4.3.1. Incoming cargo is placed on racks, pallets, stacks, etc. The weight of cargo on a pallet must not exceed the rated load capacity of a standard pallet.
4.3.2. When placing goods in premises, the dimensions of the indents should be: from the walls of the room - 0.7 m, from heating devices - 0.2-0.5 m, from lighting sources - 0.5 m, from the floor - 0.15-0, 30 m. The gaps in the stack should be: between boxes - 0.02 m, between pallets and containers - 0.05-0.10 m.
Notes:
1. It is allowed to install racks or stack goods with a distance from walls and wall columns of 0.05-0.10 m in cases where the space is not used for evacuating people.
2. The size of the indentations from heating devices must be increased if the storage conditions of the goods require it.
4.3.3. When stacking loads, ensure the stability of the stack and the safety of people working on or near the stack.
4.3.4. It is not allowed to stack cargo in damaged or oversized containers, in containers with slippery surfaces, or in packaging that does not ensure the stability of the package.
4.3.5. The stowage of cargo must ensure its stability during storage and transportation, unloading of vehicles and dismantling of stacks, as well as the possibility of mechanized loading and unloading. Unstacking of cargo should only be done from top to bottom.
4.3.6. Loads in boxes and bags that are not formed into bags should be stacked in a bandage. To ensure stability of the stack, slats should be laid every 2 rows of boxes, and boards should be laid every 5 rows of bags.
4.3.7. The height of storage of containerized packaging and piece goods is determined based on the height of the room, the load on the floors, technical characteristics and mechanization means, technological rules and storage conditions. The height of the stack when manually stacking packaged cargo in boxes weighing up to 50 kg, in bags up to 70 kg should not exceed 2 m.
4.3.8. The height of stacking barrels in a horizontal position (lying down) should be no more than 3 rows with the obligatory placement of spacers between the rows and wedging of all outer rows. When installing barrels standing up, the stacking height is allowed to be no more than 2 rows intertwined with laying boards of equal thickness between the rows.
4.3.9. Barrels with gasoline and other flammable liquids must be placed only lying down, in one row with the cap facing up.
4.3.10. The stack should not be stacked close to the stack to avoid collapses when dismantling the adjacent stack. The distance between the rows of stacks must be determined taking into account the possibility of installing containers in a stack, removing containers from the stack using lifting devices and ensuring the necessary fire breaks.
4.3.12. When performing work with containerized packaging and piece cargo, you should use various types of container equipment, as well as specialized load-handling devices that prevent the load from falling.
4.3.13. When forming a “lift” of cargo on a pallet, the maximum overhang of cargo from the pallet to the side should not exceed: for cargo in bag (fabric, jute) containers - 100 mm, for cargo in paper bags, in bales and boxes - 50 mm. The greatest stability of the package is ensured when the places are placed in a bandage.
4.3.14. Before lifting and moving loads, their stability and correct slinging are checked. Slinging methods must prevent the possibility of falling loads.
4.3.15. Slinging of containers should be done using all slinging units. When manually slinging (unslinging) containers, special ladders and other means are used to ensure the safety of workers.
4.3.16. Slinging of large-sized cargo must be carried out taking into account their weight and the location of the center of gravity.
4.3.17. When transporting, loading and unloading, storing and installing display glass, precautions must be taken to ensure safe working conditions.
4.3.18. Transportation of goods must be carried out by electric and motor vehicles equipped with devices that exclude the possibility of their operation by unauthorized persons. It is possible to leave vehicles after completion and during breaks between work if measures are taken to prevent their spontaneous movement; The lifted load must be lowered on the truck.
4.3.19. Transportation of long loads by forklifts should be carried out in open areas with a level surface and using a method of gripping the load that eliminates the possibility of its collapse. The maximum slope along which loads can be transported by forklifts must have an angle not exceeding the angle of inclination of the frame minus 3°.
4.3.20. Cargo hand trolleys must have removable or rigid devices that ensure stability of various loads, and handrails for ease of movement. Carts for moving barrels and bears must be equipped with safety brackets at the ends of the handles and have devices to protect hands in the event of a load falling or dislodged from the cart.
Trolleys with a lifting platform or lifting forks with a manual hydraulic lever drive for lifting cargo are used for intra-warehouse movements of cargo in containers measuring 800x600 and 600x400 mm.
Cargo transport trolleys with a lifting capacity of up to 50 kg are used to move individual lightweight cargo, and with a lifting capacity of 0.25-1.0 t - for moving individual cargo or small piece goods on pallets or in containers.
The shape of the trolley platforms must correspond to the type of cargo being transported, and, if necessary, have special devices for securing and securing loads.
The front wheels of hand trucks for transporting goods weighing more than 300 kg must be steerable.
Cargo hand trucks must be in good working order, stable and easy to control.
The speed of movement of hand trucks should not exceed 5 km/h.
When moving a load down an inclined floor, the worker must remain behind the cart. If necessary, stopping the hydraulic trolley can be done by lowering the load. When moving high-stacked cargo, a second person should be used to support the stack. The worker accompanying the cart should not be on the side of the cart.
4.3.21. When performing loading and unloading operations and transporting goods manually, the following requirements must be met:
When unloading a vehicle, bridges, gangways, and ladders must be used, the deflection of the deck at maximum load should not exceed 20 mm. If the length of ladders and bridges is more than 3 m, intermediate supports must be installed under them;
bridges and gangways must be made of boards with a thickness of at least 50 mm and fastened from below with rigid planks at intervals of no more than 0.5 m;
the gangway must have strips with a cross section of 20x40 mm to support the legs every 300 mm;
metal bridges must be made of corrugated sheet metal thickness of at least 5 mm;
Loads in rigid containers and ice without packaging should only be carried with gloves;
glassware should be placed on stable stands, empty glass containers should be stored in boxes with slots;
Loads should be carried only in serviceable containers.
IV group
414. The tendency of coal to oxidize and the maximum height of coal stacks are adjusted based on research on the characteristics of coal from new deposits, taking into account the requirements of the Federal norms and regulations in the field of industrial safety "Instructions for determining incubation period spontaneous combustion of coal", approved by order Federal service on environmental, technological and nuclear supervision dated April 2, 2013 N 132 (registered by the Ministry Russian Federation August 5, 2013, registration N 28997), as amended by order of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision dated June 22, 2016 N 236 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on August 24, 2016, registration N 43383).
