lines), hours;
t section = 1.5 - 2.0 hours; We accept t section = 2 hours; d is the frequency of feeding animals, d = 2 - 3. We accept d = 2.
Q tr. = 10916/(2·2)=2.63 t/h.
3.1.5 determine the actual productivity of one feed dispenser
Gk - load capacity of the feed dispenser, t; tr - duration of one flight, hours.
Q r f =3300/0.273=12088 kg/h
t r. = t h + t d + t c,
tр = 0.11+0.043+0.12=0.273 h.
where tз,tв - time of loading and unloading of the feed dispenser, t; td - time of movement of the feed dispenser from the feed shop to the livestock building and back, hours.
3.1.6 determine the loading time of the feed dispenser
where Qз is the supply of technical means during loading, t/h.
tз=3300/30000=0.11 h.
3.1.7 determine the time of movement of the feed dispenser from the feed shop to the livestock building and back
td=2·Lav/Vav
where Lср is the average distance from the loading point of the feed dispenser to the livestock building, km; Vav - average speed of movement of the feed dispenser across the farm territory with and without load, km/h.
td=2*0.5/23=0.225 h.
where Qв is the feed dispenser feed, t/h.
tв=3300/27500=0.12 h.
Qв= qday · Vр/a · d ,
where a is the length of one feeding place, m; Vр - design speed of the feed dispenser, m/s; qday - daily ration of animals; d - frequency of feeding.
Qв= 33·2/0.0012·2=27500 kg
3.1.7 Determine the number of feed dispensers of the selected brand
z = 2729/12088 = 0.225, accept - z = 1
3.2 WATER SUPPLY
3.2.1 DETERMINING THE AVERAGE DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION ON THE FARM
The water requirement on a farm depends on the number of animals and the water consumption standards established for livestock farms.
Q av.d. = m 1 q 1 + m 2 q 2 + … + m n q n
where m 1, m 2,… m n - the number of each type of consumers, heads;
q 1 , q 2 , … q n - daily rate of water consumption by one consumer (for cows - 100 l, for heifers - 60 l);
Q average day = 263 100+42 100+45 100+42 60+21·20=37940 l/day.
3.2.2 DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION
Q m .day = Q average day b 1
where b 1 = 1.3 is the coefficient of daily unevenness,
Q m .day = 37940 1.3 =49322 l/day.
Fluctuations in water consumption on a farm by hour of the day are taken into account by the coefficient of hourly unevenness b 2 = 2.5:
Q m .h = Q m .day ?b 2 / 24
Q m .h = 49322 2.5 / 24 =5137.7 l/h.
3.2.3 DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM SECOND WATER CONSUMPTION
Q m .s = Q t.h / 3600
Q m .s =5137.7/3600=1.43 l/s
3.2.4 CALCULATION OF THE EXTERNAL WATER PIPELINE NETWORK
Calculation of the external water supply network comes down to determining the diameters of the pipes and the pressure losses in them.
3.2.4.1 DETERMINE THE PIPE DIAMETER FOR EACH SECTION
where v is the speed of water in the pipes, m/s, v = 0.5-1.25 m/s. We take v = 1 m/s.
section 1-2 length - 50 m.
d = 0.042 m, take d = 0.050 m.
3.2.4.2 DETERMINING PRESSURE LOSS BY LENGTH
where l is the coefficient of hydraulic resistance, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes (l = 0.03); L = 300 m - pipeline length; d - pipeline diameter.
3.2.4.3 DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF LOSSES IN LOCAL RESISTANCE
The amount of losses in local resistances is 5 - 10% of losses along the length of external water pipelines,
h m = = 0.07 0.48 = 0.0336 m
Head loss
h = h t + h m = 0.48 + 0.0336 = 0.51 m
3.2.5 SELECTION OF WATER TOWER
The height of the water tower should provide the required pressure at the most distant point.
