Concrete rings are very popular in construction sewer system. Concrete is one of the strongest building materials, so its use guarantees the durability of the structure. Wells are constructed from concrete rings, which serve as a sump or drainage element. The technology has not changed even after a long time; it has minor drawbacks, but remains in demand.
What elements does a concrete well consist of?
Installation and installation are the main activities when working with concrete wells. But no less important the right equipment of this element of the system. Ignoring well equipment can lead to improper operation of the system, reduced service life and safety violations.
The first thing any concrete well consists of is its base. The base can be either round or rectangular. For drainage system A hole is made in the base to facilitate better contact with the ground.
Next comes the installation of concrete rings, plates or monolithic pouring. You should know that the outer surface of the base must be perfectly smooth, otherwise this may lead to difficulties during installation. The body will constantly brake due to too close contact with the ground. The right decision is to install wooden formwork, then the installation process will happen faster.
A ceiling is installed on top of the system. Many manufacturers create ceilings that initially have a standard hole for a hatch. Usually this hole has strictly regulated dimensions.
The last element of the well is the manhole cover, which can be made of any material. Nowadays it is considered the most popular polymer material. Previously, cast iron was used and different varieties metals with impurities. Because of high cost, metals are gradually being abandoned.
The main advantages of concrete rings
Concrete wells more practical than brickwork, since you need to install already ready product. Even the use of lifting equipment does not force the choice of other materials.
Pros of concrete rings:
- Quick installation. If you have equipment of a suitable category, you will not need more than two people to install the rings. The products are transported to the construction site in a ready-made state; it is enough to install them and properly fasten them together.
- Affordable pricing policy. Concrete rings are qualified as a product; only high-quality and high-grade cement grades are used for production.
- After installation, the structure becomes a single integral element of the site. Concrete wells do not require fixing additional elements(cables, staples or fittings).
- Long period of operation. Even low grade cement only becomes stronger over time. Therefore, concrete wells have very high durability.
The main disadvantage is the need to use lifting equipment. Without it, the installation process is possible, but requires excessive effort and large quantity of people. Concrete rings large diameter and with thick walls it is impossible to install without a tap.
Types of concrete wells
Concrete wells are not classified too broadly. They are divided into 3 main types:
- Monolithic structures. The installation process is too long. As an initial step, a well of suitable size is dug. Next, the formwork is installed in which the reinforcement must be placed. After all operations have been completed, you can begin pouring concrete. After completing the pouring, it is necessary for the concrete to sit (at least one week) and the formwork can be removed.
The main advantage this method is that there is no need to use heavy equipment. All operations are carried out directly in the place where the concrete well will be located in the future.
- Using concrete rings. This type of building material is very popular because of its ease of installation. Often concrete rings are made independently, but it is better to use factory products. Concrete rings should be installed evenly and without distortion. Without lifting equipment, you should use the old method. The ring is installed on the ground and dug up from all sides. Under its own weight, the product sags until its upper part is level with the ground. You can install a second ring on it and repeat the process.
- Using concrete plates. The process is similar to the above, except for joining the slabs. You can install them overlapping so that one overlaps the other slightly, or use welding. In addition to welding, for better bonding of two plates, it is necessary to additionally coat the joints with mortar. This also helps reduce the penetration of sand and dirt.
The choice of well type directly depends on pricing policy and terrain. For example, a bottleneck in the sewer system will make the installation process concrete slabs difficult. In some places, only filling the well is possible. In all other cases, convenient and inexpensive concrete rings are used.
Detailed classification of concrete wells
Concrete wells are used in various industries. Their design and composition imply use in an area where this will create all the conditions for long-term and high-quality operation.
Classification of concrete wells:
- Operating conditions for a specific network:
- In wastewater drainage structures. Wells can have both domestic and industrial significance.
- In drainage systems. They have a special design distinctive feature which is a cushion of sand and crushed stone.
- Stormwater systems. They are easy to install and use less building material.
- What function are they intended for:
- Perepadny. It can consist of several levels and have great depth.
- Lookout. It is purely observational in nature. Such a well may be small in size.