415. When long-term storage To reduce the intensity of coal oxidation and prevent its heating and spontaneous combustion, as well as to prevent its spraying and washing out, special measures must be taken: filling the surface of the stack with coal fines and layer-by-layer compaction, whitewashing the slopes of the stack with 5 - 10% lime solution and covering the stacks special compounds, slowing down the oxidative processes in coals specified in Appendix No. 2
416. For long-term storage of coal that does not require subsequent sorting, rollers and vibrating tampers are used to compact the horizontal surfaces of the stack. To move the rollers along the surface of the stack, scraper and retractable winches are used.
417. During long-term storage, coal is stacked layer-by-layer in layers up to 1.5 m thick with uniform distribution of large pieces and compaction as each layer accumulates with a load of 3 - 4 kg/cm2.
418. Compaction of stack slopes is carried out with special tampers, which are also trowels for leveling the layer of fine coal before tamping, as well as rollers.
To compact coal, vibrating platforms are used, which are used to compact concrete during construction work.
419. Sorted coals of the GK, GO, DK, DO, BK, BO, OSK, SSK, SSO, TK and ZhK grades and anthracites of the AP, AK, AO, AM, AS grades, as well as enriched coals (varietal concentrates) are stacked without layer-by-layer compaction. Compaction of Z grade coals from the Pechora and Suchanskoye deposits is carried out along the upper base and slopes of the stack. To reduce the intensity of oxidation, insulating coatings for coal stacks specified in Appendix No. 3 to these Safety Rules should be used.
420. To avoid grinding of high-quality coals and anthracites, it is prohibited to form them into a stack using scraper units.
421. To prevent heating and spontaneous combustion of coal in a stack during long-term storage, in addition to the measures indicated above, the following are carried out:
Periodic replacement of old coal from the stack with freshly mined coal with preliminary full shipment of old coal to consumers from the refreshed part of the stack;
Slowing down of oxidative processes in ordinary brown and coals and the associated release of harmful gases by adding antioxidant inhibitors to them in the form of solutions, aqueous emulsions, suspensions (in the warm season) or dry reagents specified in Appendix No. 2 to these Safety Rules, when forming a stack layer-by-layer followed by layer-by-layer and surface compaction of coal;
Saturation of a coal stack with water up to 10 - 12% and continuous maintenance of it in this condition; humidification is used only for water-resistant coals;
Uniform wetting of coal when placing it in a stack with a 2 - 3% aqueous suspension of slaked lime at the rate of 3 weight percent of the suspension to the weight of coal.
422. Control over the storage of coal in a pile should be carried out by measuring the temperature of the coal.
To measure the temperature of coal in a stack, a portable temperature probe or mercury thermometer laboratory type with a scale up to 150 °C.
If the temperature of coal is measured using a thermometer, vertical control panels must be installed in the stack. metal pipes with a diameter of 25 - 50 mm, the lower ends of which are sealed tightly and pointed, and the upper ends are closed with a wooden plug tied to the end of the pipe. A thermometer should be suspended from the plug on a cord and lowered into the pipe.
423. Installation of pipes in a stack should be carried out along the upper base of the stack in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of one pipe from another no more than 25 m.
When storing storage-stable coals and anthracites (anthracite slabs, lean T, Ekibastuz SS), the installation of iron pipes for measuring the temperature of coal is prohibited. In this case, a portable temperature probe is used to determine the temperature of the coal during control checks.
Pipes must be installed in a stack so that their ends do not reach the bottom of the stack at a distance of 1/4 of the height of the stack. After installing pipes in a stack, the surface of the stack around the pipes must be compacted using a hand tamper.
Each pipe must be assigned a number, which is affixed to the end of the pipe, protruding 0.2 - 0.3 m above the surface of the coal stack and tightly closed with a plug.
424. Temperature measurements should be carried out by lowering a thermometer on a cord into the control pipes to the depth required for measurement for a period of at least 20 minutes. To ensure that the readings of the thermometers do not change when they are removed from the pipes to the surface, the mercury balls of the thermometers must be immersed in a capsule with machine oil attached to the metal case of the thermometer. The distance from the walls of the oil capsule to the walls of the mercury ball should be 4 mm. Inside the metal case, the thermometer should be secured with rubber stoppers.
425. Temperature measurements should be carried out for coals:
Group I - after 10 days;
Group II - after 5 days;
Group III - after 3 days;
Group IV - daily.
When the temperature of the coal in the stack reaches 40 °C, control measurements for coal of all groups should be carried out at least twice a day. If coal with a temperature of 60 °C or more is detected in a stack or if the temperature rises at a rate of 5 °C per day, measures must be immediately taken to eliminate the source of spontaneous combustion.
Temperature measurements for coals of groups I - III should be carried out at a depth of 2.5 - 3.5 m from the surface of the stack, for coals of group IV - at a depth of 1 - 2 m.
426. The factory must keep records of temperature observations over coal stacks separately for each stack. When recording, the main observational results should be recorded:
Checking the serviceability of thermocouples, thermometers, pipes (probes);
Inspecting coal for signs of heating and spontaneous combustion (emission of gas, steaming, melting of snow in cold weather);
Temperature measurements in coal stacks while observing safety measures.
427. Temperature measurements must be carried out by the responsible employee of the coal warehouse. The measurement results are reported to the technical manager (chief engineer) of the factory.
428. External signs of the appearance of pockets of self-heating of coal in the summer, spring and autumn should be:
The appearance overnight on the surface of the stack, close to the source of spontaneous combustion, of wet spots that disappear with sunrise;
The appearance of white spots that disappear when it rains;
The appearance of non-drying wet spots;
The appearance of ashed coal;
The appearance of steam and the smell of coal decomposition products;
Sparking at night.
IN winter time An external sign of the appearance of self-heating centers is the appearance of thawed patches in the snow cover (if there is snow cover on the stacks).
429. If pockets of self-heating of coal with a temperature above 30 - 35 °C are detected in coal stacks, the following measures are taken:
Immediate shipment of heated coal from the stack to railway cars and other vehicles is carried out;
If such shipment is not possible, additional compaction of coal is carried out in the area of heating sources.
430. In the case when additional compaction of coal in the area of the centers of its heating does not produce results and the temperature of the coal increases to 50 - 60 ° C, it is necessary to remove all heated coal from the stack and place it on free space in separate stacks no more than 1.5 - 2 m high.
