The financial result of the enterprise is expressed in the change in the value of its own capital for the reporting period. The ability of an enterprise to ensure the steady growth of its own capital can be assessed by a system of indicators of financial results.
The methodological basis for the analysis of financial results in the conditions of market relations is the model of their formation and use adopted for all enterprises, regardless of the organizational and legal form and form of ownership.
The main objectives of the analysis of financial results are:
Analysis and assessment of the level and dynamics of profit indicators;
Factor analysis of profit from the sale of products (works, services);
Analysis of financial results from other activities;
Analysis and evaluation of the use of net profit;
Analysis of the relationship between costs, production volume (sales) and profit;
Identification of reserves to increase the amount of profit and profitability.
Analysis of the financial result based on the statement of financial results as mandatory elements includes reading the financial statements and studying the absolute values presented in the statements:
- "horizontal" analysis - allows you to compare each position with the previous period;
- "vertical" analysis of the results - allows you to determine the structure of the final financial indicators with the identification of the impact of each reporting position on the result as a whole.
In addition to vertical and horizontal analysis, the study of the financial result traditionally involves the study of the dynamics of indicators for a number of reporting periods, i.e. trend analysis.
The analysis of the financial results of the enterprise is based on the analysis of profit, as it characterizes the absolute efficiency of its work.
Analysis of the formation and use of profits is carried out in several stages (Figure 6).
Fig.6. Stages of analysis of the formation and use of profit
To analyze and evaluate the level and dynamics of profit indicators, a table is compiled that uses data from the financial statements of an economic entity from the statement of financial results. The information contained in the financial plan and report allows you to analyze the financial results obtained from all types of activities of an economic entity. Factor analysis of profit is important for assessing the financial performance of an enterprise.
The most important component of accounting profit is the profit from the sale of products (profit from sales). The object of factor analysis may be the deviation of the actual profit from sales from the profit of the previous year or provided for by the business plan.
Factor analysis of the organization's profit is carried out based on the order of its formation.
The change in sales profit is formed under the influence of the following factors:
1) changes in sales volume, which can have a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. An increase in sales of cost-effective products leads to a proportional increase in profits. If the product is unprofitable, then with an increase in sales, there is a decrease in the amount of profit;
2) a change in the structure of sales can have both positive and negative influence for the amount of profit. An increase in more profitable types of products in the total volume of its sales leads to an increase in profits and, conversely, with an increase in the share of low-profit or unprofitable products, the total amount of profit decreases;
3) changes in selling prices for products and the amount of profit are in direct proportional dependence: when the price level increases, the amount of profit increases, and vice versa;
4) changes in the level of costs of material, labor resources and profit are inversely proportional: a decrease in cost leads to a corresponding increase in the amount of profit, and vice versa.
The effectiveness and economic feasibility of the functioning of the enterprise is evaluated not only by absolute, but also by relative indicators. Relative indicators is the system of indicators of profitability.
Profitability indicators are important characteristics of the factor environment for the formation of enterprises' profits. Therefore, they are mandatory when conducting a comparative analysis and assessing the financial condition of the enterprise. When analyzing production, profitability indicators are used as a tool for shaping investment policy and pricing. One of the most common measures of profitability is the return on sales.
This indicator is determined by the formula:
where P - profit from sales;
B is the proceeds from the sale.
Profitability of sales characterizes the share of profit in the composition of the proceeds from the sale of products. This indicator is also called the rate of return.
If the profitability of sales tends to decrease, then this indicates a decrease in the competitiveness of products in the market, as it indicates a reduction in demand for products.
There are two factors that influence the profitability of sales:
Change in the price of products;
Change in the cost of production.
An important role in the analysis of financial results is played by the indicator of return on assets:
where VA - non-current assets;
ОА - current assets;
CR - net profit.
To solve the problems of analyzing financial results, the following sources of information are used: invoices for unloading products, analytical accounting data on sales accounts, profits; as well as the corresponding tables of the business plan of the enterprise. The main source of information for the analysis of financial results is financial statements. A thorough study of accounting reports reveals the reasons for the successes achieved, as well as shortcomings in the work of the enterprise, helps to identify ways to improve its activities. A complete comprehensive analysis of reporting is necessary, first of all, for the owners and administration of the enterprise to make decisions and evaluate their activities.
Reporting is the final element of the accounting system. All elements of the accounting report are closely interconnected and represent a single whole, that is, a system of economic indicators that characterize the conditions and results of the enterprise for the reporting period. At the same time, the information contained in the financial statements is complex, because, as a rule, they reflect different aspects of the same business transactions and phenomena. Thus, the data presented in the balance sheet of the enterprise supplement the information contained in the income statement, and vice versa.
Thus, we can say that the analysis of financial results is one of the most important aspects of the study of the economic activity of the enterprise. Studying the composition and structure of profits, conducting a factor analysis of the result from sales, studying profitability indicators are necessary in order to identify the correspondence between internal reserves and the organization's capabilities to ensure competitive advantages and meet future market needs, that is, economic forecasting.
Introduction
1. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the analysis of the financial results of a trading enterprise
1.1 The role of financial results in assessing the activities of the enterprise
1.3 Methodology for analyzing the financial results of a trading enterprise
2. Analysis of the financial results of the trading company Ansat LLC
2.1 Characteristics of the enterprise Ansat LLC
2.2 Analysis of the dynamics and structure of the financial results of the enterprise
2.3 Factor analysis of enterprise profit
2.4 Analysis of the profitability of the enterprise
3. Managing the financial results of retailers
3.1 The state and prospects for the development of retail trade in the context of the financial and economic crisis
3.2 Prospects for the development of Ansat LLC in a crisis
Conclusion
List of used sources and literature
Introduction
With the transition of the state economy to the foundations market economy the multidimensional significance of profit is enhanced. A joint-stock, leased, private or other form of ownership enterprise, having gained financial independence and independence, has the right to decide for what purposes and in what amounts to direct the profit remaining after paying taxes to the budget and other obligatory payments and deductions. Making a profit is an indispensable condition and goal of entrepreneurship of any economic structure.
Profit (profitability) evaluates the efficiency of management, profit is the main source of financing for economic and social development; profitability serves as the main criterion for choosing investment projects and programs for optimizing current costs, expenses, and financial investments. Thus, profit (and its relative modification - profitability) has acquired the most important, leading role in the new economic and financial mechanism for managing socio-economic development.
Profit as a criterion for the efficiency of reproduction and as an indicator that has two boundaries - the volume of production or services (sales) and the cost - has one important property: it reflects the end result of intensive and extensive development. The latter is related to the factor of growth in production volume and natural savings from a relative decrease in conditionally fixed cost elements: wage fund (accordingly, accruals going to off-budget funds), depreciation, energy fuel, payments to the budget for resources, non-production and some other expenses.
The thesis aims to study the essence of profit, its role in the activities of the enterprise, as well as the procedure for its taxation. A feature of the formation of civilized market relations is the strengthening of the influence of such factors as fierce competition, technological changes, computerization of economic information processing, continuous innovations in tax legislation, changing interest rates and exchange rates against the backdrop of ongoing inflation.
In many ways, the correct definition of the final financial result depends on the professionalism and objectivity of managers, because if the production activity is correctly and competently built, then, of course, high financial results will be the result.
The efficiency of production, investment and financial activities of the organization is characterized by its financial results. The overall financial result is profit, which ensures the production and financial development of the enterprise. When studying profit, the main attention is paid to the analysis of the impact internal factors on profit, as it allows you to determine the internal reserves of profit growth. The desire to make a profit directs commodity producers to increase the volume of production, reduce costs.
The relevance of the research topic lies in the fact that the main goals of any enterprise are making a profit, preserving and increasing capital. Their achievement provides the necessary level of efficiency of the economic entity and the satisfaction of the interests of its owners. Both goals are closely interconnected, since the main source of capital increase is net profit. An important tool The solution to this problem is economic analysis, which reveals the reasons for changes in financial results and profit growth reserves.
Profit is a complex complex indicator, the value of which is necessarily taken into account in the process of substantiating and making managerial decisions by all market participants: third parties (investors, creditors, suppliers and buyers, etc.) and internal entities (management, owners of large blocks of shares or shares, etc.). ). In this regard, it is extremely important not to be mistaken in the interpretation of many different measures of financial results.
Break-even management at an enterprise involves a change in the thinking of managerial personnel, the rejection of traditional analysis and the transition to a "leading" analysis, the application of a systematic approach to the problem under study.
The purpose of this work: to evaluate the results of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise and propose the main directions for their increase.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set:
− reveal theoretical aspects assessment of the financial performance of the enterprise;
- study the procedure for the formation and distribution of profits, as well as outline the methodology for its analysis;
− assess the following indicators of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise: profit from sales and profitability;
- to determine the main ways to improve the efficiency and financial results of the enterprise.
The object of this work is Ansat LLC. The subject is the financial results of the enterprise.
The development of this topic was carried out by such authors as G.V. Savitskaya, S.M. Pyastolov, N.S. Plaskov, V.V. Kovalev, N.M. Khachaturyan, A.D. Trusov, A.G. Khairullin, E. Krylov, V.I. Terekhin, V.F. Protasov, O.K. Denisov, etc.
The main sources for considering the theoretical aspects of the financial results of the enterprise were: tutorial Plaskova N.S. "Strategic and current economic analysis", textbook Pyastolova S.M. "Analysis of financial and economic activity." To conduct a factor analysis of profit from the sale of products (works, services) and analyze the profitability of the enterprise, the following were used: the textbook Savitskaya G.V. "Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise", V.F. Protasov "Analysis of the activities of an enterprise (firm): production, economics, finance, investment, marketing." The textbook by V.G. Getman, E.A. Yelenevskaya
"Accounting Financial Accounting".
The information basis of the work: "Profit and Loss Statement" for 2007 - 2008, "Balance Sheet" for 2007 - 2008.
In the course of the analysis of this work, the comparison method, the chain substitution method, and factor analysis were used.
This work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications.
The first chapter of this work discusses the theoretical aspects of the financial and economic results of the enterprise: the concept, economic entity, indicators, formation, distribution, methodology for assessing financial results.
The second chapter gives a brief description of the enterprise. An analysis of the dynamics and structure of the financial results of the enterprise, factorial analysis of profit from the sale of products, and an assessment of the profitability of the enterprise are carried out.
The third chapter defines the main ways to improve the financial performance of the enterprise.
1. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the analysis of the financial results of a trading enterprise
1.1 The role of financial results in assessing the activities of a trading enterprise
One of the main goals of entrepreneurial activity is to make a profit as the most reliable financial source of wealth for both the organization itself and its owners. The performance results depend on how quickly and accurately the company can identify, quantitatively measure the impact of various external and internal factors, as well as withstand their negative impact due to the high level of financial risks (the general state of the country's economy, market instability, financial system, trends in the complication of corporate relations, low settlement and payment discipline, high inflation, etc.).
The reform of the accounting and reporting system, due to the formation and continuous improvement of market relations in our country, is associated with the need to create an adequate system of multi-level financial information that would adequately meet the requirements of various business entities. Financial statements are the most important source of information about the activities of the organization, both for its management and owners, and for external users. Interpretation of financial statements by various business entities is necessary for making management decisions of a different nature.
The main goal of financial activity is to decide where, when and how to use financial resources for the effective development of production and maximizing profits.
The financial result is characterized by generalizing indicators of the effectiveness of the current activities of the enterprise - the volume of sales (products, works, services) and the profit received. It is formed according to the results of the processes of production and sale of products and, therefore, depends on a number of objective and subjective factors:
− degree of use by a commercial organization production resources;
− observance of contractual and payment discipline;
− changes in the situation in the commodity, commodity and financial markets.
The financial result of a commercial organization is expressed in the amount of income or profit received. The amount of profit received in the reporting period is determined by the income of business owners, remuneration of employees of the organization, tax revenues to the budget. The financial result is an indicator of the attractiveness of a commercial organization for business partners, creditors, investors.
The income of the organization consists of income from core and non-core activities. According to the results of the main activity, the gross profit of the organization is formed as the difference between the revenue and the cost of selling marketable products, and on its basis, after adjusting for the amount of management and commercial expenses, the profit from sales is one of the main indicators of the organization's activities. Taking into account all income received (both from the main and non-core activities of the organization) and the expenses associated with their receipt, the organization generates profit that is subject to taxation at income tax rates approved for different types of activities - profit before tax. After paying taxes, the company has at its disposal net profit, which is then distributed to dividends paid to business owners and to its development.
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "expenses", "costs", "cost". Formation of adequate results of the analysis depends on their correct identification. Unlike expenses, expenses are the value expression of the funds used to form material, labor, financial and other resources for the purpose of carrying out the activities of the enterprise; costs can be recognized as expenses in the reporting period or as assets that will become expenses in future periods. We can cite as an example the acquisition of a batch of raw materials, some of which was consumed for the production of products sold in the reporting period (it is written off to cost). Another part of the raw materials was used in production, but as of the reporting date, the products had not yet reached the stage of readiness, that is, they were semi-finished products. Therefore, in the reporting, it will be reflected in the asset of the balance sheet as work in progress. Finally, the third part of the purchased batch of raw materials remained unclaimed in the warehouse, and its value will also be reflected in the asset of the balance sheet. In subsequent reporting periods, both semi-finished products and raw materials will be recognized as expenses in accordance with the accounting policy of the organization, based on the provisions of Russian accounting standards.
Uniting certain types expenses into groups, the organization generates cost indicators. The term "cost" and the cost indicators derived from it are the subject of research management analysis. This term is far from unambiguous, since cost indicators are in demand in assessing the performance of economic entities at various stages of economic analysis for internal business process management purposes.
In general, the cost - it is a valuated aggregate of the costs of living and materialized labor used in the production process of products (works, services) of natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, fixed assets, labor resources, as well as other costs necessary for the implementation of economic activities and involved in accordance with the accounting policy of the organization in the formation of financial results.
The information base for the analysis of income, expenses and profits as part of the organization's financial statements is the Profit and Loss Statement (form No. 2), as well as the section "Expenses for ordinary activities" of the Appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5).
The general model for the formation of any profit indicator is as follows:
Profit \u003d Income - Expenses, (1.1)
Since the recognition in accounting of income and expenses for the period occurs in accordance with the accrual method, we can say that profit - the financial result of the organization's activities for the period formed by the accrual method, which is the excess of income over expenses.
Profit serves as the financial result of the activities of a commercial organization, as well as a source of increasing equity capital. At the expense of profit, the organization has the opportunity to expand the scale of activities, make additional capital investments in the production base, develop new production technologies, develop new competitive products, and replenish current assets.