- Changing the direction of flow. They have the most complex design, since access to the structure is required from all sides.
- Turning. Installed where the system has a turn. Serve for ease of maintenance of the turning point.
- Linear. Installed in a place where the system is straight. Serves for quicker access for cleaning or troubleshooting.
Each type of well has certain features during installation and installation. It is necessary to know how the environment for which a concrete well is installed is used in order to maximize its durability.
What are the criteria for making a mixture for a concrete well?
Most often, concrete is used when installing monolithic wells. But a certain amount of material for sealing seams will also be needed when installing concrete rings. In order for the product to serve for a sufficiently long period of time, during manufacture concrete mixture worth sticking to certain rules and do not break the sequence.
Main parameter good solution is a sufficient amount of water. If you exceed the norm a little, it’s too much liquid material It will not be possible to give the correct shape. After final drying, the concrete will begin to delaminate and crumble.
A special cone, which is used by concrete pourers, helps determine the degree of plasticity of the mixture. Plasticity is also important indicators and requires strict adherence to criteria. The cone does not require special operations; it is enough to place it on the solution, press it and measure the distance to which the concrete will settle.
Do not use gravel, crushed stone or sand if it contains dirt. Such debris will lead to a solution of poor quality with a short service life. Even ordinary construction dust can interfere with setting. To avoid such consequences, all materials are thoroughly washed.
To make rings with the correct parameters, you should adhere to the following indicators:
- Height – no more than one meter. This height is standard.
- The wall thickness is no more than 10 cm. Allows you to lay reinforcement inside the solution.
Particular attention should be paid to the fittings, which mandatory laid in concrete. You can use rods from 8 to 12 mm. Smaller products will not create the necessary tightening of the solution, and rods with a larger diameter will provide cost overruns.
Summing up
A properly installed and equipped concrete well can last a long period of time. This design It only gets stronger every year. Concrete products also differ affordable prices, which makes them very popular in construction.
Many owners of private houses install concrete wells themselves, ordering only lifting equipment. This product is used in many construction fields.
By following the recommendations and some rules, you can quickly install a concrete well, which will have increased strength and other high performance characteristics. If you don’t have extra time, you can use the services of specialists who will carry out the required work quickly, efficiently and for an affordable fee.
An integral part of any drainage system are sewer wells, or cameras.
Their device is provided even at the entrance to the septic tank located on summer cottage. Therefore, it is no wonder that every day we see them under our feet. But does everyone know what’s inside and what these structures are intended for?
This article will tell you everything, or almost everything, about wells, both for those who have no idea about them and for those who think they know a lot about them.
The equipment of any special structures for control, repair, maintenance or functional needs is provided for by the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage. External networks and structures”, and is dictated by common sense.
Let's say there is a drainage pipeline in which there is a blockage.
What can you do if you don't have a camera to detect problem area and eliminate the trouble? The question is rhetorical.
Therefore, the standards describe in sufficient detail where, in what quantities, and what kind of wells to install.
Part 1. Classification of wells
Each structure of this kind has its own purpose and method. They can be classified according to several criteria.
There are the following types of sewer wells:
- By network - wells can be installed on any drainage networks:
- Domestic and industrial wastewater
- Drainage
- Stormwater
- According to the material of manufacture:
- Concrete
- Brick
- Polymer
- By purpose:
- Variable
- Observations:
- With a change in flow direction:
- Rotary
- Nodal
- Straight-through:
- Linear
- Tests
- Flushing
Naturally, the most important characteristic– what functions does a sewer well perform?
A drop well differs from a viewing well in that it is designed to change certain physical characteristics water flow.
Inspection cameras are designed to perform certain actions on the pipeline.
1. Manholes - tasks by type
Manholes must be installed if one of the following conditions is met:
- Changing the diameter or slope of the pipeline
- Changing flow direction
- When attaching side branches
- On straight sections, depending on the diameter of the pipe - after 35-300 m
The well itself is made in the form of a shaft with a chamber inside, where the incoming and outgoing pipelines are connected by a special tray.
Each of the wells of this type has its own purpose. However, one structure can provide solutions to several problems at once.