431. If areas of self-heating of coal with a temperature of 60 °C or higher occur, as well as areas of ignited coal, the following measures should be taken:
Heated or ignited coal is removed from the stack, and the coal is stored in a separate area thin layer no more than 0.5 m high and intensively watered until completely extinguished. To prevent re-ignition of coal, it is immediately shipped cooled;
If it is impossible to remove coal from the stack and unload it, fires of ignited coal are extinguished by flooding the fire with an aqueous 3-4% slaked lime suspension.
Filling should be carried out by supplying a coal stack directly to the combustion source and near its slaked lime suspension through iron pipes with holes (injectors) immersed in the coal stack.
432. Fire protection of coal warehouses must be carried out in accordance with design solutions.
433. Fire breaks and passages from the base of the coal stack should be as follows:
To the axis of the railway track - at least 2.5 m;
To buildings and structures (depending on their degree of fire resistance):
For semi-fire-resistant and semi-combustible buildings and structures - at least 15 m;
For combustible buildings and structures - at least 20 m;
To lubricant warehouses, lighting materials and liquid fuel, as well as timber warehouses - at least 60 m;
To ventilation shafts, pits and receiving devices for supplying fresh air in mines - at least 60 m.
434. Fire water supply hydrants should be located on areas not covered with coal. The distance from any hydrant to the coal placement site should be no more than 100 m.
435. In cases where it is impossible to ship coal from the warehouse before the storage deadline, its further stay in the warehouse is carried out using measures to prevent spontaneous combustion of coal.
403. Storage of substances, materials, parts and products (hereinafter referred to as material assets) is carried out in specially equipped premises (sites).
404. Places for storing material assets are equipped with special devices and devices that prevent arbitrary displacement and falling of substances, materials and products during their storage, and means of mechanizing loading and unloading operations.
For warehouses, a plan for the placement of substances and materials is developed, indicating their most characteristic properties (explosive, fire-hazardous, toxic, chemically active, etc.).
Places and methods of storing substances and materials, container design, storage mode are determined taking into account their state of aggregation, compatibility and uniformity of choice of extinguishing agents.
Storage, stacking, packaging of material assets is carried out with free access to monitor their condition.
In this case, the following passages must be observed: against the gate - no less than the width of the gate; against doorways– a width equal to the width of the doors, but not less than 1 m; between the wall and the rack, as well as between racks (stacks) - at least 0.8 m.
405. The design of racks for storing material assets must be designed for appropriate loads, ensure a stable position of stored substances, materials and products and prevent them from falling out during storage.
406. Shelving is securely fastened. Each rack must have an inventory number and inscriptions about the maximum permissible load on each shelf. Rack shelves must have sides. Wooden shelving V warehouses treated with fire retardants.
407. The design and operation of rack stacking cranes must comply with the requirements of GOST 28433-90 “Rack stacking cranes. Are common technical specifications", approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and Standardization dated January 29, 1990 No. 99, GOST 12.2.053-91 "System of occupational safety standards. Stacker cranes. Safety requirements”, approved by Decree of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and Standardization dated March 11, 1991 No. 225 (hereinafter referred to as GOST 12.2.053).
408. A plate is attached to each rack stacker crane and elevator rack indicating their lifting capacity, the maximum dimensions of the transported (stored) cargo, the deadline for the next technical examination and inventory number.
409. The design of the elevator rack includes a locking device that prevents the conveyor drive from being turned on when the loading or unloading windows or other shaft openings are open.
Dangerous areas of elevator racks are painted in signal colors and marked with safety signs in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.4.026.
410. Before storing material assets in racks, their cells are cleaned of dirt, packaging and preservation residues.
It is not allowed to place material assets on faulty racks or overload the racks.
411. Glass bottles, glass, and other large and heavy material assets are stacked on the lower tiers.
412. Vehicle tires are placed on rack shelves only in a vertical position.
413. Stacking storage is used when storing material assets in bags, bales, rolls, bales, boxes and other containers, large-diameter pipes, rolled steel, long metal, timber and lumber, large-sized reinforced concrete slabs, panels and similar products.
414. The design and operation of overhead stacker cranes used for stacking packaged and long cargo must comply with the requirements of GOST 28434-90 “Overhead stacker cranes. General technical conditions”, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and Standardization dated January 29, 1990 No. 99, GOST 12.2.053.
415. Storing material assets in a stack is carried out on the floor of a warehouse or in an open area in one or several rows.
It is not allowed to store material assets that have weak packaging that cannot withstand the pressure of the upper rows, packaging and configuration in multi-row stacks irregular shape, which does not allow for the stability of the stack.
416. The maximum permissible height of stacks is determined depending on the type of packaging of materials and products, their weight and the conditions for mechanization of loading and unloading operations.
The height of a single-row stack with a width of at least 1 m should not exceed 1.5 m.
417. To ensure the stability of the stack, bags, bales, rolls, bales, boxes and the like are stored on a horizontal platform so that their edges form straight lines. When forming a stack, heavier loads are stored in the lower rows.
Parts, edges of material assets and packaging are not allowed to protrude from the stack.
418. The distance between stacks must exceed the width of vehicles by at least 0.8 m, and if it is necessary to ensure oncoming traffic, double the width of the vehicle plus 1.5 m.
419. In order to avoid subsidence and violation of the vertical position of the stack, open areas in winter are first cleared of debris, ice and snow.
420. Products with protruding sharp edges are stored in stacks or bags in such a way as to exclude the possibility of injury to workers during work.
421. When storing long and heavy material assets in a stack, use wooden spacers or stand racks.
422. When forming stacks of boxes, gaps are left between the boxes. Packages of boxes of various sizes are stacked only in cases where the stack is stable and level.
Stacking of loaded flat pallets is allowed up to a height at which the safety of the containers of the lower pallets is guaranteed.
423. Laying of round timber in stacks for storage is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9014.0-75 " General requirements to the rules for storing coniferous and round timber hardwood", approved by Resolution of the State Committee of Standards of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 14, 1975 No. 2911.
424. The formation of stacks of lumber is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 3808.1-80 “Lumber coniferous species. Atmospheric drying and storage”, approved by Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated March 12, 1980 No. 1136, interstate standard GOST 7319-80 “Lumber and hardwood blanks. Atmospheric drying and storage”, approved by Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated March 12, 1980 No. 1137.