3.2.5.1 DETERMINING THE HEIGHT OF THE WATER TOWER
H b = H st + H g + h
where H St is the free pressure at consumers, H St = 4 - 5 m,
we take H St = 5 m,
Hg is the geometric difference between the leveling marks at the fixing point and at the location of the water tower, Hg = 0, since the terrain is flat,
h is the sum of pressure losses at the most remote point of the water supply system,
H b = 5 + 0.51 = 5.1 m, take H b = 6.0 m.
3.2.5.2 DETERMINING THE VOLUME OF THE WATER TANK
The volume of the water tank is determined by the required water supply for household and drinking needs, fire prevention measures and regulating volume.
W b = W r + W p + W x
where W x is the water supply for household and drinking needs, m 3 ;
W p - volume for fire prevention measures, m 3;
W r - regulating volume.
The supply of water for household and drinking needs is determined based on the condition of uninterrupted water supply to the farm for 2 hours in the event of a power outage:
W x = 2Q incl. = 2 5137.7 10 -3 = 10.2 m
On farms with a livestock of more than 300 animals, special fire-fighting tanks are installed, designed to extinguish a fire with two fire jets within 2 hours with a water flow of 10 l/s, so W p = 72,000 l.
The regulating volume of the water tower depends on the daily water consumption, table. 28:
W р = 0.25 49322 10 -3 = 12.5 m 3.
W b = 12.5+72+10.2 = 94.4 m3.
We accept: 2 towers with a tank volume of 50 m3
3.2.6 SELECTION OF PUMPING STATION
We select the type of water-lifting installation: we accept a centrifugal submersible pump for supplying water from bore wells.
3.2.6.1 DETERMINING THE CAPACITY OF THE PUMPING STATION
The performance of the pumping station depends on the maximum daily water demand and the operating mode of the pumping station.
Q n = Q m .day. /T n
where Tn is the operating time of the pumping station, hours. Tn = 8-16 hours.
Q n =49322/10 =4932.2 l/h.
3.2.6.2 DETERMINING THE TOTAL PRESSURE OF THE PUMPING STATION
N = N gv + h in + N gv + h n
where H is the total pump pressure, m; N gv - distance from the pump axis to the lowest water level in the source, N gv = 10 m; h in - pump immersion value, h in = 1.5...2 m, take h in = 2 m; h n - the sum of losses in the suction and discharge pipelines, m
h n = h in c + h
where h is the sum of pressure losses at the most distant point of the water supply system; h sun - the sum of pressure losses in the suction pipeline, m, can be neglected
farm balance performance equipment
N g = N b ± N z + N r
where H r is the height of the tank, H r = 3 m; N b - installation height of the water tower, N b = 6m; N z - difference geodetic marks from the pump installation axis to the water tower foundation mark, N z = 0 m:
N gn = 6.0+ 0 + 3 = 9.0 m.
H = 10 + 2 +9.0 + 0.51 = 21.51 m.
According to Q n = 4932.2 l/h = 4.9322 m 3 / h, N = 21.51 m, select the pump:
We take the pump 2ETsV6-6.3-85.
Because If the parameters of the selected pump exceed the calculated ones, the pump will not be fully loaded; hence, pumping station should work in automatic mode (as water is consumed).
3.3 MANURE CLEANING
The initial data when designing a technological line for manure collection and disposal are the type and number of animals, as well as the method of keeping them.
3.3.1 CALCULATION OF THE NEED FOR MANURE REMOVAL FACILITIES
The cost of a livestock farm or complex and, consequently, the product significantly depends on the adopted technology for manure collection and disposal.
3.3.1.1 DETERMINING THE QUANTITY OF MANURE OBTAINED FROM ONE ANIMAL
G 1 = b(K + M) + P
where K, M - daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal,
P is the daily norm of litter per animal,
b - coefficient taking into account the dilution of excrement with water;
Daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal, kg:
Milk yield = 70.8 kg.
Dry = 70.8 kg
Novotelnye = 70.8 kg
Heifers = 31.8 kg.
Calves = 11.8
3.3.1.2 DETERMINING THE DAILY OUTPUT OF MANURE FROM THE FARM
m i is the number of animals of the same type of production group; n is the number of production groups on the farm,
G days = 70.8 263+70.8 45+70.8 42+31.8 42+11.8·21=26362.8 kg/h? 26.5 t/day.
