Is it necessary to insulate floor slabs? Thermal insulation of monolithic floors

Floors made from monolithic reinforced concrete floor slabs have long been known and have proven themselves in the construction of private and multi-storey buildings. To this day, they are in demand and popular, especially in the construction of cottages. large area. Reinforced concrete hollow-core floor slabs have a lot of advantages; the design of these slabs is such that, in addition to evenly distributing the load over the entire surface, they also additionally add rigidity and stability to the building.

General information and advantages of reinforced concrete slabs

The slabs are made of concrete, in which iron reinforcement is installed during pouring. The slabs have longitudinal voids along their length round shape, which in combination with reinforcement gives the structure huge advantage. The reinforced concrete slab is able to withstand bending, does not break under high loads, it is very durable at correct operation during construction. Factory-produced monolithic slabs meet all the requirements for floors; they are durable and resistant to high temperatures. It is very important that reinforced concrete slab It is a good sound insulator and, in addition, retains heat.

Equally important is the fact that the use of slabs in construction greatly speeds up and simplifies the process; they can be installed where no other flooring method is suitable. For example, laying the floors of a private house with an area of over 100 m² using pouring will take a lot of time, in addition to labor costs, as well as financial expenses will be much higher than when laying the floor with reinforced concrete slabs.

Correct selection of slabs and calculations

When laying the floor of the first floor, you need to understand that a large load will be placed on it, so it is important to correctly calculate the weight of the structure and take into account everything, right down to the total weight of the house and the furniture or equipment that will be installed in the premises. The thickness of reinforced concrete slabs is standard and equal to 220 mm, but the slabs can be designed for different weight loads depending on their brand. Here, the reinforcement of the slab and what grade of concrete it is made of play a role.

Iron concrete plates are produced in lengths of 2.4-6.8 meters, the width of such slabs, depending on the length, is 1.2-1.5 meters, weight 0.9-2.5 tons. This allows the use of small equipment during construction, cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 3 tons. It is not difficult to understand which slab you need; a marking is placed on the surface, for example, a PC 8-42-12 slab will be 4.2 meters long, 1.2 m wide, with a weight load of 800 kg/m².

Rules for installing slabs depending on the floor

When laying floor slabs, it is important to consider where they will be laid, since the rules for installing a basement floor differ from laying floors between floors.

In the case of laying a basement floor, it is necessary to first carry out work to level the foundation, namely its upper edge. To do this, the upper edge of the foundation is not made high formwork made of boards, here it is necessary to pour a small layer of concrete to create a perfectly flat horizontal surface. Now a reinforced concrete slab can be laid on such a platform.

The slabs are laid taking into account their taper; it turns out that the lower part of the slab will fit smoothly with the adjacent row. A small seam forms at the top, which must be sealed with cement mortar. This results in an almost flat floor surface in the shortest possible time. Depending on the type of floor you'll be laying, you may need to use a thin screed, but for most flooring materials, a slab without additional finishing is suitable.

In the case when a reinforced concrete slab is laid as a floor between floors, an additional reinforced concrete belt must be made on the walls made of bricks or blocks. This is something like a seismic belt, which is performed as follows. When the height of the walls is laid out to the required height, another row is laid, but one layer needs to be laid in order to leave an inner end around the entire perimeter, into which the slab will lie, and from the outside this place will be covered with brick. Before laying the slab, as in the first case, it is necessary to perform formwork and pour a thin layer of concrete with reinforcement. As a result, a niche is formed with a small gap for laying insulation materials, where the slab is laid. Thin layer reinforced concrete increases the strength of the surface and evenly distributes the load from the slab along the walls.

Insulation

The floor slabs themselves serve good insulation, since they are located inside the premises of the house, there is no need to insulate them, however, it is necessary to insulate the ends. The stove has high thermal conductivity, which is undoubtedly good, because the stove top floor conducts heat from below and thus the floor becomes warm. But the stove will receive cold from the ends, so you need to protect it with a layer of insulation. In the niche that was formed during the reinforcement process, where the slab adjoins the wall, it is necessary to lay insulation. Then this space, like the rest of the cracks, is filled with concrete.

It is necessary to carry out insulation, otherwise condensation will form in these voids, which the slab will absorb and gradually collapse. In addition to the destruction of the slab, humidity will appear in the room, and in places where there is reinforcement, rust will appear, which will not be covered with any putty.