In terms of design, all sewer inspection wells are of the same type; as a rule, the difference can only arise in the depth of location.
All their parameters are quite strictly standardized.
For structures designed to change the direction of wastewater flow (nodal and rotary sewer manholes), the tray is made of a specific shape.
Its parameters are described by the above-mentioned SNiP.
The main point requirements - that the angle of rotation cannot be less than 90 °, and is performed with a smooth rounding, the radius of which is from 1 to 5 diameters of the incoming pipe.
A rotary sewer well is placed in those places where a change in the direction of the pipeline is provided, and junction wells are placed where one or two branches are connected to the network.
The nodal well tray can be designed for no more than three incoming pipes and one outgoing pipe.
A direct-flow well is most often linear, that is, located on long sections of the network without branches or turns.
It has a tray that exactly follows the direction of movement of the drains and is designed to check the condition of pipelines and, if necessary, clean them.
It can also be installed in places where there is a slight change in the input-output level.
There can also be a direct-flow control well, which is installed at the points where the house or block network is connected to central highway.
But, since in such places a central structure is still needed, it is this that, as a rule, combines these functions.
As a rule, a direct-flow sewer well is installed - it is installed in the initial sections of the networks, where the drains have not yet gained sufficient speed, and there is an increased likelihood of blockages.
As a rule, water is supplied here, and sometimes pumps are installed.
2. Types of differential wells
Next view, differential sewer wells, are designed to change and regulate the flow of wastewater in height, as well as change the speed of their movement - both up and down.
Therefore, the designs of these devices are very diverse.
Cases when it is necessary to install sewer drop-off wells:
- If you need to reduce the laying depth for the incoming pipeline
- There is a risk that the flow will become too fast or slow, changing speed dramatically
- The highway crosses underground structures
- The well is the last one before discharge into the reservoir, and has a flooded outlet
Based on the variety of tasks, internal organization These structures also have many design solutions.
Types of drops:
- With a practical profile and a water outlet in the lower pool
- Tubular, may have different design, but necessarily - based on a vertical pipe
- Equipped with a water trench and drain wall
- Multistage, shaft type - dampen the flow velocity as it moves along the cascade
- High-flow pipelines are short sections of pipeline that have big slope. Designed to accelerate the flow in areas where it can slow down.
A separate case is differential sewer wells equipped with a water seal.
Their specificity is that here a change in the flow level is created in the opposite direction - it does not decrease, but rises.
This is achieved through a special chamber where wastewater is pre-accumulated.
A similar scheme is used in those sections of the network into which explosive and fire hazardous substances may enter or be produced.
The water valve prevents backpropagation fire in an emergency.
The installation of a differential well in the form of a high-flow can also be used in individual sewers, if there is no confidence that the volume of drainage will be sufficient for self-cleaning of the pipeline.
Part 2. Equipment of wells
Everyone is familiar with the picture: a guy with a grimy face sticking out of a hatch with a shifted lid, fixing something there.
And to this day, if you ask any post-Soviet person what a sewer well is made of, in 99% of cases he will answer: “Concrete.”
And in most cases he will be right, since until now the bulk of these structures on the main pipelines of drainage systems are made in accordance with SNiP, from reinforced concrete rings, less often - cubes, or assembled from slabs.
Modern polymer systems, superior to their hard-stone predecessors in many respects, are just beginning to enter the domestic market.
However, with all its shortcomings, the traditional ring will apparently remain a symbol of the sewer well for a long time.
1. Well made of reinforced concrete elements
SNiP, which regulates the creation of sewer networks, including wells on them, was written at a time when large structures made of polymers, and even high strength ones, were not even thought of.
It was also carried out exclusively manual method- from where the guys appeared in the hatches.
Their task was to push the clearing wire towards the blockage, while assistants above rotated its other end.
In order for a person to go inside and work, the following standards were provided: minimum size the well was allowed to be 700 mm.
Round slabs are also produced in the same size - base and ceiling with a hole for a hatch (diameter 700 mm).