425. When forming and dismantling stacks of round timber and sawn timber, comply with the requirements of GOST 12.3.042-88 “System of occupational safety standards. Woodworking production. General safety requirements”, approved by Decree of the USSR State Committee on Standards dated December 21, 1988 No. 4391 (hereinafter referred to as GOST 12.3.042).
426. Storage of rolled products is carried out so that the ends of the end sides of the stacks located near the aisles are laid out evenly, regardless of the length of the stacked rods, pipes, etc. When laying metal in warehouses, a passage of at least 0.7 m wide is arranged between the end of the stack and the wall.
427. When storing material assets in stacks, it is not allowed:
stack and dismantle stacks on the site in strong winds (6 points), heavy rain, snowfall and thick fog (visibility less than 50 m);
perform work on two adjacent stacks simultaneously;
stand on the edge of the stack or on the ends of interpacket spacers, use lifting machines to climb onto or descend from the stack.
428. Leaning stacks on the site may only be dismantled during the day in accordance with a previously developed work method under the supervision of a person responsible for the safe performance of loading and unloading operations.
Dismantling of stacks is carried out only from the top and evenly along the entire length.
429. When stored in stacks, hot-rolled and cold-drawn strips in coils are stored on wooden pallets and placed in stacks no more than 2 m high.
430. Wires, cables, rolled wire in coils (coils) are laid on wooden flooring in the following order:
430.1. the first coil (first skein) is laid flat, the second coil (second skein) takes half of the first coil (first skein) and takes on an inclined position, and so on;
430.2. after laying one row, a second row is laid on it with the arrangement of coils (skeins) in the opposite direction in the same order. The width of such a stack must be at least 1.5 m.
431. Storage bags are stored on special pallets in sections of three or five bags (threes or fives) in compliance with the order of tying the stacked bags and the perpendicularity of the stack.
432. When forming packages on flat pallets in order to ensure the stability of the package, the weight of the cargo is distributed symmetrically relative to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the pallet. The top plane of the package must be flat.
433. Materials in boxes and bags that are not formed into bags are stored in stacks in a bandage. To ensure stability of the stack, slats are laid every 2–3 rows of boxes and boards are laid every 5–6 rows of bags in height.
434. Paper in rolls is stored at a height of no more than three rows with board spacers between the rows. The outer rolls are fixed with stops.
435. For storage in a warehouse, sheet steel of the same grade is stored in stacks no more than 1 m high. In this case, the sheet size must be at least 1 m, and the total weight of the stack must not exceed the maximum permissible load on the floor or ceiling.
Large batches of sheet steel of the same grade and size are stored in packages under a canopy or in closed warehouses on wooden beams with wooden or metal spacers between the packages for passing slings between them and special grips for lifting the package.
436. Cylinders with compressed and liquefied gases secured and placed so that they are not subject to mechanical stress. To prevent gas leaks, a plug is placed on the side fitting of the cylinder valve, and safety caps are also installed on cylinders with a volume of 40 liters or more.
437. Gas cylinders stored in a vertical position are installed in specially equipped nests or protected by barriers to prevent falling. Gas cylinders that do not have shoes can be stacked and stored horizontally on frames or racks made of non-flammable material.
438. Sheet glass is stored in boxes in one row edgewise on the flooring.
439. Bulk and dusty materials are stored in bunkers, bins, chests, containers, silos, boxes and other closed containers made of mechanically durable materials, protected from corrosion, eliminating dust, ensuring the safety of materials and the possibility of using means of mechanization of loading and unloading operations.
Bunkers, bins, chests, containers, silos, boxes and other containers for storing bulk and dusty materials are equipped with tightly closing lids.
Bunkers, silos and other containers must have devices for mechanical collapse of arches (hanging) of materials.
Bunkers, bins, chests and other containers for storing bulk and dusty materials are marked with indication of their purpose and maximum permissible load.
440. When storing bulk and dusty materials, measures are taken to prevent their spraying during loading and unloading.
The loading funnels are closed with protective grilles, and the hatches in the protective grilles are locked.
441. Repair and other work inside silos and bunkers is carried out according to the work permit by a team of at least three workers in compliance with the requirements of the Labor Safety Rules when working at height.
Workers inside the bunker (silo) must be provided with safety belts, safety ropes(ropes), one end of which is tied to the safety belt, and the other - outside the bunker (silo), safety helmets and respirators.
When performing work, two workers are on the floor of the silo or bunker and supervise the workers performing work in the bunker and, if necessary, provide assistance to them.
442. Temporary storage of material assets is allowed with a height of no more than 1.5 m in specially designated areas equipped with racks, racks, containers with the possibility of mechanized movement of materials and products.
When laying material assets, side racks, spacers, linings, supports and similar special devices and devices are installed to prevent their spontaneous movement.
443. When storing raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products at the sites:
443.1. barrels, drums and bottles are installed in groups of no more than 100 pieces each, with gaps between groups of at least 1 m. The bottles are protected with braiding, baskets, wooden lathing and the like;
443.2. drums with cable, rope and other large items cylindrical to prevent them from rolling out when laying, they are reinforced with holding devices (wedges, slats, boards, etc.).
444. Warehousing of steel and cast iron pipes, connecting parts to pipes for storage are produced in accordance with the requirements of GOST 10692-80 “Steel, cast iron pipes and connecting parts for them. Labeling, packaging, transportation and storage”, approved by Decree of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and Standards dated December 28, 1990 No. 3464.
445. Warehousing and storage of paint and varnish materials are carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9980.5-86 “Paint and varnish materials. Transportation and storage”, approved by Decree of the USSR State Committee on Standards dated June 20, 1986 No. 1618.
446. In warehouse buildings, all operations related to opening and minor repairs of containers, packaging of products, and preparation of working mixtures are carried out in specially equipped rooms isolated from storage areas.
447. Warehousing and storage of material assets, as well as storage of mechanized loading and unloading equipment on warehouse ramps is not allowed.
Substances, materials and products unloaded onto the ramp must be stored at the end of the work in places designated for their storage.
448. Warehousing and storage of empty containers is carried out in specially designated areas outside warehouse and production premises.
Before storing, containers are cleaned of combustible residues.
The problem is usually formulated as follows: There is a load packed in boxes. You need to transport him. The carrier requires that this cargo be installed on pallets (pallets) to eliminate manual labor during loading/unloading and safe transportation. How tall can such a cargo space be made? Or what is the maximum number of boxes that can be placed on a pallet so that the formed cargo space fits into the body of a car without the lower rows of boxes being crushed by the weight of the upper ones?