Actually this is the process of creating floors and interfloor ceilings finished, now you can start finishing the floor with materials. As already mentioned, you may have to apply a thin leveling layer of screed

With these types of work it can help you significantly construction equipment, For example

The final operation zero cycle is the installation of floor slabs on the foundation, which cannot be done without lifting equipment. For most construction work TTK maps have been developed to eliminate injuries and ensure the required quality.

The PC layout plan takes into account interfloor technological openings, the range of reinforced concrete products from factories in the region, the configuration of the building, and the presence of ventilation ducts in the internal load-bearing walls. Monolithic areas that will have to be filled locally are indicated separately. Delivery of floor slabs is carried out on semi-trailers only if the length of the products is within 3.2 m. If non-standard panels of greater length are used, they are moved on panel trucks.

The basic rules for laying prefabricated floors are as follows:

panels can only be laid on foundations leveled in a horizontal plane;
with a height difference of up to 5 cm, leveling with a screed is allowed; for larger values, only with masonry or an armored belt poured into the formwork;
support from 6 cm for reinforced concrete, from 12.5 cm for brickwork;
the thickness of the pastel mortar is 15 – 20 mm with mandatory longitudinal reinforcement with a rod round section 10 – 12 mm (A240 fittings);
adjustment of PC products should be carried out with crowbars in the first 10 minutes, always with tensioned slings;
concrete plugs for voids are installed in the slab before or after laying, depending on the availability of access to the ends of the product;
Anchoring the panels together is mandatory, with load-bearing walls depending on the project.

Attention! It is prohibited to crush PC slabs with crushed bricks or crushed stone to level the lower planes of the basement/underground ceiling. Sand or solution must be sifted before work begins.

Surface preparation

Before placing the slabs on the supporting surface, the foundation is cleaned of mortar, concrete deposits, and dirt. To install the first reinforced concrete product, workers need stepladders, scaffolding, ladders or scaffolding in the basement. If a prefabricated floor is being made on a MZLF foundation, these devices are usually not necessary.

Before installation, the quality of waterproofing of the upper edge of the foundation is checked. The film or roll layer must be continuous and be a continuation of the vertical waterproofing of the outer and inner walls.

At the same stage, a solution is prepared at the rate of 2 - 6 buckets for each floor slab, depending on its width. Or you can order a mixture from a mortar unit of guaranteed brand strength. The mortar bed is laid for one/several panels depending on the following factors:

air temperature - freezing cement-sand mixture capable of freezing and drying out in the heat with loss of properties;
experience of workers - professionals usually apply a bed for 3 - 4 reinforced concrete products, taking into account monolithic areas.

Attention! Working surface The PC is the bottom edge of the slab, so one specialist with a bubble level is needed from below to control the horizontal in two directions and maintain the flatness of adjacent panels.

Installation of PC panels

Laying the floor slabs begins from the corner closest to the faucet or from the wall with the ventilation duct. In any case, two installers are enough for slinging. Work is usually carried out from the vehicle that delivered the PC product to the site in order to reduce unloading time. To ensure design support, the length of the spans is pre-measured with a tape measure.

The TTK maps indicate in detail how to correctly lay slabs on a foundation with minimal costs time:

slinging by mounting loops - with sling hooks or special lifting devices;
supplying the product to the installation site - workers are at a safe distance, unfolding the panel into the design position using hooks in weight;
laying - after leveling the mortar bed, longitudinal reinforcement is sunk into it in the middle of the supporting surface (3 cm from the edge for reinforced concrete, 6 cm for masonry), the floor slab is leveled on both sides, smoothly lowered into place, the slings remain taut.

If necessary, the reinforced concrete product is adjusted with crowbars during the first 10 minutes relative to the axis of the wall. Then the slings are loosened completely, the lower worker controls the horizontal in two directions.

Attention! Leveling with mortar is carried out by lifting the slab by all mounting loops, and not by one side. If you lift the PC by two loops, spontaneous movement is possible, squeezing out the solution from under the second edge.

