Technical inspection of building facades. Inspection of building facades Timing of current and major repairs

Inspection of building facades is carried out before reconstruction or major repairs of enclosing structures. Inspection of facades is necessary to assess the technical condition of all elements and determine the strength characteristics of facade wall materials, identify and fix defects, and determine the geometric parameters of walls and facade elements.

When installing ventilated facades, it is recommended to carry out verification calculations of building structures. The need for calculations is due to the fact that the total weight of such a facade can put unacceptable loads on the elements and structures of the building, and ultimately you can end up in a situation where insulation and improvement of the appearance of the building facade will cause its destruction and require significant costs for restoration and reconstruction .

What is analyzed during the façade inspection process?

Archival and design and technical documentation are being studied.
The façade of the building is being measured.
Determined design diagram building.
Possible deformations and settlements are identified.
Possible locations for opening and sampling are identified.
A detailed and thorough instrumental study of structures and connections is carried out.
The strength characteristics of materials and the supporting structure of the building are revealed, and possible defects are also identified.
If necessary, the foundation and foundation are inspected.
Verification calculations of the load-bearing elements of the building structures are carried out.
Carrying out geodetic work.
Reliability assessment can be carried out load-bearing structures.
Graphic design of building façade inspection materials
Development of generalized recommendations for eliminating detected defects.

The result of the work carried out is the drawing up of a technical report on the condition of the building’s façade and the possibility of its reconstruction.

In what cases is a building façade inspection required?

Examination of facades or expert assessment work performed is carried out upon completion of work to confirm the quality of work and compliance with project documentation. Based on the results of the examination of the newly installed facade, a “technical report” is issued.
Monitoring of facades and roofs is carried out when there are obvious defects in the building, such as traces of leaks and soaking of external walls, cracks, loss of individual elements, monitoring of the condition of structures is also carried out during the period of the start of new construction next to the existing building.
Inspection of the façade for the possibility of installation/fastening additional equipment, or replacing finishing layers.
Façade inspection brick buildings carried out, as a rule, to determine the integrity brickwork, to determine the presence of defects and deformations that may affect the load-bearing capacity of the building as a whole.
Thermal imaging inspection of building facades is carried out to determine heat loss. Based on such a survey, the causes and locations of destruction affecting the heat loss of the entire building.

What will you receive upon completion of the façade inspection work?

Description of the existing condition.
Thermal engineering calculation.
Thermal imaging report.
Calculation of attachment points for power elements.
Test report building materials.
Defective statement (in case of detection of defects).
Photos and description.
Conclusions and recommendations for eliminating violations committed

The result is a technical report on the condition of the building’s façade and the possibility of its further operation.

As a rule, based on the data obtained as a result of a technical examination of the facade of a building, design engineers make a decision, which is formalized in the form of a project to change the appearance of the facade of a house or building. A set of documents, a technical conclusion and a project must undergo appropriate approvals from the interested services of the city or district and examination to obtain permission and construction conditions. Thus, the technical report is the original technical document on this moment time to begin implementing actions to change the facade of the building.

Cost of building façade inspection

The cost of surveying the facade of a building depends on a number of parameters. The main parameter is the purpose of the survey - this can be Current state, the occurrence of defects and finding out the reasons for their occurrence or the need for reconstruction and major repairs. Also, the price depends on the dimensions of the building and terms of reference indicating the types of tests and studies.

Order a façade inspection from the Design and Engineering Center company.

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Object: residential apartment building

Purpose of the survey: determination of the technical condition of the house facade.

Technical control equipment used at the site: laser rangefinder DISTO classic/lite, digital camera“Panasonic “Lumix””, metric tape measure GOST 7502 - 98, set of probes.

Documents submitted for consideration: contract for conducting repair and finishing works dated October 25, 2012. Fragments of working documentation.

General provisions A diagnostic examination of the apartment was carried out for the purpose of: assessing the quality of the work performed repair work; assessment of the volume of repair work performed. The basis for conducting a diagnostic examination is the Agreement on Conducting an Expert Diagnostic Examination. During the inspection work, the data obtained was recorded and defects and damage were photographed. Diagnostic examination Survey building structures buildings and structures are carried out, as a rule, in three interconnected stages:

preparation for the examination;
preliminary (visual) examination;
detailed (instrumental) examination.