3.3.1.3 DETERMINING THE ANNUAL OUTPUT OF MANURE FROM THE FARM
G g = G day D 10 -3
where D is the number of days of manure accumulation, i.e. the duration of the stall period, D = 250 days,
G g =26362.8 250 10 -3 =6590.7 t
3.3.1.4 MOISTURE OF LITTER-FREE MANURE
where W e is the humidity of excrement (for cattle - 87%),
For normal operation mechanical means of removing manure from the premises must meet the following conditions:
where Qtr is the required performance of the manure harvester under specific conditions; Q - hourly productivity of the same product according to technical characteristics
where G c * is the daily output of manure in the livestock building (for 200 animals),
G c * =14160 kg, in = 2 - the accepted frequency of manure collection, T - time for one-time manure removal, T = 0.5-1h, we accept T = 1h, m - coefficient taking into account the unevenness of the one-time amount of manure to be collected, m = 1.3; N is the number of mechanical equipment installed in a given room, N = 2,
Q tr = = 2.7 t/h.
Select the conveyor TSN-3,OB (horizontal)
Q =4.0-5.5 t/h. Because Q tr? Q - the condition is met.
3.3.2 CALCULATION OF VEHICLES FOR DELIVERY OF MANURE TO THE MANURE STORAGE
Delivery of manure to the manure storage facility will be carried out by mobile technical means, namely the MTZ-80 tractor with trailer 1-PTS 4.
3.3.2.1 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT
Q tr. = G days. /T
where G day. =26.5 t/h. - daily output of manure from the farm; T = 8 hours - operating time of the technical device,
Q tr. = 26.5/8 = 3.3 t/h.
3.3.2.2 DETERMINE THE ACTUAL ESTIMATED PRODUCTIVITY OF THE TECHNICAL PRODUCT OF THE CHOSEN BRAND
where G = 4 t is the lifting capacity of the technical equipment, i.e. 1 - PTS - 4;
t r - duration of one flight:
t r = t h + t d + t c
where t z = 0.3 - loading time, h; t d = 0.6 h - time of movement of the tractor from the farm to the manure storage facility and back, h; t in = 0.08 h - unloading time, h;
t p = 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.08 = 0.98 hours.
4/0.98 = 4.08 t/h.
3.3.2.3 WE CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF MTZ-80 TRACTORS WITH TRAILER
z = 3.3/4.08 = 0.8, take z = 1.
3.3.2.4 CALCULATING THE AREA OF THE MANURE STORAGE
For storage of bedding manure, hard-surfaced areas equipped with slurry collectors are used.
The storage area for solid manure is determined by the formula:
where c is the volumetric mass of manure, t/m3; h - height of manure placement (usually 1.5-2.5 m).
S=6590/2.5 0.25=10544 m3.
3.4 PROVIDING MICROCLIMATE
A significant number of different devices have been proposed for the ventilation of livestock buildings. Each of the ventilation units must meet the following requirements: maintain the necessary air exchange in the room, be, perhaps, cheap to install, operate and widely available to manage.
When choosing ventilation units, it is necessary to proceed from the requirements of uninterrupted supply of clean air to animals.
At air exchange rate K< 3 выбирают natural ventilation, at K = 3 - 5 - forced ventilation, without heating the supplied air and at K > 5 - forced ventilation with heating of the supplied air.
We determine the frequency of hourly air exchange:
where V w is the amount of moist air, m 3 / h;
V p - volume of the room, V p = 76Х27Ч3.5 = 7182 m 3.
V p - volume of the room, V p = 76Х12Ч3.5 = 3192 m 3.
C is the amount of water vapor released by one animal, C = 380 g/h.
m - number of animals in the room, m 1 =200; m 2 =100 g; C 1 - permissible amount of water vapor in the room air, C 1 = 6.50 g/m 3,; C 2 - moisture content in the outside air at the moment, C 2 = 3.2 - 3.3 g/m 3.
we take C2 = 3.2 g/m3.