When installing the first slab, the foundation cannot be used for workers to walk on, regardless of the width of the tape. It is necessary to use scaffolding, stepladders, and scaffolding. Then the prefabricated floor is mounted according to the layout diagram, the slabs are laid close to each other with their long sides. Concrete (less often polystyrene foam) plugs are usually placed in the voids at the ends after installation of everything prefabricated floor basement

Tying slabs with reinforcement

The rules for laying interfloor slabs provide slab anchoring according to the following schemes:

outer plates - diagonal tying with wire 3 - 5 mm;
adjacent panels - U-shaped lintels made of smooth reinforcement A240 with a diameter of 10 mm;
slab/wall – L-shaped anchor with a bend of 30 – 40 cm;
longitudinal connections - between the slabs resting on the internal load-bearing wall, smooth reinforcement 10 mm.

Thus, the prefabricated horizontal disk of the floor receives additional spatial rigidity and connection with walls made of bricks and concrete blocks.

Attention: The standard support for PC slabs is 6 – 12.5 cm. In the event of seismic activity, the anchors will ensure the evacuation of people from the building, preventing individual slabs from collapsing.

For normal connection of the PC with internal load-bearing walls, it is enough to place 3 longitudinal anchors on each linear meter length. All elements are joined to the mounting loops by welding in accordance with SP 70.13330 for enclosing and load-bearing structures.

Thermal insulation of joints

After laying the slab, the perimeter of the foundation is leveled with brickwork. This material is a cold bridge by default, so it is necessary to lay bars of extruded polystyrene foam or mineral wool between it and the floor slab. Only in this case will heat loss through the floor be minimal.

Scheme of insulation of the ends of floor slabs.

It is allowed to use solid strips along the entire length of the wall, assembled from pieces of insulation. If there are cracks, it is necessary to fill them with polyurethane foam, the characteristics of which are almost similar to the specified heat insulator.

Sealing joints

The above thermal insulation is required exclusively along the outer perimeter of the floor slabs. However, reinforced concrete products have conical longitudinal edges, so there are seams between them. In addition, the width of internal load-bearing walls is usually greater than the supporting surfaces of two adjacent slabs. In the first case, it is enough to fill the longitudinal joints of the floor slabs with M100 mortar. In the second option, it is necessary to monolith the area, connecting the slabs and the foundation. For this you can use ready-mixed concrete class B12.5 and above.

Attention! On sections of internal load-bearing walls strip foundation may contain ventilation ducts coming from the underground level. Before laying the mixture on this monolithic area it is necessary to first carry out the masonry to extend the channels to the next floor.

This technology allows you to lay PC slabs on the foundation with minimal time without reducing the strength of the horizontal floor disc. At the same time, a rigid connection with the load-bearing walls is ensured, and the safety of residents during natural disasters is guaranteed.

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Floor slabs are reinforced concrete products that are produced for construction various structures. They are made of crushed stone and concrete using powerful reinforcement.

The floors are made of crushed stone and concrete using powerful reinforcement.

Laying floor slabs, like any technology, has its own characteristics and rules that need to be paid attention to.

It is important to familiarize yourself with the main stages of work in advance in order to avoid mistakes during the construction process.

In private construction, reinforced concrete round floors are most often used. hollow core slabs. They are popular due to their advantages, which distinguish them from other types of flooring. Thanks to the voids that are filled with air, they retain heat well and increase sound insulation. Unlike some others similar products, they have significantly less weight, which reduces the load on supporting structures.

Necessary tools for work: trowel, hammer, tape measure.

To carry out the work you will need the appropriate tools and equipment:

truck crane or tower crane;
loop grip;
steel solution box;
construction steel scrap;
electrode holder;
Bulgarian;
shovels: mortar and pick-up;
trowel;
cam, crowbar;
steel wire brush;
hammer and chisel;
- bucket;
roulette, level.

The following materials will be needed:

floors;
cement-sand mortar;
electrodes;
expanded polystyrene.

Diagram of a hollow core slab.

Hollow-core slabs are produced to order in any size, but sometimes situations arise during the installation process when you need to reduce their width or length, cut the required form. In this case, the slab must be cut using a grinder and a crowbar.

There are two cutting options: lengthwise and crosswise. In order to cut the material crosswise, the following scheme is used:

the ceiling is located horizontally with linings laid under it;
the necessary markings for shortening are applied;
the structure is cut with a grinder along the marked lines;
using a cam, blows are made on the voids near the cut line along the entire width;
The bottom wall of the pipe is broken through with a crowbar, and the fittings underneath are cut with a grinder with a metal disc installed.

Approximately the same pattern is used to cut lengthwise. But this will take more time, since the length is greater than the width. The stages of work will be as follows:

it is necessary to mark a line and make a longitudinal cut along it with a grinder;
use your fist to break the wall of the void that runs along the slab;
Use a crowbar to break through the bottom wall of the pipe.