The expert carried out an external inspection of the object, with selective recording on a digital camera, which complies with the requirements of SP 13-102-2003, clause 7.2. The basis of the preliminary examination is the inspection of the building or structure and individual designs using measuring instruments and instruments (binoculars, cameras, tape measures, calipers, probes, etc.). The measurement work was carried out in accordance with the requirements of SP 13-102-2003 clause 8.2.1 The purpose of the measurement work is to clarify the actual geometric parameters building structures and their elements, determining their compliance with the project or deviation from it. Instrumental measurements clarify the spans of structures, their location and pitch in plan, dimensions cross sections, height of premises, marks of characteristic nodes, distances between nodes, etc. Based on the measurement results, plans are drawn up with the actual location of structures, sections of buildings, drawings of working sections of load-bearing structures and interfaces between structures and their elements. Classifier of the main types of defects in construction and the building materials industry Critical defect(when carrying out construction and installation works) - a defect in the presence of which a building, structure, part thereof or structural element are functionally unsuitable, further work on the conditions of strength and stability is unsafe, or may lead to a decrease in these characteristics during operation. A critical defect must be unconditionally eliminated before subsequent work begins or with the suspension of work. Significant defect- a defect, the presence of which significantly deteriorates the performance characteristics of construction products and its durability. A significant defect must be eliminated before it is hidden by subsequent work.

In this case, a defect is every single deviation from design decisions or failure to comply with standard requirements.

An expert carried out a diagnostic examination of the residential apartment building(photo 1, 2) with determination of the technical condition of the facade of the house in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.03.01-87. "Load-bearing and enclosing structures." The examination was carried out using the method of measuring quality control.

During the expert diagnostic examination, the following was revealed:

Through cracks and destruction in the corners of bay windows at the parapet level and technical floor(photo 3-6).

Expertise comment

Through and non-through cracks in external brick walls discovered as a result of the inspection, in accordance with the classifier of the main types of defects in construction and the building materials industry, are a critical defect. In accordance with the requirements of SNiP 31-02-2001 “Single-apartment residential houses”, Chapter 5, clause 5.1., structures must meet the requirements: “The foundations and supporting structures of the house must be designed and built in such a way that during its construction and in calculated operating conditions excluded the possibility of: - destruction or damage to structures leading to the need to stop operating the house; - unacceptable deterioration in the operational properties of structures or the house as a whole due to deformations or the formation of cracks.”

The reason for the formation of cracks is the occurrence of deformations and, as a consequence, stresses in the enclosing structures. Deformations in building structures arise due to a combination of reasons: design errors; low quality materials used for supporting structures; violations of the technology of manufacturing and installation of building structures; non-compliance with the rules for the operation of buildings and structures. During the construction of the walls, errors were made in the design and technology of their construction: - vertical and horizontal deformations of the masonry of the outer layer of the outer walls differ significantly from the deformations of the inner layer and ceilings. To compensate for temperature and humidity deformations, vertical expansion joints. Their absence leads to the formation and opening vertical cracks in the facing layer of brickwork. Cracks occur mainly at the corners of the building; - the rules for bandaging seams when laying bricks at the corners of bay windows were violated (Fig. 1); - the brickwork at the corners of the bay windows is not sufficiently reinforced; - concreting of the brickwork at the corners of the bay windows was not completed (Fig. 2).
Rice. 1 Rice. 2

The photographs of the roof plans (photos 7-11) indicate damaged areas, as well as areas susceptible to destruction:

Destruction of the plaster layer and waterproofing of the parapet walls (photo 12-15)


Photo 12	photo 13

Photo 14	photo 15

Expertise comment The destruction of the plaster layer and waterproofing occurred as a result of poor quality plaster mixture and completed work.

Cracks and destruction of brickwork and plaster layer in the corners of the building at the level of intermediate floors (photos 16-21)


Photo 16	photo 17

Photo 18	photo 19

Photo 20	photo 21

Expertise comment To compensate for the difference in vertical deformations of the outer and inner layers External walls, as well as the building frame, must have horizontal expansion joints. Their absence or poor-quality execution leads to the destruction of the facing layer of brick at the floor level, as well as the destruction of the finishing layer of the floors. Horizontal expansion joints are either missing or poorly made.

