Is secondary education compulsory? What kind of education is compulsory in Russia?

Hello. In accordance with the Federal Law on Education general rule Such education is a must.

5. Initial general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

But in accordance with paragraph 6 of this article, it is allowed that a minor may not continue studying at school if he is 15 years old.

6. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, the commission on affairs of minors and the protection of their rights and the body local government executing management in the field of education, student who has reached the age of fifteen years, may leave the general education organization until he receives basic general education. The Commission on the Affairs of Minors and the Protection of Their Rights, together with the parents (legal representatives) of a minor who left the general education organization before receiving basic general education, and the local government body that manages the field of education , no later than within a month, takes measures to continue the development by minors of the educational program of basic general education in another form of education and with his consent for employment.

But this applies to those moments when the child has not completed 9th grade. If you have completed them, you can then choose a further form of education together with your parents.

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Hello!

“The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.” Here's how to understand the phrase "for a specific student"??? Who is the specific learner?
Ignat

This means that he cannot leave the educational institution without receiving the specified education before the age of 18. And upon reaching 18 years of age, even if he has not received this education, he may leave school and not study further.

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Hello, Ignat!

According to Part 4 of Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation Basic general education is compulsory . Parents or persons replacing them ensure that their children receive basic general education.

According to Article 10 of the Federal Law on Education 4. B Russian Federation The following levels of general education are established:
1) preschool education;
2) primary general education;
3) basic general education;
4) secondary general education.

According to Article 5, Article 66 of the Federal Law on Education, primary general education, basic general education, and secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

This means that if a student has not received secondary general education before reaching 18 years of age, then he is no longer required to receive it.

I believe that in this case it is necessary to rely on the provisions of the constitution, which states that basic general education is mandatory, that is, education of 9 grades.

Good luck!

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Here's how to understand the phrase "for a specific student"??? Who is the specific learner?
Ignat

This means that this provision can be applied to a specific student, in this case to your child.

Ignat

obliged in one form or another. Although, of course, no one will force him into the OU.

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Primary general education, basic general
education, secondary general education are compulsory levels
education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational
programs of primary general and (or) basic general education, not
are allowed to study at the following levels of general education.
The requirement for compulsory secondary general education in relation to
for a specific student remains valid until he reaches age
eighteen years of age, if appropriate education has not been received
previously trained.

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Goryunov Evgeniy

Lawyer, Ivanteevka

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Yes, secondary general education is MANDATORY, this comes from clause 5 of Art. 66 Federal Law “On Education” (the same article that you cited, but a different sentence)

5.
Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

The offer you specified

“The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.”
Ignat

refers to persons who have not passed the State Examination Test, this is also stated in the Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated April 24, 2014 No. NT-443/08 On the continuation of education of persons who have not passed the state final certification in educational programs of basic general education

So is a child obliged to receive secondary general education if he does not want to?
Ignat

yes, I must

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IN current edition The Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” these provisions are set out in the following wording:

5. Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.
6. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, the commission on affairs of minors and the protection of their rights and the local government body that manages the field of education, a student who has reached the age of fifteen years may leave the general education organization until receiving basic general education. The Commission on Minors' Affairs and the Protection of Their Rights, together with the parents (legal representatives) of the minor who left the general education organization before receiving basic general education, and the local government body that manages the field of education, takes measures no later than one month to continue the development of the minor's educational program. programs of basic general education in another form of training and with his consent for employment.

Those. As a general rule, obtaining secondary general education is compulsory until the child reaches 18 years of age.

In accordance with paragraph 5 of Art. 66 Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

In accordance with Article 68 of the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”:

paragraph 2. To master educational programs persons are allowed having an education of at least basic general education or secondary general education, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law.

clause 3. Obtaining secondary vocational education on the basis of basic
general education is carried out with simultaneous receipt of secondary general education within the relevant educational program of secondary vocational education. In this case, the educational program of secondary vocational education, implemented on the basis of basic general education, is developed on the basis of the requirements of the relevant federal state educational standards secondary general and secondary vocational education taking into account the acquired profession or specialty of secondary vocational education.

In accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 5 Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” in the Russian Federation are guaranteed public availability and free in accordance with the federal state educational standards of preschool, primary general, basic general and secondary general education, secondary vocational education, as well as on a competitive basis free of charge higher education, if the citizen receives education at this level for the first time.