During cutting, reinforcement mesh rods are found in the concrete layer, which can also be cut with a grinder.

Laying with insufficient width

Floor slab installation diagram.

During the process of laying slabs, it may turn out that the dimensions of the room do not correspond to their dimensions. As a result, gaps appear between the floor elements or between them and the wall. Exists simple circuit fix this problem.

The size of the gap must be divided into two equal parts. In this case, the first slab is laid at a certain distance from the wall, which is equal to the width of one of the resulting parts. All other structures are mounted end-to-end. As a result, a gap forms between the slab and the last wall, where it is necessary to poke a cinder block. It is securely fixed, as it rests against the slab. You need to lay the cinder block so that its holes point to the sides, and not down or up. External wall the structure will further secure it. This design may not seem reliable at first glance, but in reality it is quite durable.

There is another technology for bridging the gap, when its size is distributed between the plates. Then, under each gap, a board is tied, which acts as formwork, into which reinforcement is laid and concrete is poured.

Cracked structure

Sometimes during construction it is discovered that the floor slab has cracked before it has even been laid. The cause of such a defect is improper storage or transportation. The construction material must be stored in a certain way, observing basic rules.

Structural elements must be stacked without touching the ground. Under the lower one, you need to place a non-wetting and non-rotting base, high enough and strong enough. It is advisable to lay the slabs in a horizontal position and install gaskets between them from wooden slats. The distance from the slats to the edge of the product should be 20-40 cm.

If all the necessary conditions complied with, if available solid foundation the stack can have 8-10 rows, but should not be more than 2.5 meters high.

Laying a broken slab

If the slab does crack, can it be used as a floor? Builders quite often use flooring materials with similar defects during construction; they are laid provided that the cracks are not too large. At the same time, it is important not to load them too much and to secure them additionally.

There are several options where it is better to install slabs with cracks.

Place it on the outer or load-bearing wall by 0.1-0.15 m. This laying scheme assumes that the slab will rest simultaneously on three walls not only with its short edges, but also with its long side. It is securely pressed against the higher walls, thereby providing additional support.
You can lay the slab where it is installed brick partition, which will support it.
There is another installation scheme, when the burst material is mounted between two whole ones. During installation, rusts form between the structures, which must be carefully sealed with mortar to create an almost monolithic ceiling.
The deformed slab can be laid in a place where there is minimal load. For example, for attic floor, but it is important that structural elements the roofs did not rest on it.
If the cracks are quite large, about 4-10 mm or there are many of them, it is necessary to cut off the damaged part and use only the whole one.

Sealing joints

A joint or rustle is where the long sides meet. To obtain a strong and solid ceiling, all rustications must be filled with mortar. Round-hollow flooring materials have locks on the sides, which look like round recesses. During the process of pouring rustications, the recesses are filled with concrete and the slabs are securely connected to each other.

Sometimes you come across defective products that have incorrectly made sides with locks. When they are connected, the notch is at the bottom, and the top is tightly joined. As a result, it seems that it will be difficult to fill such rust with concrete. In fact, the scheme of operation is quite simple. To repair defective rust, it is necessary to connect the ceiling elements not end-to-end, but to leave a small gap - 2-3 cm. It should be located in the upper part. At the bottom, along the length of the rust, you need to tie wooden board, which will serve as formwork for pouring concrete. The solution, which is not thick in consistency, is poured into the rustication through the upper gap. After the solution has hardened, the work can be considered completed.

Installation technology

Diagram of a prefabricated floor slab.

The slabs are laid and lifted by a truck crane. A device is attached to its main hook, which has four cables of the same length with hooks that are connected to mounting loops located on the floors. This scheme prevents rotation during lifting and ensures a horizontal position for the product.

The technology involves laying the material on a solution that will prevent the formation of cracks and promote a strong fit building elements. Therefore, within 10-20 minutes it is allowed to move them using a crowbar to give the desired position. The slabs must rest on load-bearing walls and approach them by about 0.12-0.15 m.

A steel rod is inserted into the mounting loops, which are located nearby, and its protruding edges are bent inward, after which they are connected using welding. As a result, adjacent slabs are firmly connected.

It is important that the flooring is laid as quickly as possible. comfortable conditions. For example, you can place a bowl with a solution on the first installed structure so as not to be distracted from work and not waste time and energy going downstairs to get it every time.