Expert assessment of technical condition

In accordance with the provisions of SP 13-102-2003 “Rules for the inspection of load-bearing building structures of buildings and structures”, depending on the number of defects and the degree of damage, the technical condition of building structures is assessed in the following categories (see Chapter 3 “Terms and Definitions” SP 13-102-2003): "Working condition- category of technical condition of a building structure or building and structure as a whole, characterized by the absence of defects and damage that affect the reduction bearing capacity and serviceability. Operating state- a category of technical condition in which some of the numerically assessed controlled parameters do not meet the requirements of the design, norms and standards, but existing violations of the requirements, for example, for deformability, and in reinforced concrete for crack resistance, under these specific operating conditions do not lead to malfunction, and the bearing capacity of structures, taking into account the influence of existing defects and damage, is ensured. Limited operational condition- category of technical condition of structures in which there are defects and damage that have led to some reduction in load-bearing capacity, but there is no danger of sudden destruction and the functioning of the structure is possible by monitoring its condition, duration and operating conditions. Invalid condition- a category of technical condition of a building structure or a building and structure as a whole, characterized by a decrease in load-bearing capacity and operational characteristics, in which there is a danger for the occupancy of people and the safety of equipment (safety measures and strengthening of structures are necessary). Emergency condition- a category of technical condition of a building structure or a building and structure as a whole, characterized by damage and deformations indicating the exhaustion of the load-bearing capacity and the danger of collapse (urgent emergency measures are necessary).”

Technical condition load-bearing walls buildings from ceramic bricks in areas with the formation of cracks, peeling of the finishing layer and getting wet in accordance with the provisions of SP 13-102-2003, it is assessed as a limited serviceable condition.

Conclusions on construction inspection building facade

No factors indicating the occurrence of an emergency condition of the building envelope, in accordance with the provisions of SP 13-102-2003, were recorded as a result of the visual and instrumental examination.

To prevent further destruction of the walls it is necessary:

carry out measures to strengthen the brickwork in places where cracks form in accordance with the technology of concreting (Fig. 2) or injection of brickwork polymer cement compositions or compositions based on liquid glass.
conduct constant monitoring of the condition of external walls by installing beacons.
If progressive destruction of walls is detected under the influence of differences in deformations of enclosing structures and floors, it is necessary to carry out large-scale work to strengthen the external walls. Work should be carried out in accordance with the developed project.
Work should be carried out to restore the plaster and protective layer of the parapet.
work should be carried out to restore the plaster layer and decorative covering base

During the inspection and drawing up the expert opinion, the following regulatory documents were used:

VSN 57-88(r) Regulations on technical inspection of residential buildings Type of document: Order of the USSR State Construction Committee dated 07/06/1988 N 191 VSN dated 07/06/1988 N 57-88(R) Code of rules for design and construction Adopting body: USSR State Construction Committee Status: Current Document type: Regulatory and technical document Effective date: 07/01/1989 Published: official publication, State Committee for Architecture - M.: 1991 - SNiP 3.03.01-87 Load-bearing and enclosing structures Type of document: Resolution of the USSR State Construction Committee dated 12/04/1987 N 280 SNiP dated 04.12.1987 N 3.03.01-87 Building codes and rules of the Russian Federation Adopting body: Gosstroy of the USSR Status: Active Document type: Regulatory and technical document Effective date: 07/01/1988 Published: Official publication, Ministry of Construction of Russia, - M.: GP TsPP, 1996 - SP 13-102-2003 Rules inspection of load-bearing building structures of buildings and structures Type of document: Decree of the State Construction Committee of Russia dated 08/21/2003 N 153 Code of Rules (SP) dated 08/21/2003 N 13-102-2003 Code of rules for design and construction Adopting body: State Construction Committee of Russia Status: Valid Type of document : Regulatory and technical document Effective date: 08/21/2003 Published: official publication, M.: Gosstroy of Russia, State Unitary Enterprise TsPP, 2003 - Classifier of the main types of defects in construction and the building materials industry Type of document: Order of the Glavgosarkhstroynadzor of Russia dated 11/17/1993 Norms , rules and regulations of state supervision bodies Adopting body: Glavgosarkhstroynadzor of Russia Status: Active Document type: Regulatory and technical document Published: Official publication

