Gerbera - perennial Compositae family, dicotyledonous class
All angiosperms are divided into two large classes: dicots and monocots. The name of the classes reflects the most important difference between these groups: dicots have two cotyledons in the seed, which serve as storage nutrients for the embryo of the plant, and monocots - only one cotyledon. In addition, these plants are internal structure shoots, leaves, roots and flowers. The classes of dicots and monocots are subdivided into families, genera, and species.
plant division
For the first time, the division of plants into monocots and dicots was proposed in the 18th century. English scientist D. Ray, he systematized plants according to their characteristics. Long time monocots were thought to be more primitive than dicots.
Hyacinth orientalis has all the typical features of monocotyledonous plants
However, now scientists have agreed that it is the monocots that are the younger and more perfect group, the evolution of which has gone along the path of simplifying the structure of the vegetative organs. Apparently, they originated from dicots, but this happened at the earliest stages of evolution, and then the two groups developed in parallel. It may very well be that the ancestors of the monocots were herbaceous aquatic plants, similar to modern representatives of the nymphaeal family.
Main differences
monocots and dicot plants differ not only in the structure of the seed. They also have other significant differences. In dicots, the leaves are extremely variable in shape and usually have reticulate venation, while the leaves of monocots are narrow, with a solid, uncut edge, the veins in the leaf are parallel or arcuate.
In the stems of dicots, the bundles of conductive tissue are arranged in an annular pattern. In addition, there is an educational tissue (cambium), due to which the stem increases in girth with age.
Strawberries have a characteristic dicotyledonous shape of leaves, flowers and roots.
In the stems of monocotyledonous vascular bundles are arranged randomly, the cambium is almost completely absent, the stem branches little and does not grow in thickness. Therefore, most monocotyledons are herbaceous plants, the only exceptions are palm trees, but even in them the thickening of the trunk occurs in a completely different way than in dicotyledons.
Dicotyledons are characterized by the presence of a powerful central root growing from the root of the embryo. For monocots, fibrous is more characteristic. root system, consisting of a large number of adventitious roots without a main root. The flower of dicots usually has 5 petals and sepals, and the flower of monocots - 3 (or their number is a multiple of three).
The use of dicotyledonous
The dicotyledonous class is the most numerous plant group, numbering over 200,000 species from 350 families. Representatives of dicots in all life forms are found on all continents of the Earth and constitute the main part of the vegetation cover of our planet. Among the dicots used by man are fruit and berry crops, most types of medicinal plants, spicy and aromatic plants, almost all trees, food and fodder crops, etc.
Delphinium - dicotyledonous plant, often bred in gardens and flower beds
The use of monocots
Monocotyledonous plants also live all over the globe. In the steppe belt of the Earth, monocots perennial herbs make up the bulk of the plant mass. Despite the fact that they are not as diverse as dicotyledons (only about 60 thousand species from 80 genera belong to them), monocotyledonous plants play important role in people's lives. After all, these include cereals (wheat, rye, oats), which give food to humans and animals; palm trees (coconut, date, etc.), providing people with oil, edible fruits, material for making ropes and paper; ornamental plants(tulips, lilies, hyacinths, orchids); many medicinal herbs.
Garden tulips have thousands of varieties of different shapes and shades, this is the result of a complex process of crossing species.
Flowering plants are divided into two classes - dicots and monocots. The main features of the dicot class:
The seed embryo has two cotyledons;
The root system, as a rule, is pivotal;
The growth of the stem in thickness is provided by the cambium (lateral meristem);
Leaves usually with reticulate venation, with the exception of plantain;
The flowers have a double perianth.
The number of flower components is a multiple of five, sometimes four;
The main life forms are trees, herbs, shrubs.
Signs of the class of monocots: in the embryo one cotyledon; fibrous root system; the stem does not grow in thickness, as it does not have a cambium; leaves are simple, with parallel or arcuate venation, with the exception of the raven eye; the number of flower components is a multiple of three; perianth simple.
Classes of flowering plants are divided into divisions, orders, families, genera, species.
Some of the families included in these classes are presented in Table 5.
| Family | life form | flower formula | Fetus | Representatives | Meaning |
| Compositae | Ch(5)L5TnP1-tubular flowers Ch(5)L5TnP1-reed flowers | Achene | sunflower, chamomile, aster | food, ornamental crops, honey plants | |
| Nightshade | Herbs | Ch(6)L(5)T(5)W1 | berry, box | Potatoes, then mats, dope, bele on | Food, fodder, ornamental crops. Poisonous plants are used for cooking medicines |
| Legumes | Shrubs, herbs | PM(5)L1+2+(2)T(9)+1P1 | Bean | Peas, red clover, lupins, beans, alfalfa | Forage and food crops, honey plants, weeds |
| Rosaceae | Trees, shrubs, herbs | Ch(5)L5TpPg ch5+5l5tpp1 | Many - nut, drupe, apple, complex drupe | Cherry pear raspberry, apricot, apple tree, thorns nick | ornamental, medicinal plants, fruit trees |
| cruciferous | Herbs | CH4L4T4+2P1 | Pod or pod | Cabbage, radish, radish, swede | Food and fodder crops, honey plants, weeds |
| lily | Herbs | O3+3T3+3R1 | berry, box | Onion, garlic, lily, tulip | Food crops, medicinal, ornamental plants |
| cereals | Herbs | O2+2T3P1 | Zernovka | Wheat, rye, rice, oats, corn, bamboo, bluegrass | Bread and fodder crops, weeds |
Cultivated plants arose as a result of the domestication of wild species and subsequent centuries-old selection.
The main contribution to the theory of the origin of cultivated plants was made by N.I. Vavilov.
monocot and dicot plants
He linked the genetic diversity of plants to their places of origin. Vavilov identified seven centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants (now it is believed that there are more of them):
1) South Asian (India, Indochina, Indonesia) - rice, mango, eggplant, citrus fruits, etc.;
2) East Asian (Central China, Japan, Korea) - millet, soybean, buckwheat, onion, apple tree, pear, tea, etc.;
3) Southwest Asian (Central Asia, Transcaucasia) - rye, beans, peas, carrots, turnips, etc.;
4) Mediterranean - olives, cabbage, beets, oats, dill, parsley, cumin, etc.;
5) Abyssinian, or Ethiopian - sorghum, durum wheat, barley, bananas, flax, etc.;
6) Central American (Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico) - corn, beans, cocoa, pumpkin, pepper, tomato, sunflower, etc.;
7) South American - potatoes, cinchona, tobacco, peanuts, pineapple, hevea (from which rubber is obtained), etc.