The laying scheme after completion of their installation provides for sealing the ends to prevent freezing. These actions will help to additionally preserve heat in the house, since the cold will not be able to get inside.

Sealing the ends

There are several ways to seal the ends of slabs.

You can use mineral wool and fill the voids of the pipes with it approximately 0.2-0.3 m deep.
Fill voids to 0.12-0.25 m lightweight concrete mortar or close with concrete plugs.
To fill voids, use backfill bricks on mortar and seal the surface with mortar.

Sometimes the slab is very close to the facing masonry. If there is no insulation between them and the ends are not sealed, the ceiling will begin to freeze and become covered with ice in the room. The stove will become a source of cold, and when the heating is turned on, due to a sharp temperature difference, “dew” will form on its surface. To get rid of this problem already finished house, the following scheme of actions will do.

It is necessary to drill with a hammer drill bottom side slabs hole in frozen pipes.
Insert a tube slanted to the side into the resulting recess. outer wall and blow through it polyurethane foam.
The result should be a foam plug extending to a depth of 01.-0.2 m, which will serve as a heat insulator.

The ends must be sealed not only for slabs resting on external walls, but also for those resting on internal ones.

During construction residential buildings Concrete floor slabs are often used. These reinforced concrete products are used both for and in the construction of walls. They are made from high-quality concrete using a reinforced frame. The reliability and durability of buildings mainly depends on the quality of the materials used.

Floor slab structures

Overlapping with a monolithic slab

They are characterized by increased strength, which allows them to be used in places with an increased risk of sagging. Maximum protection against various deformations, but at the same time poor sound insulation. It is heavy, which is a significant disadvantage of this type during construction.

Hollow-core structures

The most popular, due to the lighter weight of the product. Due to the voids, these slabs have low thermal conductivity and good sound insulation. Manufacturing costs are significantly lower than in production monolithic slabs. They are often made of ribbed or cellular concrete.

Mainly manufactured in fixed sizes. And when designing a building, it is necessary to take into account the dimensions of standard manufactured slabs. Depending on the requirements for future construction, the slabs are also classified by weight. Their average weight varies from 500 kg to 4 tons.

The use of concrete hollow slabs in foundation construction has been around for quite some time. But the installation of frost protection for floor slabs is not always thought through.

Damp and freezing walls are one of the most serious factors in the fragility of buildings.

The appearance of mold significantly affects the health of home occupants.

Wall freezing factors

Incorrect filling of joints between slabs. Poorly filled seams lead to a violation of the heat-insulating properties of the floors. Increases the chance of cracks forming. Through them the stove absorbs moisture.
Poor quality solution in the production of products. Choosing cheap or diluted solutions results in frequent moisture penetration. They usually have a very loose structure and cannot withstand pressure.
Errors in the design of the heating system. Poorly heated rooms are much more susceptible to frostbite on the walls. After moisture accumulates, they begin to freeze both externally and internally. inside.
Subcooling of metal reinforcement elements and anchors. When various cracks appear, moisture begins to enter the metal components of hollow core slabs. As a result, corrosion may occur. The structure of such slabs softens and is more susceptible to decay from low temperatures.
Exhaust pipes collect condensate. With weak draft, moisture accumulates inside exhaust pipes, which leads to their freezing and reduced operating efficiency. At the same time, poor air circulation contributes to the accumulation of unnecessary moisture.
Small wall thickness. The thickness of the walls is not taken into account for their use in the climatic conditions of this region.
Low thermal qualities of the materials used. When choosing materials, the balance is generally tipped towards strength, while often when installing insulation, it is simply not taken into account low level thermal insulation.
Insufficient cross ventilation. In poorly ventilated rooms, the outer walls freeze much more strongly, losing their heat-shielding properties. Unsatisfactory internal waterproofing between the wall and the insulation leads to freezing outer surface, and then to the destruction of masonry.
Foundations with poor waterproofing, especially in houses without basements.
Violation of the vapor barrier structure in attic floors. Poorly executed thermal insulation transfers its functions to the cement screed. Concrete surface collects moisture, accumulating condensation, and moisturizes the insulation. Heat protection material begins to lose its original properties, which decrease significantly, as a result of which the floor slabs begin to freeze. The insulation also increases its weight due to the accumulated liquid.
Often flooded basements.
The blind areas are made incorrectly or are missing.
Vertical waterproofing of basement walls was done incorrectly. Low air circulation leads to mold and condensation.
Bad in the production process. The frost resistance and water resistance of the structure of manufactured hollow core slabs depends on the quality of concrete compaction. A poorly compacted compound becomes too porous and the protection of the substrate is significantly reduced.
Installation of insufficient thickness of the finishing layer.