As a result, a standard reinforced concrete well consists of the following elements:
- Round or rectangular base
- Rings
- Ceiling with a hole for a hatch
- Manhole cover (cast iron, in Lately– it can be polymer)
The circular plan shape was adopted as it optimally resists the pressure of the surrounding soil.
Since it is impossible to predict in advance the place of use, both rings and base plates are produced absolutely flat, only with embedded parts (hinges) for installation.
During installation, you have to punch holes in the lower ring where the pipelines enter, and on the slab you have to make a tray of the appropriate shape from concrete or cement.
This design is also used in manholes of all types, and in differential ones - with the construction of structures corresponding to the type.
The height of the well is gained through several rings - standard and additional. Before installing the next ring, you have to remove the mounting loops of the previous one.
In this case, all structural elements, including the base and ceiling, as well as pipeline inlets, are sealed with cement.
It is clear that the waterproofing of sewer wells constructed in this way leaves much to be desired.
As a result: wastewater pollute the soil, and groundwater contributes to sewer overflow.
2. Polymer wells
Wells made of modern plastics gave sewer network designers a completely different degree of freedom.
The development of technology has also had its say: modern mobile systems can serve hundreds of meters without putting a person underground sewer pipelines.
Thanks to this, it became possible to significantly reduce the size of products.
Where previously it was necessary to use meter-long, at least 70-centimeter rings, it is now possible to install a compact plastic device up to f300 mm.
Polymer products are also distinguished by their low weight and the ability to accurately adjust the size to the needs of a specific highway.
Classification of plastic wells
By access:
- Serviced (with personnel access, f from 1000 mm)
- Without access (served from above, diameter less than 1000 mm)
According to the mine material:
- Smooth single wall
- Smooth double wall
- Corrugated single wall
- Corrugated double wall
- Combined
A telescopic (retractable) design of a sewer well made of a smooth-walled pipe is possible; a corrugated pipe has this property by default.
Basically, polymer wells are manufactured separately - the shaft pipe is equipped with the necessary types of neck and tray part, where the corresponding piping is installed.
But recently, trayless models have also appeared, in particular, designed for direct-flow wells.
It should be noted that both inspection and differential sewer wells are made from plastic, but in the latter case more complex ones are used Constructive decisions. Polymer products provide almost 100% waterproofing of the mine.
Almost every suburban area Where there is a residential building, water wells are built. They help ensure proper water supply and ensure normal life activities away from the city.
Types of wells in a suburban area
Water wells can be different sizes and shapes. It all depends on the free space in the suburban area and on what type of water supply will be used.
Types of water wells:
- Rising.
- Tubular.
- Shakhtny.
Let's take a closer look at the designs:
- The ascending type can only be used in a place where a spring or any other source of water comes to the surface.
- Most often it is used in nature reserves rich in springs and other bodies of water. He doesn't look like much complex design, which comes out to the ground surface in the form of a small pipe.
- A filter station is installed on it; a pump (see) may not be needed, since the water itself rises to the surface.
Advice. It makes no sense to install this type of well in modern suburban areas.
It will take quite a lot of effort to get to a certain layer of earth. In some cases, rising sources can be located at depths of up to 150 m.
Shaft and tube wells are considered more in demand for water supply to suburban areas. There are examples of them in the photo.
Mine structure and its functions
Functional Features
This type is the very first one that was used by man to supply water to his home.
Its size and shape can be varied:
- Square.
- Round.
- Oval.
- Rectangular.
Water enters through the bottom or partially through the walls.
Advice. If the groundwater in a suburban area does not lie too deep, then it is most rational to use a mine well for water supply.
It can be built on any soil, as it is reliably strengthened from the inside of the structure.
Walls can be:
- Wooden beams.
- Stone (rubble or brick).
Application of materials:
- Wood was used when no other materials were available. Nowadays, water wells are often laid out using bricks or rubble stones.
- For a longer period of use of the structure, concrete rings are used, which also have different sizes and thicknesses.
It will be mandatory to use natural filter materials on the bottom and walls of such a structure:
- Sand.
- Crushed stone.
The depth of such a well can reach 8-16 m. It all depends on the quality of water you need.
The video in this article shows the process of digging and constructing a mine well. It will also be necessary to finish the mine structure.