Profit has a stimulating effect on the strengthening of commercial calculation, the intensification of production in any form of ownership. Profit growth creates a financial base for self-financing, expanded reproduction, solutions social problems, meeting the material needs of labor collectives. At the expense of profit, the organization's obligations to the budget, banks and other organizations are fulfilled. Profit indicators characterize the degree business activity and financial well-being. Profit determines the level of return on advanced funds and the return on investment in assets. Under market conditions, a business entity strives, if not for maximum profit, then for such a profit that will ensure the dynamic development of production in a competitive environment, allow it to maintain its position in the market for this product, and ensure its survival.
The most important financial indicator of the effect of the company's activities is net profit, i.e. a positive financial result of the reporting period, obtained after the reimbursement of all expenses recognized in accounting, including income tax. Net profit is a source of growth in the welfare of the company's owners, since it is a source of dividend payments, as well as an increase in net assets (share of owners in assets). For the enterprise itself, net profit (remaining after the accrual of dividends, compensation for certain expenses, charitable payments, etc.) is a reliable source of growth in the scale of activities. Net reinvested profit, increasing equity, increases financial stability, reduces financial risks. At the same time, the reinvestment of net profit in the company's activities is quite expensive for it and depends on the share of income tax withdrawal to the budget (at least 24%).
Managers of the organization are primarily interested in the profit from sales, which characterizes the effectiveness of managing current production activities without taking into account the results of operations on investment (realization of property), financial activities and non-operating results, which are often of a one-time, random nature.
Profitability is a relative indicator that determines the level of profitability of a business. In the conditions of market relations, the role of indicators of profitability of products characterizing the level of profitability (unprofitability) of its production is great. Profitability indicators are relative characteristics of the financial results and performance of the enterprise. They characterize the relative profitability of the enterprise, measured as a percentage of the cost of funds or capital from various positions.
Profitability indicators are the most important characteristics of the actual environment for the formation of profit and income of the enterprise. For this reason, they are indispensable elements of comparative analysis. When analyzing production, profitability indicators are used as an instrument of investment policy and pricing.
1.2 Profit and profitability as indicators of business performance
In order for a trading enterprise to function successfully, it is necessary to conduct a deep analysis of its commercial activities, depending on the constantly changing market environment. This will make the enterprise steadily profitable and competitive, ensure its development, and foresee the future.
By conducting a systematic and in-depth analysis of business activities, you can:
Quickly, qualitatively and professionally evaluate the effectiveness of commercial work of both the enterprise as a whole and its structural divisions;
Accurately and timely find and take into account the factors affecting the profit received for specific types of goods sold and services provided;
Determine the costs of trading activities (distribution costs) and trends in their change, which is necessary to determine the selling price and calculate profitability;
Find the best ways to solve the commercial problems of a trading enterprise and obtain sufficient profit in the near and long term.
How can you evaluate and analyze the activities of a commercial enterprise? It is obvious that any commercial organization, regardless of its size, field of activity, profitability or unprofitability, is a complex system that interacts with the market environment. Therefore, there is hardly a single indicator that could exhaustively reflect all aspects of the commercial activity of an enterprise. Even profit cannot be such, although this indicator is the most accurate indicator of the effectiveness of the functioning of an organization (enterprise). For a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the enterprise, a system of indicators is needed.
As noted above, the most important indicator of the effectiveness of a trading (commercial) enterprise is profit. , which reflects the results of all trading activities of the enterprise - the volume of products sold, its composition and assortment structure, labor productivity, cost levels, the presence of unproductive costs and losses, etc. .
Replenishment of funds, material incentives for employees, payment of taxes, etc. depend on the amount of profit received. The presence of profit indicates that the costs of trade enterprises are fully covered by income from the sale of goods and the provision of services. The profit of a trading enterprise is calculated as the difference between all its income and expenses. In trade, a distinction is made between profit from the sale of goods (operating profit) and net, or balance sheet, profit.
Operating profit- this is the difference between trade allowances (margins) and distribution costs.
Sales profit calculated taking into account the so-called other planned and unplanned income and expenses. TO planned expenses include taxes paid to the federal and local budgets; unplanned expenses- fines, penalties and forfeits paid for violation of contractual obligations, losses from writing off bad debts and other losses that reduce operating profit. TO unplanned income include fines, penalties and forfeits received from various organizations, excess inventory items identified during the inventory, write-off of accounts payable after the expiration of the limitation period, etc.
To characterize economic efficiency trading enterprise, as well as in order to conduct a comparative analysis, it is necessary to know not only the absolute value of profit, but also its level. The level of profit characterizes profitability of trade organizations - one of the performance indicators. The most common indicator of the profitability of trade is the ratio of the amount of profit to turnover. However, it is not the only indicator of the profitability of trade or commercial activities, because it shows only the share of net income of trade in the amount of trade. This indicator does not reflect the degree of efficiency of all advanced costs (one-time and current) associated with commercial activities. So, with the same amount of profit and turnover, different commercial organizations may have different investments in fixed and working capital. In this regard, of particular importance for evaluating the effectiveness of commercial work is the comparison of profits with the costs incurred (distribution costs). This indicator allows you to judge the effectiveness of commercial activities, since it shows what is the share of profit for each ruble of expenses for doing business.
Other performance indicators of this group include: the ratio of profit to payroll; the amount of profit attributable to one employee of a trading enterprise; the ratio of profit to fixed and current assets and some others.
One of the qualitative indicators of the effectiveness of commercial work is distribution costs(expenses for the implementation of commercial activities).
Distribution costs are the monetary costs of carrying out trading activities. These costs may be associated with the continuation of the production process in the sphere of circulation, i.e., with the performance of additional functions by trade (expenses for transportation, storage, packaging, packaging of goods, etc.). Such expenses are called additional costs.
The costs associated with the implementation of the processes of purchase and sale of goods (purchase, sale of goods and processes that directly contribute to the commission of acts of sale of goods) are called net distribution costs. When analyzing commercial activities, it is important to identify the share of net and incremental distribution costs. The level of distribution costs is calculated as a percentage of the sum of distribution costs to the turnover. To a certain extent, it reflects the cost-effectiveness of commercial activities and is used when comparing the work of the same type and located in approximately the same conditions of trade organizations.
The return on equity ratio allows investors to assess the potential return on investing in stocks and other securities. Based on the indicator, it is possible to determine the period (number of years) during which the funds invested in a trading enterprise are fully paid off. Return on equity is calculated as the ratio of net profit to equity.
The return on assets is calculated as the ratio of balance sheet profit to the total amount of assets, this indicator is used as the main (generalizing) one and allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of total investments by financial sources, regardless of the comparative size of the sources of these funds.
The profitability of the production assets of a trading enterprise is determined by the ratio of the sum (gross, net) and the average cost of fixed and tangible current assets, multiplied by 100.
Along with indicators of turnover, capital, fixed and working capital, other indicators are also used to calculate the level of profitability (coefficients): distribution costs, selling space, headcount, each of which emphasizes a certain aspect of the performance of a trading enterprise.
The level of profitability, calculated by the ratio of the amount of profit from the sale of goods to the amount of distribution costs, shows the effectiveness of current costs. An increase or decrease in distribution costs directly affects the decrease or increase in profits. This indicator of profitability determines the effectiveness of a trade transaction for goods.
The ratio of profit from the sale of goods to the size of the trading area of the enterprise characterizes the amount of profit received per 1 sq. m. of shop area. Rational use of retail space will increase profits.
The main indicators are shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Profit assessment scorecard
Using these basic indicators, one can give economic evaluation efficiency of the trading enterprise.
1.3 Methodology for analyzing the financial results of a trading enterprise
main goal financial analysis is to obtain a small number of key (most informative) parameters that give an objective and accurate picture of the financial condition of the enterprise, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, in settlements with debtors and creditors. At the same time, the analyst and the manager (manager) may be interested in both the current financial condition of the enterprise and its projection for the near or more distant future, i.e. expected parameters of the financial condition .
The main objectives of the analysis of financial performance of business entities are:
− study of the formation and structure of profit (loss) from ordinary activities, its absolute change against the base period;
− substantiation and quantitative determination of the factors of change in gross profit and profit from sales;
− substantiation and quantitative comparison of the factors of change in profit from ordinary activities, including due to changes in profit before taxation; due to changes in profit from sales; at the expense of profit from non-operating income and expenses at the expense of profit from operating income and expenses;
− identification and quantitative comparison of profit growth reserves;
− analysis of factors of formation of net profit;
− analysis of the formation of indicators, substantiation and quantitative comparison of the factors of change in the profitability of products and capital, the possibilities of its increase.
The main sources of information for the analysis of financial results are the balance sheet (form No. 1) and income statement (form No. 2).
Financial statements are a system of indicators reflecting the property and financial position of the organization on a certain date, as well as the financial results of its activities for the reporting period. The composition, content, requirements and other methodological foundations of financial statements are regulated by the accounting regulation “Accounting statements of an organization” (PBU 1 - PBU 10), approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 9, 1998. The reporting of an enterprise in a market economy is based on a generalization of financial accounting data and is an information link connecting the enterprise with society and business partners - users of information about the activities of the enterprise. The value of the balance sheet when analyzing the financial results of an enterprise is so great that it is often distinguished into an independent reporting unit, in addition to which is a report, that is, the totality of all other forms of accounting.
Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement” provides more analytical, detailed and specific information. For investors and analysts, this form is in many respects more important than the balance sheet, since it contains not frozen, instantaneous, but dynamic information about what success the company has achieved during the year and due to which aggregated factors, what is the scale of its activities.
For the analysis of financial results, Form No. 2 of the accounting (financial) statements "Profit and Loss Statement" is used. The construction of this form allows you to study the formation individual groups financial results and identify the impact of the main groups of factors on individual profit indicators.
1st stage . Profit analysis should start with implementation analysis products and revenue. To this end, the following are being carefully studied:
− main sources of revenue (according to
− form No. 2 or an explanatory note to the annual
− report), their structure;
− stability of revenue sources.
The revenue structure is analyzed by: types of products sold, structural divisions, territorial divisions. The information obtained is used to conduct a factor analysis of profits, as well as to evaluate the business plan and further planning.
If profit analysis is carried out on the basis of consolidated financial statements, it is necessary to take into account inter-branch transfer pricing and the allocation of indirect overhead costs.
The stability of revenue sources is assessed by horizontal analysis of the revenue structure. Analysis of the quality and stability of changes in sales of products includes an assessment of:
− demand sensitivity various kinds products under general conditions of activity, including in the context of branches and remote territorial subdivisions;
- the ability of the organization to adapt to changes in demand by introducing new types of products and services as a means of further growth in sales (implementation of structural changes);
− degree of concentration of indicators, dependence on the main buyers;
− degree of product concentration and dependence on one industry (for multi-industry enterprises);
− the degree of dependence on a relatively small number of leading sellers;
− degree of geographical diversification of markets.
2nd stage. In addition to the analysis of sales, the level and dynamics of production costs are studied, in particular, the ratio of indicators of the level of costs and the level of gross profit.
3rd stage. The study of the composition and structure of the financial result of the organization.
The formation of separate groups of financial results in accordance with Form No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement" of financial statements can be presented in the form of a diagram.
In this case, it is important to check the compliance with the proportions of the growth rates of profit indicators. The base model looks like this:
Tr Revenue< Тр Валовая прибыль < Тр Прибыль от продаж < Тр Налогооблагаемая прибыль < Тр Чистая прибыль
4th stage. Estimation of the final financial result of profit before taxation.
Another significant area of analysis is the assessment of the formation of profit before tax, which consists of:
− profit from sales;
− operating income and expenses;
− non-operating income and expenses.
The structure of the financial result is characterized by the ratio of the shares of individual components in the total amount of profit before tax.
A positive assessment deserves the financial result, if a significant share in the profit is the profit from sales and it tends to grow.
These two types of analysis - horizontal and structural - complement each other, and together with the analysis of implementation and the level of costs, they make it possible to identify the influence of the main groups of factors on the formation of the corresponding profit indicators.
The methodology for analyzing financial results involves taking into account such indicators as profit from sales of products and profitability.
During the analysis of profit and profitability, they study the dynamics of changes in the volume of balance sheet, net profit, the level of profitability and the factors that determine them (gross income, distribution costs, income from other activities, taxes, etc.).
The main components of profit are:
turnover,
handling costs,
non-operating income and expenses.
Trade turnover is one of the main indicators of the economic and financial activities of commercial enterprises. Distinguish between retail and wholesale trade. Wholesale turnover is the sale of goods either for subsequent resale or for industrial consumption as raw materials, materials, components, etc. As a result of wholesale trade, goods do not leave the sphere of circulation. Retail turnover is the sale of goods to end consumers. This completes the process of circulation of goods, and it enters the sphere of consumption. The essence of retail trade is expressed by economic relations associated with the exchange of cash funds of the population for purchased goods. However, retail turnover may include: sale of food products by bank transfer to social legal entities (hospitals, sanatoriums, kindergartens, etc.); sale of goods to legal entities, but only for cash using cash registers.
Distribution costs are the costs of living and embodied labor, expressed in monetary terms, to bring the goods from the producer to the consumer, transform the production range into a commercial one, organize the process of purchase and sale and consumption, and satisfy consumer demand. Distribution costs are taken into account at all stages of pricing, from production, when sales costs are included in the cost of production, and ending with retail sales, when wholesale and retail trade costs are reflected in the retail price.
Non-operating income and expenses are not related to the main activity of the enterprise. These include interest receivable and interest payable, rental income and property rental, other similar income and expenses.
The amount of profit and profitability is influenced by two groups of factors: internal and external (Figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1 - Factors affecting profit
External factors are factors of the external environment of the existence of the enterprise. In most cases, it itself cannot influence them, and therefore is forced to adapt to them.
The group of external factors includes:
The level of development of the country's economy as a whole;
Measures to regulate the activities of enterprises by the state;
Natural (climatic) factors, transport and other conditions that cause additional costs for some enterprises and cause additional profit for others;
Changes in prices for raw materials, products, materials, fuel, energy carriers, purchased semi-finished products not provided for by the enterprise's plan; tariffs for services and transportation; depreciation rates; rental rates; the minimum wage and charges on it; rates of taxes and other fees paid by the enterprise;
Violation by suppliers, financial, banking and other organizations of state discipline on economic issues affecting the interests of the enterprise.
Internal factors are directly related to the performance of the enterprise, they can mainly be influenced by the management of the enterprise itself, these include:
results of commercial activity,
The effectiveness of concluded transactions for the supply of goods,
The volume and structure of trade,
Forms and systems of remuneration,
labor productivity,
Efficiency of fixed and working capital,
The level of gross income and distribution costs,
The amount of other profit,
Violations of tax laws.
Profit analysis is carried out in several stages. At the first stage, the dynamics of profit and profitability is analyzed for the enterprise as a whole and for its divisions by identifying trends in the mass of profit and profitability for the period under study. For this purpose, the rates (basic and chain) of growth (decrease) of the analyzed indicators are calculated and compared with the dynamics of similar indicators of competitors and with the average annual rate of return on invested capital.
At the second stage, the influence of factors on profit and profitability is assessed.