Which box should I choose? Selecting the box size.
For example, you need to pack a certain amount of caramel candies in bulk on a pallet, which must first be put into boxes certain size and capacity, and then place the full boxes on a pallet (pallet) for further safe transportation. Candies, like boxes, have their own weight. In addition, the boxes have a certain strength, which is very important in this task. Pallets have standard sizes (usable area), on which only a certain number of boxes can be installed.
How much does the box itself weigh? We cut a square meter by meter out of cardboard and weigh it, we get the weight square meter cardboard, equal, in our case, to 350 grams. We calculate the surface area of the box or the development area in square meters. Multiplying the unwrapped area by the weight (although this is not weight, but density) 350 grams = we get the weight of the box.
By multiplying the height, length and width of the box, we calculate the volume of the box. In our case, we miss the fact that in the calculation we use the outer dimensions of the box, since the thickness of the cardboard is very small in relation to other initial data, so we will not take into account the thickness of the walls.
When carrying out any calculation, one must take into account the fact that there is such a thing as system units(SI). And if we operate with data in different units of measurement, then in the process of calculation we need to reduce all units of measurement to the same ones. The SI system uses meters and kilograms as standard units. We will bring everything to them.
How much do candies weigh when packed in a box? For caramel candies, we take the caramel material from which candies are made and pour it into some conditionally weightless cubic form with side dimensions of 1 meter x 1 meter x 1 meter and weigh it. We get the weight (although, again, no, not the weight, but the density) of caramel candies. And this value is equal to 1220 kg/cubic meter (kg/m3).
Due to the fact that candies in nature have a shape convenient for eating, and not for transportation and storage, this shape does not allow them to be packed tightly (the void between loosely poured candies in a box weighs nothing), and we determined the density of candies theoretically using pure caramel, without wrappers, and even in liquid form, in order to achieve the most accurate determination of density) - we introduce a correction factor of 0.93, which takes into account the looseness of the stacking (that very weightless air between the candies). The “net density” indicator of 1220 is, as mentioned above, a theoretical value.
By multiplying these three parameters: 1220 (“net” density of candies) by the volume of the box and then by the coefficient 0.93 described above, we calculate the real weight of the candies in the box, adding to this parameter the weight of the box itself, we get the value with which we will work further - weight of a box filled with sweets. You don’t have to complicate things, just weigh the box along with the sweets and calculate how much 1 cubic meter weighs. For example, a box with a volume of 0.75 cubic meters. weighs 3 kg, therefore 1 cubic meter. weighs 3/0.75 kg.
So, we have calculated the weight of the filled box. Now all the boxes need to be loaded onto a pallet. But in how many rows (“floors”) can this be done so that the boxes do not break under the weight of the upper floors?
It is necessary to calculate the strength of the boxes. To calculate the strength (and we need to calculate exactly box strength), it is necessary to resort to bringing into the calculation a number of additional data and correction factors, namely:
Characteristics of cardboard boxes:
Let's calculate the area, weight and volume of the boxes:
Loading candies into boxes
We calculate the weight of sweets in each box. To do this, we take reference data on the density of candies and the volume of the box, which we have already calculated.
Thus, the weight of candies in one box will be: the weight of candies is calculated by the formula $(G = ρ*V*λ)$ the weight of candies together with the box is calculated by the formula $(m = M+G)$
| Box | Candy weight | Weight of chocolates with box | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | $(G_1 = \text(1200 * 0.021 *0.93) =)$ | $(\text(23,910)\,kg.)$ | $(m_1 = \text(23.910 + 0.173) = )$ | $(\text(24,083)\,kg.)$ |
| 2 | $( G_2 = \text(1220 * 0.0026 * 0.93) =)$ | $(\text(2,905)\,kg.)$ | $(m_2 = \text(2.905 + 0.0403) = )$ | $( \text(2,945)\,kg.)$ |
Packing strength
Based on the above calculations, we calculated the weight of the boxes. Now you need to calculate their strength. To do this, we take reference data about the material from which our boxes are made. This data is the same for Box_1 and Box_2 because the boxes are made of the same material:
We calculate the resistance to end compression
The resistance to mechanical compression of the material $(P_m\,N/m)$ is the maximum permissible load that our boxes can withstand with a vertical load on them or the compressive force acting on a cardboard box of sweets measured in Newtons. To calculate the maximum permissible load on the box, the following formula: $(P_(m) = K_(zap) \cdot g \cdot m \cdot \dfrac(H-h)(2.55) \cdot h \cdot \sqrt( \delta \ cdot Z ))$ This formula represents the following: $(g \cdot m)$ From this moment on, we exclude the concepts of “weight” and “mass” from our vocabulary and introduce the concept of “load”. We mentioned above that all units of measurement used in the calculation must be reduced to a common denominator. Since we have a new quantity - load (force) and it is calculated in kilonewtons - we will adapt to it. The gravitational acceleration $(g)$ multiplied by the mass of the box $(m)$ converts simply the mass of the box into a load. And this load (aka force), due to the presence of gravity on planet Earth, is directed vertically downward and aims to crush the box no matter what. And the larger it is, the more difficult it is for the box. $(H-h)$. This calculation calculates the distance from the top of a stack of boxes to the top of the lowest box. The one that takes the load from everything that presses on it from above. $( \sqrt( \delta \cdot Z ))$. This calculation takes into account the distribution of the load calculated in the numerator over the total area of the ends of the walls of our box. $(h)$ the height parameter $(h)$ is present in the denominator of the formula under consideration for the reason that we consider the load in this formula. Therefore, height also has to be taken into account.
In the process of evolution, humanity strives to measure, touch and weigh everything and everyone. Those quantities that cannot be measured, touched or weighed are determined by scientists using the method of repeated observations. Based on such observations, assumptions are made about various correction factors (for example, such as the box filling leakage coefficient of 0.93 described above or the safety factor of 1.65, as well as the empirical coefficient of 2.55).
Data and calculated value:
Calculation of the maximum permissible height for stacking boxes on a pallet
The maximum permissible storage height $(H_(max))$ is calculated using the formula: $(H_(max) = \dfrac( 2.55 \cdot P_m \cdot \sqrt(\delta \cdot Z) + K_(zap) \ cdot g \cdot m )( K_(zap) \cdot g \cdot m ) )$ In the numerator: empirical coefficient 2.55, maximum permissible load calculated above $(P_m)$, $( \sqrt( \delta \cdot Z ))$ takes into account the distribution of the load on the total area of the ends of the box, with the addition of the moment of force $(g \cdot m)$, multiplied by a safety factor of 1.65. In the denominator: safety factor 1.65 multiplied by the moment of force $(g \cdot m)$.
