Man has always strived for warmth and comfort, for inner peace. Even the most avid adventurers, who are always attracted by the horizons, sooner or later return to home. People of different nationalities and religions have always created their homes taking into account the beauty and convenience that they could imagine being in certain natural conditions. The amazing shapes of buildings, the materials from which the home was built and the interior decoration can tell a lot about its owners.
The human home is a pure reflection of nature. Initially, the shape of the house comes from an organic feeling. She has an inner necessity, like a bird's nest, Bee hive or mollusk shell. Every feature of the forms of existence and customs, family and marriage life, in addition, the tribal routine - all this is reflected in the main rooms and plan of the house - in the upper room, vestibule, atrium, megaron, kemenate, courtyard, gyneceum.
BORDEY 
Bordei is a traditional half-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reeds. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature changes during the day, as well as from strong winds. There was a fireplace on the clay floor, but the stove was heated black: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.
AIL "WOODEN YURTA" 
Ail (“wooden yurt”) is the traditional dwelling of the Telengits, the people of Southern Altai. A log hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a fireplace in the middle of the earthen floor.
BALAGAN 
Balagan is the winter home of the Yakuts. Sloping walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low, sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. On the western side, a cattle shed was attached to the booth.
VALKARAN 
Valkaran (“house of whale jaws” in Chukchi) is a dwelling among the peoples of the Bering Sea coast (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). A semi-dugout with a frame made of large whale bones, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: the summer one - through a hole in the roof, the winter one - through a long semi-underground corridor.
WIGWAM 
Wigwam - the common name for the dwelling of the forest Indians North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made of curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of fabric. From the outside, the covering was additionally pressed with poles. Wigwams can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such structures are called “long houses”). The cone-shaped dwellings of the Great Plains Indians - "teepees" - are often mistakenly called wigwams. The dwelling was not intended to be moved, however, if necessary, it was easily assembled and then erected in a new place.
IGLOO 
Truly an amazing invention. It was invented by the Alaskan Eskimos. You understand that in Alaska, not everything is good with building materials, but people have always used what they had at hand and in large quantities. And in Alaska, ice is always at hand. That's why the Eskimos began to build themselves domed houses from ice slabs. Everything inside was covered with skins for warmth. This idea really appealed to the residents of Finland, a northern country where there is also plenty of snow. There are restaurants there built on the principle of igloos, and even competitions are held in which participants assemble igloos from ice blocks as quickly as possible.
KAZHUN 
Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). The cajun is cylindrical in shape with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry masonry method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially it served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.
MINKA 
Minka is the traditional home of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. The minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of interior walls sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the layout of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that snow and rain would roll off immediately and the straw would not have time to get wet.
Since many Japanese people of simple origin were engaged in raising silkworms, when building a home, it was taken into account that the main space in the room was allocated for silkworming.
KLOČAN 
A clochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, walls were laid out “dry”, without a binder mortar. Narrow slits-windows, an entrance and a chimney were left. Such simple huts were built for themselves by monks leading an ascetic lifestyle, so you can’t expect much comfort inside.
PALLASO 
Pallasso is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). A stone wall was laid out in a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters, leaving openings for the front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes large pallasos had two rooms: one for living, the other for livestock. Pallasos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.
IKUKWANE 
Ikukwane is a large domed reed house of the Zulus (South Africa). They built it from long thin twigs, tall grass, and reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers believe that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.
RONDAVEL 
Rondavel – round house Bantu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was made of poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grass ropes. 
SMOKE 
Kuren (from the word “to smoke,” which means “to smoke”) is the home of the Cossacks, the “free troops” of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, and Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in plavny (river reed thickets). The houses stood on stilts, the walls were made of wicker, filled with earth and coated with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.
SAKLYA 
Stone dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders. Built from clay and ceramic bricks, the roof is flat, narrow windows look like loopholes. It was both a dwelling and a kind of fortress. It could be multi-story, or it could be built of clay and have no windows. An earthen floor and a fireplace in the middle are the modest decoration of such a house.
PUEBLITO 
Pueblito is a small fortified house in the northwestern US state of New Mexico. 300 years ago they were allegedly built by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who defended themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. The interior is also covered with clay coating. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, on top of which rods are laid. Pueblitos were located on high places within sight of each other to allow long-distance communication.