The profit from the sale of products as a whole for the enterprise depends on four factors of the first level of subordination:
- the volume of sales of products (VRP);
– its structures (UDi);
– prime cost (Сi);
- the level of average selling prices (Ci).
The volume of sales of products can have a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. An increase in sales of cost-effective products leads to a proportional increase in profits. If the product is unprofitable, then with an increase in the volume of sales, a decrease in the amount of profit occurs.
The structure of marketable products can have both a positive and a negative impact on the amount of profit. If the share of more profitable types of products in the total volume of its sales increases, then the amount of profit will increase, and, conversely, with an increase in the share of low-profit or unprofitable products, the total amount of profit will decrease.
The cost of production and profit are inversely proportional: a decrease in cost leads to a corresponding increase in the amount of profit and vice versa.
To determine the degree of influence of the considered factors on the level of profit and profitability, various mathematical and statistical methods are used.
To determine the development trend of the indicator, the method of finite differences, the method of enlargement of intervals, the method of moving average, the method of least squares are used. The finite difference method lies in the fact that the determination of the degree of the equation describing the development trend of the indicator occurs by finding the differences between the indicators. The method of enlargement of intervals is that the levels of the series are combined into a larger time interval (days into weeks, months into quarters, etc.). The moving average method is the assignment of a value equal to the arithmetic mean of the previous, current and subsequent value of the indicator to the level of the series. The least squares method most accurately determines the development trends of the indicator, but is also the most time-consuming. It consists in defining a function that describes the trend line, the square of the distance from which to the actual values of the indicator is the smallest.
The degree of influence of factors is determined using such a statistical method as the method of chain substitutions. The disadvantage of this method is that the order of choosing a factor affects the result of the analysis, the advantage is the simplicity of calculations and the ability to determine the degree of influence with minimal time costs.
Profit from sales (profit from sales) is the most important element of accounting profit. The object of factor analysis is the deviation of the actual profit from sales from the profit of the previous year, or provided for by the business plan.
The main factors affecting the amount of profit from sales are:
− quantity of products sold;
− cost of goods sold;
− commercial expenses;
− management expenses;
− sales prices for sold products;
− structural shifts in the composition of the implementation.
Moreover, the profit from the sale of products is directly dependent on the number of products sold and on the price level. The more products the company sells, the more profit the company makes with profitable work, and, accordingly, the higher the selling price, the higher the profit.
At the same time, the profit from sales is inversely related to the value of the cost of goods sold, commercial and administrative expenses. Reducing the amount of the above groups of expenses is the main factor in increasing profits.
The influence of such a factor as structural shifts in the composition of sales is due to the fact that certain types of goods, products, works and services have an unequal level of profitability. Any change in their ratio in total sales can increase sales and profits or cause them to decline.
To find the value of cost factors, one should compare the cost of goods sold, administrative and commercial expenses for the reporting period and according to the report, recalculated at prices and costs of the previous year, that is, they find the difference between the indicated indicators. The total impact on sales profit is determined by the sum of cost factors.
The effect of price on earnings can be defined as the difference between the sales proceeds without indirect taxes of the reporting period and the proceeds according to the report, recalculated at prices and costs of the previous year. A positive result indicates that this factor has a positive impact on profit from product sales.
In order to identify the impact of a change in the quantity of sales on profit, one should determine the relative change in the volume of sales at the prices of the previous year. To do this, use the following formula:
P q \u003d (Y q -1) * P pr, (1.2)
where P q is the relative change in the volume of sales at the prices of the previous year;
Y q - index of the factor of change in the quantity of sold products, defined as the ratio of revenue from the sale of goods, works and services according to the report, recalculated at prices and costs of the previous year to revenue for the reporting period;
П pr - profit (loss) from sales of the previous year.
The impact on profit of shifts in the structure of sales can be calculated in various ways. The most common among them are the balance method and the method of sequential isolation of factors.
The balance method of calculation proceeds from the identity between the total deviation of the reported profit from the profit of the previous period and the sum of the values of the previous five factors. Hence, the deviation of profit, caused by a change in the structure of the range of products sold, will be equal to the difference between the total deviation and the sum of the values of all other factors.
The method of successive isolation of factors in determining the impact of structural shifts is based primarily on identifying profit deviations due to the following factors:
− quantity of products sold;
− implementation structures.
The analysis of profit from sales is completed by identifying the causes of negative factors in order to take them into account in subsequent work.
The effectiveness and economic feasibility of the functioning of the enterprise are evaluated not only by absolute, but also by relative indicators. The latter, in particular, include a system of profitability indicators.
In the broad sense of the word, the concept of profitability means profitability, profitability. An enterprise is considered profitable if the income from the sale of products (works, services) covers the costs of production (circulation) and, in addition, form an amount of profit sufficient for the normal functioning of the enterprise.
The economic essence of profitability can be disclosed only through the characteristics of the system of indicators. Their general meaning is to determine the amount of profit from one ruble of invested capital.
Profitability indicators characterize the profitability of the company's activities, they are calculated as the ratio of the received balance sheet or net profit to the funds spent or the volume of products sold. There are profitability of production, sales, total assets, outside current assets, current assets, own working capital, own capital.
To calculate these indicators, the following formulas are used:
P p \u003d * 100%, (1.3)
where P p - profitability of production,
BP - accounting profit before tax,
Average cost of fixed assets for billing period,
The average cost of inventories.
The profitability of production reflects the amount of accounting profit attributable to each ruble of the enterprise's production resources.
P sales \u003d * 100%, (1.4)
where P sales - profitability of sales,
VR - proceeds from the sale of products, goods, works, services without indirect taxes.
This indicator shows how much accounting profit falls on the ruble of sales.
P A \u003d * 100%, (1.5)
where R A - return on total assets,
– average cost total assets for the analyzed period.
This indicator reflects the amount of profit attributable to each ruble of total assets.
Р BOA \u003d * 100%, (1.6)
where P BOA is the profitability of non-current assets,
- the average cost of non-current assets for the analyzed period.
Return on non-current assets reflects the amount of accounting profit attributable to each ruble of non-current assets.
P OA \u003d * 100%, (1.7)
where Р ОА - profitability of current assets,
The average cost of current assets for the analyzed period.
This indicator shows the amount of accounting profit attributable to 1 ruble of current assets.
R SOC \u003d * 100%, (1.8)
where R SOK is the return on equity working capital,
- the average cost of own working capital for the analyzed period. Own working capital is found as the difference between own capital and non-current assets.
The profitability of own working capital characterizes the amount of accounting profit attributable to the ruble of net working capital.
where R SK - return on equity,
PE - net profit,
- the average cost of equity for the analyzed period.
This indicator of profitability shows the amount of net profit attributable to the ruble of equity capital.
Having considered the theoretical aspects of the analysis of the financial results of the enterprise, let's move on to practical analysis.
2. Analysis of the financial results of the economic activity of Ansat LLC
2.1 Characteristics of the enterprise
Shopping center Ansat was founded on August 19, 2006. The Ansat shopping center was corporatized in 2006. As of 01/01/2009, the number of employees is 19 people, of which 5 people. - management staff. In 2006, the company received a license for trade and trade-intermediary activities. Since that time, he has been actively engaged in commercial activities. In addition to state-owned enterprises that supplied basic consumer goods, the company cooperates with more than 30 trade and intermediary firms. The company is engaged in the retail trade of food products, including drinks, and tobacco products in specialized stores. The company constantly monitors the range and quality of goods. Trading company "Ansat" is a profitable and solvent company. However, with a constant increase in turnover compared to the previous period in comparable prices, there is a decrease in the amount of profit and the level of profitability, which occurs mainly due to an increase in costs that do not depend on the enterprise.
The main activity of Ansat LLC is the retail trade in food products, including drinks, and tobacco products in specialized stores. The purpose of Ansat LLC is to trade in these products and meet the existing demand for it in the market and, accordingly, to make a profit in the course of this activity.
When carrying out economic or other activities, an enterprise may, on its own behalf, acquire property and non-property rights, bear obligations, conclude contracts, be a plaintiff and a defendant in court and arbitration, commit in the country and abroad in in due course transactions, carry out other activities in accordance with the current legislation and this Charter.
The property of the enterprise consists of financial resources and material values that are on the balance sheet and are the property of the company. The sources of formation of the financial resources of the enterprise are profit, depreciation, personal funds of participants invested in the authorized capital.
An enterprise is created on the basis of individual property of citizens by forming authorized capital enterprises through cash contributions, the transfer of intellectual property property.
The size of the authorized capital can be replenished at the expense of profit from commercial activities, or expansion of the composition of the founders and the amount of their contributions.
The founders bear losses on the obligations of the Company within the limits of their contributions. Founders who have not fully made contributions are liable for the obligations of the Enterprise with the unpaid part of the contribution.
Termination of the activity of the enterprise can be carried out in the form of its liquidation and reorganization.
The supreme governing body is the Board of Founders, which is in charge of the following issues:
– determination of the enterprise development strategy;
– amendments to the Charter of the enterprise;
- appointment of the head of the enterprise.
Ansat Trade Enterprise is a limited liability company (LLC). LLC is the organizational and legal form of an enterprise. An LLC is an association of citizens and (or) legal entities for joint economic activities, which has an authorized capital divided into shares, the amount of which is determined by the constituent documents, and responsible obligations only within the limits of their property. Members of an LLC are liable within the limits of their contribution.
Ansat LLC has created an authorized fund, the amount of which is 300 thousand rubles. The property of a limited liability company is formed from the contributions of participants, income received and other legal sources, and belongs to its participants on the basis of the right of shared ownership. The number of participants of Ansat LLC is 2 individuals.
The supreme management body of Ansat LLC is the meeting of shareholders. Its competence includes the issues of determining the main areas of business activity, reviewing and approving estimates, reports and balance sheets, electing and recalling the executive body and the audit commission, determining the terms of remuneration officials, distribution of profits and determination of the procedure for covering losses, etc.
executive body Ansat LLC is the director. His competence includes the development and implementation of goals, policies and strategies for achieving them, as well as the organization and management of the current activities of the company, property management, hiring and dismissal of personnel.
The structure of an organization is a logical relationship between management levels and functional responsibilities.
The organizational structure of management is a form of division of labor that assigns certain management functions to the relevant structural divisions of the management apparatus.
The management structure largely determines the effectiveness of interactions and the effectiveness of the functioning of the organizational structure as a whole. Therefore, it should be built in such a way as to ensure the achievement of the organization's goals with the lowest cost of labor, material and financial resources (Figure 2.1).
The objectives of Ansat LLC are:
Satisfaction public needs in its services (work, products);
Realization on the basis of making a profit of the socio-economic interests of the members of the labor collective and the owners of the enterprise;
Satisfaction through democratic mechanisms of self-government and socio-professional growth of the needs of employees in social self-respect, self-realization of the individual.
Figure 2.1. – Management structure of Ansat LLC
The company occupies several premises: a trading floor, warehouse space, chief accountant's office, management's office.
Ansat LLC provides a wide range of food products. Prices for manufactured products of Ansat LLC are similar to those of competing firms.
The main results of the financial and economic activities of the Ansat trading company are shown in Table 2.1. From a brief analysis of the data given in the table, it follows that this enterprise is generally operating efficiently. The main indicator - profit in 2008 has a decrease in relation to the reporting year 2007 by 8.9%. Gross income from sales of goods has an increase of 16.8%. Distribution costs compared with other indicators increased by 54.42% (the largest increase), which indicates an increase in cost items for trading activities. Table 2.1 - The results of the financial and economic activities of the trading company Ansat LLC for the last two years
| Indicators |
Deviation (+,-) |
Growth rate, % |
|||
| Trade turnover |
|||||
| Total number of employees |
|||||
| Incl. TOP |
|||||
| Labor productivity per worker |
Thousand rub./person |
||||
| Labor productivity of one employee TOP |
Thousand rub./person |
||||
| Gross profit |
|||||
| Level in % of turnover |
|||||
| Distribution costs |
|||||
| Level in % of turnover |
|||||
| Profit (loss) from sales |
|||||
| Profitability of sales |
|||||
| Percentage to be paid |
|||||
| Profit (loss) before tax |
2.2 Analysis of the dynamics and structure of the financial results of the enterprise
The financial results of the enterprise are characterized by the amount of profit received and the level of profitability. The greater the amount of profit and the higher the level of profitability, the more efficiently the enterprise operates, the more stable its financial condition. Therefore, the search for reserves to increase profits and profitability is one of the main tasks in any business area.
For a detailed study of the factors that caused the change in accounting profit, it is advisable to consider the sources of its formation.
The analysis of accounting profit (profit before tax) begins with a study of its dynamics and structure, both in terms of the total amount and in the context of its constituent elements. To assess the level of dynamics of indicators of accounting profit, we will compile Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 - Indicators of accounting profit
As follows from the data in Table 2.2, although gross profit increases by 682 thousand rubles. and management expenses are reduced by 734 thousand rubles. in the reporting year, sales profit decreases by 956 thousand rubles. due to the fact that commercial expenses increased by 2372 thousand rubles. The proceeds from sales in the previous year amounted to 28371 thousand rubles, and in the reporting year 34036 thousand rubles. The cost price in the previous year is 24312 thousand rubles, and in the reporting year 29295 thousand rubles. Due to these indicators, gross profit in the reporting year increases.
The dynamics of financial performance indicators can be seen in Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2 - Dynamics of financial performance indicators
As follows from the figure, the company achieved high results of financial and economic activity in 2008 compared to 2007. This is evidenced by an increase in the total amount of profit before tax to 33 thousand rubles. Such an increase in profit is the result of an increase in all its components. Although the profit from sales decreased by 956 thousand rubles, the profit increases due to the fact that in 2008 there are no operating expenses.
2.3 Factor analysis of enterprise profit
The profit actually received in the reporting period in the process of sale may differ from the profit for past period as a result of a number of external and internal factors. In this regard, when analyzing, it is important to comprehensively study the factors that affect it, to determine the degree of influence of each of them.
The level of trade markup is determined by the formula:
, (2.1)
where VP is gross profit, thousand rubles;
T - turnover, thousand rubles.
Table 2.3 - Analysis of the gross profit of Ansat LLC
During the analyzed period, retail trade increased by 5665 thousand rubles. (20.0%), the trade markup decreased by 0.52%.
The dynamics of indicators indicates the expansion of the company's activities and a decrease in unit costs (which made it possible to increase the trade margin). The analysis is carried out by the method of absolute differences according to the model:
(2.2)
where Uvp is the level of gross profit, %.
Table 2.4 - Summary table of the influence of factors on the amount and level of gross profit of Ansat LLC
Figure 2.3 shows the influence of factors on the gross profit of Ansat LLC for 2007-2008.
Figure 2.3 - Influence of factors on the gross profit of Ansat LLC for 2007-2008
Gross profit is influenced by the dynamics of turnover and the level of trade margin.