Mine well finishing
Types of structures
Such work is necessary because in appearance the well resembles a deep hole and for safety reasons it will be necessary to limit it with any modern building material.
For this purpose, houses are built, which can be from:
- Brick.
- Tree.
- Foam blocks.
- Foam concrete.
Let's take a closer look:
- If brick or other similar material requires additional decoration, then wood does not.
- Brick is almost always finished with natural agglomerate or artificial stone. For similar works It is necessary to prepare a flat surface.
The wood is simply varnished.
Advice. To add sophistication and attractive appearance external structure mine well, quite often various patterns are cut out on the wood, which looks original.
It will be necessary to build a roof, which is made from:
- Wood.
- Corrugated sheeting.
- Metal tiles and other roofing materials.
Advice. To prevent debris from getting inside, you need to cover it with a lid made of wood or corrugated board.
tube well
This type is a borehole. It is not large in size, but its depth can be quite impressive.
Used for its arrangement:
- Concrete pipes.
- Plastic pipes.
So:
- If a mine well is dug with a shovel, then a tubular well is drilled using a special drill. The most important thing when choosing this type of well is to determine the location groundwater so that they do not clog the water supply.
- The tube well must be well equipped as water will not collect in it. Various automatic devices are used to lift water outward.
- The well can be simple or artesian. What is the difference? The latter type of water is purer and healthier.
It lies quite deep underground and very often this depth is at least 15-20 m.
The price for a tube well is much more modest than for a shaft well. In the process of its construction, much less building material and effort are spent.
How to choose a place to build a well
Both options for a water source can be built with your own hands. You just need to choose the right place for it in a suburban area.
Let's take a closer look:
- There are specific instructions for this. According to it, the reservoir with the water supply should not be too close to the residential building, since if the well itself is flooded with groundwater, the structure may begin to deform (destruction of the foundation, walls will crack, and so on).
All this can lead to complete destruction of the house. - It is also worth considering that a well of any type should not be located near sewage pits, compost pits and other things that can pollute groundwater. The distance from them should be at least 20 m.
- How to determine the water level? To do this, you can analyze the reservoirs that are located near the suburban area.
You can ask your neighbors about the depth of their well. But it’s worth considering that everyone needs their own type of water.
Advice. This method can only help if it is planned to build a tube well with artesian water on the site.
How to detect water
How to find water
Detecting water for a well can be done in a variety of ways. You can use any desiccant that is first buried in the place where you plan to build the well.
The burial depth must be at least 0.5 m.
Advice. Brick or silica gel can be used as a desiccant. They are pre-dried and weighed.
So:
- After 24 hours, the desiccant is dug out and weighed again. If it has acquired quite a lot of weight compared to its original value, then a well can be built in such a place.
- The second method is based on natural phenomena. After a hot day during twilight, you need to carefully inspect the site.
If there is a gray haze (fog) in any place, then that is where the well will need to be built.
Advice. According to legend, if the smoke rises in a column or swirls, then this is the place where the most fertile structure will be.
- You can discover water for a well by studying the topography of the area. If there are hills or hills on it, then there is definitely a lot of water between them, since the water underground topography accurately follows the topography of the soil.
Advice. If the area is flat, then there will probably be quite a few places with enough water.
- They can show various plants, which will require quite a lot of liquid to grow. These are sedge, spruce, birch, alder.
Please note that if a pine tree grows in a suburban area, and in order to be saturated with water, it has a rather long taproot, which means that the water is very deep. - They help determine the location of water and nearby bodies of water. You need to take a special device and use it to measure the pressure right on the shore of the reservoir.
Then the same actions are performed on the site. If the pressure has a deviation of 0.5 mm Hg, then the water will be at a depth of 6-8 m. - Pets are also good at locating water. In most cases, on hot days, they dig holes in a place where there is water and lie down in it.
Water is very close to the surface and in sufficient quantity. - There is another way to detect water - exploratory drilling. To do this, a well is drilled and as soon as water appears in the well, drilling can be stopped.
But here it is already worth deciding what is better, leaving a well or building a well.