TRULLO 
Trullo – original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Apulia. The walls of the trullo are very thick, so it is cool there in hot weather, but not so cold in winter. The trullo is two-tiered; one ascends to the second floor by ladder. Often a trullo had several cone roofs, under each of which there was a separate room. 
An Italian dwelling, now classified as a monument. The house is notable for the fact that it was built using the “dry masonry” method, that is, simply from stones. This was not done by accident. This construction was not very reliable. If one stone was pulled out, it could completely fall apart. And all because in certain areas the houses were built illegally and could be easily liquidated in case of any claims from the authorities.
LEPA - LEPA 
Lepa-lepa is the boat-house of the Badjao people of Southeast Asia. The Badjao, "sea gypsies" as they are called, spend their entire lives on boats in the Pacific Ocean's "Coral Triangle" - between Borneo, the Philippines and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they cook food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go to land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and also to bury the dead.
TYPI 
Dwellings of Native Americans. This structure was portable and was built from poles, which were covered with reindeer skins on top. In the center there was a fireplace, around which the sleeping places were concentrated. A hole for smoke was always left in the roof. It’s hard to believe, but even now people who support the traditions of the indigenous population of America still live in such huts.
DIAOLOU 
Diaolou - fortified multi-storey building in Guangdong province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers operated in Southern China. In later and relatively safe times, such fortified houses were built simply by following tradition.
HOGAN 
Hogan is the ancient home of the Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often a “hallway” was added to this simple structure. The entrance was curtained with a blanket. After the first Railway, the design of the hogan changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.
YURT 
Housing for nomads - Mongols, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz. Why is it convenient in conditions of steppes and deserts? Assembling and disassembling such a house takes a couple of hours. The base is built from poles and covered with mats on top. Shepherds still use such buildings to this day. Probably, many years of experience suggest that good is not sought from good.
SLAVIC IZBA 
Log house, Slavic construction. The hut was assembled from logs (the so-called log house), the logs were laid according to a certain principle. The stove was being fired up in the house. The hut was heated in black. They began to install a chimney on the roof later, and then the smoke was removed from the house through it. The log houses could be dismantled, sold and laid out again, erecting new house from an old log house. This method is still used by summer residents.
NORTH RUSSIAN IZBA 
The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower (“basement”) is utility. Servants, children, and yard workers lived in the basement; there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows or doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts several meters deep! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced residential and outbuildings to be combined into a single whole.
VARDO 
Vardo is a gypsy tent, a real one-room house on wheels. It has a door and windows, a stove for cooking and heating, a bed, and drawers for things. At the back, under the folding side, there is a drawer for storing kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels, there is luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The entire cart is light enough that it could be pulled by one horse. Vardo was decorated with elaborate carvings and painted bright colors. Vardo flourished at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.
YAODONG 
Yaodong is a cave house of the Loess Plateau of the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial have dug their homes right into the hillside. The inside of such a house is comfortable in any weather. 
TRADITIONAL HOUSING OF THE BONGU PEOPLE 
SODD HOUSE 
The turf house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the shortage of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was covered with turf in several layers. They lived in one half of such a house, and kept livestock in the other.
No matter how ridiculous the structure may seem, it is a home for the one who built it. People lived in these strange buildings: they loved, created families, suffered and died. Life flowed through the houses of these people, history with all its features, events and miracles.
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Proverbs and sayings about home. My home is my castle. Each hut has its own toys. Being a guest is good, but being at home is better. It is not the owner's house that is painted, but the owner's house. Even the frog sings in his swamp. There is nothing like leather. And the mole in his corner is vigilant.
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At home different nations Since ancient times, houses have been different among different peoples of the Earth. The special features of the traditional dwellings of different peoples depend on the characteristics of nature, on the uniqueness of economic life, on differences in religious ideas. However, there are also great similarities. This helps us better understand each other and mutually respect the customs and traditions of different peoples of Russia and the world, be hospitable and present the culture of our people to other people with dignity.
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Izba Izba is a traditional Russian dwelling. This is a wooden residential building in a wooded area of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus. In Rus', a thousand years ago, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. Aspen planks - ploughshares or straw - were placed on the roof. The log house (from the word “felling”) consisted of rows of logs laid on top of each other. The hut was built without using nails.
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Hata Hata, (among Ukrainians), is a living space with a stove or an entire building with a hallway and a utility room. It can be made of timber, wattle, or adobe. The outside and inside of the hut is usually coated with clay and whitewashed.