Growth of trade turnover by 5665 thousand rubles. led to an increase in gross profit by 818.14 thousand rubles.
Thus, the growth in turnover had the maximum impact on gross profit.
Let's analyze the formation of profit of Ansat LLC for 2007-2008, according to the data given in Table 2.1.
The main formation of profit is the turnover of the enterprise. During the analyzed period, it increased by 5665 thousand rubles. (20.0%). The cost of goods sold is excluded from the amount of turnover and the gross profit of the enterprise is obtained. During the analyzed period, it increased by 682 thousand rubles. rub. (16.8%), and its level decreased by 0.4%.
After the exclusion from the gross profit of distribution costs receive profit from sales. During the analyzed period, there was a decrease in profit from sales by 956 thousand rubles. (8.9%), and its level - by 3.4%.
Profit before tax increased by 33 thousand rubles. (55%).
Figure 2.4 shows the influence of factors on the profit from sales of Ansat LLC for 2007-2008.
The calculated influence of factors showed that the growth in turnover had a positive impact on sales profit. The growth in the volume of trade led to an increase in profit from sales by 211.44 thousand rubles.
Table 2.5 - Summary table of the influence of factors on profit from sales of goods of Ansat LLC for 2007-2008
| Calculation formula |
||||
| Amount, thousand rubles |
Share of influence of the factor, % |
|||
|
|
||||
| 34036*(13,92-14,3)/100 |
||||
| Total influence |
|
|||
Figure 2.4 - Influence of factors on the profit from sales of Ansat LLC for 2007-2008
The increase in the level of distribution costs and the growth in the level of gross profit led to a decrease in sales profit by 1167.44 thousand rubles, due to these two factors, sales profit has a negative value.
Thus, the dynamics of the level of distribution costs has the maximum impact on sales profit.
Let's make a summary table of factors that influenced profit before tax (table 2.6).
Table 2.6 - Analysis of factors for the change in profit before tax of Ansat LLC for 2007-2008
| Calculation formula |
Impact on the amount and level of profit from the sale of goods |
|||
| Amount, thousand rubles |
Share of influence of the factor, % |
|||
| Change in the volume of retail turnover |
|
34036-28371)*(14,3-10,61)/100 |
||
| Change in average gross margin |
34036*(13,92-14,3)/100 |
|||
| Change in the average level of distribution costs |
34036*(10,61-13,66)/100 |
|||
| Change in interest payable |
||||
| Total influence |
||||
Figure 2.5 shows the impact of factors on profit before tax.
The maximum impact on the growth of profit before tax was the growth of interest payable (+989 thousand rubles). The growth of trade turnover also had a positive impact (+211.44 thousand rubles).
Figure 2.5 - Influence of factors on profit before tax of Ansat LLC for 2007-2008
Negative impact on profit before tax had such factors as:
Decline in gross profit (-129.34 thousand rubles);
Growth of distribution costs (-129.34 thousand rubles).
The cumulative positive impact of the factors was stronger, as a result of which there was an increase in profit before tax by 33 thousand rubles.
Thus, the profit analysis of Ansat LLC showed that the growth in turnover had the maximum impact on gross profit. The increase in turnover had a positive impact on sales profit. The growth in the volume of trade led to an increase in profit from sales by 211.44 thousand rubles. The maximum impact on the growth of profit before tax was the growth of interest payable (+989 thousand rubles). The dynamics of indicators is positive, which indicates an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.
2.4 Analysis of the profitability of the enterprise
To assess the performance of a trading enterprise, it is not enough to use profit indicators, since this is an absolute indicator. It should also be considered a relative indicator - profitability.
Profitability is a relative indicator that determines the level of profitability of a business. Profitability indicators characterize the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole, the profitability of various activities. The economic essence of profitability can be disclosed only through the characteristics of the system of indicators. Their general meaning is to determine the amount of profit from one ruble of invested capital. Profitability indicators are important characteristics factor environment for the formation of profit and income of the enterprise, therefore they are mandatory elements of comparative analysis and assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise from various positions.
Return on sales is defined as the ratio of profit from the sale of goods to turnover. Operating profitability - the ratio of profit from sales and operating income to turnover. The profitability of the final activity is the ratio of net profit to turnover. Return on costs is the ratio of net profit to the cost of fixed and working capital, as well as payroll costs.
An analysis of profitability indicators makes it possible to evaluate current economic activity, reveal reserves for increasing its efficiency and develop a system of measures for the use of these reserves.
Profitability of production activities :
In the reporting period (2008):
%.
%.
It follows that each ruble of expenses for the production and marketing of products in 2008 brought the enterprise a profit of 7.5 kopecks, which is 0.24 kopecks. more than in the previous year 2007.
Return on sales (P sales) :
In the reporting period (2008):
%.
In the previous period (2007):
%.
Thus, if in 2007 from each ruble of sold products the enterprise received a profit of 0.21 kopecks, then in 2008 this figure increased by 0.06 kopecks. and amounted to 0.27 kop.
Return on current assets (R OA) :
In 2008: 
%
In 2007: 
%.
Return on equity (R SK) :
In 2008: 
%
In 2007: 
%.
In 2008, the efficiency of using the enterprise's own funds increased by 1.55 times compared to the previous year.
Profitability of sold products (R rp) :
In 2008: 
%
In 2007: 
%.
These numbers show that both in the reporting and in the previous year 116 kopecks. profits from the sale of products account for one ruble of total costs. All these indicators will be raised in table 2.7.
Table 2.7 - Dynamics of profitability indicators of the enterprise
As follows from the data in Table 2.7, the profitability of production activities increases by 0.24% due to the fact that net profit and inventories increase. Return on sales also showed an increase of 0.06% due to an increase in revenue and net profit compared to the previous year. Return on current assets increases by 0.24%. This is the result of increased inventories of finished goods and goods for resale.
The dynamics of generalizing profitability indicators can be seen in Figure 2.6.
Figure 2.6 - Dynamics of generalizing profitability indicators
As follows from the figure, the analyzed enterprise has achieved low rates of profitability growth compared to the previous year. Return on equity increases by 11% due to an increase in net profit compared to the previous year. However, one should also point out the decrease in the profitability of sold products by 0.52%. This is the result of an increase in the cost of goods sold, products, works and services.
Table 2.8 shows a factor analysis of the profitability of sales.
Thus, the growth in net profit led to an increase in profitability by 0.12%, and the growth in turnover - to a decrease in the profitability of the final activity by 0.06%.
Table 2.8 - Factor analysis of profitability of sales of Ansat LLC for 2007-2008
3. Managing the financial results of retailers in a crisis
3.1 The state and prospects for the development of retail trade in the context of the financial and economic crisis
Currently, all sectors of the Russian economy are under the influence of the global financial crisis. The level of consumption of goods and services is gradually decreasing, which leads to increased competition in industries, complicating business activities. The retail segment is no exception. Let us analyze its current state under the influence of negative crisis tendencies on the industry.
To do this, we first turn to the data in Table 3.1.
As can be seen from the data presented in Table 3.1, the last quarter of 2008, as well as the beginning of 2009, demonstrate a gradual decline in retail trade turnover in Russia. If before that the industry showed stable growth in each reporting period compared to the previous one, then February 2009 was the first month in which the market turnover even decreased compared to the same month of 2008 by 2.4%. Such a decrease only at first glance seems insignificant, however, if we pay attention to the fact that during 2008 the market “added” an average of 13-14% every month, we can agree that a decrease in market turnover by 2.4% is evidence of significant problems in the industry.
Thus, there is a clear downward trend in the market under consideration, the main reason for which is global economic problems.
In general, the dynamics of market development can be represented as follows (Figure 3.1).
Table 3.1 - Dynamics of retail trade turnover
| previous period |
|||
| January February |
|||
| I quarter |
|||
| II quarter |
|||
| I half year |
|||
| September |
|||
| III quarter |
|||
| January - September |
|||
| IV quarter |
|||
| January February |
|||
At the same time, it should be noted that the decline in market turnover coincided with the onset of the global financial crisis (the last quarter of 2008), which directly confirms our assumption that the reason for the phenomena we observe in retail trade is precisely the negative impact of the global crisis.
However, if we consider the dynamics not in percentage terms, but in absolute terms, it should be noted that the trends will not coincide. Despite the slowdown in growth rates, in absolute terms, the market maintained its upward trend. At the same time, even a significant drop in turnover at the beginning of 2009 compared to the end of 2008 should not serve as a basis for hasty conclusions. The reason for this drop is primarily the incomparability of the data presented, since the remaining indicators in Figure 3.2 show quarterly turnover values, i.e. the total turnover for 3 months, and not for 2, as in the case of January - February 2009. Also follows Considering that the last year of 2008 includes the turnover of the pre-New Year period, when the number of purchases in retail trade is growing significantly, it seems quite logical that after the “New Year's boom” a certain correction will occur, manifesting itself in a decrease in market turnover.
Table 3.2 - Dynamics of turnover of retail trade in food products, including drinks, and tobacco products, non-food products
| food products including drinks and tobacco products |
Non-food products |
|||||
| the corresponding period of the previous year |
previous period |
the corresponding period of the previous year |
previous period |
|||
| January February |
||||||
| I quarter |
||||||
| II quarter |
||||||
| I half year |
||||||
| September |
||||||
| III quarter |
||||||
| January-September |
||||||
| September |
||||||
| IV quarter |
||||||
| January February |
||||||
Figure 3.3 - Dynamics of development of the food and non-food segments of retail trade in Russia for the period 2008 - 2009
In addition, we should also trace which segments of the retail sector were more prone to crisis moods. To do this, we analyze the ratio of food and non-food products in the structure of retail trade in Russia for the same period (table 3.2).
Table 3.2 allows us to state that the growth rate of the food segment was initially lower than the growth of the non-food segment. However, by early 2009 they almost equalized, since the decrease in the turnover of the non-food segment occurred at a faster pace (Figure 3.3). This can be explained primarily by the fact that the composition of food products includes food products, which are essential goods and the demand for which is low elastic. At the same time, the non-food segment was largely composed of goods such as household appliances, mobile communications, PCs, and so on. The listed goods are more expensive, i.e. such goods, the decision to purchase which is made within a certain period, therefore it is easy to assume that in the conditions of financial uncertainty of the present, many consumers refuse to make such purchases, postponing this moment until more favorable financial times .
Thus, as part of our analysis, it was revealed that the main trends in the development of the Russian retail segment are currently:
– maintaining a positive increase in market turnover in monetary terms;
- slowdown in the growth rate of market turnover in percentage terms;
– redistribution of the structure of the increase in market turnover: smoothing out the disproportions between the food and non-food segments.
Under the current conditions, it can be assumed that the implementation of entrepreneurial activity in the market under consideration will become more complicated. One of the ways to counteract the crisis in the industry is to apply the principles of competitively integrated benchmarking.
To effectively conduct competitive integration benchmarking, it is necessary to develop a clear implementation scheme, consisting of successive steps. There are several options for the benchmarking process. The literature considers general scheme benchmarking - "benchmarking wheel", not brought to the level practical application it in the service sector, as it is designed for industrial enterprises. Also considered are individual benchmarking processes in Motorola, Digital, Xerox, YuM.
The introduction of competitive-integration benchmarking into business practice is carried out at the strategic and operational levels. In relation to the existing conditions of the Russian economy, the organization of strategic benchmarking at retail enterprises is possible only in mature and oligopolistic industries that have financial stability and already have fairly strong competitive positions. Enterprises operating in the market of monopolistic and pure competition services need to increase their competitiveness to a greater extent and, at the same time, are able to conduct benchmarking activities at the operational level.
Thus, the task is to develop a methodology for conducting competitive integration benchmarking in the regional retail services sector, adapted to the current level of their development. The methodology of competitive integration benchmarking should correspond to the strategic goals set for the retail trade enterprise, and also take into account the specifics of its organization. The integration benchmarking methodology, like all existing ones, is based on the Deming cycle of continuous improvement, and the simplicity of this model is one of the strengths of this tool. However, it is necessary to refine the model of the process of competitive integration marketing in accordance with the industry specifics of retailers.
The introduction of competitive-integration benchmarking in the activities of trade organizations involves:
– Establishment of a working group. The further course of the project and the effectiveness of its results will depend on how objectively the members of the working group are selected and the scope of their responsibility is delineated. In addition, the project should be led by a person with sufficient authority to make changes to business processes, methods and service technologies in accordance with the results obtained.
– Determining the source of funding. Financing of the process of competitive integration benchmarking should be targeted. The amount of funding can be determined immediately if the company is very limited in financial resources, or determined based on the developed benchmarking procedure, which is more efficient.
– Development of the competitive integration benchmarking process.
Strategic management processes in various markets are too complex for enterprises to independently find the appropriate optimal solutions. Practice shows that new methods of doing business most often appear not as a revelation of individual decision makers, marketing departments or the whole enterprise, innovations are born as a result of a thorough analysis of the experiences of many market participants, their mistakes and successes. Benchmarking is a way to create new productive strategies for the behavior of an enterprise in the market. An enterprise that wishes to be a market leader must constantly use the accumulated experience of others as the starting point of its own approaches. Active involvement of other people's experience will allow us to accelerate the improvement of our own methods of doing business, to timely detect risks and opportunities that open up in foreign markets. By studying the behavior of other businesses, you can evaluate your place in the market and get to know your customers better. Moreover, mutual cooperation in the process of studying at the intercompany level will significantly improve their own performance and bring the enterprise to the world level. These facts confirm the need to use the technology of competitive integration benchmarking in the process of forming a strategy for a trade enterprise.
Thus, the formation of the optimal competitive strategy of a retail trade enterprise in the current crisis conditions must be carried out by synthesizing the capabilities of traditional models of formal strategic planning, competitive integration benchmarking technology and mathematical (optimization) modeling. Such an approach will significantly reduce the risk of error and improve the reliability and quality of the decision-making procedure by reducing the proportion of subjective, not completely excluding the impact of the personality of the person making the decision on the choice of the competitive strategy of the enterprise.
3.2 Prospects for the development of Ansat LLC in a crisis
In its activities, any enterprise seeks to achieve maximum profit, and this, in turn, directly depends on the efficiency of the enterprise, organization. The efficiency of an enterprise is determined by the method of production and its efficiency.
Based on the analysis of the financial results of Ansat LLC, we can conclude that the enterprise in question has the following reserves for increasing profits:
– improving the quality of traded products;
– effective use of working capital of the enterprise when purchasing goods for sale;
– ensuring a high level of quality of trade services.
The activity of retail trade enterprises is connected with the acquisition and sale of goods that are in demand among the population. The economic efficiency of this activity, its profitability are determined by a set of various factors among which the ability to reasonably manage the working capital of the enterprise, the inventory management system, anticipation of demand for goods, the cost of acquiring and storing stocks of goods, the rational use of warehouse space are essential. A retailer sells not one, but many different products of a certain range, each product provides its contribution to the profitability of trading activities, has its own unit cost of acquisition and its own selling price, has a certain demand, etc. These circumstances determine the existence of the problem of effective use of working capital of the enterprise in the acquisition of goods for sale.
