The artistic style of speech, as the name implies, is characteristic of the language of fiction.
Literary scholars and linguists call it one of the most important means of artistic communication. We can say that it is a linguistic form of expressing figurative content. We should not forget that when we consider the artistic style of speech, we are talking at the intersection of literary criticism and linguistics. It should be noted that the norms of a literary language are just a kind of starting point for qualitatively different language norms.
Peculiarities artistic style speeches
This style of speech can include colloquial, colloquial, clerical, and many other styles. Every writer's language obeys only those laws that the author himself creates. Many linguists note that in last decades literary language gradually removes restrictions - it becomes open to dialects, jargon, colloquial vocabulary. The artistic style of speech presupposes, first of all, freedom in the choice of words, which, however, must be associated with the greatest responsibility, expressed in a sense of proportionality and conformity.
Artistic style of speech: main features
The first sign of the described style is the original presentation of the word: it seems to be torn out of its schematic connections and placed in “unusual circumstances.” Thus, a presentation of the word arises in which it becomes interesting in itself, and not in context. Secondly, it is characteristic high level linguistic organization, that is, additional ordering. The degree of organization of speech in prose consists in dividing the text into chapters and parts; in a dramatic work - on acts, scenes, phenomena. The most complex level of linguistic organization in poetic speech seems to be metrication, stanza, and the use of rhymes. By the way, one of the most striking properties artistic speech in a poetic work there is a high degree of polysemy.
In literary prose, as a rule, ordinary human speech comes to the fore, which is one of the means of characterizing characters (the so-called speech portrait of the hero).
Comparison
Comparison is of great importance in the language of almost any work. This term can be defined as follows: “Comparison is main way formation of new ideas." It serves mainly to indirectly characterize the phenomenon and contributes to the creation of completely new images.
Language work of art
Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that the artistic style of speech is characterized primarily by imagery. Each of its elements is aesthetically significant: not only words are important, but also sounds, rhythm, and melody of the language. You can find examples of artistic style of speech by opening any literary work. Every writer strives, first of all, for freshness and originality of the image - this explains the widespread use of special means of expression.
Introduction
1. Literary and artistic style
2. Imagery as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness
3. Vocabulary with subject meaning as the basis for visualization
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Depending on the scope of the language, the content of the statement, the situation and the goals of communication, several functional-style varieties, or styles, are distinguished, characterized by a certain system of selection and organization in them linguistic means.
Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by features the use of linguistic means in this area and their specific organization.
The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of the language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish between the styles of official speech (book): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are contrasted with the style of informal speech - colloquial and everyday.
The literary and artistic style of speech stands apart in this classification, since the question of the legality of its isolation into a separate functional style has not yet been resolved, since it has rather blurred boundaries and can use the linguistic means of all other styles. The specificity of this style is also the presence in it of various visual and expressive means to convey a special property - imagery.
1. Literary and artistic style
As we noted above, the question of the language of fiction and its place in the system functional styles is resolved ambiguously: some researchers (V.V. Vinogradov, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Kozhina, A.N. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin) include a special artistic style in the system of functional styles , others (L.Yu. Maksimov, K.A. Panfilov, M.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev, V.D. Bondaletov) believe that there is no reason for this. The following are given as arguments against distinguishing the style of fiction: 1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language; 2) it is multi-styled, open-ended, and does not have specific features that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole; 3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.
It seems to us that the opinion of M.N. is very legitimate. Kozhina that “extending artistic speech beyond functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of language. If we remove artistic speech from the list of functional styles, but assume that literary language exists in many functions, and this cannot be denied, then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such when it enters a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language.”
The main goal of the literary and artistic style is to master the world according to the laws of beauty, satisfy the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, and have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.
Used in literary works different kinds and genres: stories, novels, poems, poems, tragedies, comedies, etc.
The language of fiction, despite its stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author’s individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of ways specific features, allowing one to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.
The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphoricality, imagery of linguistic units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, polysemy, and different stylistic layers of vocabulary is observed. The artistic style (compared to other functional styles) has its own laws of word perception. The meaning of a word is largely determined by the author’s goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given literary work it can acquire artistic ambiguity not recorded in dictionaries; secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is assessed by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic:
The use of linguistic means in fiction is ultimately subordinated to the author's intention, the content of the work, the creation of an image and the impact through it on the addressee. Writers in their works proceed, first of all, from accurately conveying thoughts and feelings, truthfully revealing the spiritual world of the hero, and realistically recreating language and image. Not only the normative facts of language, but also deviations from general literary norms are subject to the author’s intention and the desire for artistic truth.