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Saklya In the mountains there are not enough trees to build houses, so houses there are built from stone or clay. Such housing is called SAKLYA. Saklya, home Caucasian peoples. Often it is built directly on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, for construction they choose the side of the mountain slope where the winds are quieter. Its roof is flat, so sakli were often located adjacent to one another. It turned out that the roof of the building below was often the floor or courtyard of the house that stands above. Sakli are usually made of stone adobe or adobe brick, with a flat roof.
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Chum Chum – nomadic, portable hut of Siberian foreigners; poles composed of sugar loaf and covered, in summer, with birch bark, in winter - with whole and sewn deer skins, with a smoke outlet at the top. The Russians also have a summer hut, cold but habitable, with a fire in the middle.
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Yurta Yurta, a portable dwelling among the Mongolian nomadic peoples in Central and Central Asia, Southern Siberia. It consists of wooden lattice walls with a dome of poles and a felt covering. In the center of the yurt there is a fireplace; the place at the entrance was intended for guests; utensils were stored on the women's side, and harnesses on the men's side.
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Kibitka Kibitka is a covered cart, covered wagon. Russian name for the portable dwelling of the nomadic peoples of Central and Central Asia.
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Cell Cell (from Latin cella - room), living quarters in a monastery. According to monastic regulations, most Russian monasteries allowed each monk or nun to build his own cell.
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Wigwam Wigwam is the home of the forest Indians of North America. Entered into literature as the name of an Indian dome-shaped dwelling. When building a wigwam, the Indians stick flexible tree trunks into the ground in a circle or oval, bending their ends into a vault. The frame of the wigwam is covered with branches, bark, and mats.
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Igloo A dwelling made of snow or ice blocks is built by Eskimos in the north, where there is no other building material except snow. Called housing-IGLU. The interior is usually covered with skins, and sometimes the walls are also covered with skins. Light enters the igloo directly through the snow walls, although sometimes windows are made of seal guts or ice. Snow house absorbs from the inside excess moisture, so the hut is quite dry. Eskimos can build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour.
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Konak Konak is a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. This is an expressive building under a wide heavy tiled roof, creating a deep shadow. Often such “mansions” resemble the letter “g” in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. The buildings are oriented to the east (a tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a spacious covered balcony and a steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and a large number of premises satisfies all the needs of the owners, therefore outbuildings are not needed.
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Tree dwellings Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The structure is erected on a pre-prepared platform made of poles tied to branches. A structure balancing on branches cannot be overloaded, but it must withstand a large gable roof, the crowning building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a fireplace for cooking, and the upper one, a flooring made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near a reservoir. They get to the hut along long stairs connected from poles.
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Pallasso Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval in cross-section, 10 to 20 meters in diameter, with a conical thatched roof on a wooden frame, one entrance door, no windows at all or only a small window opening.
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Hut South India. The traditional home of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and reeds, without windows, with one small entrance.
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Underground dwellings The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara Desert are deep earthen pits in which interior spaces and yard. There are about seven hundred caves on the hillsides and in the desert around them, some of which are still inhabited by troglodytes (Berbers). The craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around the courtyard (hausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Troglodyte dwellings often have several floors, with tied ropes serving as stairs between them. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber housewife needs a shelf, she simply digs it out of the wall. However, near some pits you can see TV antennas, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings provide good protection from the heat - these chalk caves are cool. This is how they solve the housing problem in the Sahara.
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The housing stock of modern Russian villages has been developing over a long period of time. In some villages and hamlets there are still dwellings built at the end and even in the middle of the 19th century; Many buildings erected at the beginning of the 20th century have been preserved. In general, in most Russian villages, houses built before the Great October Revolution make up a relatively small percentage. In order to understand the changes currently taking place in the development of traditional forms of housing, as well as the process of formation of new features of housing construction, it is necessary to give an idea of the main features of Russian rural housing, which were traced in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Characteristic features of traditional Russian housing in various regions of the country
The diverse nature of Russia, various social, economic and historical conditions contributed to the creation different types Russian housing, assigned to a particular territory by a certain local ethnic tradition. Along with the general features characteristic of all Russian houses, in different areas of Russian settlement there were features that manifested themselves in the position of the house in relation to the street, in the building material, in the covering, in the height and internal layout of the building, in the forms of development of the yard. Many local features of housing developed back in the feudal era and reflect the cultural characteristics of certain ethnographic groups.