SNiP 3.04.01-87 Insulating and finishing coatings Type of document: Decree of the USSR State Construction Committee dated December 4, 1987 N 280 SNiP dated December 4, 1987 N 3.04.01-87 Construction codes and regulations of the Russian Federation Adopting body: USSR State Construction Committee Status: Valid Document type: Regulatory and technical document Effective date: 07/01/1988 Published: official publication, Gosstroy of Russia. - M.: State Unitary Enterprise TsPP, 1998 - GOST 26433.2-94 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements of parameters of buildings and structures Type of document: Resolution of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated April 20, 1995 N 18-38 GOST dated November 17, 1994 N 26433.2-94 Adopting body: Gosarkhstroinadzor of the RSFSR, MNTKS Status: Valid Document type: Regulatory and technical document Start date : 01/01/1996 Published: Official publication, M.: IPC standards publishing house, 1996 - GOST R 52059-2003 Household services. Services for the repair and construction of housing and other buildings. Are common technical specifications Type of document: Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated 05/28/2003 N 162-st GOST R dated 05/28/2003 N 52059-2003 Adopting body: State Standard of Russia Status: Valid Type of document: Regulatory and technical document Validity date: 01/01/2004 Published: official publication , M.: IPC Publishing House of Standards, 2003 - On approval of the Rules for consumer services for the population in Russian Federation Type of document: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 15, 1997 N 1025 Adopting body: Government of the Russian Federation Status: Valid Type of document: Regulatory legal act Effective date: 09/04/1997 Published: Russian newspaper, N 166, 08/28/97, Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1997, N 34, Art. 3979.

The legal, regulatory and technical references cited and used in drawing up the conclusion are given on the basis of current documents listed in the specialized reference system “Stroyexpert-Kodeks”. The license for PC KODEKS for Windows (network version) is registered with CJSC "Independent Agency of Construction Expertise".

During the technical operation of the facade, it is necessary to pay attention to the reliability of fastening of architectural and structural parts (eaves, parapets, balconies, loggias, bay windows, etc.).

Base is the most moistened part of the building due to the effects of precipitation, as well as moisture penetrating through the capillaries of the foundation material. This part of the building is constantly exposed to adverse mechanical influences, which requires the use of durable and frost-resistant materials for the base.

Cornices, the crowning part of the building, are diverted from the wall by rain and melt water and perform an architectural and decorative function. The facades of the building may also have intermediate cornices, corbels, sandriks, which perform functions similar to those of the main crowning cornice.

The reliability of the building envelope depends on the technical condition of the cornices, belts, pilasters and other protruding parts of the facade.

Part outer wall, continuing above the roof - parapet. To avoid destruction by precipitation, the upper plane of the parapet is protected with galvanized steel or concrete slabs factory made.

Architectural and structural elements of the facade also include balconies, loggias, and bay windows, which help improve performance qualities And appearance building.

Balconies are in conditions of constant atmospheric exposure, humidification, alternating freezing and thawing, therefore, earlier than other parts of the building they fail and collapse. The most critical part of balconies is the place where slabs or beams are embedded in the wall of the building, since during operation the place of embedding is subject to intense temperature and humidity effects. Figure 2 shows the pairing balcony slab With outer wall.

Figure 2 Pairing the balcony slab with the outer wall

1-balcony slab; 2-cement mortar; 3-lining; 4-insulation; 5-embedded metal element; 6-gasket; 7-insulation; 8-anchor.

Loggia- a site surrounded on three sides by walls and fencing. In relation to the main volume of the building, the loggia can be built-in or remote.

The covering of the loggias must ensure the drainage of water from the external walls of the building. To do this, the floors of the loggias must be made with a slope of 2-3% from the plane of the facade and placed 50-70 mm below the floor of the adjacent rooms. The surface of the loggia floor is covered with waterproofing. The connections of balcony and loggia slabs with the facade wall are protected from leakage by placing the edge of a waterproofing carpet on the wall, covering it with two additional layers of waterproofing 400 mm wide and covering it with a galvanized steel apron.

Fences for loggias and balconies must be high enough to comply with safety requirements (at least 1 - 1.2 m) and made predominantly solid, with railings and flower beds.

Bay window- part of the premises located behind the plane of the facade wall can be used to accommodate vertical communications - stairs, elevators. A bay window increases the area of the premises, enriches the interior, provides additional insolation, and improves lighting conditions. The bay window enriches the shape of the building and serves as an architectural means of shaping the scale of the façade composition and its division.

During the technical operation of façade elements, sections of walls located next to drainpipes, trays, and inlet funnels must be thoroughly inspected.