Retail trade is impossible without inventory, which requires premises, a microclimate in them, which is associated with significant costs. The required volumes of stocks are not constant, they change, and at each time interval there is a reasonable volume for each type of product. Inventory needs to be managed. The task is to choose the moments of replenishment of stocks, taking into account the intensity of the sale of goods, a given level of safety stock, lot sizes and other factors.
Successful inventory management, effective trading are possible only if the demand for goods is anticipated. Forecasting should be carried out by building an analytical function, since in this case it is possible to build a model for the efficiency of using the working capital of an enterprise. The task is to develop an analytical forecasting method based on the study of past sales statistics.
Inventory storage is associated with significant costs that affect the profitability of the commercial activities of trade enterprises. We need a methodology for forecasting losses that would take into account the expected trend in the dynamics of changes in reserves.
The reasonableness of the chosen scheme for the placement of goods in the appropriate volumes and areas affects the losses from the storage of stocks. This is the task of directed enumeration, its solution is connected with the development of certain rules of action.
All of the above tasks are relevant for retail trade enterprises and represent fragments of a unified system for ensuring the economic efficiency of their activities.
An important element successful work is the formation of the optimal range of goods in the store. The sale of goods should ensure the rhythmic supply of consumers with goods that meet the demand in terms of assortment, quantity and quality. The activities of retailers, subject to seasonal demand, determine the need to manage their inventory.
One of the main tasks of inventory management is to ensure an accelerated turnover of funds invested in goods. Item Represents main article income of the enterprise in the event that it satisfies consumer demand. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly study the market and purchasing power in order to properly manage inventory.
Planning and implementation of purchases of inventory should help increase the profits of the enterprise. The general guideline for retailers in inventory management is their minimization, the purpose of which is to accelerate the turnover of own and borrowed funds, increase competitiveness on this basis, strengthen and expand their niche in the market.
The problem of theory and practical methods of inventory management, their optimization is difficult. Specialists are engaged in it not only in our country, but also abroad. Analysis existing systems management of commodity stocks has shown that there is no single, harmonious, developed theory in all details, which makes it possible to recommend ready recipes. There are only some elements, models suitable for certain conditions.
Now that enterprises have received the right to independently conclude transactions both in the domestic and foreign markets, to use financial resources, they should think about increasing the efficiency of functioning by minimizing the costs of various operations with inventory. This will allow, on the one hand, to get the greatest profit from the invested funds (which is very important if they are received in commercial banks at very high interest rates), on the other hand, to satisfy consumer demand as much as possible.
Ensuring the profitability of trading activities is associated with the development of an economic and mathematical model for the efficiency of the use of working capital of an enterprise. Models allow you to functionally link the factors and circumstances that affect the profitability of trading, and contribute to making reasonable decisions.
The globalization of economic processes and Russia's entry into the world economic community require special studies in the field of patterns of trade development and solving problems of improving the quality trade service consumers. The strategy of trade enterprises at the present stage is determined by the increasing focus on meeting the needs of customers. The relationship between retailers and suppliers is changing dynamically. The change of approaches occurs due to the fact that manufacturing enterprises also become interested in the efficient operation of service sector enterprises, the main of which should be considered trade. Significantly increased interest in merchandising - the art and technology of organizing sales on the territory of a trading enterprise. Many manufacturers note that sales success is achieved by those who actively participate in the promotion of goods and control the trading process. It is quite natural that new changes in the field of these relationships between manufacturers and trade organizations currently have problem areas, which are determined by the following features:
- manufacturers have to adapt to strict rules for the supply of goods to the retail network to withstand the volume, timing and quality of the products supplied;
- unfolding "gray" market of struggle for the best places on the shelves and counters of supermarkets;
- there is a kind of intersection of interests of merchandisers of a trading enterprise with similar specialists representing manufacturers.
There are certainly positive aspects of modern relations between trade enterprises and manufacturers in particular:
– mutually beneficial cooperation for the benefit and benefit of the end user;
- focusing on research and work in the field of quality management of products and services;
– building new, mutually beneficial cooperation relations based on the intersection of their own commercial, socio-economic and marketing interests.
The release and sale of high quality goods adequately reflect the socio-economic interests of both the manufacturer and trade enterprises. The specific advantages of a trading enterprise, its product and pricing policy, success in business and profit volumes largely depend on the qualities and services. In the formation of sales markets and the conquest by each company of its own zones of influence, the decisive role belongs to the quality and safety of manufactured and sold goods, and the problem of forming the quality of trade services is becoming more and more urgent. This objective phenomenon is predetermined by the dynamic development of the consumer market for goods and services.
It is retail trade, realizing consumer value, that connects production with consumption and maintains a score between supply and demand, in this case both manufacturers and trade organizations have a number of interrelated socio-economic interests:
Finally, the common goal of both manufacturers and trade organizations is to win the trust of consumers, which is the guarantor of stable profits as a result of product sales.
Table 3.3 - Socio-economic interests of the commodity producer and trade enterprise for the production and sale of quality products
| Commodity producers |
Trading company |
| Increasing the reputation of products with specified consumer qualities |
Creation of competitive advantages in the purchase and sale of goods |
| Growth of competitiveness of goods |
Better satisfaction of demand for goods |
| Close cooperation with trading company |
Stimulation of buying intentions |
| Ensuring stable positions in the purchase of products |
Increasing stability in the sale of goods |
| Reducing production costs |
Improving the quality of customer service |
| Production of high quality products |
Reducing costs in the sale of products |
| Satisfying the interests of consumers of products |
Cost reduction |
| Development of a material incentive fund for the release of products of proper quality |
Obtaining a guaranteed profit from the sale of quality products |
In the conditions of market relations, the quality of goods and services is always considered from the standpoint of consumers. The interests of consumers include the interests and growing demands of citizens and organizations in the field of product acquisition. Satisfaction of such needs becomes possible only in the process of interaction between manufacturers of products (goods), works, services with consumers. Quality today is a political, economic and social category. It is quality that becomes the main
condition for the effective development of the country's economy. Today, business leaders, product suppliers, trade enterprises, service organizations and, first of all, consumers of goods and services are also interested in quality. In general, the parties interested in the quality of trade services are presented in Figure 3.4.
Figure 3.4 - Parties interested in the quality of trade services
The crisis of legal regulation of the quality of products and services began in the early 1990s and is characterized by the liquidation of the state monopoly of foreign trade, the rapid development of entrepreneurship, and the filling of the consumer market with low-quality goods. It was at this stage in the development of economic reforms that an urgent need arose for legal regulation of market relations.
Therefore, in a fairly short period of time, several laws were adopted: “On the Protection of Consumer Rights”, “On Standardization”, “On Certification of Products and Services”. The growing need of society to improve the quality of goods and services has led to the development of new quality management strategies. It should be noted that all of them regulate various areas of activity of trade enterprises and the procedure for relations with consumers of services.
At first glance, it seems that state intervention in such specific activities of organizations as the management of the quality of trade services is not required. However, practice shows that it is impossible to do without the regulation of these activities of organizations by the state. In the process of production and sale of products, the so-called autonomous interests of commodity producers, trade enterprises appear, it is obligatory to take into account the interests of the state and society, labor collectives and consumers, whose rights to the quality and safety of products and services are often violated. Therefore, there is a need for legal regulation of the activities of trade organizations, taking into account the interests of other subjects of the consumer market. In this case, the interests of all subjects must be clothed in the form of legal requirements, which must be consistent and observed by all participants. The subjects of such legal relations are: society and the state acting in defense of its interests, labor collectives of organizations, consumers of products, goods and services, contractors. These interests must be taken into account at all stages of the production and sale of trade services.
Obviously, the current situation in the development of retail trade is characterized in such a way that constantly developed regulations most often legislatively formalize the changes that have already occurred in the industry. The modern legal base is extensive, it includes a number of branches of law, but at the same time there are elements of duplication that give rise to contradictions. In the course of privatization, the levers of state regulation of the development of the consumer market were largely lost. The freedom to develop trade and the absence of a regulatory function on the part of state bodies lead to the fact that the development of the consumer market infrastructure is often carried out in the interests of the entrepreneurs themselves. At present, there are practically no recommendations and a system of measures to support structural and marketing transformations in trade.
Currently, there is no strategic, guiding vector for the development of modern retail. Most of the processes taking place in the industry are carried out spontaneously, without taking into account the interests of consumers. The author notes the extremely passive role of state authorities in regulating trade relations, especially at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. There is a reduction in the number of services for the protection of consumer rights in the field of quality of services in the regions of the Russian Federation.
Currently, the regulation of market relations in the field of ensuring the quality of trade services and the legal rights of consumers to provide these services is carried out by the participants in market activities themselves. Retail trade is developing quite spontaneously, the opinion and assessment of consumers are not a priority in the organization of trade processes. The priority and leading role of state bodies is not manifested in due measure.
The future of retail must necessarily be based on providing consumers with quality services in the process of selling goods. The high social responsibility of retailers lies in the ability to manage both the quality of the proposed sale of goods, and to ensure a high level of quality of trade services - a kind of competitive advantage. Modern quality services is based on the interaction of the consumer with the product (service), and is measured in accordance with the satisfaction of his requirements and wishes. At present, in the context of the increasing growth in the number of trade enterprises, a significant supply of goods and increased competition, a special role is played by quality service buyers - directly at the place of purchase of goods, as an indispensable condition for development in the current situation.
In connection with the emerging trends, it has become necessary to attract and retain customers in other ways than before, and primarily through the development of marketing communications programs. Marketing communications are used by almost all medium and large market operators, sometimes they can also be seen among small traders. However, quite often attention is paid only to their main elements and, more importantly, often not in the same perspective as clients would like. In addition, communication tools are used indiscriminately, which leads to buyers misunderstanding the actions of operators.
Unfortunately, sometimes real market ideas are born only because of the plight of the firm. I think that this current situation should push the management to take decisive action to create conditions for stabilizing market positions.
After conducting this analysis, we can say with confidence that it has sufficiently large reserves to reduce prices for the services provided. Of course, a decrease in revenue would affect the amount of profit received, but, assuming that, by reducing the price of services from the main activity, it would probably keep the main counterparty, and this year would have a more stable financial position opposite to the existing one.
The manager must comprehensively solve the problem of the enterprise's survival, using all possible reserves - both external and internal. I assume that the use of all acceptable reserves to reduce costs would be a very useful measure aimed at compensating for losses in profits from price reductions. Reducing costs is necessary in order to survive in a competitive market and guarantee the company's financial success. Management would like to recommend taking all reasonable actions to reduce not only variable, but also semi-fixed costs.
variable costs increase or decrease in proportion to the volume of production. They include: the cost of purchasing raw materials and materials; energy consumption for technological purposes; transport costs and other expenses. Variable cost reductions are possible by purchasing inventory and structures at lower prices, reducing transportation costs, etc.
Fixed costs do not follow the dynamics of production volume. Such costs include depreciation deductions, salaries of managerial employees, administrative expenses, etc. It is possible to reduce these costs by revising the depreciation policy associated with an increase in the life of fixed assets. The implementation of this measure is quite realistic, since having a satisfactory repair base is able to ensure a longer operation of various machines, machine tools and mechanisms.
It is also possible to temporarily reduce deductions for insurance of the company's property, expenses for the maintenance of buildings and structures, etc.
In contrast to variables, it is not easy to reduce most of the fixed costs when narrowing the activities of the enterprise and reducing sales revenue (in our case). How is it possible, without changing the cost structure and reducing prices for services, not only to stabilize the financial situation, but also to improve the financial result.
An indicator of the market stability of a company is its ability to successfully develop in the conditions of transformation of the external and internal environment. To do this, it is necessary to have a flexible structure of financial resources and, if the need arises, be able to attract borrowed funds, that is, to be creditworthy. The solvency testifies to the potential of the enterprise in the timely repayment of loans with interest while maintaining favorable profit dynamics for the enterprise. The need to attract external sources of financing is not always associated with the insufficiency of internal sources of financing. These sources, as you know, are retained earnings and depreciation. The considered sources of self-financing are stable, but limited by the cost and period of use of equipment, the rate of cash turnover, the rate of product sales, and the amount of current expenses. Therefore, free money is often (if not always) not enough, and their additional injection, aimed at increasing the turnover of assets, will be extremely useful.
All enterprises sooner or later, to a greater or lesser extent, experience a shortage of free cash. How to overcome it? One of the solutions to this problem may be the receipt by the enterprise of a loan from a State or commercial bank. However, applying to a bank for a loan does not guarantee its receipt. The bank must be confident in the financial strength of its client. A special department of the bank in charge of business lending reviews and analyzes the data provided by the enterprise (indicators of liquidity, turnover, profitability and profitability) and makes a conclusion about the possibility of providing a short-term loan to this economic object.
In conclusion, it must be said that if the management engages in strategic planning of finances, as well as other fundamental business management systems, and actively applies at least the measures proposed in this paper, then the enterprise has a good chance not only to maintain the bulk of production volumes (through forced measures to reduce prices for services), but also to improve their financial results.
It also seems to us necessary to make a number of proposals to improve the financial results of Ansat LLC, which can be applied both in the short and medium term, and in the long term:
– consider and eliminate the causes of overspending of financial resources on management and commercial expenses;
- identify cost centers and responsibility centers as part of the structural divisions and structural units of the enterprise;
– introduction of a management cost accounting system at the enterprise in the context of responsibility centers, cost centers and individual groups of marketable products;
- to increase in the composition of the sale of daily necessary products;
- carry out timely markdown of products that have lost their original quality;
- to implement an effective pricing policy, differentiated in relation to certain categories of buyers ..;
- carry out systematic monitoring of the operation of equipment and make its timely adjustment in order to prevent a decrease in quality and trade in defective products;
- when commissioning new equipment, pay enough attention to education and training of personnel, improving their qualifications, for the effective use of equipment and preventing its breakdown due to low qualifications;
- professional development of employees, accompanied by an increase in labor productivity;
- develop and introduce an effective system of material incentives for personnel, closely linked to the main results of the enterprise's economic activities and saving resources;
– use systems for de-bonding employees in case of violation of either labor or technological discipline;
- develop and implement measures aimed at improving the material climate in the team, which will ultimately affect the increase in labor productivity;
– to constantly monitor the conditions of storage and transportation of traded products.
Of course, to ensure profitable work Ansat LLC needs to have objective information about the formation of financial results and the influence of various factors on them.
Profit is the main source of financial resources of the enterprise, ensuring its functioning and development. Due to the fact that the final financial result of the activities of Ansat LLC - net profit in 2008 increased compared to 2007, this indicates a stable position of the enterprise.
In a crisis, it is advisable to evaluate development options, abandoning the unattainable and unlikely. Financial managers should analyze the compliance of the company's development strategy options and possible losses if it is necessary to change the options during their implementation.