In the middle of the 19th century. In the vast territory of Russian settlement, large areas stood out, distinguished by the characteristics of rural residential buildings. There were also smaller areas with less significant uniqueness of housing, as well as zones of distribution of mixed forms of housing.
In the northern villages of Russia - in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, as well as in the northern districts of Tver and Yaroslavl provinces - large log buildings were erected, which included residential and utility premises in one whole, placed with a narrow end facade perpendicular to the street. A characteristic feature of the northern dwelling was the high height of the entire building. Due to the harsh northern climate, the floor of living quarters was raised above the ground to a considerable height. The crosscuts (beams) of the floor were cut into the sixth to tenth crown, depending on the thickness of the logs. The space under the floor was called the basement, or podzbitsa; it reached a significant (1.5-3 m) height and was used for various household needs: keeping poultry and young livestock, storing vegetables, food, and various utensils. Often the basement was made residential. Directly adjacent to the living quarters was a courtyard, covered with the same roof and forming a single whole with the housing (“house - courtyard”). In the covered courtyard, all utility rooms were combined into one unit under common roof and were closely adjacent to housing. The spread of the covered courtyard in the northern and central non-black soil provinces of Russia was due to the harsh climate and long snowy winters, which forced residential and outbuildings to be combined into one whole.
Covered courtyards in the north, as well as living quarters, were built high and arranged on two floors. The lower floor housed cattle sheds, and top floor(poveti) kept feed for livestock, household equipment, means of transportation, and various household items; small unheated log cabins were also built there - cages (gorenki), in which the family's household property was stored, and in the summer they lived married couples. Outside, an inclined log flooring was attached to the poveti - a drive-in (import). The covered courtyard was closely adjacent to the rear wall of the house, and the entire building stretched perpendicular to the street, in one line, forming a “single-row connection”, or “single-row type of development”. In northern buildings there was also a type of “two-row” building, in which the house and the covered courtyard were placed parallel, close to each other. In Zaonezhye, the so-called wallet house was widespread, in which the courtyard, built on the side, was wider than the hut and covered with one of the elongated slopes of its roof. There were also “verb-shaped” buildings, when a courtyard was added to the back and side walls of a house placed perpendicular to the street, as if enveloping the house on both sides.
On a vast territory, which included all the northern, western, eastern and central Russian provinces of the European part of Russia, as well as in the Russian villages of Siberia, housing was covered gable roof. The roof covering material depended on local capabilities. In the northern forest provinces, huts were covered with planks, shingles, and at the beginning of the 20th century, also with wood chips.
The most ancient and characteristic design of a gable roof, which was preserved especially for a long time in the north, was the male one (roof with a cut, a notch, on bulls, on males). In the design of such a roof, chickens served an important practical purpose - naturally curved spruce rhizomes that supported streams, or water inlets, that is, gutters into which the ends of the roof planks rested. Important constructive role they had brackets (pillows, pomochi, gaps), arranged from the outlets of the upper logs of the longitudinal walls and supporting the corners of the roof, as well as okhlupen (gielom) - a massive log, oppressing the roof shingles with its weight. All these details gave a peculiar beauty and picturesqueness to the peasant building, due to which in a number of places their construction was caused not only by practical, but also by decorative considerations. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The male roof structure is replaced by a rafter roof.
Several windows were cut on the facade of tall log huts in northern villages; The building was enlivened by a porch at the entrance to the house, a balcony on the chopped pediment and a gallery, often encircling the entire house at the window level. Using a knife and an ax, the rounded ends of chickens, flows, fells, and ohlupny were given plastic sculptural forms of animals, birds and various geometric figures; The image of a horse's head was especially characteristic.
The architectural appearance of the northern hut is extremely beautiful and picturesque. The flat plank surfaces of window frames, piers (boards used to cover the protruding ends of the roof), valances (boards running along the eaves), towels (boards covering the joint of the roof), porches, balcony gratings were decorated with flat geometric carvings (with low relief) or a slot. The intricate alternation of all kinds of cutouts with straight and circular lines, rhythmically following each other, made the carved boards of northern huts look like either lace or the ends of a towel made in the Russian folk style. The planked surfaces of northern buildings were often painted.