All damaged areas of the finishing layer of the wall must be repelled and, after identifying and eliminating the cause of the damage, restored. In case of weathering, crumbling of fillings of vertical and horizontal joints, as well as destruction of the edges of panels and blocks, the faulty areas should be inspected, the joints should be filled and the damaged edges should be restored with appropriate materials.

Building facades are often faced with ceramic tiles, natural stone materials. If the cladding is poorly secured with metal staples and cement mortar, it will fall out. The reasons for peeling of the cladding are moisture getting into the seams between the stones and behind the cladding, alternate freezing and thawing.

If tile defects are detected, the surface of the entire facade is tapped, loose tiles are removed and repairs are carried out. restoration work.

Defects in facades are often associated with atmospheric pollution, which leads to loss of their original appearance, sooting and tarnishing of their surface.

Building facades should be cleaned and washed within the time limits established depending on the material, condition of building surfaces and operating conditions.

The facades of wooden, unplastered buildings must be periodically painted with vapor-permeable paints or compounds to prevent rotting and in accordance with fire safety standards. Improvements appearance buildings can be achieved through their quality plaster and coloring.

Drainage devices of external walls must have the necessary slopes from the walls to ensure the removal of atmospheric water. Steel fastening parts are placed at a slope from the walls. On parts that have a slope towards the wall, tightly fitting galvanized steel cuffs should be installed at a distance of 5-10 cm from the wall. All steel elements attached to the wall are regularly painted and protected from corrosion.

It is necessary to systematically check the correct use of balconies, bay windows, loggias, avoiding the placement of bulky and heavy things on them, clutter and contamination.

During operation, there is a need to restore the plaster of the facades. Defects in the plaster are caused by poor quality of the mortar, work carried out at low temperatures, excessive moisture, etc. For minor repairs to the plaster, the cracks are expanded and puttied; for significant cracks, the plaster is removed and plastered again, paying particular attention to Special attention ensuring adhesion of the plaster layer to the load-bearing elements.

The main reasons for damage to the appearance of buildings are:

The use of materials of different strength, water absorption, frost resistance and durability in the same masonry (sand-lime brick, cinder blocks, etc.);

Different deformability of load-bearing longitudinal and self-supporting end walls;

Usage sand-lime brick in rooms with high humidity (baths, saunas, swimming pools, showers, washrooms, etc.);

Loosening the dressing;

Thickening of seams;

Insufficient support of structures;

Freezing of the solution;

Moistening of cornices, parapets, architectural details, balconies, loggias, wall plaster;

Violations of technology during winter laying, etc.

During the technical operation of the facade, it is necessary to pay attention to the reliability of fastening of architectural and structural parts, which provide static and dynamic resistance to the influence of natural and climatic factors.

The basement is the most moistened part of the building due to the effects of precipitation, as well as moisture penetrating through the capillaries of the foundation material.

This part of the building is constantly exposed to adverse mechanical influences, which requires the use of durable and frost-resistant materials for the base.

The cornices, the crowning part of the building, drain rain and melt water from the wall and perform an architectural and decorative function in the same way as other architectural and structural elements of the building’s facade. The facades of the building may also have intermediate cornices, corbels, sandriks, which perform functions similar to those of the main crowning cornice.

The reliability of the building envelope depends on the technical condition of the cornices, belts, pilasters and other protruding parts of the facade.

The part of the outer wall that continues above the roof is the parapet. To avoid destruction by precipitation, the upper plane of the parapet is protected with galvanized steel or factory-made concrete slabs.

For the safety of repair work, parapet barriers are installed on the roofs of the building in the form metal gratings and continuous brick walls. It is necessary to maintain the tightness of the junctions roofing coverings to elements of parapet fences.

Architectural and structural elements of the facade also include balconies, loggias, and bay windows, which help improve the performance and appearance of the building. Depending on their purpose, balconies have various shapes and sizes. With well-performed waterproofing, balconies protect the walls of the building from moisture. Balconies are exposed to constant weathering, humidification, alternating freezing and thawing, so they fail and collapse before other parts of the building. The most critical part of balconies is the place where slabs or beams are embedded in the wall of the building, since during operation the place of embedding is subject to intense temperature and humidity effects. In Fig. Figure 3.4 shows the connection between the balcony slab and the outer wall. In buildings of the 50-60s. XX century Typically, crushed stone from broken bricks served as concrete filler, which did not provide the required density and frost resistance of balconies. Due to low corrosion resistance, balcony designs with metal beams turned out to be unjustified.