The breadth of literary speech covering the means of the national language is so great that it allows us to affirm the idea of the fundamental potential possibility of including all existing linguistic means (though connected in a certain way) into the style of fiction.
The listed facts indicate that the style of fiction has a number of features that allow it to take its own special place in the system of functional styles of the Russian language.
2. Imagery as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness
Figurativeness and expressiveness are integral properties of artistic and literary style, therefore we can conclude from this that imagery is also necessary element of this style. However, this concept is still much broader; most often in linguistic science the issue of imagery of a word is considered as a unit of language and speech, or, in other words, lexical imagery.
In this regard, imagery is considered as one of the connotative characteristics of a word, as the ability of a word to contain and reproduce in verbal communication The concrete sensory appearance (image) of an object, recorded in the minds of native speakers, is a kind of visual or auditory representation.
In the work of N.A. Lukyanova “On semantics and types of expressive lexical units” contains a number of judgments about lexical imagery, which we fully share. Here are some of them (in our formulation):
1. Imagery is a semantic component that actualizes sensory associations (ideas) associated with a certain word, and through it with a specific object, phenomenon, called a given word.
2. Imagery can be motivated or unmotivated.
3. The linguistic (semantic) basis of motivated figurative expressive words is:
a) figurative associations that arise when comparing two ideas about real objects, phenomena - metaphorical imagery (boil - “to be in a state of strong indignation, anger”; dry - “to worry greatly, to care about someone, something”);
b) sound associations – (burn, grunt);
c) imagery of the internal form as a result of word-formation motivation (play up, star, shrink).
4. The linguistic basis of unmotivated imagery is created due to a number of factors: obscurity of the internal form of the word, individual figurative ideas, etc.
Thus, we can say that imagery is one of the most important structural and semantic properties of a word, which affects its semantics, valence, and emotional-expressive status. The processes of formation of verbal imagery are most directly and organically associated with the processes of metaphorization, that is, they serve as figurative and expressive means.
Imagery is “figurativeness and expressiveness,” that is, the functions of a linguistic unit in speech with the peculiarities of its structural organization and a certain environment, which reflects precisely the plane of expression.
The category of imagery, being a mandatory structural characteristic of each linguistic unit, covers all levels of reflection of the surrounding world. It is precisely because of this constant ability to potentially generate figurative dominants that it has become possible to talk about such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness.
They, in turn, are characterized precisely by the ability to create (or actualize linguistic figurative dominants) sensory images, their special representation and saturation with associations in consciousness. The true function of imagery is revealed only when turning to a real objective action - speech. Consequently, the reason for such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness lies in the system of language and can be detected at any of its levels, and this reason is imagery - a special inseparable structural characteristic of a linguistic unit, while the objectivity of the reflection of the representation and the activity of its construction can be studied only at the level of the functional implementation of a language unit. In particular, this can be vocabulary with a subject-specific meaning, as the main means of representation.
artistic speech stylistics Russian
The specificity of the artistic style of speech, as a functional one, lies in the fact that it is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In contrast, for example, to the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech, fiction is characterized by a concretely imaginative representation of life. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality; the author strives to convey, first of all, his personal experience, your understanding or comprehension of a particular phenomenon. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. Associated with this is the emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.
The main goal of artistic style is to master the world according to the laws of beauty, satisfy the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, and have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.
The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The number of words that form the basis of this style, first of all, includes figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to an insignificant extent, only to create artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life.
The artistic style differs from other functional styles in that it uses the linguistic means of all other styles, but these means (which is very important) appear here in a modified function - in an aesthetic one. In addition, in artistic speech not only strictly literary, but also extra-literary means of language can be used - colloquial, slang, dialect, etc., which are also not used in the primary function, but are subordinate to an aesthetic task.
The word in a work of art seems to be doubled: it has the same meaning as in the general literary language, as well as an additional, incremental one, associated with the artistic world, the content of this work. Therefore, in artistic speech, words acquire a special quality, a certain depth, and begin to mean more than what they mean in ordinary speech, while remaining outwardly the same words.
This is how ordinary language is transformed into artistic language; this, one might say, is the mechanism of action of the aesthetic function in a work of art.