V w 1 = = 23030 m 3 /h.
V w 2 = = 11515 m 3 / h.
K1 = 23030/7182 =3.2 because K > 3,
K2 = 11515/3192 = 3.6 because K > 3,
P is the amount of carbon dioxide released by one animal, P = 152.7 l/h.
m - number of animals in the room, m 1 =200; m 2 =100 g; P 1 - maximum permissible amount of carbon dioxide in the room air, P 1 = 2.5 l/m 3, table. 2.5; P 2 - carbon dioxide content in fresh air, P 2 = 0.3 0.4 l/m 3, take P 2 = 0.4 l/m 3.
V1so 2 = 14543 m 3 /h.
V2so 2 = 7271 m 3 /h.
K1 = 14543/7182 = 2.02 because TO< 3.
K2 = 7271/3192 = 2.2 because TO< 3.
We calculate based on the amount of water vapor in the barn; we use forced ventilation without heating the supplied air.
3.4.1 VENTILATION WITH ARTIFICIAL AIR PROCULATION
Calculation of ventilation with artificial air stimulation is carried out at an air exchange rate of K > 3.
3.4.1.1 DETERMINING THE FAN OUTPUT
de K in - number of exhaust ducts:
K in = S in /S k
S to - area of one exhaust duct, S k = 1Ч1 = 1 m 2,
S in - required cross-sectional area of the exhaust duct, m2:
V is the speed of air movement when passing through a pipe of a certain height and at a certain temperature difference, m/s:
h - channel height, h = 3 m; t in - indoor air temperature,
t in = + 3 o C; t out - air temperature outside the room, t out = - 25 o C;
V = = 1.22 m/s.
V n = S to V 3600 = 1 1.22 3600 = 4392 m 3 / h;
S in 1 = = 5.2 m 2.
S in2 = = 2.6 m2.
K in 1 = 5.2/1 = 5.2 take K in = 5 pcs.
K v2 = 2.6/1 = 2.6 take K v = 3 pcs.
9212 m 3 /h.
Because Q in 1< 8000 м 3 /ч, то выбираем схему с одним вентилятором.
7677 m 3 /h.
Because Q в1 > 8000 m 3 / h, then with several.
3.4.1.2 DETERMINING THE DIAMETER OF THE PIPELINE
where V t is the air speed in the pipeline, V t = 12 - 15 m/s, we accept
V t = 15 m/s,
0.46 m, take D = 0.5 m.
0.42 m, take D = 0.5 m.
3.4.1.3 DETERMINING PRESSURE LOSS FROM FRICTION RESISTANCE IN A STRAIGHT ROUND PIPE
where l is the coefficient of air friction resistance in the pipe, l = 0.02; L pipeline length, m, L = 152 m; c - air density, c = 1.2 - 1.3 kg/m3, take c = 1.2 kg/m3:
Htr = = 821 m,
3.4.1.4 DETERMINING PRESSURE LOSS FROM LOCAL RESISTANCE
where?o is the sum of local resistance coefficients, tab. 56:
O = 1.10 + 0.55 + 0.2 + 0.25 + 0.175 + 0.15 + 0.29 + 0.25 + 0.21 + 0.18 + 0.81 + 0.49 + 0, 25 + 0.05 + 1 + 0.3 + 1 + 0.1 + 3 + 0.5 = 10.855,
h ms = = 1465.4 m.
3.4.1.5 TOTAL PRESSURE LOSS IN THE VENTILATION SYSTEM
N = N tr + h ms
H = 821+1465.4 = 2286.4 m.
We select two centrifugal fans No. 6 Q in = 2600 m 3 / h, from table. 57.
3.4.2 CALCULATION OF ROOMS HEATING
Frequency of hourly air exchange:
where, V W - air exchange of the livestock building,
Volume of the room.
Air exchange by humidity:
where, - air exchange of water vapor (Table 45,);
Permissible amount of water vapor in the indoor air;
Mass of 1m3 of dry air, kg. (tab.40)
Amount of saturating moisture vapor per 1 kg of dry air, g;
Maximum relative humidity, % (tab. 40-42);
Because TO<3 - применяем естественную циркуляцию.