Dwellings were built significantly lower and smaller in size in the Upper and Middle Volga regions, in the Moscow province, the southern part of the Novgorod province, the northern districts of the Ryazan and Penza provinces, and partially in the Smolensk and Kaluga provinces. These areas are characterized by a log house on a medium or low basement. In the northern and central parts of this zone, floor cuts were cut mainly into the fourth, sixth and even seventh crown; in the south of Moscow province. and in the Middle Volga region, a low basement predominated in the dwelling: floor cuts were cut into the second or fourth crown. In some houses of the Middle Volga region in the second half of the 19th century. one could find an earthen floor, which, in all likelihood, was a consequence of the influence of housing construction by the peoples of the Volga region, who in the past were characterized by underground housing. In the villages of Nizhny Novgorod province. rich peasants built semi-houses - wooden houses on high brick basements, which were used as a storeroom, store or workshop.
In Central Russian villages, houses were placed mainly perpendicular to the street; two, three, and sometimes more windows were cut into the front facade. The materials used to cover the gable roof were planks, shingles, and straw. Directly to the house, just like in the North, a covered courtyard was attached, but it was lower than the house, consisted of one floor and did not form a single whole with the house. In the northern regions of the Upper Volga region, especially in the Trans-Volga region, higher courtyards were built, located on the same level as the house.
In Central Russian villages, courtyards were built at the back of the house according to the type of single-row building; in rich farms, verb-shaped building was often found; The two-row type of building was especially characteristic of the Upper and Middle Volga regions. At the end of the 19th century. the double-row type of connection was gradually replaced by a more rational single-row type. This was explained by the inconvenience and cumbersomeness of two-row courtyards; Due to the accumulation of moisture at the junction of the house and outbuildings, these courtyards were damp. In more southern regions, in the Volga-Kama interfluve, in the Middle Volga region, in the Penza province. The so-called “quiet courtyard” was common. The quiet building consists of two parallel rows of buildings - a house with outbuildings attached behind it, and opposite it a row of outbuildings, which in the rear part of the yard bent at a right angle and connected with the buildings of the first row. Such a yard has significant open space; this type of development refers to the “open” or “semi-closed” type of courtyard 1.
Semi-closed courtyards constitute a kind of transition zone from an indoor courtyard to an open one (a significant part of the Moscow, Vladimir, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga provinces, and the Middle Volga region). To the south of this area, an open courtyard dominated.
The architectural appearance of Central Russian huts is also characterized by the richness and variety of decorations. As in the north, sculptural carvings were used to decorate the rounded ends of streams, chickens, and ohlupnya, but it did not have the bizarre artistic variety as in the northern huts, and was less common. The decoration of the roof of a peasant hut in the Yaroslavl, Kostroma and partly Nizhny Novgorod provinces was unique. two sculptural skates with their muzzles facing in different directions. The facades of Central Russian huts were decorated with flat triangular-recessed carvings with a pattern of rosettes or individual parts of a circle, which were usually accompanied by patterns of parallel elongated grooves. If in the north the main attention was paid to decorating the roof, then in the middle zone windows were primarily decorated. In the areas adjacent to the Volga (Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Simbirsk provinces), in the second half of the 19th century. More complex carvings with high relief and a convex rich pattern of the design (ship carving, blind carving, or chisel carving) became widespread. In ornament relief carving Floral patterns predominated, as well as images of animals and fantastic creatures. Carved patterns were concentrated on the pediment of the hut; they also decorated window shutters, the ends of protruding corner logs, and gates. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. labor-intensive relief and flat carvings were supplanted by sawing carvings, which were easier to execute, spreading along with a new tool - a jigsaw, which made it possible to easily and quickly cut out a variety of end-to-end patterns. The motifs of the saw-cut ornament were very diverse.
In the northeast of Russia, in the Perm and Vyatka provinces, the housing had many features similar to northern Russian and central Russian buildings, which is explained by the settlement of these areas by immigrants from the Novgorod land and the close ties of the northeast with the Volga region and the central provinces in the XIV-XVII centuries ., and similar conditions for the development of these areas. At the same time, in the northeastern dwelling some specific features. The log dwellings of the Vyatka-Perm region stood mostly perpendicular to the street and were covered with a planked gable roof, less often a hipped roof (in houses with more developed plans). In the northwestern districts of the region, taller and larger houses were built on a high basement and floor cuts were cut into the seventh crown; in the southern regions of the region, the height of the underground decreased and floor cuts were more often cut into the fourth and fifth crowns. For the dwellings of the Vyatka and Perm provinces, the most characteristic was the peculiar quiet development of the courtyard. These courtyards were closed, when the free space of the courtyard was covered with a pitched roof, semi-closed and open. In some areas of the Perm province. they arranged a quiet courtyard, called “three horses,” in which the house, the open space of the courtyard and the next row of courtyard buildings were covered with three gable parallel roofs. External facades northeastern dwellings were decorated relatively poorly.