The peculiarities of the language of fiction include an unusually rich, varied vocabulary. If the vocabulary is scientific, official business and colloquial speech is relatively limited thematically and stylistically, the vocabulary of the artistic style is fundamentally unlimited. The means of all other styles can be used here - terms, official expressions, colloquial words and expressions, and journalism. Of course, all these various means undergo aesthetic transformation, fulfill certain artistic tasks, and are used in unique combinations. However, there are no fundamental prohibitions or restrictions regarding vocabulary. Any word can be used if it is aesthetically motivated and justified.
We can say that in artistic style all linguistic means, including neutral ones, are used to express the poetic thought of the author, to create a system of images of a work of art.
Wide range of applications speech means is explained by the fact that, unlike other functional styles, each of which reflects one certain side life, artistic style, being a kind of mirror of reality, reproduces all spheres of human activity, all phenomena public life. The language of fiction is fundamentally devoid of any stylistic closure; it is open to any styles, any lexical layers, any linguistic means. This openness determines the diversity of the language of fiction.
In general, artistic style is usually characterized by imagery, expressiveness, emotionality, authorial individuality, specificity of presentation, and the specificity of the use of all linguistic means.
It influences the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by imagery, emotionality, and concreteness of speech. The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of a colloquial style, since the emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function.
A broader concept is the language of fiction: the artistic style is usually used in the author's speech, but the characters' speech may also contain other styles, such as colloquial.
The language of fiction is a kind of mirror of literary language. Rich literature means rich literary language. Great poets and writers create new forms of literary language, which are then used by their followers and all those who speak and write in this language. Artistic speech appears as the pinnacle achievement of language. There are possibilities in it national language presented in their most complete and pure development.
A linguistic-stylistic feature of an artistic style is called special life of the word in thin work. Its specific. feature is updating internal form(G.O. Vinokur), when the means of language (in particular, lexical) and their meanings turn out to be the basis from which the artist creates a poetic word-metaphor, entirely oriented towards the theme and idea of a particular artist. works. Moreover, the metaphorical meaning of a word can often be understood and determined only after reading the entire work, i.e. follows from the art. the whole.
Formation of artistic meaning. words in the broad context of the whole work noted B.A. Larin, which revealed the systematic relationship of the word with other words of the artist. the whole when expressing a cross-cutting poetic thought-idea, i.e. the leitmotif of the work is a property of the poetic word of B.A. Larin named “combinatorial increments of meaning.”
Concepts of the internal form of art. words and combinatorial increments of meaning are closely related to the concept “general imagery” (A.M. Peshkovsky), which is that everything linguistic units of a particular work of art are aimed at expressing an artistic image, being at the same time strictly aesthetically and stylistically motivated and justified, and therefore the elimination of any one word from the text already leads to the “balding” of the image. The same applies to modifying the forms of a word - it’s impossible to change a word that way. fish on fish in the title and text of Pushkin’s “Tales of the Fisherman and the Fish.”
According to V.V. Vinogradov, artist. the word is fundamentally two-dimensional: coinciding in its form with the word of the national language and relying on its meaning, the artist. the word is addressed not only to the national language, but also to that world of art. reality, which is created or recreated in a work. The semantic structure of the word “expands and is enriched by those artistic and visual “incrementations” that develop in the system of an entire aesthetic object” (Vinogradov V.V.). A more general and precise concept is artistic-figurative speech concretization(M.N. Kozhina).
So, as a main stylistic features called ARTISTIC-FIGURARY SPEECH CONCRETE, which is expressed systemic organization artistic speech capable of translating a word-concept into a word-image through a system of linguistic means combined author's image, and capable of activating the reader's imagination. The linguistic means used in artistic texts are intended to serve mainly to express a system of images, since in an artistic context, words express not just concepts, ideas, but artistic images. Therefore, concretization here has a different character, means and methods of expression (not a word-concept or a word-representation is used, but a word-artistic image).
Artist a work is capable of transforming the semantics of any word, including a neutral one, endowing it with textual increments of meaning, primarily emotional, expressive and aesthetic, which is achieved, in particular, by repeating a lexical unit in different contexts. This is related to the manifestation of such an important feature of artistic semantics. works like dynamism of meaning(Vinogradov V.V.). Repeated predication of a repeated nomination leads to the addition of each new feature to the previous ones and the formation of a textual meaning that is more complex than the linguistic one. This phenomenon is typical and of great significance, so some researchers even suggest identifying a special type lexical meaning – "artistic meaning"(Barlas L.G.). Word with artistic value- this is an element of the text that is significant for the deeper semantic layers of the artist. text – figurative and ideological (Kupina N.A.). A specific feature of the functioning of linguistic means in fiction. style is also the predominance of the meaning of a word over its meaning, which leads to the creation of an implicit ideological and aesthetic content of the work (subtext), requiring special interpretation.