Plant domestication began in these areas.
Then they were settled and acclimatized in other regions of the Earth.
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Book: Biology. A complete guide to preparing for the exam
4.5.2. monocot and dicot plants
4.5.2. monocot and dicot plants
Flowering plants are divided into two classes - dicots and monocots.
Monocot plants: characteristics, features, meaning
The main features of the class Dicotyledons are the following:
- in the embryo of the seed there are two cotyledons;
- the root system, as a rule, is pivotal;
- the growth of the stem in thickness is provided by the cambium (lateral meristem);
Leaves usually with reticulate venation. The exception is plantain.
The flowers have a double perianth. The number of flower components is a multiple of 5, sometimes 4.
The main life forms are trees, herbs, shrubs.
Features of the class Monocots:
- in the embryo one cotyledon;
- fibrous root system;
- the stem does not grow in thickness, because
does not have a cambium;
Leaves are simple, with parallel or arcuate venation. The exception is the raven eye.
The number of flower components is a multiple of 3. The perianth is simple.
Classes of flowering plants are divided into: departments, orders, families, genera, species.
Some families included in these classes are presented in the form of a table:
Answer left Guru
Comparison of dicots and monocots
In the department of Angiosperms (Flowering) plants, two classes are distinguished - Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous plants.
Dicotyledonous plants appeared earlier, later monocotyledonous ones originated from them. By the number of species of dicotyledonous plants more. Many features are common to both classes. However, they have significant differences in a number of ways.
Distinctive features of dicotyledonous plants:
The embryo of the seed has two cotyledons.
The nutrient reserve of the seed is stored either in the embryo or in the endosperm. The germinal root gives rise to a well-developed main root. Tap root system. Leaves with pinnate or palmate venation. The conductive tissue of the stem has a pronounced ring structure.
Thanks to the annular layer of the cambium, the stem grows in thickness. There are many both woody and herbaceous forms.
Distinctive features of monocot plants:
The seed embryo has one cotyledon.
What are monocots and dicots
The supply of nutrients is in the endosperm. The germinal root is poorly developed. During germination, adventitious roots depart from the stem. Fibrous root system. Leaves with parallel or arcuate venation. The petiole of the leaf is either almost not developed, or is a leaf sheath. The conductive tissue of the stem consists of bundles.
There are no cambium rings like in dicots. Mostly herbs.
Origin of classes angiosperms
Monocotyledonous plants evolved from primitive dicotyledons, which were characterized by avascular xylem, apocarpous gynoecium, and single-furrowed pollen grains. Of modern dicotyledons, representatives of the lily-bearing order have the largest number of common characters with monocots.
The water lily family belongs to the class of dicotyledonous angiosperms. Plants of this family have many primitive characters, so they are often considered as a link between dicots and monocots. Descended from ancestral avascular magnolia plants. Water herbs, b.h. rhizomatous. Conductive bundles in the stem are scattered, as in monocots. Vessels are absent. The flowers are large, solitary, bisexual, spirocyclic. Stamens of a primitive structure, ribbon-like, with a pronounced overconnection. Pollinated by beetles (primitive pollinators).
Characteristics of the classes Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous Plants
The division of the department of Angiosperms into classes is based on a set of characters, the main of which is the number of cotyledons. Plants of one class have one cotyledon in the seed and are called monocots, and plants of the other have two cotyledons, and are called, respectively, dicots.
In addition to the presence of cotyledons, they differ in the structural features of the flower. In monocots, the flower has a simple perianth, while in dicots it has a double one, consisting of a calyx and a corolla. In both classes, there are species in which the perianth is absent.
The number of perianth elements and stamens in monocots is usually a multiple of three, and in dicots it is a multiple of four or five.
In both classes there are different kinds fruits and types of seed structure, so these features are not characteristic of the classes.
The vegetative organs of plants of the two classes also have certain differences. For dicotyledons, the development of the main root from the germinal root of the seed is typical, so they form a tap root system. In monocots, the germinal root either does not emerge from the seed, or develops weakly in parallel with the development a large number adventitious roots, which leads to the formation of a fibrous root system.
In dicotyledons, the vascular cambium is developed in vascular bundles (bundles open type), therefore, they are characterized by the ability to secondary thickening. Conductive bundles are arranged in a circle. In monocotyledonous vascular bundles of a closed type (do not contain cambium), therefore, they are not capable of secondary thickening. Conductive bundles are scattered over the entire section of the stem. In this regard, herbaceous forms predominate among monocots, while in dicots we can observe all life forms: trees, grasses, shrubs.
Rice. Vascular bundles in monocots are scattered throughout the thickness of the stem (left); in dicots they are usually arranged in a ring surrounding the pith (right).
The leaves of dicots usually have reticulate venation, while monocots usually have parallel or arcuate venation.
| Class Monocots | Class Dicotyledonous | |
| number of cotyledons / nutrition of the embryo | one cotyledon/embryo feeds on endosperm | two large cotyledons / embryo feeds on cotyledons |
| root system | fibrous (the main root is not expressed) | taproot (well developed main root) |
| conductive bundles | conductive bundles of a closed type are scattered over the entire cross section of the stem | conductive bundles of open type arranged in a circle |
| sheet | leaves sessile | petiolate leaves |
| venation | venation parallel or arcuate | venation reticulate or pinnate |
| perianth | perianth simple (no sepals) | perianth double: sepals and petals |
| flower structure | the number of flower elements is a multiple of 3 | the number of flower elements is a multiple of 4 or 5 |
| main families | Cereals (Bluegrass) Liliaceae Sedge Orchid Palm | Brassicaceae (Cabbage) Rosaceae Solanaceae (Butterfly) Asteraceae (Asteraceae) Umbelliferous Lamiaceae |
EXCEPTIONS
The structure of vegetative organs is not as rigidly determined as generative ones, and there are exceptions, sometimes quite numerous. So, plantains (a genus of dicotyledonous plants) have a fibrous root system and parallel or arcuate venation. raven eye, a representative of monocots, has a reticulate venation. The palm family belonging to the monocotyledonous class, although it has closed-type vascular bundles, is capable of secondary thickening and is represented by woody forms. Therefore, it is impossible to judge whether a plant belongs to one or another class only by the structure of any vegetative organ, it is necessary to take into account the whole complex of features, and first of all, the structure of seeds and flowers.
