Homemade cutters for wood carving. Sharpening wood cutters

General classification devices available today to work with wooden surfaces unites them into a common group called incisors. This list includes cutting blades, saws, axes, chisels, special planes and other tools. main feature Any tool from this list is to perform a specific type of wood processing.

Wood lathe cutters

Wood turning tools are necessary for manual processing of a part that rotates in a machine. Such wood cutters consist of two main parts: a working part (metal) and a handle (most often made of wood).

The working part includes:

• cutting part or blade. This is the part to be sharpened, it is the part that interacts with the workpiece
• the body is the main part by which the turner holds the cutter with his “non-working” hand on the armrest of the machine
• the shank is the narrow part into which the body smoothly passes. A handle is attached to the shank.

The handle consists of two parts:

• base, which is the largest part that the master holds in his “working” hand
• neck, which is a small cylindrical part with a metal fastening ring that prevents the handle from cracking when it is pressed onto the shank of the working part.

Depending on the type of processing, turning tools come in different configurations. Note that as the complexity of the work increases, their design becomes more complicated, which also determines the specific sharpening of the blade. For a young master, two types of cutters are enough: reyer and meisel.

These two tools will help you carry out turning work at an average level of complexity. Basically, the external surface is treated. In some cases, you can work with the internal surfaces of the product.

What other wood turning tools are there? The video below clearly demonstrates the work various types turning cutters.

Working on a lathe

Today, wood lathes are often used to produce multifunctional furniture parts. In addition, this machine will help create attractive and unusual elements decor, for example, candlesticks, cups, toys, tops and more.

There are lathes different sizes. First of all, you need to choose the most suitable machine. Today, there is a fairly wide range of tabletop lathes that are ideal for small project. Larger devices are used to create balusters, which are used to make furniture and railings.

Parameters by which lathes differ:

• bed length. It determines the longest length of the processed bar
• the turning diameter above the bed is the maximum diameter of the bar
• horsepower - power power unit, which determines the mass of the block for turning without load on the cutter and the machine
• engine revolutions per minute. Most machines have a constant speed. Devices with a low speed mode can be used for processing workpieces irregular shape. And higher speeds help polish the product.

When purchasing, pay attention to the weight and material from which the machine is made. Options with a cast iron bed and steel frame are quite durable, but not mobile. They cannot be moved to another place of work.

Turning cutters have a long handle curved shape. It is designed to make it convenient for the master to hold the tool. As a result of the presence of such a handle, the master carefully controls the blade, but does not feel tired. Cutters for manual processing are not suitable for machine work because they have a short handle.

Working with wood cutters

Wood carving is a complex, but quite interesting technique for decorating products, which has been known since ancient times. At the beginning of work, it is necessary to create blanks, in other words, blocks or blanks. After this, rough surface treatment is carried out, during which the surface is leveled and all kinds of defects are eliminated.

After this, you can begin artistic work, which is carried out using wood carving cutters. In fact, this is a selection of part of the wood, which allows you to give the workpiece relief and volume. This is the main stage, because it depends on it appearance subject. Finishing decorative product consists of sanding the timber and impregnating it antiseptics and paint and varnish coatings.

For implementation self made This type of cutting device is used with different blade configurations. Their quality has a direct impact on the purity of the ornament; for this reason, you need to carefully ensure that the chisel blade is sharp and without jagged edges.

Wood carving cutters are mandatory tool in the arsenal of a master who makes decorative objects from wood. These tools come in different types and shapes, which affects the specific processing of certain parts.

Some people believe that master virtuosos work with one or two chisels, but in practice it turns out that it is clear what to achieve best result and provide light work Only a complete set of special carpentry tools will help, which should include chisels with blades of various shapes.

Among the tools for cutting wood are:

Sharpening wood cutters

In the wood processing process, the cutters and chisels used remove a layer of wood. After some time, the tool becomes dull, which affects the quality of processing. For this reason, tool sharpening is a very important issue.

There are two ways to sharpen a tool:

• manual method. In this case, there is no mechanization of the process at all, that is, everything is done manually from start to finish. This method is characterized by low productivity. In addition, it is quite difficult to achieve the desired result
• mechanical sharpening using special machines that have a stone for removing metal.