Instructions
This style can otherwise be called the style of fiction. It is used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its main goal is to influence the feelings and thoughts of readers and listeners with the help of images created by the author.
Artistic style (like any other) involves the selection of linguistic means. But in contrast to official business and scientific styles, it widely uses all the richness of vocabulary, special imagery and emotionality of speech. In addition, he uses the possibilities of different styles: conversational, journalistic, scientific and official business.
Features artistic style Special attention to the random and particular, behind which one can see the typical features and images of time. As an example, we can recall “ Dead Souls", where N.V. Gogol depicted landowners, each of whom is the personification of certain human qualities, but all of them together are a “face” Russia XIX century.
Another distinctive feature of the artistic style is the subjective aspect, the presence of the author’s fiction or “re-recreation” of reality. The world of a literary work is the world of the writer, where reality is presented through his vision. In a literary text, the author expresses his preferences, rejections, condemnations and admirations. Therefore, the artistic style is characterized by expressiveness, emotionality, metaphor and versatility.
To prove artistic style, read the text and analyze the language used in it. Pay attention to their diversity. Used in literary works a large number of trope (epithets, metaphors, comparisons, hyperboles, personifications, periphrases and allegories) and stylistic figures(anaphors, antitheses, oxymorons, rhetorical questions and appeals, etc.). For example: “a little man as big as a finger” (litotes), “the horse runs - the earth trembles” (allegory), “streams ran from the mountains” (personification).
The artistic style clearly reveals the polysemy of words. Writers often discover additional meanings and meanings in them. For example, the adjective “lead” in a scientific or journalistic style will be used in its direct meaning of “lead bullet” and “lead ore”; in an artistic style, it will most likely act as a metaphor for “lead twilight” or “lead clouds”.
When parsing the text, be sure to pay attention to its function. If the colloquial style serves for communication or communication, the formal business and scientific style are informative, and the artistic style is intended for emotional impact. Its main function is aesthetic, to which all linguistic means used in literary work.
Determine in what form the text is implemented. The artistic style is used in drama, prose and poetry. They are accordingly divided into genres (tragedy, comedy, drama; novel, story, short story, miniature; poem, fable, poem, etc.).
note
The basis of artistic style is literary language. But often it uses colloquial and professional vocabulary, dialectisms and vernacular. This is due to the desire of writers to create a special, unique author’s style and give the text vivid imagery.
A style can only be determined by the totality of all its characteristics (function, set of linguistic means, form of implementation).
Sources:
- Artistic style: language and features
- how to prove that the text
Tip 2: Features formal business text style
The language used in different areas of activity differs, in addition, it can be very different from the spoken one. For such areas of public life as science, office work, jurisprudence, politics and means mass media there are subtypes of the Russian language that have their own characteristics, both lexical and morphological, syntactic and textual. It has its own stylistic features and official business text.
Why do you need a formal business style when correspondence?
The official business style of the text is one of the functional subtypes of the Russian language, which is used only in one specific case - when conducting business correspondence in the field of social and legal relations. It is implemented in lawmaking, management and economic activity. IN in writing his document and can, in fact, be a letter, an order, and normative act.Business documents can be presented to the court as evidence at any time, since, due to their specific nature, they have legal force.
Such a document has legal significance; its author, as a rule, acts not as a private individual, but is an authorized representative of the organization. Therefore, increased requirements are imposed on any official business text to eliminate ambiguity and ambiguity of interpretation. Also, the text must be communicatively accurate and adequately reflect the thoughts that the author expresses.
Main features of official business style
The main feature of official business communication is the standardization of phraseological units used; it is with its help that communicative accuracy is ensured, giving any document legal force. These standard phrases make it possible to eliminate ambiguity in interpretation, therefore, repeated repetition of the same words, names and terms is quite acceptable in such documents.An official business document must have details - output data, and there are also specific requirements for their location on the page.
The text written in this style is emphatically logical and unemotional. It must be extremely informative, therefore thoughts are strictly formulated, and the presentation of the situation itself must be restrained, using stylistically neutral words and expressions. The use of any phrases that carry an emotional charge, expressions used in common parlance, and especially slang, is excluded.