Summarizing the above, the following main ways to increase the profits of Ansat LLC can be distinguished:
- increase in the volume of trade and sales of products;
- reducing the cost of production;
– improving the quality of traded products, etc.
Conclusion
The functioning of an enterprise, regardless of the types of activity and forms of ownership in the market, is determined by its ability to generate sufficient income or profit. The profit of the enterprise characterizes the efficiency of its activities. Making a profit is the direct goal of the production of an economic entity in a market environment, since it is the main source of financial resources of the enterprise, ensuring its functioning and development.
The main indicators of the financial performance of the enterprise include revenue from the sale of products (works, services), net revenue (total revenue minus VAT, excises and similar obligatory payments), balance sheet profit, net profit.
Profit is the final financial result of the enterprise, characterizing the absolute efficiency of its work. For an enterprise, profit is the indicator that creates an incentive to invest in those areas where the greatest increase in value can be achieved.
To analyze this work, the activities of Ansat LLC for 2007-2008 were considered.
Thus, summarizing the results of the analysis of the formation of profit and profitability of the enterprise under study, we can draw the following conclusions:
The enterprise has an increase in turnover by 20%, while the amount of gross profit increased by 16.8%, and its level decreased by 0.38%, distribution costs increased by 54.42%, and their level by 3%. The growth in the level of distribution costs is assessed negatively, as this indicates an overspending.
Profit before tax decreased by 956 thousand rubles. (91.1%), profitability from ordinary activities increased by 0.06%.
Profit from ordinary activities and net profit of the enterprise amounted to 93 thousand rubles. in 2008. The growth of the indicator amounted to 33 thousand rubles. (55%).
The number of staff and its structure has not changed.
Labor productivity increased by 19.97%, labor productivity of the TOP - by 19.97%.
The company's income is entirely made up of the company's gross profit.
Gross profit is influenced by the dynamics of turnover and the level of trade margin. Growth of trade turnover by 5665 thousand rubles. led to an increase in gross profit by 818.14 thousand rubles. Decrease in trade markups by 0.38 thousand rubles. led to a decrease in gross profit by 129.34 thousand rubles. Thus, the growth in turnover had the maximum impact on gross profit.
The increase in turnover had a positive impact on sales profit. The growth in the volume of trade led to an increase in profit from sales by 211.44 thousand rubles. The increase in the level of distribution costs and the growth in the level of gross profit led to a decrease in sales profit by 1167.44 thousand rubles, due to these two factors, sales profit has a negative value. Thus, the dynamics of the level of distribution costs has the maximum impact on sales profit.
Growth is observed in almost all indicators of profitability. The profitability of production activity increases by 0.24% due to the fact that net profit and stocks increase. Return on sales also showed an increase of 0.06% due to an increase in revenue and net profit compared to the previous year. The growth in net profit led to an increase in profitability by 0.12%, and the growth in turnover led to a decrease in the profitability of final activities by 0.06%. Return on current assets increases by 0.24%. This is the result of increased inventories of finished goods and goods for resale. Return on equity increases by 11% due to an increase in net profit compared to the previous year. However, one should also point out the decrease in the profitability of sold products by 0.52%. This is the result of an increase in the cost of goods sold, products, works and services.
An analysis of absolute indicators showed that Ansat LLC achieved high financial results in its business activities compared to 2007. In 2008, compared with 2007, the profit increased by 33 thousand rubles. An analysis of the profit structure indicates that its main part is profit from the sale of products (works, services). This indicates a relative increase in production costs. The increase in prime cost is connected with the rise in the cost of goods, as well as with the increase in the wages of production workers.
In order to be a successful competitor in the market, Ansat LLC needs an independent financial strategy, an integral part of the formation of which is strategic analysis.
The goals of the current and strategic marketing of Ansat LLC should be as follows: study of the markets for the finished product and the prospects for their development; facilitating the promotion to the market and sales of products; attracting regular customers by servicing them using a system of discounts; study and justification of the price level for each type of goods and trends in their change; forecasting the balance of demand and consumption. When choosing a pricing policy, it is necessary that it directly depends on the company's strategy for the long and short term.
Each of these decisions ultimately has a positive or negative economic impact on the business. In essence, the process of managing any enterprise is a series of economic decisions.
Thus, the analysis of the market position of an enterprise, the identification of the most significant factors that form its sales environment, should be not only an integral part of the implementation plan, but also a necessary step in the strategic analysis of the income of Ansat LLC, which makes it possible to make an objective, reasonable and transparent forecast of the enterprise's activities in as a whole and its income.
List of used sources and literature
1 Avanesov, Yu.A. Fundamentals of commerce in the market of goods and services: textbook / Yu.A. Avanesov, A.M. Klochko, E.V. Vaskin - M .: LLP "Lux - Art", 1995.- 319p.
2 Avanesov, Yu.A. Economics of enterprises in the sphere of commodity circulation: textbook / Yu.A. Avanesov, R.S. Knyazev - M.: MIPP, 1996. - 254 p.
3 Albekov, A.U. Economics of a business enterprise. Series "Textbooks, teaching aids". A.U. Albekov, S.A. Soghomonyan - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2002.- 196 p.
4 Arustamov, E.A. Enterprise equipment: a textbook for universities / E.A. Arustamov - M .: Dashkov and Co., 2000. - 278 p.
5 Blank, A.I. Trading business management. - M .: Association of authors and publishers "Tandem", publishing house EKMOS, 1998. - 285 p.
6 Blev, O. Money on the way, or how to avoid the withdrawal of capital from the company / O. Blev, A. Molotnikov // Management of the company. - 2005.-№1. - S. 30-33.
7 Accounting financial accounting: textbook / E.A. Yelenevskaya [and others]; total ed. E.A. Yelenevskaya. - 3rd ed. - M.: Dashkov i K o, 2008. - 524 p.
8 Vinokurova, O.S. Optimization of loyalty programs in the retail market / O.S. Vinokurova // Economic Analysis. - 2010.- No. 11. - S. 51-60.
9 Voronova, E.Yu. Analysis of the ratio "costs - volume - profit": quantitative and cost approaches // Auditor. - 2007. - No. 10. - S. 46 - 52.
10 Gotovchikov, I.F. Practical proposals for optimizing the management of the financial activity of the enterprise / I.F. Gotovchikov // Financial management. – 2008.- №2. - S. 22-30.
11 Gubanova, I.R. Problems of ensuring the efficiency of retail trade enterprises / I.R. Gubanova // Economic analysis. - 2009.- No. 11. - S. 60-67.
12 Dashkov, L.P. Commerce and trade technology: a textbook for universities. - 3rd ed. revised and additional - M.: Marketing, 2001. - 364 p.
13 Ermolaeva, N.N. Quality of services in retail trade / N.N. Ermolaeva // Economic Bulletin of the Republic of Tatarstan. – 2007.- №2. – S. 94-98.
14 Zhminko, A.E. Essence and economic content of profit / A.E. Zhminko // Economic analysis. - 2008.- No. 7. - S. 60-64.
15 Zarov, K.G. A generalized analysis of the possibilities of increasing the profits of a commercial enterprise / K.G. Zarov // Financial management. – 2008.- №1. - P. 3-8.
16 Zimakova, L.A. Methodological and practical foundations of management reporting // Economic analysis: theory and practice. - 2008. - No. 1. – P. 7–16.
17 Kerimov, V.E. Accounting financial accounting / V.E. Kerimov. – M.: Dashkov i K o, 2008. – 704 p.
18 Kovalev, V.V. Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise: textbook / V.V. Kovalev, O.N. Volkova. – M.: TK Velby. Prospekt Publishing House, 2005. - 424 p.
19 Kravchenko, N. Financial analysis of competitive strategies of Russian enterprises / N. Kravchenko [et al.] // Problems of management. - 2004.- No. 1. - S. 77-84.
20 Krylov, E. Analysis of financial results, profitability and production costs: finance and statistics. / E. Krylov, V. Vlasov, I. Zhurakova. – M.: INFRA-M, 2005. – 715 p.
21 Krysh, Z.A. Analysis of the relationship between the depth of the crisis and the risk of enterprise bankruptcy / Z.A. Krysh, L.V. Lushchikova // Economic analysis. - 2008.- No. 21. - S. 39-43.
22 Lazunov, V.N. Financial analysis in enterprise income management / V.N. Lazunov // Finance. - 2005.- No. 3. - S. 54-57.
23 Lipchiu, N.V. Problems of forming the final financial results (profit) of the organization / N.V. Lipchiu, Yu.S. Shevchenko // Economic analysis. - 2007.- No. 7. - P. 13-16.
24 Lumpov, N. A. Profit formula: accounting for various activities // Financial management. - 2007. -№6. - P. 5 -24.
25 Magomedov, Sh.R. Method for assessing the competitiveness of a retail enterprise / Sh.R. Magomedov // Marketing. - 2007.- No. 5. - S. 91-102.
26 Makarieva, V.I., Andreeva, L.V. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the organization. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2006. - 264 p.
27 Melnik, M.V. Analysis of financial and economic activity: study guide / M.V. Melnik. M.: FORUM: INFRA-M, 2007.- 192 p.
28 Nikitina, N. Anti-crisis financial management of an enterprise: a study of factors of the internal and external environment / N. Nikitina // Problems of management. - 2007.- No. 7. - S. 91-101.
29 Ostrovskaya, V.N. Competitive - integration benchmarking in the conditions of the current state of retail trade in Russia / V.N. Ostrovskaya // Economic Analysis. - 2009.- No. 25. - S. 21-25.
30 Plaskov, N.S. Strategic and current economic analysis: textbook / N.S. Plaskov. – M.: Eksmo, 2007.- 656 p.
31 Polisyuk G.B. Analysis of the financial result of the activities of JSC "Partner-project" / G.B. Polisyuk // Economic Analysis. - 2008. - No. 21. - S. 17-23.
32 Protasov, V.F. Analysis of the activity of an enterprise (firm): production, economics, finance, investment, marketing. - M .: "Finance and statistics", 2006 - 536 p.: ill.
33 Pyastolov, S.M. Analysis of financial and economic activities: textbook. for stud. avg. prof. textbook institutions / S.M. Pyastolov. - M.: Publishing Center Academy, 2008. - 336 p.
34 Savitskaya, G.V. Analysis of economic activity: textbook / G.V. Savitskaya.- 3rd ed., reab. and additional – M.: INFRA-M, 2004.-425 p.
35 Slutskin, M.L. Marginal analysis in controlling // Auditor. - 2007. - No. 6. - P. 41 - 45.
36 Tarbeeva, E.M. We evaluate the profitability of the financial and economic activities of the company / E.M. Tarbeeva // Chief Accountant. - 2004.-№2. - S. 68-71.
37 Theory of analysis of economic activity: Proc. / V.V. Osmolovsky, L.I. Kravchenko, N.A. Rusak and others; Under total ed. V.V. Osmolovsky. - Minsk: New knowledge, 2007. - 318 p.
38 Tolpegina, O.A. Profit analysis: theory and practice of research / O.A. Tolpegina // Economic analysis. – 2009.- №2. - P. 35-44.
39 Tolpegina, O.A. Profit indicators: economic essence and their content / O.A. Tolpegina // Economic analysis. - 2008.- No. 20. - S. 10-21.
40 Ulyanov, I. S. Profitability of products and interest rates // Questions of statistics. - 2006. - No. 12. - S. 27 - 31.
41 Financial management of the firm: a manager's handbook / V.I. Terekhin [and others]; total ed. IN AND. Terekhin. - 3rd ed. - M.: Economics, 1998. - 350 p.
42 Financial accounting: textbook / V.G. Hetman [and others]; total ed. V.G. Hetman. – 4th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Finance and statistics; INFRA-M, 2008. - 816 p.
43 Khairullin, A.G. Management of the financial results of the organization / A.G. Khairullin // Economic analysis. - 2006.- No. 10. - S. 35-41.
44 Khachaturian, N.M. Analysis of financial and economic activity: lecture notes / N.M. Khachaturian.- Rostov n/D.: Phoenix, 2006.-192 p.
45 Taburchak, P.P. Enterprise Economics: textbook / P.P. Taburchak. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2010. -226 p.
46 Yudina, D.N. Analysis of financial results of unprofitable organizations / D.N. Yudina, D.A. Filatov // Economic Analysis. - 2009.- No. 17. - S. 21-27.
1.3 Methodology for analyzing the financial results of an enterprise
In the conditions of modern development of Russia, for the effective management of the economic activity of an enterprise, the role of the information base that the manager has increases, an important part of which is occupied by information about financial results. Their analysis helps in making managerial decisions, both strategic and tactical.
The methodological basis for the analysis of financial results in the conditions of market relations is the model of their formation and use adopted for all enterprises, regardless of the organizational and legal form and form of ownership.
Starting the analysis of financial results, it is necessary to identify whether, in accordance with established order economic indicators are calculated: gross profit; profit (loss) from sales; profit (loss) before taxation; net profit (loss) of the reporting period and all initial components for generating profit, such as revenue (net) from sales of goods, products (works, services); the cost of selling goods, products (works, services); sales and administrative expenses, other income and expenses; confirm the accuracy of the data of Form No. 1 "Balance Sheet" and Form No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement".
The analysis of financial results involves the solution of the following tasks:
Analysis of the composition and dynamics of profit;
Factor analysis of profit;
Analysis of profitability indicators.
The analysis of the financial result based on the income statement as mandatory elements includes reading the financial statements and studying the absolute values presented in the statements, i.e. "horizontal" - allows you to compare each position with the previous period and "vertical" analysis of the results – allows you to determine the structure of the final financial indicators with the identification of the impact of each reporting position on the result as a whole.
In addition to vertical and horizontal analysis, the study of the financial result traditionally involves the study of the dynamics of indicators for a number of reporting periods, i.e. trend analysis.
Information base for performance of such analysis serve reports on profits and losses.
Conducting trend analysis of financial results for Russian enterprises difficult. In recent years, the forms and composition of reporting indicators, the interpretation of certain business transactions, and the procedure for their reflection have repeatedly changed. Therefore, ensuring the comparability of data over periods is only possible with recalculations based on primary documents. When choosing a list of factors and a methodology for assessing their quantitative impact on sales profit, a specific calculation algorithm is determined based on a study of the nature of the products produced, the volume and quality of the initial information, the possibility of obtaining additional data, and also depending on the required data accuracy.
The analysis of the financial results of the enterprise is based on the analysis of profit, as it characterizes the absolute efficiency of its work. The analysis of the formation and use of profits is carried out in several stages: the profit is analyzed by composition in dynamics; a factor analysis of profit from the sale is carried out; the causes of deviations for such components of profit as operating, non-operating income and expenses are studied; the formation of net profit and the impact of taxes on profits are assessed.