In the western provinces of Russia - in Smolensk, Vitebsk, in the southern districts of Pskov, in the southwestern districts of Novgorod province - log huts were placed on a low (Smolensk, Vitebsk province) or middle (Pskov province) basement and covered with gable thatch, less often plank roofs. Distinctive feature appearance Western Russian hut was the presence of only one window on the front facade of the house, located perpendicular to the street, and poor decoration of the front facade of the hut. Carved decorations were more common in the northwestern regions (Pskov, northern districts of Novgorod province), where the huts were taller and larger in size. In the western regions (Pskov and Vitebsk provinces) a unique type of three-row estate development was common, which can simultaneously be classified as an indoor and an open type of courtyard. In a three-row building, a covered courtyard was closely adjacent to the blank side wall of the house (similar to a type of double-row connection), while on the other side of the house, at some distance from it (6-8 m), a number of outbuildings were built parallel to the house. Open space between home and outbuildings surrounded by a log fence. In the housing of the western provinces, features similar to the housing of the Belarusians and the peoples of the eastern Baltic regions can be traced (planizba, the presence of a hanging boiler near the stove, the construction of a log house from beams, terminology, etc.), which was a consequence of ancient historical and ethnocultural ties of the population of these areas with their western neighbors . For almost four centuries (XIV-XVII centuries) the Smolensk lands were under the rule of Lithuania, and then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
A unique type of Russian housing developed in the southern black earth provinces - Kaluga, Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov, Tula, and in the southern districts of Ryazan and Penza provinces. Here small log huts, often coated on the outside with clay, and later adobe, arched and brick low huts without a basement with a wooden, and more often adobe or earthen floor, were built. The houses were placed with the long side along the street and covered with a hipped thatched roof truss structure. Low southern Russian huts were less picturesque and poorer in architectural decoration. One or two windows were cut through on the front facade of the hut. To protect against summer heat and strong steppe winds, shutters were almost always installed at the windows. Brick houses often decorated with complex bright patterns of painted different colors bricks, as well as relief patterns laid out from turned bricks.
In the southern provinces of Russia, an open type of courtyard was common. The courtyard buildings were located behind the house and formed a closed, open space in the center. In Ryazan, Penza, Tula, a significant part of Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, and also in Smolensk provinces. A closed “round” courtyard was common, which differed from the resting one mainly in the longitudinal position of the house to the street. In the southern part steppe zone- in the southern districts of Kursk, Voronezh, and partly Saratov provinces, as well as in the region of the Don Army, in the Kuban and Terek regions, in the Stavropol province, among the Russians of Central Asia, an open, unenclosed courtyard was common. The open space in this courtyard occupied a significant area, on which, without of a certain order, not always adjacent to each other, various outbuildings were located separately from the house. The entire space of the yard was usually enclosed by a fence. Character traits dwellings - low underground huts, free development of residential and outbuildings, an abundance of straw as a building material and a significantly lower importance of wood - arose in the conditions of the forest-steppe and steppe zone with dry soils and a relatively warm climate.
The residential buildings of the prosperous lower Don Cossacks presented a sharp contrast to the low southern Russian housing. Already in the middle of the 19th century. Two-story multi-room houses on a high basement were common here. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. two types of houses were built there - a “round house” (close to a square in plan), multi-room under a hip roof, and an “outbuilding” - a house rectangular shape under a gable roof. The houses were made from tetrahedral beams, sheathed on the outside with planks and covered with iron or plank roofs. It was typical for Cossack houses big number large windows with paneled shutters and a variety of architectural details. Open galleries, porches, balconies and terraces, decorated with openwork saw-cut carvings, gave the buildings a specifically southern flavor. In the same villages, most of the nonresident population and the poorest strata of the Cossacks lived in small oblong adobe and turf houses under hipped thatch or reed roofs.