By saving on the finishing layer, you can end up with global destruction. When the air temperature fluctuates, the cladding gradually crumbles, reducing the wall's protection from getting wet and frost. And as a result, the strength of the entire structure is compromised, increasing the chances of emergency situations.

Prevention measures

To protect floor slabs from freezing, you need to take the following measures:

Carefully and airtightly fill the space between the plates.
High-quality installation of joint sealing must be waterproof (thanks to sealing mastics) and heat-protective (using insulating bags). With air protection, the distance between the plates is filled with sealing gaskets. The compression of the material of such gaskets should be at least 30-50%.
Monitor and check the operation of the building ventilation as often as possible.
Poor air circulation in rooms contributes to long-term drying of thermal insulation layers, accumulation of excess moisture and the appearance of mold. The heaving soil under the base of the foundation and the walls of the basement should not be allowed to freeze, and the air temperature should not be allowed to ground floor drop below zero.
If the building does not have a basement, then it is necessary to install horizontal waterproofing between the ground and the surface of the basement.
Increase the layer of thermal insulation on the attic floors.
Maintain blind areas and drainage devices in good condition. Reducing the likelihood of freezing of hollow core slabs depends on the efficiency of their work.
During the first 3 years of operation of the building, it is necessary to clear the distance drainage systems at least twice a year, subsequently - once every three years.
Carry out drying on damp areas of the walls without worsening their condition.
Try to reduce humidity in rooms with poor ventilation. In any room, air humidity should not exceed 60%.

Fixes

Of course, it is always better to prevent a problem than to correct its consequences. But if measures were not applied on time and freezing nevertheless began, you need to start correcting the mistakes as quickly as possible. There are a number various methods fixing problems with freezing walls.

Depending on the reasons and locations

The appearance of dampness and black spots in the area top floors, as a rule, occurs if the installation of attic floor insulation is insufficient or poor quality. First of all, defects in the joints between the plates are eliminated, which reduces the appearance of moisture on interior walls. Typically, expanded clay is used as insulation in attic floors. According to the standards, for its productive action it must be at least 30 cm.

Be sure to check for ventilation problems attic space. The lack of high-quality air exchange leads to the appearance of condensation and overcooling of the floor slabs. Check the roof for leaks.
Problems can also arise due to poor-quality sealing of joints in the walls and balcony slabs. Moisture can get into the joints between the wall and the slabs, causing damp spots. You should dry the walls as soon as possible and seal any moisture ingress.

If the gap is no more than 8 cm, then polyurethane foam can be used. To use it, you must first clean the edges of the crack from concrete crumbs. Polyethylene and silicone surfaces require additional processing acetone. The foam hardens within 24 hours. Then the excess foam must be cut off, you can stationery knife, and plaster the surface, thereby closing the bridge of cold. If the gap at the joint is more than 8 cm, then you will have to use thick cement mortar.

Check the effectiveness of balcony drains. If the sealing of seam joints is broken, it is best to re-seal it using newer and quality materials. The strength of the building structure largely depends on the quality of filling of the joints. Proper sealing should be carried out only after thorough surface preparation:

repair the external surfaces of wall panels;
dry all wet and damp areas;
Remove all damaged sealant before applying a new coat.

Under no circumstances should mastic be allowed to be applied to wet and untreated areas. It is best to carry out joint repairs in above-zero and dry weather.
If an imbalance in the thermal protection of walls is detected, insulation should be addressed by expanding them.

Wall insulation options

For example, using a layer brickwork can be veneered outside walls. This can be done without special skills. For this you will need:

bricks;
level, tape measure and order, if the wall needs to be built high;
sand-cement mortar in a ratio of 4:1 or glue solution for masonry;
drill with mixer;
trowel and solution container;
access to electricity.

You can also insulate the walls with plaster insulation on reinforcing mesh. To do this, use dowels to install the reinforcing mesh to the wall. The latter does not have to be metal. Plaster is applied between the wall and the mesh and on top. This can be a cement mortar or a ready-made dry mixture for wet rooms. They are more expensive, but last much longer than usual, since they have special additives in their composition.