Particularly susceptible to destruction are the edges of the balcony slab, which freeze on three sides and are exposed to moisture and corrosion.

Loggia is a platform surrounded on three sides by walls and fencing. In relation to the main volume of the building, the loggia can be built-in or remote.

Fences for loggias and balconies must be high enough to comply with safety requirements (at least 1-1.2 m) and made predominantly solid, with railings and flower beds.

A bay window is a part of the premises located behind the plane of the facade wall that can be used to accommodate vertical communications - stairs, elevators. A bay window increases the area of the premises, enriches the interior, provides additional insolation, and improves lighting conditions. The bay window enriches the shape of the building and serves as an architectural means of shaping the scale of the façade composition and its division.

During the technical operation of façade elements, sections of walls located next to drainpipes, trays, receiving funnels. All damaged areas of the finishing layer of the wall must be repelled and, after identifying and eliminating the cause of the damage, restored. In case of weathering, crumbling of the fillings of vertical and horizontal joints, as well as destruction of the edges of panels and blocks, you should inspect the faulty places, fill the joints and restore the damaged edges with appropriate materials, having previously removed the collapsed mortar and carefully caulked the joints with an oiled tourniquet, wiping them with hard cement mortar with painting the corrected areas to match the color of the wall surfaces.

The facades of buildings are often faced with ceramic tiles and natural stone materials. If the cladding is poorly secured with metal staples and cement mortar, it will fall out. The reasons for peeling of the cladding are moisture getting into the seams between the stones and behind the cladding, alternate freezing and thawing.

On facades lined ceramic tiles, you should pay attention to places where swelling of the cladding is observed, individual tiles coming out of the plane of the wall, the formation of cracks, spalling in the corners of the tiles; in this case, it is necessary to tap the surface of the entire facade, remove loose tiles and perform restoration work.

After cleaning, facades lined with ceramic products are treated with hydrophobic or other special solutions.

Defects in facades are often associated with atmospheric pollution, which leads to loss of their original appearance, sooting and tarnishing of their surface. By effective means cleaning are application sandblasting machines, cleaning with wet rags, etc.

For cleaning facades finished with glazed ceramic tiles, use special compounds. Building facades should be cleaned and washed within the time limits established depending on the material, condition of building surfaces and operating conditions. It is not allowed to clean architectural details or plastering surfaces made of soft stones by sandblasting. The facades of wooden unplastered buildings must be periodically painted with vapor-permeable paints or compounds to prevent rotting and in accordance with fire safety standards. Improving the appearance of a building can be achieved through high-quality plastering and painting. Painting of facades must be done after completion of repairs to walls, parapets, protruding parts and architectural moldings, input devices, sandriks, window sills, etc.

Coloring metal stairs, fastening elements for electrical network cables and roof fencing must be carried out oil paints after 5-6 years depending on operating conditions.

It is necessary to systematically check the correct use of balconies, bay windows, loggias, avoiding the placement of bulky and heavy things on them, clutter and pollution.

To prevent the destruction of the edges of the slabs of balconies and loggias, as well as the occurrence of cracks between the slab and the walls due to precipitation, a metal drain is installed in a groove in the box with a width of at least 1.5 times the thickness of the slab. The metal drain must be placed under the waterproofing layer. The slope of the slabs of balconies and loggias is at least 3% from the walls of the building with the organization of water drainage with a metal apron or behind an iron plate with a drip, with its removal of 3-5 cm; At the end, the drain is embedded in the body of the panel. In the event of an emergency condition of balconies, loggias and bay windows, the entrances to them must be closed and restoration work must be carried out, which must be carried out according to the project.

During inspections, it is necessary to pay attention to the absence or faulty connection of drains and the waterproofing layer with structures, to loosening of fastenings and

damage to fencing of balconies and loggias. Damage must be repaired. Destruction of cantilever beams and slabs, chipping support platforms under the consoles, peeling and destruction are eliminated during major repairs.

In concrete steel beams check the adhesion strength of concrete to metal. Loose concrete is removed and restored protective layer. The location, shape and fastening of flower boxes must correspond architectural solution building.