Among the Kuban and Terek Cossacks and among the peasants of the Stavropol region in the middle of the 19th century. buildings resembling low ones predominated Ukrainian huts- adobe and turluch, whitewashed on the outside, oblong in plan, without basement, with adobe floor, under a hipped thatch or reed roof. A similar type of dwelling, brought to Kuban at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. immigrants from Ukraine, influenced the entire national construction of Kuban, Terek and Stavropol. At the end XIX - early XX century in the eastern and to a lesser extent in the western regions of the Kuban, wealthy Cossack households also began to build “round”, multi-room houses, which were slightly lower and fewer houses grassroots Cossacks. The spread of a more advanced type of housing occurred both under the influence of developing capitalism and under the direct influence of Don traditions, since the eastern regions of the Kuban were populated to a large extent by the Don Cossacks. The housing of the Terek Cossacks developed under a certain influence of neighboring mountain peoples, for example, “mountain sakli” - huts - were erected in Cossack estates; carpets, felts and other items of mountain household utensils were used in living quarters.
1. Write down what greetings a guest is greeted with according to the customs of the peoples of your region:
“Bread and salt”, “The rich you are, the happier you are.” They receive you kindly: they take you by both hands and lead you to the red corner.
2. Write down how a guest is seen off according to the customs of the peoples of your region:
An equestrian guest is escorted to the horse, and a pedestrian guest is escorted to the gate.
3. Paste a photo or make a drawing of the appearance of the traditional dwelling of the peoples of your region.
4. Glue photos or make a drawing internal structure traditional home of the peoples of your region.
5. Project "Young local historian". Compare the most important features of the ancient traditional dwellings of different peoples. Fill out table No. 1 using the textbook text.
Table No. 1
Dwelling of the Khanty and Mansi. Dwelling of the Caucasian peoples. Construction material Chum on a frame made of poles, covered with reindeer skins.
Dugouts,
Shashash of branches.
House-fortress, house-tower made of stone. Threshold A special place.
Near it are shoes and a smoker (to repel mosquitoes).
Stopping and sitting are not allowed.
The threshold is high and should not be stepped on. Whoever crosses the threshold is already a guest. Male half The front side is opposite the entrance. The back half is behind the hearth. Guests are received here. Female half The right corner is the home fire side. The front half is in front of the hearth. Sacred and honorable place The front side is opposite the entrance. Home shrines are kept here. Central pillar residential floor, hearth
Explore the most important features of the traditional home of one of the peoples of your region (optional). Record the results in table No. 2. Compare the results of both tables. Identify common and different features.
Table No. 2
Name of people and home Mongolian yurt Construction material Kerege/kanat (lattice folding walls), uuk/uyk (poles making up the dome), tundyuk/shanyrak (circle on top of the dome holding together the poles), felt mat covering the entire structure. The guest is not greeted through the threshold. The threshold of the yurt is considered a symbol of the well-being and tranquility of the family. It is not customary to talk across the threshold. When entering, you cannot step on the threshold of the yurt or sit on it; this is prohibited by custom and is considered impolite towards the owner. Male half West is male. On the men's side - closer to the door, that is, closer to the ground - there is the owners' bed. Men's weapons, horse harness, and talismans are hung here. Female half East - female. On the women's - maiden - bed of the bride - the owner's daughter. Sacred and honorable place The honorary side of the yurt, where important guests are seated and where the altar with the image of the gods is kept, is located in the north.
Write down the output:
Dwellings have both common features, and different. Each home has a sacred place, the house is usually divided into male and female parts. The threshold of a house is always a special place in the home of all peoples; many beliefs and customs are associated with it.
Exchange notebooks with your desk neighbor. Evaluate each other's work.
From time immemorial Slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Serbs, Poles, etc.) were treated as an important and significant event. At the same time, our ancestors sought to solve not only a practical problem, that is, to provide overhead, but also to organize the living space so that it was filled with peace, warmth, love and other blessings of life. And this, according to the ancient Slavs, could only be built by following ancient traditions and covenants. In the previous article we talked about , and today we will talk about ground-based - huts, huts and huts.
Izba - the first above-ground dwelling of the Northern Slavs
The first land-based ones appeared among the Slavs approximately in the 9th-10th centuries, and the name “izba” itself was recorded in ancient Russian chronicles dating back to the 10th century. Initially, log huts appeared in the northern regions of Slavic settlements, where the ground was very damp, swampy or deeply frozen. All these factors did not make it possible to equip warm semi-underground and underground ones.