Angiosperms are the most numerous group of living plants. About 200 thousand dicotyledonous and about 65 thousand monocotyledonous plants are known.
The most important families of dicots are cruciferous, rosaceous, solanaceous, legumes, composites, umbelliferous, labiales, and others. Among monocots, the most numerous families are lilies, orchids, grasses (bluegrass), sedge, and palm.
The most important families of dicots
Cruciferous (cabbage).
The family includes about 3500 species.
Life forms: annual and perennial herbs, shrubs. Biennials form roots.
Flower formula: actinomorphic flowers (radially symmetrical) with a pedicel. Flowers have 4 sepals and 4 petals located between adjacent sepals. Stamens 6, of which 2 stamens with short stamen filaments, and 4 with long filaments. In the center of the flower there is 1 pistil with a two-celled upper ovary.
Ch4L4T4+2P1Ch4L4T4+2P1
Inflorescence: brush.
Leaves: usually without stipules, simple, often dissected.
Fruit: pod or pod.
The most important representatives: cabbage, turnip, radish, radish, mustard, rapeseed.
Rosaceae .
Life forms: trees, shrubs, herbs.
Flower formula: 5 free sepals and one or two circles of 5 free petals. The stamens are also arranged in circles of 5. There are one or many pistils, the ovary is upper or semi-lower.
Ch5L5T5−∞P1−∞Ch5L5T5−∞P1−∞
Inflorescences and fruits are varied.
Leaves: variously shaped, often with stipules.
The most important representatives: apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, rose, strawberry, cherry, hawthorn, mountain ash.
AT modern classification according to the morphology of the fetuses and the main chromosome numbers, the following subfamilies are distinguished:
1) Almond, or Prunoideae - Plum. 1 pistil formed by 1 carpel, the fruit is a drupe;
Ch5L5T5−∞P1Ch5L5T5−∞P1
Representatives: cherry, cherry, plum, apricot, almond, peach, bird cherry.
cherry blossom diagram
2) Apple - 1 pistil, formed by the fusion of 5 carpels, the fruit is an apple;
Ch5L5T5−∞P1Ch5L5T5−∞P1
Representatives: apple tree, pear, quince, hawthorn, mountain ash, irga, medlar.
apple flower diagram
3) Rosanaceae - many pistils, fruits - nuts, many nuts, many drupes, often with an overgrown receptacle (hypanthium) involved in the formation of the fruit;
Ch5L5T5−∞P∞Ch5L5T5−∞P∞
Representatives: rose, wild rose, wild strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, gravel, cinquefoil.
strawberry flower diagram
Nightshade .
The family includes about 3000 species.
Life Forms: Most are herbs, creepers, but there are also shrubs and small trees.
Flower formula: calyx consists of 5 fused sepals, corolla - 5 fused petals. Stamens - 5, pistil - 1, with an upper, most often two-celled, ovary.
Ch(5)L(5)T(5)P1P(5)L(5)T(5)P1
Inflorescence: curl, gyrus.
Fruit: capsule or berry.
Leaves: simple, sometimes strongly dissected (potato, tomato).
The most important representatives: potatoes, tomatoes, capsicum, eggplant, tobacco, henbane, dope, physalis, petunia.
1 - calyx, 2 - corolla, 3 - stamens, 4 - pistil
Legumes (moth).
The family includes over 12,000 species.
Life forms: herbs, shrubs, trees.
Flower formula: flowers are zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical), calyx of 5 fused sepals; the upper large petal is usually called a sail (flag), the side petals are called oars (wings), and the 2 fused lower petals are called a boat. 10 stamens: 9 of them grow together, and 1 is free. Pistil - 1, with a single-celled upper ovary.
Ch(5)L(2),2.1T(9)+1P1Ch(5)L(2),2.1T(9)+1P1
Inflorescence: raceme, head.
Fruit: bean.
Leaves: compound, often with stipules.
In legumes, growths are formed on the roots - nodules in which symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria live, so these plants can grow on poor soils, enriching them with nitrogen.
The most important representatives: soybeans, beans, peas, clover, alfalfa, acacias, mimosas, vetch, rank, chickpeas, lupins.
Compositae (aster) .
The family includes over 27,000 species.
Life forms: annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, trees, creepers.
Flower formula: actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers, corolla formed by 5 fused petals. At its base, there is usually a rudimentary calyx of a row of hairs or setae. Stamens (if any) 5. In the center there is a lower ovary, one-celled and one-seeded.
There are no single flowers. The flowers are collected in an inflorescence basket. Individual flowers are usually very small.
According to the structure of the corolla, 4 types of flowers are distinguished:
tubular (common tansy) *Ch0−∞L(5)T(5)P1*Ch0−∞L(5)T(5)P1
reed (dandelion officinalis) Ch0−∞L(5)T(5)P1Ch0−∞L(5)T(5)P1
False-lingual (marginal chamomile flowers) Ch0 or (2) or ∞L(3)T0P1Ch0 or (2) or ∞L(3)T0P1
funnel-shaped (marginal flowers of blue cornflower)
The stigma of the pistil is always bifid.
Tubular and reed flowers are bisexual, funnel-shaped are asexual, and false-reed flowers are female (chamomile) or sterile (sunflower).
Fruit: seed.
The most important representatives: sunflower, artichoke, lettuce, Jerusalem artichoke, chicory, dahlias, asters, marigolds, marigolds, daisies.
The department of flowering plants is divided into two classes: monocots and dicots. Differences:
- Monocots have one cotyledon (germ layer) in the seed, while dicots have two.
- In monocots, the root system is fibrous, while in dicots, it is taproot.