Calculation of the required air exchange based on carbon dioxide content
where P m is the amount of carbon dioxide released by one animal per hour, l/h;
P 1 - maximum permissible amount of carbon dioxide in the indoor air, l/m 3 ;
P 2 =0.4 l/m3.
Because TO<3 - выбираем естественную вентиляцию.
We carry out calculations at K = 2.9.
Exhaust duct cross-sectional area:
where, V is the speed of air movement when passing through the pipe m/s:
where is the height of the channel.
indoor air temperature.
air temperature from outside the room.
Productivity of a channel having a cross-sectional area:
Number of channels
3.4.3 Calculation of space heating
3.4.3.1 Calculation of room heating for a barn containing 200 animals
3.4.3.2 Calculation of room heating for a barn containing 150 animals
Heat flow deficit for space heating:
where is the heat flow passing through the enclosing building structures;
heat flow lost with removed air during ventilation;
random loss of heat flow;
heat flow released by animals;
where, heat transfer coefficient of enclosing building structures (Table 52);
area of surfaces losing heat flow, m2: wall area - 457; window area - 51; gate area - 48; attic floor area - 1404.
where is the volumetric heat capacity of air.
where, q =3310 J/h is the heat flow released by one animal (Table 45).
Random losses of heat flow are assumed to be 10-15% of.
Because The heat flow deficit is negative, then heating the room is not required.
3.4 Mechanization of cow milking and primary milk processing
Number of machine milking operators:
where, the number of dairy cows on the farm;
pcs. - number of heads per operator when milking into a milk line;
We accept 7 operators.
3.6.1 Primary milk processing
Production line capacity:
where, coefficient of seasonality of milk supply;
Number of dairy cows on the farm;
average annual milk yield per cow, (Table 23) /2/;
milking frequency;
Duration of milking;
Selection of cooler based on heat exchange surface:
where is the heat capacity of milk;
initial milk temperature;
final milk temperature;
overall heat transfer coefficient, (Table 56);
average logarithmic temperature difference.
where is the temperature difference between the milk and the coolant at the inlet, outlet, (Table 56).
Number of plates in the cooler section:
where is the working surface area of one plate;
We accept Z p = 13 pcs.
We select a heating device (according to Table 56) of the OOT-M brand (Feed 3000 l/h, Working surface 6.5 m2).
Cold consumption for cooling milk:
where is a coefficient taking into account heat loss in pipelines.
We select (Table 57) the AB30 refrigeration unit.
Ice consumption for cooling milk:
where is the specific heat of melting of ice;
heat capacity of water;
4. ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Table 4. Calculation of the book value of farm equipment
|
Production process and machines and equipment used |
Car make |
power |
number of cars |
list price of the machine |
Charges on cost: installation (10%) |
book value |
||
|
One car |
All cars |
|||||||
|
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT |
||||||||
|
PREPARATION OF FEED DISTRIBUTION OF FEED INSIDE THE PREMISES |
||||||||
|
1. FEED SHOP |
||||||||
|
2. FEED DISPENSER |
||||||||
|
TRANSPORT OPERATIONS ON THE FARM |
||||||||
|
1. TRACTOR |
||||||||
|
MANURE CLEANING |
||||||||
|
1. CONVEYOR |
||||||||
|
WATER SUPPLY |
||||||||
|
1. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP |
||||||||
|
2. WATER TOWER |
||||||||
|
MILKING AND PRIMARY MILK PROCESSING |
||||||||
|
1.PLATE HEATING APPARATUS |
||||||||
|
2. WATER COOLING. CAR |
||||||||
|
3. MILKING INSTALLATION |
||||||||
Table 5. Calculation of the book value of the construction part of the farm.