First Slavic huts, as a rule, consisted of one insulated room-cage, to which in some cases there was an entryway. The wooden hut was equipped with a door and a small window up to 40 cm in size, which was closed with a wooden plank and was most often used for.
In winter, the main part of the family’s life took place in the hut; young cattle were kept here. If the stove did not have a pipe, then it was called "chicken hut", and the house with a chimney stove was called "white hut". The hut could have a lower floor (basement) or do without it. The internal layout of the room depended on the position of the stove: diagonally from it there was a “red” or front corner, below there was a wooden box, and on the side under the ceiling there were floors.
Mostly, the walls of the hut were built from logs, the roof could be thatched or wooden, the windows could be slanted (with frames) or woven (cut into the logs). For this purpose they usually used okhlupen (carved skate); the façade was decorated with window frames, towels and pedestals; walls, doors, ceilings and stoves - with characteristic Slavic ornaments in the form of animals, birds, plants and geometric patterns.
By the way, the carved ridge on the roof was not used by the Slavs for beauty. The fact is that, in this way, the Slavs brought to the Gods “ construction victim"in the form of a hut in the shape of a horse: four corners - legs, house - body, horse - head. Such a sacrifice symbolized the creation of something intelligently organized from primeval chaos (wood). Often, a tail made of bast was also tied to the back of the horse - in this case, the dwelling, according to the Slavs, was completely likened to a horse. In addition, archaeological excavations have shown that the very first huts were decorated not with carved skates, but with real horse skulls.
Over time, the size of the hut increased: in addition to the hut itself, there was also an upper room, which was separated from the main housing by a wall. These were called “five-walled”. In the northern regions, six-walled and double huts began to appear, representing two independent log cabins, having a common canopy and covered with a common roof. Often, light galleries were adjacent to the huts, which connected residential buildings, storerooms and workshops, which made it possible to move from one room to another without going outside.
Slavic houses could have several options for blocking the utility part from. This could be a single-row connection, which was called "under one horse"(that is, the household and living quarters were under one roof); two-row communication - "two horses"(the utility yard and the hut were covered with separate roofs with parallel ridges); three-row connection - "for three horses"(the hut, outbuilding and yard stood side by side and were covered with separate roofs with three parallel ridges). most often they were gable, but one could also find hipped roofs hip or tent-shaped.
Hut - traditional dwelling of the South Slavic peoples
To some extent, a hut is akin to a hut, with the difference that more solid and insulated huts were built mainly in the northern regions of Slavic settlements, while in the southern regions (in Ukraine, Belarus and partly in Poland) huts - lighter types - predominated . The huts could be made of wicker, logs, adobe, etc. Inside and outside, they were usually coated with clay and whitewashed. Like the hut, the hut usually had a living room with a stove, a canopy and a utility block.
The main difference between a hut and a hut is that it is built not from whole, but from half or other lumber, which is then coated with adobe - a mixture of straw, horse manure and clay. It should be noted here that adobe is not at all mandatory element huts: in more prosperous villages and in later times, huts could be upholstered roofing iron and painted in bright colors (most often a combination of blue and white). The traditional adobe hut was coated with white clay or whitewashed with chalk outside and inside.
It is curious that by the word “hut” the Slavs meant not only the hut itself, but also its parts - there were such concepts as back and front hut. The back hut was half of the house, the windows of which overlooked the courtyard. The front hut had windows facing the street. The back and front huts were usually separated from each other using either simpler and rougher Ukrainian stove, which stood in the middle of the room, and/or a wall partition in the form of a wicker or wooden frame coated with clay. At the same time, the front hut played the role of a ceremonial room, intended for meeting guests, relaxing and placing icons, and the back one carried the household load - food was prepared here, and very coldy could warm up young livestock. In some cases, the part of the back hut adjacent to the stove was fenced off with a separate partition and got something similar to a separate kitchen.
Usually the hut was equipped with thatch, which protected the home from snow and rain, but at the same time provided natural ventilation premises. An indispensable element of all huts were shutters that could be closed in hot and sunny weather. In rich dwellings the floor was made of planks (with a high underground), in poorer ones it was earthen. As for the materials for building walls, their choice largely depended on the natural conditions of a particular area. For example, in Ukraine, forest reserves are quite scarce, so when building houses (most often mud huts) they tried to use less wood.