Advice. Exploration drilling is carried out at a depth of 5-10 meters.
There is a certain conditional depth. It is 10-15 m.
If the water is at greater depth, then it is most rational to make a well.
Automation to ensure the normal functioning of a well or well
Water stations play an important role in the water supply of residential buildings in a suburban area. They help pump water into certain reservoirs and thereby store it.
So:
- They also ensure normal water supply to the house and with their help, irrigation is carried out on the site.
- At the moment, pumping stations are of different sizes. They can be installed directly in the well or outside it (in the house or in any utility room).
Advice. To ensure the supply of water to the house, pipes need to be laid from the well.
The main task will be to provide electricity to the site, since without it the pumps will not work.
There are several types of pumping stations:
- Superficial.
- In-depth.
- Deep.
The first two types are used to provide shallow wells. And the latter is capable of extracting water from a very great depth, which reaches 80 m. Pumping stations can be turned on automatically or using special remote controls.
It all depends on the water consumption in the area. If your fluid consumption is high, it is best to opt for automatic pumping stations.
Despite the growing popularity of wells, a well for drinking and/or process water still occupies a significant place among hydraulic structures used for water supply to country and village houses, as well as summer cottages. Such popularity of a village ordinary well is due to the possibility of combining the function of a water source and a storage tank that retains a significant volume, which, if necessary, can be used at a high rate and replenished when there is no consumption. The most common water wells are made of concrete rings, combining simplicity and efficiency of installation with practicality and durability of operation.
Existing types of wells
Classification into types is usually carried out based on the material design of the shaft wall, which can be:
- wooden;
- brick;
- stone;
- from concrete rings;
- made of monolithic reinforced concrete;
- from polymer rings.
Each of the materials has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as indications and restrictions on use, depending on the size and depth of the hydraulic structure.
One of the first artificial structures, due to the availability, low cost and ease of processing of the material, was wooden well, which, despite the variety of construction materials produced by construction industry enterprises, remains the most affordable, especially if there is a forest next to the dacha or country house. As structural elements wells made of wood, sanded solid logs, timber, round timber split in two or thick boards. The final choice is made for reasons of economy and labor-intensive processing and assembly of a log house from one material or another, which in turn is determined by the availability of suitable tools and skills of the craftsman who decided to build a water intake.
Wood has long been used as a material for wells
The size of the structural elements is selected depending on the depth of the well, based on the following considerations:
- log diameter – 120 – 180 mm;
- the thickness of timber, boards or cuts is from 100 to 150 mm.
Wood species have different hardness and resistance to moisture, so when packing it is recommended to take:
- for the lower part immersed in water - alder, elm or oak;
- for the surface part not subject to contact with water - pine.
Mine made of stone
A hydraulic structure that can challenge the palm in the matter of priority for the appearance of a wooden frame is a stone well. It is quite possible that the first well was made entirely of natural material, representing stones selected to size, collected in a cylindrical shaft and fastened together with clay. Today, the construction of stone wells for drinking water involves the use of thick sand-cement mixture with a high content of Portland cement to ensure waterproofness of the structure, which is also achieved by using granite, rubble stone or dolomite as the main material, which, unlike limestone and sandstone, do not allow water to pass through from the outside, which guarantees its supply exclusively from the aquifer.
Stone mine Reliable construction of a well made of natural stone involves the manufacture support frame made of reinforced concrete at the bottom of the shaft, which is the massive base of the entire structure and ensures its stable positioning in connection with the intermediate and upper wooden element, which, in combination with reinforcing rods, acts as a skeleton. The metal rods connecting the elements of stone wells to each other are equipped with threads at the ends, which allow them to be secured to wooden round frames using nuts, screwed on both sides and tightened until they make firm contact. The number of intermediate frames is determined by the depth of the structure, but there must be at least one when excavating up to 2 meters and located at a distance of 1 to 1.5 meters at a lower bottom level. To strengthen the structure, every 5 - 6 rows of masonry should be equipped with a closed ring gasket made of double-row steel wire with a diameter of 0.5 - 1 mm.