We get:
For Box_1 $(H_(1) = 1.002\,m)$.
For Box_2 $(H_(2) = 1.001\,m)$ .
Laying boxes on a pallet (pallet).
Each box in which we packed the candies, as we already know, has the following dimensions:
The pallet (pallet) on which we will place our boxes of sweets has the following dimensions:
Pallet width $(W_p)$ = 800 mm
Pallet length $(L_p)$ = 1200 mm
We build (graphically) a pallet loading diagram to calculate the number of boxes_1 in one row.
Boxes_1 protrude beyond the perimeter of the pallet, but according to the standards, such protrusion is permissible no more than 20 mm per side. We check compliance with the standards: $(\text(Protrusion) = \dfrac(L_k \cdot 2 - W_p)(2) \,mm = 12< 20 \,мм}$. Условие выполняется.
Number of boxes_1 in a row: $(D_1 = 6 \,pcs.)$
Number of boxes_1 on a pallet: $(S_1 = \dfrac(H)(h_k) \cdot D_1 = 36 \, pcs.)$
Total weight of boxes_1 on one pallet: $(M_(1) = S_1 \cdot m_1 = \text( 36 * 24.083) = 866.988 \.kg.)$
Weight of candies on a pallet (net weight) packed in boxes_1: $( \text( 36 * 23,910) = 860.76 \, kg.)$
We build (graphically) a pallet loading diagram to calculate the number of boxes_2 in one row.
Number of boxes_2 in a row: $(D_2 = 35 \,pcs.)$
Number of boxes_2 on a pallet: $(S_2 = \dfrac(H)(h_k) \cdot D_2 = 350 \, pcs.)$
Total weight of boxes_2 on one pallet: $(M_(2) = S_2 \cdot m_2 = \text( 350 * 2,945) = 1030.75 \,kg.)$
Weight of candies on a pallet (net weight) packed in boxes_2: $( \text( 350 * 2,905) = 1016.75 \, kg.)$
It can be seen that if you put the candies in boxes_2, then on one pallet you can take away $(\text(155.99)\,kg.)$ more. A standard semi-trailer can accommodate 34 Euro pallets. In one truck the useful transported weight in boxes_2 will be already 5300 kg. more. But it’s too early to rejoice: the maximum weight of cargo in a standard truck (truck with a trailer) cannot exceed 21,000 kg. Therefore, there is no point in pushing so hard and loading the maximum weight onto the pallet. Only 24 pallets of boxes can be loaded onto a truck_1.
Calculation of the height of the load on a pallet for paint canisters.
We have a number of plastic canisters with paint that need to be placed on a standard Euro pallet for their further safe transportation. We know the volume and weight of paint in each canister and the dimensions and weight of the canister.
Paint density $(p_k = 1400\,kg/m3)$
Weight of paint in the bucket $(G_k = p_k \cdot V_k = 1400 \cdot 0.01 = 14 \,kg)$
Weight of the paint canister $(m_1 = G_k +m_k = 14 + 0.38 = 14.38 kg)$
Strength of plastic canister (packaging)
The maximum load on the lower tier when stacking (declared by the container manufacturer) is $(G_(max) = 20 kg.)$
Thus, the maximum permissible pallet loading height will be (rounded down to the nearest whole number) $(H_(extra) = \dfrac (G_(max))(m_1) +1 = 2)$ row.
Number of canisters in a row $(G_p = 20 \,(pcs))$
Weight of one row $(M_p = G_p \cdot m_1 = 20 \cdot 14.38 = 287.6 \,kg)$
Height of cargo on a pallet $(H_gr = h_k \cdot H_(extra) = 0.544 \,m)$
Total number of canisters on a pallet $(Q_k = G_p \cdot H_(extra) = 40 \,(pcs))$
Total weight of cargo on a pallet $(G_(total) = Q_k \cdot m_1 = 40 \cdot 14.38 = 257.2 \.kg)$
Terms and concepts
Fill heterogeneity coefficient$( \lambda \, \text(%))$ is a factor that takes into account the void between the material.
Safety factor$(K_(zap))$ is a value showing the ability of a structure to withstand loads applied to it above the calculated ones. The presence of a reserve provides additional reliability of the design to avoid disaster in the event possible errors design, manufacture or operation. . Safety factor cardboard box depends on the storage duration and is equal to:
- 1.6 (with a shelf life of less than 30 days);
- 1.65 (from 31 to 100 days);
- 1.85 (if the shelf life is not limited).
How is the Factor of Safety calculated? They take boxes of candy (for example) and begin to pile them one on top of the other in a stack that reaches to the sky. To the question of honest people passing by, “Won’t it come true?” Theoretic loaders answer succinctly, briefly and precisely - “It shouldn’t!” And when, after the 16th box placed on a stack, the bottom one turns into a pancake (this is not an annoyance, but the fact that they bake for Maslenitsa) under the irresistible force of merciless gravity, one of the loaders pulls out of the pocket of his greasy robe a tattered notebook, a stub of a pencil and He writes something into it in uneven handwriting, muttering to himself “that’s how we’ll write it down, the safety factor is 1.6...”
Maximum permissible stacking height. A reference value established for reasons of expediency and convenience of storage and transportation. The distance between the shelves of the racks in the warehouse and the height of the cargo compartment of the vehicles are taken into account.
End compression resistance. This indicator provides the maximum load (applied force) that the box material (brown cardboard) can withstand if a force, expressed in kilonewtons per meter (kN/m), is applied to a cardboard sheet placed on its edge. This parameter is equal to the moment of force (kN) relative to a point located at a distance of 1 meter from the line of action of the force.
Forwarder or carrier? Three secrets and international cargo transportation
Forwarder or carrier: who to choose? If the carrier is good and the forwarder is bad, then the first. If the carrier is bad and the forwarder is good, then the latter. This choice is simple. But how can you decide when both candidates are good? How to choose from two seemingly equivalent options? The fact is that these options are not equivalent.
Horror stories of international transport
BETWEEN A HAMMER AND A HILL.