Both of these methods are used in production. Manual method You can sharpen the tool in a short time. If the cutting edge is slightly worn and there are no mechanical damage. Special machine makes it possible to restore the cutting surface and eliminate various defects.

The most popular sharpening machines are:

• device having two grindstone. It makes it possible to install two different abrasives in order to speed up the processing procedure. To avoid the need to frequently rearrange the abrasive, these machines are equipped with two output shafts on which the wheel is mounted
• a device with a bath for cooling the abrasive surface. This system prevents the tool from burning the metal during processing. Due to strong friction, the surface becomes very hot; the metal may change its properties during heating. performance. It is necessary to avoid burning the metal by using a cooling bath of water.

Every craftsman who works with wood has carpentry chisels in his arsenal. A wood chisel is very useful in work that involves processing wooden blanks. Perfectly sharpened blade various shapes used for carving of any complexity. In construction stores you can buy both ready-made sets of fixtures and chisels individually.

August 14

A wood cutter is a hand tool that is used to artistic carving wood, so many people want to make it themselves.

The product consists of a cutting metal element and a wooden handle. The main carving is done with the sharp part, thus creating figures or paintings.

To make a knife for artistic carving you will need a minimum set of garage tools.

Tools and Equipment:

• grinder;
• grinder for slicing knives;
• jigsaw;
• circular cutter;
• sandpaper.

Additionally, you will need the material itself, in particular tool steel.

Materials for production:

• wooden round block - section 25 mm;
• steel strip – thickness 0.6-0.8 mm;
• drills (for thread);
• circles for a circular cutter.

TO consumables also applies grinding wheel, which will be used to grind the cutter for work. Old wheels will be needed as the main raw material for making sharp knives.

Step-by-step instructions for making a wood cutter

1. Making blanks for the cutter knife

Knife blanks for hand cutter made from old circular circle. To do this, the metal is cut using a grinder into several rectangular strips measuring about 20x80 mm. Each individual strip is a future cutter for a hand tool.

2. Shaping the main incisor

Each cutter must be ground to the desired shape. The procedure can be carried out in two ways: by sharpening on a machine and by forging. Forging is needed to create the bend, and turning is needed to make the overall shape of the knife for the cutter.

3. Sharpening a knife for hand tools

To sharpen a knife you need grinding machine with a circle of small grain. Sharpening is carried out at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, and the length of the sharp part is about 20-35 mm, depending on the total length of the cutter. The knife itself can be sharpened either manually or using equipment.

4. Making a handle for easy carving

To make wood carving as convenient as possible, you will need to make a wooden handle. The handle is made on a machine or manually by planing and further grinding using sandpaper.

5. Docking the knife with the handle

A metal knife is inserted inside a wooden handle. To do this, you need to drill a hole up to 20-30 mm deep inside the handle. The blade of the cutter will be located outside, and the base itself is driven into the handle. It is worth noting that for reliable fixation, the end of the metal workpiece must have a needle-like point. When hammering, you should use a thick cloth insert so as not to dull the knife blade during the procedure.

6. Installing a crown for reliable threading

A metal retaining ring is installed to secure the knife. A special contour is cut out on a wooden handle exactly along the diameter of the ring. Next, the thread is made and the crown itself is attached to the finished thread. Ultimately, the wooden handle should be crimped and the knife should be securely fixed inside the product.

7. Grinding the knife

In order for wood carving to be of the highest quality, the blade must be fine-tuned. To do this, use a small sharpening stone or simple ceramics. A little oil is poured onto the surface of the sharpening part (you can use motor oil), and then the cutter is sharpened perpendicularly.

The end result will be a sharp, polished tool; if sharpened successfully, the wood carving will be very light and of high quality. If necessary, the cutter can be upgraded.

Video: thicknesser for handmade woodworking – part 1.

Video: part 2.

1. Wood carving technique
2. Let's make it ourselves
3. Blade
4. Lever
5. Sharpening

Knives for wood carving are a must-have accessory in the arsenal of a craftsman who makes decorative objects from natural wood.

Such tools may have Various types and shape, which directly affects the specific processing of individual parts. The most famous cutter, which is very popular among our craftsmen, is the Bogorodsk knife.