Brickwork instead of stone
Development construction technologies and appearance artificial stone, which after firing acquires water-repellent properties, made it possible to build the first brick well, which is still in use today. The structure of a brick well is similar to that described for a structure made of natural stone, while the thickness of the supporting frame must be at least 100 mm and the width exceed a quarter of a meter, which will allow laying one or one and a half bricks, depending on the chosen scheme. Wooden elements wells made of bricks must be 80 mm thick and their width exceeds the width of the masonry by 20 mm or more.
Start of bricklaying To ensure that the section of a brick well in the horizontal plane has the shape of a ring, during laying, specially prepared templates are used, made in the form of a circle segment and providing the necessary profile of the shaft. Gaps between last row bricks and the intermediate or upper frame is filled masonry mortar, which is rammed.
An alternative material for constructing a brick well for water is iron ore brick, obtained by burning the workpiece and is practically impermeable to moisture.
Assembling a shaft from concrete rings
The most practical in terms of installation time and ease of use is a well made of concrete rings, which can have a diameter of 800 to 1500 mm and a height of 300 to 900 mm. The construction of a well, assembled from concrete rings, provides for careful sealing of the joints of structural elements using special waterproofing mixtures, by filling and coating on both sides. If the depth of the well does not exceed 6 meters, then it is practiced to use concrete pipes having a diameter of 600 - 700 mm and a length of 3 - 4 meters.
The rigidity of the structure of a water well assembled from concrete pipes is achieved by installing external plank formwork, which protects the structure from the shearing effects of soil layers, or by welding metal pieces of reinforcement or other profiles to the external embedded plates.
Monolithic concrete wells
The greatest depth of installation of a water well can be achieved by installing a completely monolithic reinforced concrete structure obtained from:
- method of gradual build-up by rearranging the formwork from bottom to top;
- sequential pouring of rings to the height of the enclosing form, undermining and lowering it deeper, after which the reinforcing frame is built up and the formwork is reinstalled. The operations are repeated as many times as necessary to reach the aquifer.
The construction of reinforced concrete monolithic wells for drinking water is a rather labor-intensive and time-consuming activity, which can be rationally used only if it is possible to perform the work one-time by arranging continuous double-sided formwork and reinforcement cage to the full height, followed by periodic pouring of the entire volume, at intervals necessary for compacting the concrete using deep vibrators. With this process organization, the external formwork elements of the wells are non-removable and must be backfilled together with the monolithic shaft.
Assembling a shaft from plastic elements
Polymer wells are an innovation on the market of dacha hydraulic structures and have not yet become quite widespread, although they have the entire set of positive properties necessary for this:
- the final cost is comparable to water wells constructed from concrete rings;
- an order of magnitude smaller mass of structural elements, which at the same time have a greater length (1500 mm);
- high tightness of the assembly, achieved due to threaded connection elements and even exceeds the indicator that reinforced concrete wells have, due to the complete waterproofness of the walls;
- permissible working pressure on external and internal walls – 50 kPa;
- operating temperature from -70 to +50 0 C;
- service life over 50 years.
Polymer wells An alternative to plastic corrugated pipes, with the ability to absorb external loads A polymer-sand composition used for the manufacture of rings with a height of 200 mm and a wall thickness of 45 mm can be comparable to that of concrete wells. The diameter of a water well made from such parts can only be 970 or 1060 mm, since the manufactured elements have only these dimensions. The assembly scheme for a well made of sand-polymer rings involves fixing the links using special locks that ensure structural rigidity.
Well construction
All considered types of wells equipped for water extraction include:
- a bottom with a filter layer, which is a base made of geotextile and/or gravel backfill, the thickness of which determines the degree of purification of the incoming water, but must be at least 100 mm;
- a trunk having windows in the lower part, filled with porous concrete, if the well is located on a water-resistant layer and not on sand;
- a head that rises 0.6 - 0.8 m above the ground and serves to install equipment, a canopy and/or a cover;
- a clay castle obtained by excavating 25–50 cm of soil and filling it back with clay, which is a waterproof barrier to surface runoff. Necessary for types of water intake wells that do not have waterproof walls.