- In monocots, leaf venation is parallel and arcuate, while in dicots it is reticulate (pinnate).
- Monocots do not have a cambium, so they cannot grow in thickness and are all herbs. Dicots have cambium, so they can be herbs, shrubs, and trees.
- The number of flower elements (stamens, petals) in monocots is a multiple of three (3,6,9 ...), and in dicots - five (5, 10, 15 ...)
monocots
- Family Cereals (rye, wheat, wheatgrass) - straw stalk, intercalary growth, complex spike inflorescence, caryopsis fruit.
- Lily family (onion, tulip, lily of the valley) - have rhizomes and bulbs.
Dicotyledonous
- Cruciferous family (radish, cabbage, colza) - 4 petals, pod fruit.
- Family Legumes, they are Moth (peas, clover, beans) - bean fruit, nodule bacteria.
- Solanaceae family (potato, tomato, pepper) - fused sepals and petals, poisonous.
- Family Compositae (sunflower, chamomile, dandelion) - small flowers collected in inflorescence basket, fruit achene.
- Family Rosaceae (apple, strawberry, mountain ash).
Thus, the division of flowering plants into classes occurs on the basis of the structure of the root system, the number of cotyledons, leaf venation, etc. The division into families occurs on the basis of the structure of flowers and fruits.
1. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. For plants that have the venation of leaves shown in the figure, the following features are also characteristic:
1) two cotyledons in a seed
2) the number of flower parts is a multiple of three
3) diffuse structure of the conducting system
4) there is no cambium ring
5) tap root system
6) flower with double perianth
Answer
2. Select three features that are characteristic of the organism depicted in the figure.
1) vegetative propagation
2) parallel venation
3) double fertilization
4) four-membered flower
5) stem - straw
6) the fruit is a polynutlet
Answer
1. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What features are characteristic of plants of the family, the representative of which is shown in the figure?
1) the fruit is an achene
2) straw stalk
3) intercalary growth
4) compound leaves
5) net venation of leaves
6) complex spike inflorescence
Answer
2. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the characteristics of this organism?
1) parallel venation of leaves
2) straw stalk
3) the presence of cambium in the stem
4) fruit - achene
5) fibrous root system
6) vegetative propagation
Answer
Choose the one most correct option. Compositae fruit
1) grain
2) achene
3) drupe
4) nut
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What characteristics are characteristic of plants of the class Dicotyledonous?
1) net venation of leaves
2) the root system is fibrous
3) the root system is rod
4) arc venation of leaves
5) two cotyledons in a seed
6) parallel venation of leaves
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between plant classes (1-Dicotyledonous, 2-Monocotyledonous) and their characteristics. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) fibrous root system
B) Tap root system
C) Leaves have arcuate or parallel venation
D) The number of flower parts is a multiple of 3
D) Leaves have pinnate or palmate venation.
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the trait of angiosperms and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) dicots, 2) monocots
A) the presence of one cotyledon in the seed
B) fibrous root system
C) the presence of two cotyledons in the seed
D) net venation of leaves
D) tap root system
E) parallel or arcuate venation of leaves
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the class of flowering plants for which this trait is characteristic: 1) Monocots, 2) Dicots. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) tap root system
B) one cotyledon
B) arcuate venation
D) parallel venation
D) a three-membered flower
E) five-membered flower
Answer
4. Establish a correspondence between the signs and classes of angiosperms for which they are characteristic: 1) Monocots, 2) Dicots. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the root system of the rod type
B) leaves with parallel venation
C) the number of flower parts is a multiple of 3
D) the growth of the stem in thickness due to the cambium
D) intercalary growth is characteristic
E) in most species, a double perianth
Answer
5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of angiosperms and the classes for which they are characteristic: 1) Monocots, 2) Dicots. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) leaf venation is reticulate
B) leaf venation is parallel
C) thickening of the stem due to the cambium
D) fibrous root system
D) a three-membered flower
E) simple and compound leaves
Answer
SHAPING 6
1) lack of cambium in the stem
Establish a correspondence between class features and plants: 1) shepherd's bag, 2) wheat. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) flowers are wind pollinated
B) has a fibrous root system
C) leaves have developed sheaths
D) vascular bundles have cambium
E) the number of flower parts is a multiple of four
E) a seed has two cotyledons
Answer
Establish a correspondence between plants and families to which they belong: 1) Cereals, 2) Rosaceae. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) bamboo
B) pear
B) rye
D) strawberry
D) peach
E) oats
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. The fruit of the pod is characteristic of members of the family
1) rosaceous
2) legumes
3) nightshade
4) cruciferous
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. The bean fruit is found in plants of the family
1) Compositae
2) nightshade
3) cereals
4) moth
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Why shepherd's purse, wild radish, mustard belong to the cruciferous (cabbage) family
1) Have a tap root system
2) They have net venation of leaves
3) Their flowers are of a four-membered type, form an inflorescence brush
4) Their flowers are five-membered type, form an inflorescence basket
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. main feature, according to which angiosperms are divided into classes, is the structure
1) flower
2) fetus
3) seed
4) stem
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. In plants of the cruciferous family: cabbage, radish and turnip fruit
1) achene
2) box
3) pod
4) nut
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. The main feature by which flowering plants belong to one class is
1) the structure of the fetus
2) method of reproduction
3) the structure of the seed
4) living together
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. characteristic feature plants of the Compositae family (Asteraceae) - inflorescence
1) head
2) complex umbrella
3) a simple umbrella
4) basket
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the trait of plants and the family for which this trait is characteristic: 1) Cabbage, 2) Moth. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the fruit is a pod or pod
B) inflorescence brush
B) inflorescence brush or head
D) flower formula ChB4L4T2 + 4P1
E) flower formula Ch(5)L1+2+(2)T(9)+1P1
E) bean fruit
Answer
Look at the picture and identify (A) the type of fetus depicted, (B) the family that the depicted fruit is characteristic of, and (C) its representatives. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided. Write down the chosen numbers, in the order corresponding to the letters.