|
Room |
Capacity, heads. |
Number of premises on the farm, pcs. |
Book value of one premises, thousand rubles. |
Total book value, thousand rubles. |
Note |
|
|
Main production buildings: |
||||||
|
1 Cowshed |
||||||
|
2 Milk block |
||||||
|
3 Maternity ward |
||||||
|
Auxiliary premises |
||||||
|
1 Insulator |
||||||
|
2 Vet point |
||||||
|
3 Hospital |
||||||
|
4 Office premises block |
||||||
|
5 Feed shop |
||||||
|
6Veterinary inspection room |
||||||
|
Storage for: |
||||||
|
5 Concentrated feed |
||||||
|
Network engineering: |
||||||
|
1 Water supply |
||||||
|
2Transformer substation |
||||||
|
Improvement: |
||||||
|
1 Green spaces |
||||||
|
Fencing: |
||||||
|
Rabitz |
||||||
|
2 walking areas |
||||||
|
Hard surface |
||||||
Annual operating costs:
where, A - depreciation and deductions for current repairs and maintenance of equipment, etc.
Z - annual wage fund for farm service personnel.
M is the cost of materials consumed during the year related to the operation of equipment (electricity, fuel, etc.).
Depreciation deductions and deductions for current repairs:
where B i is the book value of fixed assets.
rate of depreciation of fixed assets.
rate of deductions for current repairs of fixed assets.
Table 6. Calculation of depreciation and deductions for current repairs
|
Group and type of fixed assets. |
Book value, thousand rubles. |
General depreciation rate, % |
Rate of deductions for current repairs, % |
Depreciation deductions and deductions for current repairs, thousand rubles. |
|
|
Buildings, structures |
|||||
|
Storage |
|||||
|
Tractor (trailers) |
|||||
|
Machinery and equipment |
|||||
|
Fences |
|||||
Annual payroll:
where is the annual labor costs, man-hours;
rub. - average wage 1 person-hour. taking into account all charges;
where N=16 people - the number of workers on the farm;
F = 2088 hours - annual working time of one employee;
Cost of materials consumed during the year:
where is the annual consumption of electricity (kW), fuel (t), fuel (kg):
cost of electricity energy;
cost of fuel and lubricants;
Given annual costs:
Where is the book value of equipment and construction, we accept the wound, thousand rubles;
E=0.15 - standard coefficient of economic efficiency of capital investments;
Annual revenue from product sales (milk):
Where - is the annual volume of milk, kg;
Price per kg. milk, rub/kg;
Annual profit:
5. NATURE CONSERVATION
Man, displacing all natural biogeocenoses and establishing agrobiogeocenoses through his direct and indirect influences, violates the stability of the entire biosphere. In an effort to obtain as much production as possible, a person influences all components of the ecological system: on the soil - through the use of a complex of agrotechnical measures including chemicalization, mechanization and land reclamation, on the atmospheric air - by chemicalization and industrialization of agricultural production, on water bodies - due to a sharp increase in the number of agricultural runoff.
In connection with the concentration and transfer of livestock farming to an industrial basis, livestock and poultry farming complexes have become the most powerful source of environmental pollution in agriculture. It has been established that livestock and poultry complexes and farms are the largest sources of pollution of atmospheric air, soil, and water sources in rural areas; in terms of the power and scale of pollution, they are quite comparable to the largest industrial facilities - factories, plants.
When designing farms and complexes, it is necessary to timely provide for all measures to protect the environment in rural areas from increasing pollution, which should be considered one of the most important tasks of hygienic science and practice, agricultural and other specialists dealing with this problem.
If we judge the level of profitability of a livestock farm for 350 heads with tether housing, then the resulting value of the annual profit shows that it is negative, this indicates that milk production at this enterprise is unprofitable, due to high depreciation charges and low animal productivity. Increasing profitability is possible by breeding highly productive cows and increasing their number.
Therefore, I believe that building this farm is not economically justified due to the high book value of the construction part of the farm.
7. LITERATURE
1. V.I.Zemskov; V.D. Sergeev; I.Ya. Fedorenko “Mechanization and technology of livestock production”
2. V.I.Zemskov “Design of production processes in livestock farming”
Posted on Allbest.ru
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