Wood carving technique

Wood carving is a complex, but very interesting technology decorating products, known since ancient times. Getting started, as a rule, consists of creating a blank, or, more simply, a deck or blank. Next, a rough surface treatment is performed, during which it is leveled and all sorts of defects are removed. Then comes the turn artistic work, which the master carries out using wood carving cutters. Technically, this process looks like removing a piece of wood, which allows you to give the workpiece relief and volume. This stage can be called the main one, because it determines what the final appearance of the product will be. Finishing decorative item consists of sanding wood and impregnating it with antiseptics and paints and varnishes.

For manual work of this type cutting devices with different blade configurations can be used. The purity of the ornament on the wood depends on their quality no less than on the skill of the carpenter, so it is necessary to ensure that the chisel blade is strong, sharp and free of jagged edges. If seasoned craftsmen will be able to determine the type and quality of carpenter's knives with their eyes closed, then the choice of wood cutters for beginners can be challenging task. For those who are not yet fully familiar with the features of choosing and manufacturing cutters, we suggest that you familiarize yourself in more detail with their main varieties and method of application. You can also learn how to make wood cutters yourself by giving them the required sizes and shapes.

Kinds

It is believed that virtuoso craftsmen can get by with one or two chisels, however, as practice shows, a good set of special carpentry tools, which includes chisels with blades of various shapes, will help to achieve the best result and make work easier. Experts in this industry recommend adding the following items to your arsenal:

Along with devices for cutting openwork elements, there are also additional items that no carpenter can do without. Such tools include hacksaws, jigsaws, drills, wood hacksaws can be intended for roughing or finishing work(saber, bow).

Those craftsmen who work with large-sized structures acquire not only hacksaw tools, but also include hatchet cutters, or, as they are also called, figured adzes, in their arsenal. Their operating principle is similar to that of cutting tools a smaller sample with the only difference being the scale and purity of the process. Beginners who are just beginning to learn the craft do not understand the types of instruments as thoroughly as experienced craftsmen, so the main thing here is to observe Golden Rule– quality is above all. Since buying high-quality knives can be expensive, many people make cutters on their own, especially since today it’s easy to find on the Internet suitable videos and photo lessons. Next, we will tell you how to make knives for figured carving with your own hands from scrap materials.

Let's make it ourselves

Let’s say right away that it’s not always high price forces the carpenter to go to radical measures. Often, a good experienced craftsman cannot choose a tool for himself that would meet his requirements, and this also becomes a reason for independent work above the incisor. In principle, this problem is solved quite successfully, the main thing is to know what to make the cutters from and what technology to use in in this case.

Blade

In most cases, as raw materials for self-harvesting regular one will do canvas on wood or metal. You can make an excellent jamb knife from such material - just break it off by hand or cut a segment of the blade on a lathe, and then form a cutting edge. The wood saw blade also has decent characteristics suitable for our product, because it is very important what steel the knife is made from, and here we are dealing with a carbon metal that is easy to sharpen and remains sharp for a long time even when working with hard rocks tree.

If your future homemade cutter is intended for cutting wood, it should have a semicircular blade shape, and in this case it is better to make it from a punch, which can be found in almost every home workshop. In private carpentry workshops you can find homemade bearing cutters, which have also proven themselves to work well.

Lever

When cutting part The chisel is ready, you can start making an equally important part of the tool - the handle. Here we need wooden block, and it is better if it is hardwood, from which you will need to cut a holder with a hole in the end. Please note that the shape of the hole must correspond to a similar parameter of the metal shank of a knife for wood carving, made with your own hands from a canvas or disk.

If a handle consisting of two parts is used to make a wood cutter, it is recommended to additionally fix the blade with fasteners and carry out the gluing process using a vice or clamps.

Sharpening

A carver can achieve a decent result in his artistic craft only if the tool he makes is sharp. When carving wood, knives tend to become dull, so a properly sharpened joint can work for a long time without re-processing.

Today's video is about making a homemade wood cutter or chisel from bearing steel. Will be shown general principles, on the basis of which other tools can be made. Chisels and wood cutters are not a cheap pleasure, so using bearings you can profitably make the tool that you need.