1) pod
2) beans, acacia, peanuts
3) bob
4) cereals
5) cabbage, peas, henbane
6) moth
7) cruciferous
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the families of flowering plants and their characteristics: 1) Compositae, 2) Cereals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) a family of the class Monocots
B) small flowers are collected in large inflorescences - baskets
B) the fruit is a seed
D) have a special cylindrical stem with well-developed nodes
D) a flower consists of two lemmas
E) family class Dicotyledonous
Answer
Look at the picture of the plant and indicate (A) class, (B) type of root system and (C) fruit. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided. Write down the chosen numbers, in the order corresponding to the letters.
1) monocots
2) grain
3) rod
4) dicot
5) achene
6) fibrous
7) cob
8) cereals
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What role do leguminous plants play in nature?
1) serve as food for humans
2) enrich the soil with nitrogen salts
3) are a complete feed for livestock
4) nodule bacteria live on their roots
Answer
Find three errors in the given text. Specify the numbers of proposals in which they are made.(1) Division Angiosperms are divided into classes Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous. (2) Dicotyledonous plants are characterized by the presence of two cotyledons in the seed. (3) Monocotyledonous plants have a cambium ring in the stem. (4) Fibrous root systems are generally characteristic of dicotyledonous plants. (5) Plants of the families Cereals and Lilies belong to the class Monocots. (6) Plants of the families Rosaceae and Legumes are classified in the class Dicotyledonous. (7) In dicotyledonous plants, as a rule, the number of flower parts is a multiple of three.
Answer
© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019
We live in the plant world of nature, where harmony and beauty reign. We are amazed by the variety of trees, herbs, flowers on our planet. Botanists and biologists divided the entire plant world into types, divisions, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Such a taxonomy allows you to better understand the diversity of plants and systematize knowledge about each plant subject. Consider the basic concepts in the world of plants - classes of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, features, differences, distribution on the globe and their role in our lives.
The department of plants belonging to Angiosperms or Flowering consists of two significant classes: Dicotyledonous and monocots. The class of dicotyledonous plants includes a large variety of plant specimens that appeared on our planet a very long time ago. Dicotyledonous plants are much more numerous than monocotyledonous plants.
On the globe there are more than 300 families of dicotyledonous plants and about 180 thousand of their species. AT former USSR there are approximately 15 thousand plant species belonging to this class. Dicotyledons arose on the planet much earlier than Monocots. It has been proven that the latter descended from Dicotyledons after a long period of time. We list the main features by which plants can be attributed to the class of Dicotyledonous representatives.
Two cotyledons in a seed- one of the main indicators of a plant belonging to the Dicotyledonous class. The nutrient reserve for the development of a future tree, herbaceous or flowering plant is located in the seed germ of the seed, or in the tissue surrounding the embryo - the endosperm.
Tap root the system is formed from the germinal root of the seed. It consists of the main root and thinner - lateral and adventitious roots. So strong underground part securely holds the plant in the ground, ensuring the absorption of the necessary nutrients and moisture, so necessary for the life of the plant.
palmate and pinnate venation leaf plate - another feature of plants of the Dicotyledonous class. The edge of the sheet may have integral structure, and rugged. Dicotyledonous plants can be found with simple and complex leaves having several simple leaflets on one petiole.
Conductive canals of the stem dicotyledonous plants have a ring structure with a layer cambium, which allows the stems or trunks to grow in width and give a strong structure to the plant. Organic and mineral components are transported along the stem. The trunk and stem create a depot of nutrients and water throughout the life cycle of the plant. On the stems and branches of the Dicotyledonous class, the leaves are arranged in an orderly manner.
4-5-membered flower more often with double perianth characteristic of dicots. Flowering dicot plants are pollinated by insects.
All plant life species(from herbal to woody) are inherent in this class.
What are the characteristics of monocotyledonous plants
Class Monocots formed much later than Dicotyledonous and is not represented so numerous in the plant world. Monocots include about 80 families and a little more than 60 thousand plant species. There are signs that characterize monocot plant representatives.
Embryo with one cotyledon — main indicator class differences. The depot of nutrients is located in the periembryonic space - the endosperm or storage tissue.
Fibrous root the system is typical for monocots. The germinal root in this class is poorly formed, therefore, in an adult plant, many adventitious roots form, forming a fibrous root formation.
Parallel and arc venation sheet plates - one more characteristic monocots. Leaf petioles usually not developed, but are formed in the form of a vaginal bell, covering the stems of plants. Leaves monocot plants - plain with smooth edges.
The conductive tissue of the stem is formed by separate bundles without concentric growing layer of cambium.
Three-membered flowers with a simple perianth- Another important sign of monocotyledonous representatives. The flowers of this class of plants are mostly wind-pollinated.
herbaceous plants as cereals and bulbous are presented in vital plant forms of monocotyledonous plants.
Table monocot and dicotyledonous plants Grade 6
This table clearly demonstrates the main distinguishing features of two large classes of plants: Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledons.
Differences between monocots and dicots
Recall the differences between the classes of monocots and dicots:
- The structure of the seed: In the class of monocotyledonous representatives, the seed contains one cotyledon, in dicotyledonous green representatives, two cotyledons.
- Root systems a: fibrous - in monocots and a developed taproot in dicots.
- Leaf venation: parallel and arcuate in monocotyledons, reticulate and pinnate have dicotyledonous plants.
- flower structure: in monocotyledons - petals are three-membered with a simple perianth, in dicotyledons - four-five-membered flowers with a double perianth.
- life form: predominant woody and herbaceous in dicots and herbaceous in monocots.
- flower pollination: mainly by wind - monocotyledonous herbaceous plants and pollination by insects - in dicotyledonous representatives.
Signs of monocots and dicots angiosperms
Angiosperms or Flowering green representatives of higher plants are distinguished by a huge species diversity. A flower, as a reproductive organ, is a distinctive feature of these beautiful representatives of the flora.
Botanists and biologists have established a number of features that characterize the belonging of a particular plant specimen to dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous representatives in the department of flowering plants. There are many families with hallmarks structures of the root, stem, leaf plate, flowers, fruits and seeds. At present, scientists have identified more than 300 thousand plant species from the Flowering department.
Signs of monocotyledonous angiosperms:
- one cotyledon;
- fibrous roots;
- parallel or arc venation;
- more often herbaceous life forms;
- the flower has a simple perianth with three to six flower petals.