Based on the above, your child can, upon completion of the 9th grade, upon successful completion of the final certification, leave school and enter a vocational education institution on a free and publicly available basis.

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Secondary general education is aimed at further development and formation of the student’s personality, development of interest in knowledge and creativity student, formation of independent skills educational activities based on individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continued education and the beginning professional activity. 4.

The obligated person is not the subject constitutional law for education, the student, and his parents (legal representatives).

Imposing this responsibility on parents means prohibiting parents from preventing their children from acquiring an education of the named level, as well as facilitating in every possible way their acquisition of it. Thus, in fact, the subject of the constitutional right to education does not coincide with the subject of the corresponding constitutional duty.

student life

But this is not enough, because at school they will teach only general education subjects (and even then, without going deep), we will be taught to write, read, count, but for adults independent life much more knowledge will be required. Moreover, in modern world Competition in the labor market is very high.

Therefore, sometimes, when asked what education is compulsory, you want to answer - one that will open up many prospects for you and provide you with a well-paid job.

Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

Education is a process of development, self-development and personal education associated with mastering the socially significant experience of humanity in various fields activities. The objectives of education are to know, understand, be able to, participate in creative activity, have an established emotional and value-based attitude towards the world. The right to education is enshrined in the most important international legal acts.

In Art. 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966

Features of the school education system in our country

As an experiment, a four-year primary school was introduced, although children and their parents had the right to choose. If they decided to study for 10 years, then primary education took 3 years.

If the full age is 11, then children studied for 4 years before primary school. Today everyone is studying according to an eleven-year program, and the standards for mastering the program provide for the following stages of education: First - 4 years corresponds to primary education; Second – 5 years of basic education; Third – 2 years of secondary or complete education. The school education system in Russia defines only primary and general education as a compulsory stage of education, which is consistent with the Constitution of the country.

Freedom in Education

Blog of the inspector of public education

Russians also have the right to receive preschool, primary general and basic general education at native language. In addition, education can be obtained at foreign language in accordance with the educational program and in the manner established by the legislation on education and local regulations organization carrying out educational activities. Primary general, basic general and secondary general education are compulsory levels of education.

Is compulsory secondary education necessary?

Most likely, the first question many guys will have is: what about the army?

The guys will have a deferment from service only up to 20 years. Another innovation will please poor students - it is prohibited to leave children for the second year in senior (10th and 11th) grades.

Those who can't handle it school curriculum, will complete their education in other forms (correspondence, evening school, etc.). Why were such changes needed?

Russian Education Minister Andrei Fursenko said that this is being done to raise the authority of higher education: “There are now 3.2 thousand in the country.

2 in ed. Federal Law of June 25, 2002 N 71-FZ) (see.

text in the previous edition) 3.

General education is compulsory.

(Clause 3 as amended by Federal Law No. 194-FZ of July 21, 2007) (see

text in the previous edition) 4. The requirement of compulsory general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

Law of the Russian Federation On Education

Establishment of a compulsory level of general education in the Russian Federation

One of the main guarantees for the implementation of the constitutional right to education is the establishment at the constitutional level of a compulsory level of general education. In accordance with Part 4 of Art. 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, “basic general education is compulsory. Parents or persons replacing them ensure that their children receive basic general education.” A similar rule is enshrined in paragraph 3 of Art. 19 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, according to which “basic general education and state (final) certification are mandatory.”

In constitutional law, there are two types of duties: some are imperative, imperative in nature (direct prohibition), others are indirect in nature. L.D. Voevodin notes that just like constitutional rights, constitutional duties have direct action, but the mechanism for their implementation and prosecution in case of non-fulfillment must be enshrined in current legislation.

The traditional understanding of constitutional obligation as a measure of socially necessary behavior of an obligated person established by the state and requirements constitutionally enshrined and protected by legal liability in relation to the obligation to receive a general education has a number of features:

1. The obligated person is not the subject of the constitutional right to education, the student, but his parents (legal representatives). Imposing this responsibility on parents means prohibiting parents from preventing their children from acquiring an education of the named level, as well as facilitating in every possible way their acquisition of it. Thus, in fact, the subject of the constitutional right to education does not coincide with the subject of the corresponding constitutional duty.

2. Lax formulation. The term “provide” instead of “obliged” has a direct legal meaning in terms of the obligation to commit certain actions does not contain. In this regard, the scope of liability for violation of this constitutional obligation is very insignificant, which does not contribute to reducing the level of child illiteracy in Russia and the general increase in the educational level of citizens.