To analyze and evaluate the level and dynamics of profit indicators, a table is compiled that uses data from the financial statements of an economic entity from Form No. 2. The information contained in the financial plan and form No. 2 allows you to analyze the financial results obtained from all types of activities of an economic entity. Factor analysis of profit is important for assessing the financial performance of an enterprise.
The most important component of accounting profit is the profit from the sale of products (profit from sales). The object of factor analysis may be the deviation of the actual profit from sales from the profit of the previous year or provided for by the business plan.
Factor analysis of the organization's profit is carried out based on the order of its formation.
P = q - s - y - k, (1.1)
where q - the number of products sold;
c - cost of goods sold;
y - administrative expenses;
k - commercial expenses.
The analysis of profit from sales involves not only a general assessment of the dynamics of the implementation of the plan for profit from sales, but also an assessment of various factors affecting the size and dynamics of profit from sales.
The main factors affecting the amount of profit from sales are:
The number of products sold - the profit from sales is directly dependent on the number of products sold, the larger it is, the more profit the company makes with profitable operation;
Cost of goods sold;
Business expenses;
Management expenses.
Profit from the sale is inversely related to their value, that is, the amount of funds necessary to pay for current expenses arising in the course of production and economic activities. Reducing the cost of goods sold, selling and administrative expenses are the main factors in increasing profits:
Selling prices for products sold. Profit is directly dependent on the price level, that is, the higher the selling price, the more profit the company will receive, and vice versa, a decrease in prices leads to a reduction in sales and, consequently, profit.
Structural shifts in the composition of sales - the influence of this factor is due to the fact that certain types of goods, products, works, services have an unequal level of profitability. Any change in their ratio in total sales may contribute to the growth of profits or cause its reduction. For example: if the share of more profitable products increases in the total volume of sales, then in this case the profit will grow, and if it decreases, it will decrease. This gives financial manager manage possible financial results from the implementation.
In order to analyze the profit from the sale of products, it is necessary to give a general assessment of the change in profit:
± P = P1 – P0 = ± P s ± P y ± P k ± P c + P q ± P t , (1.2)
where ± P - change in profit;
P0, P1 - profit of the base and reporting period;
Then it is necessary to determine the quantitative impact of changes in factors.
To find the values of cost factors (c, y, k), one should compare the cost of goods sold, administrative and commercial expenses for the reporting period and for the reporting period, in prices and conditions of the base year.
± П s = С tsb.op – С tsb.op, (1.3)
± P y \u003d Y tsb.op - Y tsb.op, (1.4)
± P c = K tsb.op – K tsb.op, (1.5)
where ± P s, ± P y, ± P k - change in profit due to changes in cost,
selling and administrative expenses;
C tso.op, U tso.op, C tso.op - cost, commercial and managerial
expenses of the reporting period;
С tsb.op, U tsb.op, С tsb.op - the cost, selling and administrative expenses of the reporting period in the prices of the base year.
The impact of prices on profits can be defined as the difference between the sales proceeds without indirect taxes of the reporting year and the reporting year in prices and conditions of the base year.
± P c \u003d V c.op - V cb.op, (1.6)
where ± P c - profit change due to price change;
In ts.op, - proceeds from the sale of products of the reporting period;
In cb.op, - proceeds from the sale of products of the reporting period in the prices of the base year.
To identify the impact of changes in the number of products sold on profit, you should determine the relative change in the volume of sales at target prices. To do this, we use the index method.
P q = (J q - 1) * P base, (1.7)
J q = In cb.op - In cb.bp, (1.8)
where + P q - change in profit due to a change in the quantity
sold products;
P bases - profit from sales of the base year;
In cb.bp - proceeds from the sale of products of the base year.
The impact on profit of shifts in the structure of sales can be calculated in various ways. The most common among them are: the balance method.
The balance method of calculation is based on the identity between the total deviation of the actual profit from the planned one and the sum of the values of the previous 5 factors. Hence, the deviation of profit caused by a change in the structure of the range of products sold will be equal to the difference between the total deviation and the sum of the values of all other factors.
± P t = ± P – (± P s ± P y ± P k ± P c + P q) (1.9)
where ± P t is the change in profit due to changes in the structure and range of products sold.
The purpose of the final analysis is to quantify the reasons that caused the change in profits, to identify the impact of costs on changes in profits or the impact on profits of price changes caused by market conditions.
Profitability indicators are important for assessing the effectiveness of the economic activity of each enterprise. Profitability is one of the most important indicators characterizing the efficiency of the enterprise. Profitability more fully than profit characterizes the final results of management, since its value shows the ratio of the effect to the resources used.
For the analysis of profitability, a number of indicators are used, which can be grouped into the following groups:
Indicators calculated on the basis of profit;
Indicators calculated on the basis of production assets;
Indicators calculated on the basis of cash flows.
The general characteristics of profitability indicators are given in Table 1.1.
The first group of indicators is formed on the basis of calculating the levels of profitability (profitability) based on profit (income) indicators reflected in the organization's financial statements. These indicators characterize the profitability (profitability) of manufactured goods. With the help of these indicators, it is possible to determine the influence of factors of changes in the price of goods and their cost on changes in the profitability of goods.
The second group of indicators is formed on the basis of calculating the levels of profitability, depending on the change in the size and nature of the advanced funds, which include all the production assets of the organization, invested capital, share capital. For example, the ratio of net profit (income) to all production assets, the ratio of net profit to invested or equity capital.
The third group of profitability indicators is calculated on the basis of net cash flow. For example, the ratio of net cash flow to sales volume, to total capital, equity, etc. These indicators give an idea of the organization's ability to meet obligations to creditors, borrowers and shareholders in cash. in cash.
Table 1.1 - General characteristics of profitability indicators
| Name of indicator | Calculation method |
| Profitability of production activities R p (profitability of production) | R p \u003d BP / OS + MPZ * 100% BP - accounting profit (before taxation) (form No. 2), OS - the average cost of fixed assets for the billing period (form No. 1), inventory - the cost of inventories for the billing period |
| Return on sales (P sales) | P sales = BP / BP * 100% BP - accounting profit BP - sales volume (form No. 2) |
| Return on assets (property) Return on total assets (R A) | R A \u003d BP / A * 100% A - the average cost of total assets for the billing period (form No. 1) |
| Return on non-current assets (R BOA) | P BOA \u003d BP / BOA * 100% VOA - the average cost of non-current assets for the billing period (form No. 1) |
| Return on current assets (ROA) | ROA = BP / OA * 100% ОА - the average cost of current assets for the billing period (form No. 1) |
| Return on net working capital (NWOK) (own working capital) | ROCK = BP / CHOK * 100% NSC - the average cost of net working capital for the billing period. CHOK (SOK) \u003d equity (III section of the balance sheet) - non-current assets (I section of the balance sheet) |
| Return on equity (RSC) | RSK \u003d PE / SK * 100% PE - net profit (form No. 2) SC - average cost of equity for the billing period (form No. 1) |
| Return on Cost (Rizd) | Rizd \u003d Pi / Si * 100% P - profit on costing per product (or group of products) C - the cost of the product according to costing. |
| Return on sales (RRP) | Ррп = Prp/Срп *100% Prp - profit from the sale of products Srp - total cost sales of products (goods) |
The level and dynamics of profitability indicators is influenced by the whole set of production and economic factors: the level of organization of production and management; the structure of capital and its sources; the degree of use of production resources; volume, quality and structure of products; production costs and cost of products; profit by type of activity and direction of its use .
Thus, we can say that the analysis of financial results is one of the most important aspects of the study of the economic activity of the enterprise. Studying the composition and structure of profits, conducting a factor analysis of the result from sales, studying profitability indicators are necessary in order to: identify the compliance of internal reserves and the organization's capabilities with ensuring competitive advantages and meeting future market needs, that is, economic forecasting.
New automobile plants, which are being created with the participation of leading foreign manufacturers, who are deploying their activities not only in Russia, but also in the CIS. 2.2 Analysis of the supply of OAO Neftekamskshina with labor resources Intensification social production, increasing its economic efficiency and product quality presupposes the maximum development of economic initiative ...
To ensure the positive activity of the enterprise, management personnel must, first of all, be able to realistically assess the financial condition of their enterprise and the state of existing and potential counterparties.
The purpose of economic analysis is to optimize the position of the company in the core market; improvement of financial and economic indicators of activity and professional rating of the company.
Study of economic phenomena, factors and causes that caused them;
Objective assessment of the effectiveness of production and economic activities;
Scientific substantiation of plans, control of their implementation, identification of on-farm reserves;
Development of measures to improve work efficiency.
Tasks of economic analysis:
Scientific substantiation of current and prospective business plans and control over their implementation;
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of production factors;
Identification and measurement of internal reserves;
Substantiation of the optimality of managerial decisions.
The implementation of economic analysis is carried out in accordance with the principles:
Consistency (economic processes are considered as interrelated phenomena and elements);
- integrity (the unity of individual factors and elements of production and economic activity);
- complexity (the need to consider the full range of factors affecting the performance of the organization).
Evaluation of economic processes is carried out according to quantitative and qualitative indicators.
Quantitative indicators measure the economic phenomenon in absolute, relative, average values; qualitative indicators reflect the economic content or effectiveness of an economic phenomenon.
Used in economic analysis techniques and methods of analysis of financial and economic activities - it is a system of epistemological categories, scientific tools and regulatory principles for studying the financial activities of enterprises. Exists various classifications methods of economic analysis.
The first level of classification is distinguished: non-formalized; formalized methods of analysis.
Non-formalized methods - are based on the description of analytical procedures at the logical level, and not on strict analytical dependencies. These are methods of expert assessments, scenarios, morphological, comparisons, etc. The use of these methods is characterized by a certain subjectivity, since intuition, experience and knowledge of the analyst are of great importance. Formalized Methods - they are based on fairly strict formalized analytical dependencies. Dozens of these methods are known. Let's list some of them.
Classical methods of economic activity analysis and financial analysis: chain substitutions, arithmetic differences, balance sheet, isolation of the isolated influence of factors, percentage numbers, differential, logarithmic, integral, simple and compound interest, discounting.
Traditional methods of economic statistics: average and relative values, grouping, graphical, index, elementary methods of processing time series.
Mathematical and statistical methods for studying relationships: correlation analysis, regression analysis, analysis of variance, factor analysis, principal component analysis, covariance analysis, object-period method, cluster analysis and other methods.
Economic methods: matrix methods, harmonic analysis, spectral analysis, methods of the theory of production functions, methods of the theory of input-output balance.
Methods of economic cybernetics and optimal programming: methods system analysis, machine simulation method, linear programming, non-linear programming, dynamic programming, convex programming, etc.
Operations research and decision theory methods: graph theory methods, tree method, Bayesian analysis methods, game theory, queuing theory, network planning and management methods.
Of course, not all of these methods can be directly applied in the framework of financial analysis, since the main results of effective analysis and financial management are achieved with the help of special financial instruments, however, some of their elements are already being used.
To make decisions on enterprise management, constant business awareness on relevant issues is needed, which is the result of the selection, analysis, evaluation and specification of the initial information. Therefore, an analytical reading of the original data is necessary.
The basic principle of analytical reading financial statements is a deductive method, i.e. From general to specific. In the course of such an analysis, a logical sequence of economic factors and events, their direction and strength of influence on performance results are produced.
The practice of financial analysis has already developed the basic methods for analyzing financial statements.
Basic Methods :
- horizontal (temporal) analysis - comparison of each reporting position with the previous period;
- vertical (structural) analysis - determination of the structure of the final financial indicators with the identification of the impact of each reporting position on the result as a whole;
- trend analysis - comparing each financial position with a number of previous periods and determining the trend, i.e. the main trend of the indicator dynamics, cleared of random influences and individual features individual periods. With the help of the trend, possible values of indicators are formed in the future, and, therefore, a prospective predictive analysis is carried out;
- analysis of relative indicators (coefficients) - calculation of relationships between individual positions of the report or positions of different reporting forms, determination of interrelations of indicators;
Comparative (spatial analysis) - this is both an on-farm analysis of summary reporting indicators for individual indicators of a company, subsidiaries, divisions, workshops, and an inter-farm analysis of the indicators of a given company with those of competitors, with average industry and average economic data;
- factor analysis - analysis of the influence of individual factors (reasons) on the performance indicator using deterministic research methods. Moreover, factor analysis can be both direct (analysis itself), when the effective indicator is divided into its component parts, and reverse (synthesis), when it individual elements combined into an overall score.
The proposed methodology for analyzing the financial condition is intended to ensure the management of the financial condition of the enterprise and the assessment of financial stability in a market economy. It includes elements common to both external and internal analysis.
Along with absolute indicators that characterize various aspects of the financial condition, financial ratios are also used. The financial ratio is a relative indicator of the financial condition. They are divided into distribution and coordination coefficients. Distribution coefficients are used in cases where it is necessary to determine what part one or another absolute indicator is from the total of the group of absolute indicators that includes it. These coefficients are mainly used in the preliminary analysis.
The coefficients of coordination are used to express the relationship of essentially different absolute indicators of financial condition.
The analysis of financial ratios consists in comparing their values by periods. As basic values, indicators of the base period of a given economic entity can be used.
Special financial ratios, the calculation of which is based on the existence of certain relationships between reporting items, are called financial and operational indicators. They allow you to realistically assess the position of a given economic entity. Analysis of financial ratios is performed for the following groups:
- analysis of financial stability;
- solvency analysis;
- asset turnover analysis;
- profitability analysis.
Financial ratios characterize the proportions between different reporting items. The advantages of financial ratios are the simplicity of calculations and the elimination of the influence of inflation.
Important the factors that determine the solvency of the enterprise are: the timely implementation of transactions recorded in the financial plan, and replenishment as the need arises for own working capital at the expense of profit, and the speed of turnover of working capital (assets).
Liquidity refers to the ability of valuables to turn into money, which are considered absolutely liquid assets. The property of liquidity has two sides. On the one hand, this - the reciprocal of the time required for quick sale asset at this price. On the other hand, this - the amount you can get for it.
Liquidity balance is defined as the degree of coverage of the obligations of the enterprise by its assets, the period of transformation of which into cash corresponds to the maturity of the obligations.
Analysis of the liquidity of the balance sheet begins with the fact that all assets and liabilities are divided into four groups (assets - depending on the rate of conversion into cash; liabilities - depending on the urgency of payment). The characteristics of all groups are presented in table 1.