Signs of dicotyledonous angiosperms:
- two cotyledons in a seed;
- taproot;
- pinnate or net venation of leaves;
- herbaceous or arboreal life forms;
- the flower has a complex structure with a double perianth and a four-five-petal corolla.
Comparative characteristics of monocots and dicots
The table clearly shows characteristics two classes of the Kingdom of higher plants: Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous.
Comparative signs of two classes of plants are shown in the video:
Monocots and dicots examples
The flora of monocotyledonous angiosperms is represented by numerous families and is distinguished by the species diversity of plant forms. Monocot plants include plant families:lily, cereals, Onion, asparagus, Orchid, sedge, Aroid, palm trees and etc.
May lily of the valley– fragrant tender plant with many snow-white bell-shaped flowers on a long peduncle. The plant can be found in spring in shady, moist forests. Species Latin name the flower was given by Carl Linnaeus, which translates as "lily of the valleys." Breeders brought out the most beautiful garden views lily of the valley with racemes of numerous double flowers. There are even garden types of lily of the valley with pink flowers.
lily of the valley is medicinal plant and is included in the Pharmacopoeia of various countries. The cardiac glycosides of the plant are used for the pharmaceutical production of cardiac drugs. Medicinal properties plants and extraordinary beauty in bouquets were the reason for the mass extermination of the plant. Many regions of Russia have included lily of the valley in the Red Book.
Lily — bulbous plant unique beauty. The lily flower always attracts everyone's attention with its exquisite shape and unusual color range of shades. Wild-growing lilies grow in dry fields and meadows, and during flowering they produce a fabulously unique spectacle.
Bulbs of wild-growing grasshoppers are edible. In places of mass growth of plants, the local population still uses the bulbs for food and as a cure for toothache. Cultural hybrids of garden lilies occupy a leading place in flower beds.
lady's slipper- an endangered flower in many countries, which is less and less common in forests. The flower of the plant has unusual shape and different coloration of the petals, perianth, with a bright yellow lip and red patches. Forest beauty can be found in the shaded wet corners of the forest. An ancient representative of the Orchid family is valued for its decorative effect and is massively exterminated by man.
The lady's slipper, like all orches, is included in the security books of many states. In Russia, this plant is listed in the Red Book and is under protection. Venus slipper has long been used as a medicine in Tibetan medicine, and Siberian healers often used decoctions of the plant to treat nervous disorders and headaches.
Wheat- the mistress of our fields, an annual cereal crop. On a long hollow stem are narrow lanceolate leaves emerging from the vagina. The long spike of the inflorescence, as it matures, turns into a repository of full-weight grains, which are used to make flour and cereals.
Spring or winter crops are grown almost everywhere in all regions of Russia, except for the northern latitudes. Moreover, many territories have their own varieties of wheat adapted for cultivation in this climatic segment. In many countries, wheat is a crop of strategic importance and an export item.
Onion — vegetable crop without which no table can do. It is widely grown on industrial plantations, in the areas of summer residents and is found wild in shady, moist corners of the forest throughout Russia.
The bulbous plant contains phytoncides, vitamins, etc. useful material. Onions are used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes, and are also a good honey plant during flowering.
The kingdom of dicotyledonous flowering is the most numerous and diverse, including more than 108 thousand plant species. The largest families of this class: Rosaceae, Compositae,Nightshade, Moth, cruciferous and etc.
Water lily white- decoration of our reservoirs. Has a second name Nymphaeum and translates as "chrysalis". The yellow "heart" of the flower seems to burn in the frame of snow-white delicate petals. Huge shiny dark green round-heart-shaped leaf plates float around the flower.
The leaves are attached by long stems to a massive rhizome containing starchy substances. Previously, flour and starch were produced from the rhizome of the white water lily. And from the roasted seeds of an aquatic plant, they ground water lily coffee, which tasted like a natural drink.
Poppy — beautiful flower with large corolla petals. There are many types of poppies, differing in size, shape, color and size of the petals. garden forms presented beautiful views with major double flowers. The flower stem contains a milky sap. After flowering, a fruit-box with numerous small seeds is formed in place of the flower.
In the wild, poppy is common in the countries of Central Asia, forming unique scarlet curtains in vast steppe spaces. The poppy seed of many types of poppy is used in the food and confectionery industries to produce poppy seed oil and delicious fillings for baking. Opium poppy pods are used to make narcotic painkillers. In Russia, there has been a ban on the cultivation of this type of poppy since 2004.
Daisy- a delicate beautiful plant of small size, growing in gardens, parks and in the wild - on mountain slopes and large glades in the middle and southern parts of European territory and the Mediterranean. Garden daisies have multi-colored terry inflorescences that attract many insects to the site.
Mallow grows wild and cultivated in our gardens. Herbaceous plant with large-petalled flowers of different colors and shapes. Forest mallow can be found in our forests and open glades. In the gardens, elegant terry mallows of various shades are grown on long stems. Infusions and decoctions of wild mallow flowers relieve coughs and are widely used to treat catarrhs and hoarse voices.
Apple tree- representative of dicots woody plants. It occurs in wild and cultivated form everywhere, except for the northern latitudes. Fragrant apple orchards attract many insect pollinators.
And ripe fruits are one of the most delicious fruit treats. Apples are useful fresh, as they contain a storehouse of vitamins. Processed fruits are used to produce juices, compotes, jams, marshmallows. decorative types apple trees are the decoration of our gardens and parks.
dicot root
The germinal root of dicotyledonous plants is strong and hardy. Subsequently, a strong powerful taproot. With the subsequent growth of the plant, a stable, strong tap root system develops.
monocot root
The root embryo of monocots is poorly developed. During the growth of the plant, the main root does not gain strength and at some stage of development stops growing. But adventitious and lateral roots accumulate power, forming fibrous root system.Fibrous roots firmly cover the surface fertile soil layer and provide nutrition and water supply to the plant.
Dicot plants in human activity
Plants of the Dicotyledonous class represent an invaluable role in human life. We list some of the main areas of use of these plants.
- The flora of dicotyledonous and other plants is "Lungs" of the Earth. Participation in photosynthesis leads to the improvement of our planet. In addition, many plants produce unique substances - phytoncides that can destroy many pathogens and viruses.