A German bearing was used as a donor, outside diameter 22 mm. The bearing is not running, it is for a long time worked, for 30 years it had neither exhaustion nor backlash. Here we can say for sure that the bearing is very good and of high quality. The first thing we will do is disassemble the separator, remove the balls and we will only need the outer race. From this clip you can get a workpiece 65 millimeters long. This will be enough for the cutting part and a little will be left to insert the wooden handle.

The workpiece is ready, now we will straighten it. But after it has cooled, you can separate it using a regular hammer. The length turned out to be 63 millimeters, quite enough. It is not necessary to straighten it completely. It already has a small groove for the balls; it needs to be enlarged using a drill. Diamond dental discs will be used. These are diamond coated discs.

We have obtained a semicircular inner surface for our future incisor; there is no need to make it the entire length. Now you need to make it semicircular outer surface. This should be done using a sharpener on a small stone. Now there is no need to worry about overheating, because we still have hardening to do. Now give a small finish using a fine abrasive disc. The most important thing is to process it well inner side and you can start hardening.

Hardening of bearing steel

Read more about how to harden metal for... In order to harden the bearing steel that we decided to use for a homemade cutter, we need to heat it to a temperature of 830 - 860 degrees and cool it in oil. The temperature will be determined by the color of the metal burning. It should be bright red. You can find metal heat colors online. For normal hardening, only the front part of about 10 millimeters needs to be heated. If you heat it evenly along the entire length of the workpiece, it will simply burst. You should also take into account that while you are carrying the metal to the oil, it has time to cool a little. Therefore, it is advisable to first slightly overheat, bring it to the oil, and when the metal has received desired color, dip into it. The workpiece is hardened, this is done very easily.

Now, out of curiosity, let's check for hardness. To do this, we will use a file to sharpen the chain. This is a very good hard file. Let's try what we have on cutting edge. The file does not take this steel. If we take the shank, then the file is a wonderful material.

Tempering of metal workpiece

Despite the fact that the blank for the future wood cutter is hardened, it is not finished yet. The cutter is very strong, but very fragile. If you work with such a cutter, it will definitely break. It is necessary to perform a tempering, which reduces brittleness without reducing hardness. Vacation is carried out at a temperature of 150-160 degrees. There is a slight difficulty in this, which lies in the fact that tarnish colors, for example, when heated, start from 180 to 200 - 220 degrees. This is already the temperature at which we cover the steel and its slight tempering occurs. She's losing hers mechanical properties, its hardness degrees.
How do we understand these 150 degrees? We'll need a piece of polypropylene that starts to sit at about 140 degrees and starts to melt at 160 degrees. We will use a regular iron for the holiday; we will produce it within 2 hours.
Using a clamp, secure the iron in a vertical position and plug it into a power outlet. We will add heat until the polypropylene begins to settle and leave small marks on the sole of the iron. This roughly corresponds to a temperature of 150 degrees.

For processing round wooden parts or to give the workpiece a round (cylindrical) shape, wood lathes are used. Depending on the shape of the product that needs to be obtained on the machine, wood turning tools are used, which have various types in the shape of the cutting part and the method of sharpening.

Basically, when working with wood on lathe, hand cutters are used, but there are machine options when the tool is rigidly fixed and there is no need to hold it in your hands.

1 General information

It has three zones:

• blade - the cutting part (the end of the tool sharpened in a special way);
• body - metal part, which rests against the stand (armrest) of the machine when working;
• shank - the narrowed part of the tool at the opposite end from the blade. A wooden (plastic) handle is attached to the shank.

The handle of a hand cutter has a base (what the master holds on to) and a neck (a metal fastening ring that prevents the handle from collapsing during operation).

1.1 Types of incisors

To carry out many different types of work on the machine, you will need a whole set of wood turning tools. Many craftsmen have their own special tools that they need to carry out certain type wood processing, so some of them are made by hand.

Depending on needs, wood cutters can be:

• cut-off;
• pruning;
• boring;
• shaped.

To perform basic woodworking operations On a lathe, two main types of cutters are sufficient:

• Reyer - intended for the initial stage of processing the workpiece;
• meisel - to give the product its final shape.