Table 1. Condensed liquidity balance
|
A 1 - the most liquid assets - the company's cash and short-term financial investments |
P 1 - the most urgent liabilities - accounts payable, loans not repaid on time |
|
A 2 - quickly realizable assets - receivables and other assets |
P 2 - short-term liabilities - short-term loans and borrowings |
|
A 3 - slow-moving assets - stocks and costs, long-term financial investments |
P 3 - long-term liabilities - long-term loans and borrowings |
|
A 4 - hard-to-sell assets - fixed assets and other non-current assets, with the exception of long-term financial investments |
P 4 - permanent liabilities - sources of own funds |
|
Balance = A1-4 |
Balance = P1-4 |
An absolutely liquid balance is considered to be one for which the following ratios are fulfilled:
A 1 P 1 ; A 2 P 2 ; A 3 P 3 ; A 4 P 4 (1)
The fulfillment of the fourth relation from inequalities (1) indicates that the enterprise has its own working capital ( minimum condition financial stability). If at least one of the inequalities (1) is not fulfilled, the enterprise's balance sheet cannot be considered absolutely liquid. At the same time, the lack of funds in one group of assets is compensated by their excess in another group, however, compensation takes place only in terms of value, since in a real payment situation, less liquid assets cannot replace more liquid ones.
At it is also necessary to evaluate the maneuverability of own working capital:
Comparison of the most liquid funds and fast-moving assets with the most urgent liabilities allows you to find out the current liquidity, that is, liquidity (and solvency) at the current time.
The current liquidity ratio is equal to the ratio of all current assets to the amount of short-term liabilities:
This ratio shows how many rubles in assets account for one ruble of current liabilities and characterizes the expected solvency of the enterprise for a period equal to the average duration of one turnover of all working capital. The normal limit for this coefficient is: 1 K l.tech 2. The lower limit is due to the fact that working capital should be sufficient to cover their short-term obligations.
The quick liquidity ratio characterizes the expected solvency of the enterprise for a period equal to the average duration of one turnover of receivables:
Regulatory the value of the quick liquidity ratio: K l.fast 1. If the ratio of current assets and short-term liabilities is lower than 1:1, then we can talk about high financial risk associated with the fact that the company is not able to pay its bills; if the ratio is greater than 1:1, then it can be argued that the enterprise has a sufficient amount of free resources generated from its own sources.
The absolute liquidity ratio shows what part of the short-term debt the company can repay in the near future (as of the balance sheet date):
Regulatory limitation of this coefficient: K l.abs 0,2 0,5.
So Thus, the signs of a “good” balance sheet in terms of liquidity and solvency include the following:
current liquidity ratio > 2.0;
security of the enterprise with its own working capital > 0.1;
there is an increase in equity capital;
there are no sharp changes in individual balance sheet items;
accounts receivable is in accordance (balance) with the amount of accounts payable; there are no “sick” items in the balance sheet (losses, overdue debts to banks and the budget);
stocks and costs do not exceed the value of the minimum sources of their formation (own working capital, long-term credits and loans, short-term credits and loans).
Indicators liquidity in the aggregate give a versatile complex characteristic of the stability of the financial condition of an enterprise with different classifications of liquid funds in the accounting process.
The concept of sustainability is multifactorial and multifaceted. So, depending on the factors influencing it, the stability of the enterprise is divided into internal, external, general and financial. Internal stability - this is such a general financial condition of the enterprise, when a consistently high result of its functioning is ensured. To achieve it, an active response to changes in external and internal factors is necessary. The external stability of an enterprise in the presence of internal stability is due to the stability of the external economic environment within which its activities are carried out. It is achieved by an appropriate system of market economy management throughout the country. The overall stability of the enterprise is achieved by such an organization of cash flow, which ensures a constant excess of the receipt of funds (income) over their expenditure (costs). Financial stability is a reflection of a stable excess of income over expenses. It provides free maneuvering of the company's cash and contributes to the uninterrupted process of production and sale of products. Financial stability is formed in the process of all production and economic activities and can be considered the main component of the overall sustainability of the enterprise. The financial stability of the enterprise is characterized by relative and absolute indicators.
The most important indicator of this group of indicators - coefficient of concentration of own capital (coefficient of independence, autonomy). It shows the share of own funds in the value of the property of the enterprise:
Enough 0.5 is considered high. In this case, the risk of creditors is minimized. Having sold half of the property formed at the expense of its own funds, the enterprise will be able to pay off its debt obligations, even if the second half, in which the borrowed funds are invested, is depreciated for some reason.
The value inverse to K auth is the coefficient of financial dependence:
The coefficient of flexibility of own capital reflects the share of own capital invested in working capital, the degree of mobility of the use of own capital. The higher its value, the better the financial condition. The optimal value of the coefficient is 0.5.
The coefficient is determined by the formula:
The dependence of the enterprise on external loans characterizes the ratio of borrowed and own funds. This ratio is determined using the debt capital concentration ratio:
The coefficient characterizes the amount of borrowed funds per 1 ruble of equity, the degree of independence from external sources of financing. The higher the value of this indicator, the higher the risk of shareholders, since in case of default on payment obligations, the possibility of bankruptcy of the enterprise increases. The standard value of the indicator is 0.5 1.0. Its critical value is equal to one. The excess of the amount of debt over the amount of own funds indicates that the financial stability of the enterprise is in doubt.
Data on the debt of the enterprise must be compared with the debts of debtors. Their share in the value of property is calculated by the formula:
To characterize the structure of sources of enterprise funds, along with the above indicators, private indicators should be used that reflect various trends in the change in the structure of individual groups of sources. Let's take a look at these metrics.
The coefficient of the structure of long-term investments reflects the share of long-term liabilities in the composition of non-current assets:
The long-term fund raising ratio makes it possible to approximately estimate the share of borrowed funds in the financing of investment projects. It is equal to the ratio of the value of long-term loans and borrowings to the sum of the sources of the company's own funds and long-term loans and borrowings:
To characterize the ratio of borrowed funds and other elements, the following are calculated:
- debt capital structure ratio:
Ratio of borrowed and own funds:
Absolute indicators of financial stability are indicators that characterize the level of security of current assets with the sources of their formation. To characterize the sources of formation of stocks, three main indicators are determined.
Availability of own working capital (S OS), as the difference between capital and reserves and non-current assets. This indicator characterizes net working capital. In a formalized form, the availability of working capital can be written as follows:
S OS = Capital and reserves - Non-current assets (15)
Availability of own and long-term borrowed sources of reserves and costs (S OL), determined by increasing the previous indicator by the amount of long-term liabilities:
SOL= S OS+ long-term liabilities (16)
The total value of the main sources of formation of reserves and costs (O S), determined by increasing the previous indicator by the amount of short-term borrowings:
About S=S OL+ current liabilities (17)
Based on these indicators, the following indicators are calculated:
Surplus (+) or shortage (-) of own working capital (S OS):
SOS= S OS - stocks (18)
Surplus (+) or shortage (-) of own and long-term borrowed sources of reserves and costs (S OL):
SOL= S OL- stocks (19)
Surplus (+) or shortage (-) of the total value of the main sources of formation of reserves and costs (O S):
O S= O S - stocks (20)
In the further analysis of financial stability in the enterprise, four types of financial stability are distinguished:
Absolute stability (reserves< sos+ bank loans);
Normal stability (margins = s os+ bank loans);
Precarious financial position (stocks = s os+ bank loans + sources that ease financial tension);
Financial crisis (stocks > s os+ bank loans).
In the case when the balance sheet structure of the enterprise is recognized as unsatisfactory, and the enterprise is insolvent, and the current liquidity ratio has a normative value, it is required to calculate the solvency loss ratio for a period equal to 3 months:
where K l.current.k, n - respectively, the actual value of the current liquidity ratio at the end and at the beginning of the period;
To l. current. norms - normative value of the current liquidity ratio (=2);
T - length of the reporting period in months.
If the estimated value of the loss of solvency ratio is less than 1, then it can be decided that the company is in an unstable financial position and is threatened with loss of solvency in the near future.
In the event that the balance sheet structure is unsatisfactory, and the current liquidity ratio is below the normative value, the solvency recovery ratio should be calculated within six months:
If the calculated value of Kvosst is greater than 1, it can be concluded that the enterprise has the opportunity to restore its ability to pay loans.
Recently, when assessing the solvency and probability of bankruptcy of enterprises in Russia, they began to use an indicator known in international practice for analyzing the financial and economic activities of enterprises as the Altman Z-score. This is an integrated indicator calculated by the formula:
where A - assets;
II A - section IIa of the balance sheet (current assets);
P nr - retained earnings;
P in - sales profit;
In op - market value of ordinary and preferred shares;
L - liabilities.
The critical value of the Z coefficient is 1.8. If the Z value takes values from 1.8 to 2.7, the probability of bankruptcy is high; with values from 2.8 to 2.9 possible; with a value greater than 3.0 - the probability of bankruptcy is considered low.
It is important for the tax authority to answer the question of whether the enterprise is capable of paying taxes. Therefore, from the point of view of the tax authorities, the financial situation is characterized by the following indicators:
- balance sheet profit;
Return on assets;
- balance sheet profit per 1 ruble means for wages.
Based on these indicators, the tax authorities can also determine the receipt of payments to the budget in the future. Enterprise managers are primarily interested in resource efficiency and enterprise profitability. The main goal of financial activity is reduced to one strategic task - increase in the company's assets.
Thus, the methods for assessing the financial performance of the enterprise showed that the main methods are: horizontal (temporary) analysis; vertical (structural) analysis; trend analysis; analysis of relative indicators (coefficients); comparative (spatial analysis); factor analysis. Key elements analysis of financial results are: marginal income; profitability threshold; production leverage; marginal safety margin.
The main goal of analyzing the financial performance of an enterprise is to obtain a small number of key parameters that give an objective and accurate picture of the financial condition of the enterprise, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, in settlements with debtors and creditors.
The main objectives of the analysis of financial results are:
Assessment of the level and dynamics of absolute and relative indicators of financial results (profit and profitability);
Studying the structure of profit by types of financial results;
Determination of the influence of various factors on the amount of profit and the level of profitability;
The study of the distribution and use of profits of the enterprise;
Analysis of relative profitability indicators (profitability threshold analysis);
Determination of possible reserves for increasing profits and profitability, as well as ways to mobilize them.
The main source of information in the analysis of financial results is f. No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement". Additionally, information contained in f. No. 1 "Balance sheet", f. No. 3 "Statement of changes in equity", f. No. 5 "Appendix to the balance sheet", journal-order No. 10 - for items of production costs, journal-order No. 15 - for profit and loss accounts, journal-order No. 11 - for finished product accounts, f. No. 11 "Information on the presence and movement of fixed assets (funds) and other non-financial assets" (statistical reporting). In addition, the analysis uses data from a business plan and analytical accounting: accounts 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”, 99 “Profit and loss”.
Financial statements are a system of indicators reflecting the property and financial position of the organization on a certain date, as well as the financial results of its activities for the reporting period. The composition, content, requirements and other methodological foundations of financial statements are regulated by the accounting regulation “Accounting statements of an organization” (PBU 1 - PBU 10), approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 9, 1998.
The size of profit and profitability is influenced by two groups of factors: internal and external.
External factors - these are factors of the external environment of the enterprise. In most cases, it itself cannot influence them, and therefore is forced to adapt to them.
The group of external factors includes:
The level of development of the country's economy as a whole;
Natural (climatic) factors, transport and other conditions that cause additional costs for some enterprises and cause additional profit for others;
Measures to regulate the activities of enterprises by the state;
Changes in prices for raw materials, products, materials, fuel, energy carriers, purchased semi-finished products not provided for by the enterprise's plan; tariffs for services and transportation; depreciation rates; rental rates; the minimum wage and charges on it; rates of taxes and other fees paid by the enterprise;
Violation by suppliers, financial, banking and other organizations of state discipline on economic issues affecting the interests of the enterprise.
Internal factors are directly related to the results of the enterprise, mainly they can be influenced by the management of the enterprise.
The group of internal factors includes:
results of commercial activity,
The effectiveness of concluded transactions for the supply of goods,
Forms and systems of remuneration,
The volume and structure of trade,
labor productivity,
The level of gross income and distribution costs,
Efficiency of fixed and working capital,
The amount of other profit,
Violations of tax laws.
Profit analysis is carried out in several stages. At the first stage, the dynamics of profit and profitability is analyzed for the enterprise as a whole and for its divisions by identifying trends in the mass of profit and profitability for the period under study. For this purpose, the rates (basic and chain) of growth (decrease) of the analyzed indicators are calculated and compared with the dynamics of similar indicators of competitors and with the average annual rate of return on invested capital.
At the second stage, the influence of factors on profit and profitability is assessed.
The profit from the sale of products as a whole for the enterprise depends on four factors of the first level of subordination:
The volume of sales of products;
Its structures;
cost;
The level of average selling prices.
The volume of sales of products can have a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. An increase in sales of cost-effective products leads to a proportional increase in profits. If the product is unprofitable, then with an increase in the volume of sales, a decrease in the amount of profit occurs.
The structure of marketable products can have both a positive and a negative impact on the amount of profit. If the share of more profitable types of products in the total volume of its sales increases, then the amount of profit will increase, and, conversely, with an increase in the share of low-profit or unprofitable products, the total amount of profit will decrease.
The cost of production and profit are inversely proportional: a decrease in cost leads to a corresponding increase in the amount of profit and vice versa.
The change in the level of average selling prices and the amount of profit are directly proportional: with an increase in the price level, the amount of profit increases, and vice versa.
The effectiveness and economic feasibility of the functioning of the enterprise are evaluated not only by absolute, but also by relative indicators. The latter, in particular, include a system of profitability indicators.
In the broad sense of the word, the concept of profitability means profitability, profitability. An enterprise is considered profitable if the income from the sale of products (works, services) covers the costs of production (circulation) and, in addition, form an amount of profit sufficient for the normal functioning of the enterprise.
The economic essence of profitability can be disclosed only through the characteristics of the system of indicators. Their general meaning is to determine the amount of profit from one ruble of invested capital.
Profitability indicators characterize the relative profitability or profitability, measured as a percentage of the cost of funds or property.
Profitability of sales shows how much profit falls on the ruble of products sold. The decrease indicates a decrease in demand for the company's products. The level of profitability of sales is determined by the ratio of profit from the sale of products to the amount of proceeds from the sale of products without VAT and excises.
The profitability of the entire capital of the enterprise shows the efficiency of the use of all the property of the enterprise. The decline indicates a drop in demand for products and an overaccumulation of assets. The profitability of the entire capital of the enterprise is determined by the ratio of the profit of the reporting year to the value of the property of the enterprise.
The profitability of non-current assets reflects the efficiency of the use of non-current assets. The level of profitability of non-current assets is determined by dividing the profit of the reporting year by the cost of non-current assets.
Return on equity shows the effectiveness of the use of equity capital. The dynamics of the coefficient affects the level of quotation of the company's shares. The return on equity is determined by the ratio of the profit of the reporting year to the equity capital of the enterprise.
Return on permanent capital reflects the effectiveness of the use of capital invested in the activities of the enterprise (both own and borrowed capital). Return on permanent capital is determined by dividing the profit of the reporting year by the amount of equity and long-term liabilities.
For the analysis of profitability indicators, the following sources of information are used: financial plan, forms No. I and No. 2 of the enterprise's financial statements, accounting registers.