To eliminate ambiguity, personal demonstrative pronouns (“he,” “she,” “they”) are not used in a business document, since in the context of two nouns of the same gender, ambiguity of interpretation or contradiction may arise. Consequently mandatory condition consistency and argumentation; when writing a business text, complex sentences with a large number of conjunctions are used, conveying the logic of relationships. For example, not often used in ordinary life constructions including conjunctions such as: “due to the fact that”, “on the subject of what”.
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Since ancient times, France has been considered not just a country whose residents have exquisite taste. She was a trendsetter. In Paris, as in the very heart of the country, even its own special style.
When talking about Parisian women, many people imagine a sophisticated woman with impeccable hair and impeccable makeup. She is wearing high-heeled shoes and elegant clothes in business style. The lady is surrounded by a halo of the aroma of expensive perfume, and her gaze is directed into the distance. So what is it, Parisian style?
Must-have wardrobe items for a Parisian woman.
Many representatives of the fair sex, who strive to look stylish and sophisticated every day, have a set of basic, must-have items in their wardrobe. What kind of items can be found in a Parisian woman's closet?
1. Ballet shoes. Contrary to popular belief, shoes with heels are not always preferred. They're in Everyday life wear comfortable ballet shoes with thin soles.
2. Bag with a long strap. A handbag slung over one shoulder is a habit large number residents of the fashion capital.
3.Scarf big size. Residents of many countries prefer a variety of voluminous scarves. However, most Parisian women believe that this is an irreplaceable and absolutely necessary accessory during the cold season.
4. A fitted jacket, raincoat or jacket. A truly French style is to wear fitted jackets. They are decorated with thin straps or worn wide open.
5.Large Sunglasses. In combination with hair pulled back into a tight ponytail, bun or updo, these glasses look especially stylish and sophisticated.
6. Clothing in black. For Parisian women, black is not the color of mourning. For them, he is the personification of style and grace. Therefore, to create a Parisian look, you need to have black T-shirts, T-shirts, sweaters and other items of clothing in your wardrobe.
Which is unacceptable for the Parisian style.
There are things that a lady with truly French views on fashion will never allow herself to buy, much less wear. One of the first places on the list of “bad manners” included too long bright false nails. Many representatives of France prefer naturalness and neutrality in everything. Including in .
A miniskirt combined with a deep neckline is also not in the style of a resident of the fashion capital. The true one is unlikely to allow herself to look too open and too sexy.
Bright hair color, multi-colored highlights, flashy accessories, all kinds of backcombing and a huge amount of hair styling products. In most cases, a lady living in Paris will bypass this entire list and will only be surprised that it occurred to someone to experiment with their appearance in such a way.
The main criterion that distinguishes a true Parisian is harmony in everything: in clothes, style, look, hairstyle, accessories. She does not seek to repeat someone else's image and is of the opinion that each person is unique.
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Within a particular style of speech, several genres are usually distinguished, each of which represents a special form of organizing material. The scientific style is particularly diverse in genre, which is determined by the need to convey the meaning of scientific principles to different audiences.
Actually scientific style of speech
Most research monographs and reputable scientific articles belong to the scientific style itself. The peculiarity of this genre is that such texts, as a rule, are written by professional scientists for the same specialists. This academic style is very often found in scientific works devoted to one issue, as well as in small essays where the author presents the results scientific research.
Texts written in a strictly scientific style are distinguished by precision of presentation, verified logical constructions, and an abundance of generalizing terms and abstract concepts. A standard academic text compiled in this genre has a strict structural composition, which includes a title, introductory and main parts, conclusions and conclusion.
Scientific informative genre of scientific style
Secondary form scientific style speech is considered a scientific and informative genre. It is usually compiled on the basis of some basic, reference text. Original monographs or articles are often taken as a basis. An example of texts written in the scientific and informational genre can be theses, or.
A scientific informative text is a creatively revised presentation of the primary material, completely coinciding with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. To write works in this genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and convey their content in a compressed form without distortion.
Other genres of scientific style of speech
Linguistic specialists often combine texts of scientific reference, educational and scientific and popular science genres of scientific style into one large group. These substyles are characterized by the focus of information not so much on specialists, but on those who are far from the specifics of the subject at the center of the publication. Important at the same time, they have not only the results of scientific research, but also the form.
In the educational and scientific genre they most often write teaching aids and lecture texts. The scientific reference genre, characterized by extreme clarity and conciseness, is typical for reference publications, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogues. Texts composed in the popular science genre are less tied to special terminology. They are often used in books intended for a mass audience, as well as in television and radio programs covering scientific topics.