Some authors, answering the question: “What types of wells are there?”, supplement the existing classification with pipe hydraulic structures, which is not correct, since due to the ratio of the diameter of the hole in the ground to its depth, it would be more correct to classify them as wells.
Everyone who has Vacation home, knows that the water is on own plot – necessary condition residence. Drinking water, watering the site, organizing a bathroom are impossible without a reliable water supply, but, as a rule, problems arise with this outside the city. Your own well will help you gain independence from the central water intake and reduce water costs.
All types of wells can be divided into two types: key and shaft. Key wells are the simplest and most economical. Their construction requires minimal costs.
- Rising key well– this is the place where the spring of water comes to the surface. To organize this type of well, it is enough to make a small recess and install a frame. To filter water, the bottom of the well is covered with small pebbles and sand. The thickness of the filtration layer must be at least 15 cm. The log house must be installed so that its lower edge is below the level of rising water. A drain hole must be provided in the log house. If it is not installed, then the water will not be able to “rise” to the required height and may “leave” from the well. To protect the log house from debris and precipitation, a cover is provided on the well.
- Descending Key Wellsimilar to the ascending one, but its water quality is worse. To purify water from soil impurities, it is necessary to install a filter at the bottom of the log house. The log house is mounted in the same way as on an ascending one.
The use of this type of well is limited to places where the keys come to the surface, which in most cases is inconvenient. They are very rarely suitable for organizing individual water supply. In such cases, shaft wells are used.
Mine wells are a shaft dug deep with a diameter of 30 cm to one and a half meters. Depending on the material used, during the construction of the mine there are:
- wooden;
- brick;
- stone;
- concrete.
Depending on the depth of the shaft itself, wells are divided into: shallow - 2-3 meters deep, medium - 4-9 meters and deep - more than 10 meters. A shaft well is typically a hand-dug shaft.
The choice of material for making a well is carried out individually. But there are points that need to be taken into account when choosing a material.
For a stone well, you can use rubble stone, dolomite or granite; the use of sandstone or limestone is not advisable. When using a brick when building a well shaft, make sure that it is well fired. Burnt iron brick has proven itself well - it is almost waterproof.
As binder element Portland cement must be used for the mortar used for laying. There are also increased requirements for the solution. To improve quality, increase strength characteristics, and increase water-repellent properties, it is recommended to use various additives and additives.
Very often, the walls of the shaft are reinforced with reinforced concrete rings with a diameter of 0.8-1.2 m. Precast concrete rings have a long service life - up to 50 years, and are easy to install and maintain. You can dig a well at any time of the year. It is not recommended to start digging a well during spring floods. During this period, the groundwater level rises, which may cause wrong choice the depth of the well and, as a result, its drying out in the summer.
- Abyssinian well is a well with a diameter of 25-75 mm and a depth of 10-15 meters. The founder of such a well belongs to the American Norton. The name has been assigned to it since the 19th century from the name of the country of Abyssinia. It is a buried pipe with a conical tip at the end. The tip has a filter for water purification. For pipes with a small diameter - 25-35 mm and on light soil, driving work is carried out. For larger diameters, drilling is required to install the pipe. The main disadvantage Abyssinian well is the maximum depth of rising water, which is no more than 8 meters.
The water is raised by a piston pump, manual or electric. The yield of an Abyssinian well is practically independent of the diameter of the pipes used. It depends only on the thickness of the aquifer. The main advantage of using an Abyssinian well is the speed of its production and the low cost of the materials used. A professional team of craftsmen will install such a well in a few hours.
Sewer, storm or drainage wells
The name “well” includes diverse structures with different technical purpose. Often, when we say “well,” we only mean structures for supplying water. Moreover, the main components of the sewerage system are also wells. They are intended for inspections of sewerage systems, such as prefabricated and nodal wells - for several branches of the sewer system, differential wells - for changing the depth and speed of sewer drains.
Drainage wells – required element drainage system. It is installed in areas where there is a high rise in groundwater levels - to a depth of 2-1.5 m, and for drainage storm water. Drainage wells are used to inspect the system, collect water or remove it from the system - an absorption well.