Another of the highest quality methods is the installation of vapor barrier material and insulation from the inside concrete wall. Installation is carried out by installing a frame lined with tiled insulation. To make such a frame and fill the distance with insulation between the wall and finishing material, you can use various fasteners and hardware. These can be mounting brackets, plastic dowels, “fungi”, and glue, as in finished form, and in the form of a dry mixture that requires preparation. After that, be sure to finish it with plaster or any other finishing material.

Materials for frame and insulation:

metal profiles or wooden slats;
screws for metal or wood;
sealant and polyurethane foam;
vapor barrier membrane or aluminum foil on isofilm;
sheet insulation, mineral or fiberglass wool;
dry mixture for plaster.

Tools for installing the frame and insulation:

grinder with circles for cutting metal or special scissors;
drill with mixer attachment;
screwdrivers or screwdriver;
tape measure, level and pencil;
spatulas and graters for grinding;
solution container.

Between the frame and the wall you need to leave a space of about 50 mm and fill it with expanded clay. This material will perfectly absorb remaining moisture from the wall and stop the appearance of mold. Thus, the wall thickness increases by 150 mm. There are 80 mm foam blocks that successfully replace such frame structures. Installation is carried out using ordinary cement-sand mortar (1:4).

On particularly cold and damp walls, you can install a system called “warm floor” or run it around the perimeter warm baseboard. This solution is best for corner rooms. When choosing a method for heating walls, the most suitable option is electric film or infrared flooring. You should not install it yourself. To heat the seam under the baseboard, you can use a heated floor, where heating element cable is used.

Installing a stationary wall-mounted electric heater will not completely solve the problem poor quality insulation between the plates, but you can install it yourself.

For this you will need:

drill or hammer drill;
anchors or dowels;
hammer;
socket.

Whatever the reason for freezing of hollow core slabs, it is necessary to significantly reduce the humidity in the premises, be sure to check the efficiency of the ventilation and monitor quality work heating systems. All work to repair the building and eliminate the causes of freezing should be carried out carefully and accurately. If you forget about some detail, you risk encountering this problem again, and very soon.

When constructing any buildings, and especially housing, it is important to create the maximum level of comfort in the premises. Indicators of this level are humidity and temperature regime. Protection from cold external air and moisture penetration is provided by enclosing structures (walls, ceilings).

Only technical characteristics the construction material itself for reliable protection not enough. Therefore, insulating the floor slab is as important as insulating the walls. For floors above basements insulation is provided in the floor design. The first layer is laid over reinforced concrete slabs cement strainer, which serves as a base, but often only seal the seams between the slabs.

Wooden logs are installed on slabs on thin soundproofing pads made of fiberboard or Chipboard thickness about 25 mm. The space between the joists is filled with insulation. The most common ones include mineral wool, soft basalt slabs, ready-made dry backfills, and Izol series materials. Next, a vapor barrier layer (any roll material such as roofing felt, glassine, etc.).

In addition to laying insulation on a horizontal surface, it is also necessary to insulate the ends of the floor slabs to prevent them from freezing in winter period. To do this, the holes in the ends are first clogged with construction waste (for example, brick fragments) and filled with mortar. The space between the masonry and the end of the slab, approximately 50 mm, is filled with insulation (mineral wool, polystyrene foam, basalt insulation).

We insulate attic floors

To insulate the attic floor slabs, the same materials are used as for the slabs above the basement. But vapor barrier materials are laid as the first layer on the slabs. The thickness of the insulation is determined by calculation taking into account the climatic zone of construction.

When choosing soft insulation It should be taken into account that under any load it will compress, gradually losing its heat-shielding properties. These loads, at least temporary, from walking on the ceiling to inspect the roof, and especially when storing some things in the attic, are inevitable. Therefore, it is necessary to provide areas with walking bridges along wooden joists or areas with dense flooring also made along logs.

If you plan to purchase PB or PC floor slabs for the attic floor, then insulation of the ends of the floor slabs is carried out in a similar way to the method already described.

At repair work additional insulation Attic floor slabs can also be made along the inner surface on the side of the living space. A good effect is also achieved by laying a thin insulating layer under the suspended ceiling structure.

When insulating the floor slab using any materials under wooden floors on joists or attic walkways, a ventilation gap should be left between the insulation and the wooden flooring.