- Trees, shrubs, herbs, flowering plants adorn our surroundings. Many of them are good honey plants.
- Nutritional qualities dicotyledonous plants allow a person to get tasty, natural food, rich in vitamins, minerals and vegetable fiber.
- medicinal properties Plants have long been used by mankind in the treatment of many diseases.
- Plants of dicotyledonous representatives are used as feed for herbivores and.
- Construction and fuel production are not without the use wood materials and woodworking waste.
monocot root system
The tap root is not characteristic of monocotyledonous plants. The video explains: what types of root systems do dicots and monocots have and their role in plant life.
Dicot root system
The class of dicotyledonous plants in the process of its formation has formed a stable powerful tap root system. Main taproot able to reach great soil depths in search of moisture and nutrition, showing strong vitality.
From the bottom of the stem are often formed adventitious roots, which enhance the power of the root system, and in case of damage, illness or death of the main root, they replace it and prevent the plant from dying.
Lateral roots branch off from the tap root, they depart at an acute angle and spread in the soil at a distance of 60-70 cm. The lateral roots are thin and play a large conducting role in the nutrition and water supply of the plant. Thus, the tap root system of plants of the Dicotyledonous class was formed.
Careful attitude to the plants surrounding our life must be carried through all our lives. In addition to their decorative and aesthetic value, “green friends”, thanks to photosynthesis, utilize carbon dioxide and enrich our planet with oxygen, give humanity a lot of food, create a special peace and harmony on Earth.
Why do we need plants, video:
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Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested this work please download the full version.
Lesson objectives:
- educational: to acquaint students with the distinctive features and diversity of plants of the Rosaceae, Moth, Cruciferous, Nightshade and Compositae families; show their biological features; expand and deepen students' knowledge of the diversity of flowering plants
- Educational: to continue work on the formation of the ability to recognize flowering plants, to give a morphological and systematic description; developing the ability to analyze, compare and draw conclusions
- nurturing: the development of the worldview.
Methods and methodological techniques: conversation - repetition, a story with elements of a conversation, work with a textbook and workbook, work with presentation.
Means of education: tables of plant families of the dicotyledonous class; houseplants, herbariums of rosaceae, papilionaceous, cruciferous, solanaceous and composite plants; dummies of fruits and plants of these families, ready presentation.
Used Books:
1) I.N. Ponomareva, V.S. Kuchmenko, L.V. Simonova"Biology: plants, bacteria, fungi, lichens".
2) L.S. Rodman. Botany. – M.: Kolos, 2001.
3) DI. Traitak, N.D. Traytak. Biology. Plants, bacteria, fungi, lichens. Moscow: Mnemosyne, 2008.
4) V.V. Beekeeper. Biology. Plants, bacteria, fungi, lichens. M.: bustard, 2008.
5) N.I. Sonin. Biology. Living organism. M.: Bustard. 2008.
Lesson plan:
1. Organizational moment
2. Knowledge control
3. Learning new material
1) Class dicotyledonous plants as the most numerous among flowering plants. Rosaceae family.
2) Representatives of the moth family are the ancestors of the most ancient cultivated plants.
3) Cruciferous family: characteristics, representatives, distribution and significance.
4) The variety of plants of the family Solanaceae and Compositae: their characteristics and economic importance.
4. Consolidation of knowledge
5. Information about homework
DURING THE CLASSES
- Today in the lesson, guys, we will continue to study the class of dicotyledonous plants and consider such issues as classification, namely, which subclasses and families are included in this class.
The dicotyledonous class unites over 150 thousand plant species, which is 3/4 of the total diversity of flowering plants. The dicot class includes 8 subclasses, 429 families, about 100 thousand genera and at least 190 thousand species. The school task is simplified, and we will consider only those families from subclasses that include plants of our flora that are of great practical importance [slide 1,3,4].
Rosaceae family. It unites 3-3.5 thousand species of trees, shrubs and herbs. This family includes most of the fruit and berry plants of our flora. [slide 4-8]. The leaves are alternate, simple or compound, with stipules, sometimes falling off early. Flowers solitary or collected in inflorescences. The calyx consists of five free or fused sepals at the base. The corolla is always separate, consists of five, less often of four petals. Stamens numerous, arranged in circles of five to ten. The fruits are simple or combined. Seeds without endosperm or with little residual endosperm, contain fatty oil, protein. The peculiarity of the flower is the presence of hypanthium in the form of a saucer, bowl or glass. It is formed from an overgrown receptacle and flower tube - fused bases of sepals, petals, stamens. When ripe, the hypanthium acquires a bright color, becomes juicy, fleshy, which contributes to the distribution of fruits and seeds by animals. The diversity of the structure of flowers and fruits led to the division of Rosaceae into seven families, of which the main ones are: spire, dogrose, apple, plum [slide 10-14].
Family moth or legume [slide 15]. One of the largest families, includes 18 thousand species of trees, shrubs, shrubs and herbs - perennial and annual, distributed throughout the globe [slide 16-25]. The main feature of the fruit family is the bean. The leaf arrangement is alternate, the leaves are compound, with stipules. Inflorescences - brush, ear and head. The flowers are usually bisexual, with a double perianth. The structure of the flower reflects adaptation to cross-pollination by insects. The calyx is symbiotic, regular or bilabiate. Corolla - rear large petal - sail, side - oars covering two petals, fused with tops into a boat. In some genera, like clover, for example, all the petals at the base grow together into a tube. Stamens ten, arranged in two circles. They are either free, like in Sophora or Thermopsis, or fused, like in lupine, gorse. Stalnik, goat's rue, or nine stamens fuse into a tube, and one remains free, as in most genera. The nectary is located at the base of the pistil. The oars, under the weight of an insect attracted by a brightly colored sail, descend, dragging the boat articulated with them. Pistil from one carpel, ovary superior [slide 26-32].