It is not easy to live between the customer of transportation and the very cunning and economical owner of the cargo. One day we received an order. Freight for three kopecks, additional conditions for two sheets, the collection is called.... Loading on Wednesday. The car is in place on Tuesday, and by lunchtime next day the warehouse begins to slowly throw into the trailer everything that your forwarder has collected for its recipient customers.
AN ENCHANTED PLACE - PTO KOZLOVICHY.
According to legends and experience, everyone who transported goods from Europe by road knows what a terrible place the Kozlovichi VET, Brest Customs, is. What chaos the Belarusian customs officers create, they find fault in every possible way and charge exorbitant prices. And it is true. But not all...
ON THE NEW YEAR'S TIME WE BROUGHT POWDERED MILK.
Loading with groupage cargo at a consolidation warehouse in Germany. One of the cargoes is milk powder from Italy, the delivery of which was ordered by the Forwarder.... A classic example of the work of a forwarder-“transmitter” (he doesn’t delve into anything, he just transmits along the chain).
Documents for international transport
International road transport of goods is very organized and bureaucratic; as a result, a bunch of unified documents are used to carry out international road transport of goods. It doesn’t matter if it’s a customs carrier or an ordinary one - he won’t travel without documents. Although this is not very exciting, we tried to simply explain the purpose of these documents and the meaning that they have. They gave an example of filling out TIR, CMR, T1, EX1, Invoice, Packing List...
Axle load calculation for road freight transport
The goal is to study the possibility of redistributing loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer when the location of the cargo in the semi-trailer changes. And applying this knowledge in practice.
In the system we are considering there are 3 objects: a tractor $(T)$, a semi-trailer $(\large ((p.p.)))$ and a load $(\large (gr))$. All variables related to each of these objects will be marked with the superscript $T$, $(\large (p.p.))$ and $(\large (gr))$ respectively. For example, the tare weight of a tractor will be denoted as $m^(T)$.
Why don't you eat fly agarics? The customs officer exhaled a sigh of sadness.
What is happening in the international road transport market? The Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation has already banned the issuance of TIR Carnets without additional guarantees in several federal districts. And she notified that from December 1 of this year she will completely terminate the contract with the IRU as not meeting the requirements Customs Union and makes non-childish financial claims.
IRU in response: “The explanations of the Federal Customs Service of Russia regarding the alleged debt of ASMAP in the amount of 20 billion rubles are a complete fiction, since all the old TIR claims have been fully settled..... What do we, common carriers, think?
Stowage Factor Weight and volume of cargo when calculating the cost of transportation
The calculation of the cost of transportation depends on the weight and volume of the cargo. For sea transport, volume is most often decisive, for air transport - weight. For road transport of goods, a complex indicator is important. Which parameter for calculations will be chosen in a particular case depends on specific gravity cargo (Stowage Factor) .
1. Materials must be stored in accordance with technological maps warehousing, work plans and labor safety instructions.
2. Storage of materials should be carried out only in specially designated areas; it is prohibited to block approaches to fire-fighting equipment, hydrants and exits from premises.
3. PROHIBITED stack cargo on faulty racks and reload racks
4. Storing cargo (including at loading and unloading areas and in temporary storage areas) close to the walls of the building, columns and equipment, stack to stack is not allowed.
5. When storing cargo, measures and means must be provided to ensure the stability of the stacked cargo.
6. When forming a stack, it is advisable to place heavier loads in the lower rows.
7. If an incorrectly folded stack is discovered, take measures to disassemble it and stack it again, eliminating the noticed defect.
8. Manually adjusting tilted or unstable loads is permitted if this does not threaten the safety of the loader himself and the people working next to him.
9. Leaning stacks may only be dismantled during the day, in accordance with a previously developed work method under the supervision of the person responsible for loading and unloading operations.
10. Dismantling of stacks must be done only from the top, evenly along the entire length. PROHIBITED disassemble the stack by selecting the lower cargo spaces in the layer.
11. Work on two adjacent stacks at the same time is not allowed.
12. Methods of stacking cargo must ensure the stability of stacks, packages and cargo contained in them.; mechanized dismantling of stacks and lifting of cargo using mounted grippers of lifting and transport equipment; safety of those working on or near the stack; the possibility of using and normal functioning of protective equipment for workers and fire equipment; air circulation during natural or artificial ventilation closed warehouses.
13. It is not allowed for people to be present or for vehicles to move in the area of possible falling cargo when loading and unloading from rolling stock, as well as when moving cargo with lifting and transport equipment.
14. Installation of materials must be carried out without leaning (leaning) on products, fences and fencing elements.
15. In open areas in winter, in order to avoid subsidence and disruption of the vertical position of the stack, it is necessary to first clear the area of debris and snow.
16. When placing cargo (except for bulk cargo), measures are taken to prevent them from pinching or freezing to the surface of the site.
17. When placing stacks of cargo in warehouses and sites, the following storage conditions must be observed:
The aisles between rows of stacks or racks must be at least 1 m;
The aisles between stacks or racks in a row must be at least 0.8 m;
The passage width is at least 3.5 m;
The distance between the wall or column and the load must be at least 1 m;
There must be at least 1 m between the ceiling and the load;
There must be at least 0.5 m between the lamp and the load (in height).
Passages between stacks, combined with passages through crane and railway tracks, at least 2 m wide.
18. The height of the stack during manual loading should not exceed 3 m, and when using mechanisms for lifting the load - 6 m.
19. The distance between rows of stacks must be determined taking into account the possibility of installing containers in a stack, removing containers from a stack using load-handling devices, the mechanization means used and ensuring the necessary fire breaks.
20. For the safe movement of lifting mechanisms when laying stacks, it is necessary to position them in such a way that the distance between the stacks exceeds the width of the loaded transport (forklifts, trolleys, etc.) by at least 0.8 m, and if it is necessary to ensure oncoming traffic - transport width plus 1.5 m.
21. The distance from the protruding parts of the crane portal to the load stack must be at least 0.7 m.
22. Loads (except for ballast unloaded for track work) with a stack height of up to 1.2 m must be located from the outer edge of the head of the railway or ground crane track closest to the load at a distance of at least 2 m, and with a higher stack height - at least 2.5 m.
23. Loads stored in bulk should be stacked with a slope slope corresponding to the angle of repose of the stored material. If necessary, protective grilles should be installed.