1.2 Reyer

Structurally, it is a long steel blade with a semicircular cross-section.

Reyer - designed for the initial stage of processing the workpiece

You can make it yourself from a thick metal plate or a semicircular groove. Sharpening of the working part (blade) is also carried out in the form of a semicircle. A rake is used to give the primary workpiece approximate parameters of the product in rough form.

1.3 Meisel

In its shape, this tool resembles a shoe knife - it is a metal plate, the sharpening of the oblique blade is made at the same angle on both sides. Used to give the product its final shape, as well as to separate finished part from the workpiece.

These two main types of incisors allow you to perform basic operations on processing wooden workpieces along the outer surface. In some cases, it is possible to work with them during internal processing of parts.

1.4 Shaped cutters

A large family of another type of wood cutters belongs to the shaped category:

• chisel (scraper) - levels cylindrical surfaces;
• comb - for cutting grooves or threads;
• hook - it is used to grind out cavities at the end of the part;
• ring - acts similarly to a hook;
• triangle - the blade is sharpened in the shape of a triangle to give the workpiece a round shape.

1.5 Homemade cutters

When making homemade cutters for a wood lathe yourself, you should take into account some features when choosing a material. It must be durable (made of high-quality steel) and comply with the permissible minimum dimensions.

The easiest ones to make with your own hands are reyer and meisel. To obtain these cutters, you can use already used files or rasps. Using ordinary machine for sharpening, they are given required form blades, and There is often no need to change the handle(provided that the old one is in in perfect order). If there is no fastening ring on the handle, it must be added, as this is an element that increases the safety of working with the tool.

One more suitable material, for making cutters with your own hands, are reinforcing bars and sheets of automobile springs.

The metal from which they are made has sufficient hardness, but it must be hardened before sharpening. To do this, the resulting cutter blank is heated until red, and then dipped into machine oil for cooling (hardening).

Do-it-yourself cutters should be tested on soft woods (poplar, linden), and then, after inspection for the appearance of cracks and chips, you can start working with harder woods (oak, birch, beech).

2 Rules for making cutters with your own hands

In order to homemade instrument to justify yourself in your work, you must adhere to the following rules:

• the length of the working fluid should be within 20-30 cm. This will ensure a reliable grip of the tool and provide enough free space to place it on the support (armrest). In addition, there will be a certain reserve for regular sharpening of the blade;
• shank must be of sufficient length to securely fasten in the pen. Cutters made from rasps or files that have their own shanks require their lengthening by 1.5-2 times;
• the working body of the cutter must be of sufficient thickness to withstand possible impacts during the primary processing of workpieces cylindrical;
• the wooden (plastic) handle of the tool must be at least 25 cm long. Otherwise, holding it in your hands will be very problematic, especially when performing precision work.

Cutters for wood lathe (video)

2.1 Sharpening cutters

Both during the DIY process and during subsequent use, woodworking cutters require regular sharpening. Correct formation The shape of the cutting blade and its further sharpening will largely determine the future quality of products made on a lathe.

For high-quality sharpening, you will need an electric sharpening machine, on which wheels with different grain sizes should be installed in a certain sequence. At manual editing For blades, a velvet block is usually used.

The sharpening angle is determined independently depending on what kind of wood you have to work with and how well the surface of the wooden part should be processed.

In order not to guess (in the absence of sufficient experience), you can use the following parameters:

• The meisel is ground along the bevel of the blade, the slope of which is 40 degrees, and the sharpening angle of the cutters is also 40 degrees on each side of the blade;
• The rail is sharpened at an angle of 50 to 60 degrees.

Over time using the cutters (and gaining sufficient experience), the sharpening angle can be reduced to 20-35 degrees.

When working with different types of wood, it is advisable to have a set of tools of the same type, but sharpened for different angles. This will make the work somewhat easier and save on re-sharpening one tool.

It should be remembered that sharpening the blade at an obtuse angle is required for processing hard wood and rough shaping the workpiece. Sharp sharpening angles allow for high-quality processing of the part, but at the same time there is a need for more frequent editing and sharpening of the tool.

When making cutters with your own hands, the sharpening angle is set before hardening. After this process has been completed, the tool is brought to working condition on abrasive wheel and a velvet bar.

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