Flower boxes and metal fencing painted with weather-resistant paints in the color specified in the color passport of the facade.

Flower boxes are installed on pallets, with a gap from the wall of at least 50 mm. Depending on the materials used for the main structures of balconies and loggias, their minimum duration efficient operation is 10-40 years.

During operation, there is a need to restore the plaster of the facades. Defects in plaster are caused by poor quality of the mortar, work at low temperatures, excessive moisture, etc. For minor plaster repairs, cracks are expanded and filled; for significant cracks, the plaster is removed and plastered again, paying special attention to ensuring adhesion of the plaster layer to the load-bearing elements.

The main reasons for damage to the appearance of buildings are:
- use in the same masonry of materials of different strength, water absorption, frost resistance and durability (sand-lime brick, cinder blocks, etc.);
- different deformability of load-bearing longitudinal and self-supporting end walls;
- use of sand-lime bricks in rooms with high humidity(baths, saunas, swimming pools, showers, washrooms, etc.);
- weakening of the dressing;
- thickening of seams;
- insufficient support of structures;
- freezing of the solution;
- moistening of cornices, parapets, architectural details, balconies, loggias, wall plaster;
- violations of technology during winter laying, etc.

Research Group "Safety and Reliability"

Construction expertise, Building inspection, Energy audit, Land management, Design

Inspection of building facades is carried out to identify the condition of the facades. Also, inspection of building facades is carried out when in emergency condition building. The methodology for examining building facades is reflected in GOST. Various methods are used to inspect building facades.

Construction examination is a study of certain objects in order to establish their technical condition, identify and display in the conclusion the presence of defects and various kinds damage.

During such studies, building facades may be examined. This involves studying external walls building. At the same time, the examination of facades is carried out using a number of special techniques.

The façade survey results in obtaining specific and clear conclusions about whether the building's façade needs repairs and, if so, how extensive such repairs should be.

Why is it necessary to inspect building facades?

As a rule, the inspection of the walls of buildings and structures is associated with the presence of any controversial issues, the resolution of which is impossible without an expert opinion. Often such disputes are at the judicial stage, and the conclusions of the expert determine what decision the court will make on the claim.

A procedure such as an inspection of the façade of a building may be required in the following cases:

It is impossible to recognize a house as unsafe without conducting a construction examination, within the framework of which the facade is examined. At the same time, its condition, ability to withstand loads and withstand external influences are determined;
If the house receives damage as a result of domestic fires or mechanical impact. In this case, an inspection of the facade is necessary to find out how serious the damage is and what work will be required to eliminate it. This procedure involves assessing the extent of damage and the costs involved;
During structural changes to the structure. Subsidence of the building foundation, impact on it groundwater or a breakthrough in communications, detection of its tilt and other similar circumstances require determining the degree of criticality of the changes. To do this, you need to examine the facade and take all the necessary measurements.

In any case, these activities serve one purpose - to establish and record changes to the facade. It may have general deformation as well as damage.

Such damage can be expressed in the form of cracks, chips, the absence of certain fragments, and so on.

At the same time, it is necessary to understand that when resolving disputes related to compensation for harm caused, confirmation of such harm and its scale is always required. Only a façade inspection can answer these questions and determine specific conclusions of a city authority or court. The findings will be presented in the appropriate expert report.

How is such an examination carried out?

In expert practice, there are two ways to conduct façade inspections:

1. Through it visual inspection. In this case, the use of photo and video recording equipment is mandatory. This will preserve an image of the damage to the building and will be useful in preparing a report. In addition, these materials are in all cases attached to the conclusion and serve as confirmation of the objectivity and validity of expert conclusions.

Despite the apparent primitiveness, a visual examination is important, since it is based on its results that attention is drawn to certain problem areas facade;

2. Using special equipment and tools. This way the length, width and depth are measured mechanical damage– cracks, chips or swelling. Using instruments, the structural condition of the walls and their suitability for further use are assessed.

For example, a sclerometer is used to measure the condition and strength properties of concrete and brickwork. The research is carried out using pulses emitted by this equipment.

In general, an examination of facades in relation to construction expertise is necessary to resolve questions about the suitability of residential buildings for human habitation, the need for their demolition or repairs, the degree of deterioration of buildings, and the level of damage caused. The data obtained during such a survey serve as the basis for further calculations and determine the expert’s conclusions.