24. Cargo in containers and bales are stacked in stable stacks, cargo in bags is stacked in a bandage. Each row that increases in height must be laid with an incursion of 50 cm inward on all sides
25. Place cargo in torn and faulty containers in stacks PROHIBITED.
26. Place loads in boxes in stacks in a bandage.
27. Packages from boxes of various sizes can be stacked only in cases where the stack is stable and level. When unloading or loading boxes manually, in order to avoid injury to hands, it is necessary to first inspect each place, hammer in the protruding ends of the iron strapping and protruding nails.
28. If it is necessary to remove a box from the top of a stack, you must first make sure that the load lying next to it is in a stable position and cannot fall.
29. It is prohibited to move the load along a horizontal plane by pushing it by the edges.
30. Boxes in closed warehouses are placed to ensure that the width of the main aisle is at least 3-5 m.
31. Oversized and heavy cargo must be stacked in one row on chocks.
32. PROHIBITED use of linings and gaskets of round section.
33. To service stacks more than 1.5 m high, use portable ladders. Climbing onto stacks on protruding products or spacers is not allowed.
34. The ratio of the height of the stack to the length of the shortest side of the stacked container should not be more than:
For non-separable containers: 6;
For folding containers (assembled): 4.5.
35. The load on the lower container of the stack should not exceed the value specified in the working drawings.
36. It is allowed to store foundation beams - in a stack, laid in a working position with a parallel arrangement, in each tier there are at least two beams, the height is no more than two tiers.
37. It is allowed to stack coal products on linings and gaskets:
Coal blocks - no more than two tiers,
Hearth blocks - no more than four tiers.
38. Cargo on the territory of the branch of RUS - Engineering LLC in Novokuznetsk must be stacked as follows:
Small diameter pipes (up to 100 mm) and rod reinforcement - on racks or in inventory metal brackets;
Pipes with a diameter of up to 300 mm - in a stack up to 3 m high on pads and gaskets with end stops;
Pipes with a diameter of more than 300 mm - in a stack up to 3 m high in a saddle without gaskets;
The bottom row of pipes must be laid on supports, reinforced with inventory metal shoes or end stops, securely fastened to the supports with bolts;
Cast iron pipes in a stack no more than 1.5 m high, and they are laid alternately lengthwise and crosswise, in each row with sockets in opposite directions;
Crossbars, columns - in a stack up to 2 m high;
Crane beams and purlins - in a stack, up to 1.2 m high;
Refractories in the warehouse - in bags on pallets - in a stack of no more than two tiers, the height of the stack is not more than 2 m; in the workshop for current consumption - on level areas, the height of the stack should not exceed 1.5 m;
Drums with cables, ropes and other large cylindrical objects must be strengthened with holding devices (wedges, slats, boards, etc.) to prevent them from rolling out during installation. In this case, loads should only be placed on flat pads;
Place machine parts with protruding sharp working parts in stacks or bags so as to exclude the possibility of injury to people who come into contact with them during operation;
Place car and tractor tires on rack shelves only in a vertical position.
39. Stacks and racks with metal products should be located parallel to railway tracks or main driveways.
40. PROHIBITED store rolled metal and metal structures, blanks in the area where power lines are located without agreement with the organization operating these lines.
41. Placement of rolled metal into a stack must be done on pads previously laid on the floor. Railway sleepers, beams, etc. can be used as linings. Laying rolled metal on the floor of a warehouse or on the ground of a site without pads PROHIBITED.
42. The height of a stack or rack during manual laying of rolled metal should not exceed 1.5 m. The height of the stack does not exceed 2 m with a hook grab and 4 m with an automated load grab.
43. Laying of rolled products should be done so that the ends end sides stacks located near the aisles were laid out evenly, regardless of the length of the stacked rods, pipes, etc.
44. The height of a stack or rack during mechanized laying of rolled metal products depends on the permissible load on the floor and the laying pattern and is determined by a capacity of 20 tons from the condition of ensuring the stability of the stack or rack and the safety of the work performed by the mechanisms. In this case, special platforms, devices or ladders must be provided to allow the slinger to safely climb to upper zone stacks, racks and slinging loads without being on the metal.
45. When laying rolled metal in a stack or on a rack, it is necessary to place metal square spacers with a thickness of at least 40 mm between the bundles and bundles to allow the slings to be released from under them, as well as for greater stability of the stored cargo. The ends of the spacers should not protrude beyond the stack or rack by more than 100 mm.
46. Rolled metal stacked on racks should not exceed the maximum permissible load on them. The maximum permissible load on the rack shelves is indicated on each rack.
47. To avoid rolled metal rolling PROHIBITED filling the cell above the rack racks.
48. Long and shaped rolled products must be stacked in stacks, Christmas tree or rack racks. Pipes should be stacked in rows separated by spacers.
49. The stacking height of rolled products when stored in Christmas tree racks is up to 4.5 m when stacked with forklifts. The stacking height when stored in rack racks is up to 2 m.
50. Blanks of measured length from long and shaped rolled products, semi-finished products and finished goods placed in a container.
51. Plate steel(steel with a thickness of 4 mm) should be stacked on edge in racks with support platforms, having an inclination towards the support posts, or flat on wooden pads with a thickness of at least 200 mm.
52. Thin sheet steel (steel up to 4 mm thick) should be laid flat on wooden pads placed across the stack of sheets. Thin-sheet steel in bundles weighing up to 5 tons can be stacked on edge in special racks so that bends do not form at the ends.
53. Metal products supplied in coils ( steel rope, wire, etc.) should be stored indoors and laid on a wooden floor on the end in no more than two tiers.
54. Cold-rolled strip is placed on flat wooden pallets into frame racks. The placement is done in tiers, with each subsequent tier shifted relative to the previous one by half the radius of the skein. The third tier is laid in the same way as the first, the fourth - like the second, and so on. Skeins in the upper tier are not placed in the outermost places.
55. Rolls of rolled wire should be laid on wood flooring in bulk with a height of no more than 1.6 m.
56. Electrodes are placed in a dry indoors in original packaging on pallets in frame racks.
57. Long-rolled metal products (angles, beams, channels) must be stacked in a bandage that ensures the stability of the stack. They are laid shelf on shelf or with their edges on the neck of the underlying row. Place the first row on wooden pads with the edges of the shelves down, the second row with the edges of the shelves on the necks of the first row of beams (channels), the subsequent rows are made in the same way with the edges of the shelves tied.
58. To give the stack greater stability and the possibility of its quick disassembly, transverse spacers are installed every 5 - 6 rows in height. The distances between them are determined based on conditions that exclude the occurrence of residual deflections of rolled metal.
Related information.