Cruciferous family [slide 33-34]. Large family, unites 3 thousand species, 380 genera. Mostly annual and perennial herbs, rarely shrubs and dwarf shrubs. The leaves are alternate, simple, often pinnately and lyre-pinnately dissected, without stipules. Leaves and stem are often pubescent. The content of sulfur-containing glycosides is characteristic. The peculiar bitter taste of many cabbages is determined by the content of these substances. The flowers are regular, bisexual, uniformly arranged, always collected in simple or complex racemes. Perianth double. The calyx consists of four free sepals, the corolla - of four white, yellow or purple free petals, alternating with sepals. There are six stamens, of which two are short and four are long. Pistil with upper ovary. The fruit is a pod. Sometimes a shortened pod, opening with two flaps, separated from the false partition from the bottom up. Rarely decaying fruits (segmented radish pod) or one-seeded (nutlet in woad, sverbigi). Seeds are usually without endosperm [slide 35-37]. Many members of the family are widely cultivated as vegetable, oilseed and industrial crops [slide 38-39].
Solanaceae family. Unites 2.5 thousand species mainly herbaceous plants[slide 40-45]. The family has an almost cosmopolitan distribution. The greatest diversity is found in tropical South Africa. The leaves are alternate, without stipules, simple, with a whole or dissected plate. The presence of alkaloids, including highly toxic ones, is characteristic. The flowers are collected in curls or solitary, outwardly regular. But often slightly zygomorphic. Perianth double. The calyx is leafy. The corolla is sympetalous with a wheel-shaped, funnel-shaped or star-shaped limb. The stamens, alternating with corolla teeth, adhere to its tube. The pistil usually has two carpels. The fruit is a berry or capsule. Seeds with endosperm [slide 46-49]. Among the nightshades there are many economically valuable plants cultivated all over the globe. Some species, like petunia, fragrant tobacco, are used as decorative [slide 43-45].
Compositae family [slide 50]. A huge family with 20-25 thousand species. Distributed throughout the globe, but mainly in the temperate zone, they are distinguished by high ecological plasticity. The predominant life forms are herbs and shrubs. Shrubs, succulents, creepers and low trees are found as an exception. The leaf arrangement is alternate, rarely opposite or whorled. The leaves are simple, without stipules. A characteristic feature of the family is simple inflorescences in the form of baskets, resembling a flower. Baskets can be collected in complex inflorescences - a shield or panicle. Each basket has a single or multi-row wrapper on the outside, resembling a cup. The wrapper is formed by modified apical leaves. The axis of the inflorescence is flattened and expanded so that it forms a flat concave or convex, smooth or pitted basket bed. The bed can be naked or with films, bristles or hairs, which are modified bracts [slide 51-52]. The number of flowers in the basket varies from hundreds and even thousands to several. The perianth is double, but there is no typical calyx. The calyx tube, together with the base of the corolla tube, is completely attached to the ovary, and its free lobes are usually strongly modified. The corolla is sympetalous with five petals, four main types: tubular, reed, pseudo-reed and funnel-shaped. Stamens five, alternating with petals, adherent by filaments to the corolla tube. The anthers are soldered into a tube, inside which they open with a longitudinal slit. The pestle passes through the anther tube. Pistil of two carpels. Ovary inferior, unilocular, with one ovule.
A variety of structure and color of baskets, in which many flowers are compactly collected, ensures the attraction of pollinating insects. The fruit is a seed. Seeds with direct oily germ, practically without endosperm. The fruits are often equipped with a tufted tuft [slide 53-54]. This family includes a number of economically valuable plants: food and fodder, medicinal, technical, dyeing and decorative. Some species are malicious, difficult to eradicate weeds [slide 55-63].
Main conclusion: The families of flowering plants are distinguished by a combination of many features, the most important of which are the structural features of the flower and fruit.
In order to test and analyze the acquired knowledge, I developed and compiled a test that was offered to students. The tasks of this test had the following list of questions [slide 64-70].
1. Nodule bacteria are found in plants of the family:
1) moth;
2) rosaceous;
3) Compositae;
4) nightshade.
2. The fruit of a dandelion is called -
1) grain;
2) achene;
3) nut;
4) drupe.
3. A flower consists of a calyx formed by four sepals, a corolla , formed by four free petals, six stamens, of which two are short and four are long, and one pistil. Plants with such a flower structure belong to the family:
1) pink (rosaceae);
2) nightshade;
3) papilionaceans (legumes);
4. Flower formula H (5) L (5) T (5) P 1 have flowering plants of the family:
1) pink (rosaceous);
2) nightshade;
3) papilionaceans (legumes);
4) cabbage (cruciferous).
5. What are root tubers formed by, and in which of the presented families do they occur:
1) the main root; a) pink (rosaceous);
2) lateral roots; b) nightshade;
3) adventitious roots; c) moth (legume);
4) underground stem. d) cabbage (cruciferous).
6. Signs of vegetative organs: stems are often herbaceous vines, leaves are pinnately compound with large stipules, ternary; leaves can be modified into tendrils. What family does the plant belong to?
1) pink (rosaceous);
2) moth (legume);
3) bluegrass (grass);
7. Match the plant and the fruit that forms it.
1) Peas a) Prefabricated nut
2) Henbane b) Bob
3) Cabbage c) Box
4) Rosehip d) Pod
5) Sunflower e) Semyanka
8. Name the family whose plants are characterized only by the inflorescence brush:
1) pink (rosaceous);
2) moth (legume);
3) Compositae;
4) cabbage (cruciferous).
9. In which of the named families of plants of the dicotyledonous class are fodder and food plants, as well as medicinal, ornamental and weed plants found.
1) pink (rosaceous);
2) moth (legume);
3) Compositae;
4) cabbage (cruciferous).
10. Name the plant, as well as the family it represents according to the following characteristic: pubescent perennial with yellow flowers and a multi-celled red or yellow berry, widely cultivated as a valuable vegetable plant. The fruits contain sugars, organic acids, a large number of potassium, vitamins P, C and group B.
1) potatoes;
2) tomato;
3) tobacco;
4) henbane.
11. Name the depicted inflorescences, determine the family for which they are characteristic, and also select the appropriate names from the list for the designated parts: inflorescence axis, bract, peduncle, the youngest and oldest flower.
Picture 1
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Figure 2
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12. Examine the flower and label its main parts. And also write the formula of this flower and the name of the family, the plants of which are characterized by the structure of such a flower.
Figure 3
Homework: study §, complete tasks in the workbook.