3. Limited period of implementation: the requirement of compulsory basic general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of fifteen.

4. The opportunity to implement this constitutional duty in a non-state public educational institution, which has state accreditation. It is impossible to design such a situation for the fulfillment of other constitutional duties in the non-state sector. So, for example, it is impossible to fulfill the constitutional obligation to perform military service - in a “private army” or to pay taxes and fees established by law to the bank account of a non-governmental organization.

Compulsory education in the Russian Federation

The above allows us to conclude that the state functions of organizing the acquisition of a compulsory level of education, enshrined at the constitutional level, are “delegated” to a non-state educational institution in order to improve the educational level of the country as a whole.

Currently, the compulsory level of education is established within the framework of basic general education (9 grades). A number of subjects of the Russian Federation (Moscow, the Altai Republic, etc.) at the level of regional legislation decided to increase the level of compulsory education in the territory of a given subject of the federation to complete (secondary) general education. In connection with such a decision, the question arises: is there a violation of constitutional norms in terms of assigning additional responsibilities on parents of students (or persons replacing them) in a particular region, which creates inequality of rights of citizens on the territory of Russia.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation considered the issue of the legality of the introduction by a subject of the Russian Federation of the above norm and came to the conclusion that such provisions do not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation only if the responsibility assigned to parents for realizing the right of children to receive secondary (complete) general education corresponds to those adopted on itself as a subject of the Russian Federation is obliged to ensure such conditions. The Court motivated its decision by the fact that the Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people, including through development state support childhood and the establishment of guarantees of social protection (Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Establishing that parents are obliged to ensure that their children receive secondary (complete) general education, the norm of the Constitution of the Altai Republic, in accordance with the goals social state, additionally guarantees more ample opportunities for minors who would like to continue their education. The Altai Republic assumes obligations to finance and provide material and technical support for the right to education in the specified volume and entrusts the parents of minors with assistance in its implementation and protection. Such regulation does not violate the division of jurisdiction and powers established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, since the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as general issues formations are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities.

Currently, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation is working on a draft federal law that would make it possible to establish compulsoryness of all three levels of general education, for which it is proposed to rename the levels of general education. As a result of this transformation, by introducing the intermediate level of “basic general education” (grades 5-9) and the abolition of the level of secondary (complete) general education, the mandatory level of basic general education established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation will fall on the last 11th grade.

For failure to fulfill this constitutional obligation, a number of legal penalties are provided. The subjects of this responsibility are also the parents (legal representatives) of children who prevent their children from receiving general education and/or do not ensure that they receive this type of education.

Art. 5.35 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses (CAO) establishes administrative responsibility for failure by parents or other legal representatives of minors to fulfill their responsibilities for the education, maintenance and upbringing of minors, as well as for the protection of their rights and interests in the form of a warning or the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of one to five minimum sizes wages. For failure by parents to fulfill their obligations to raise a minor, criminal liability is established in Art. 156 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. However, much more effective negative consequence For a person who has not received the compulsory level of education, in our opinion, it is impossible to continue his education at a higher educational institution.

Meanwhile, it should be noted that the scope of responsibility for violation of this constitutional obligation is not commensurate with the scale and degree of elaboration of the mechanism for bringing to responsibility for violation of other constitutional obligations: the obligation of everyone to pay legally established taxes and fees (Article 57 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and to preserve nature and environment, take care of natural resources (Article 58 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), as well as the duties of a citizen of the Russian Federation to protect the Fatherland and bear military service(Article 59 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The above allows us to conclude that there is an unjustified understatement of the importance of this type of constitutional responsibility for the development of the education system, for raising the educational level of the country's citizens, for strengthening the national security and integrity of Russia.

1. Primary general education is aimed at shaping the student’s personality, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements theoretical thinking, simple self-control skills, culture of behavior and speech, basic personal hygiene and healthy image life).

2. Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the student’s personality (formation of moral beliefs, aesthetic taste and healthy lifestyle, high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastery of the basics of science, state language Russian Federation, mental and physical labor, development of inclinations, interests, ability for social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student’s personality, the development of interest in knowledge and the student’s creative abilities, the formation of skills in independent learning activities based on individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choices, and continued education and the beginning of professional activity.

4. Organization educational activities for educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education can be based on differentiation of content, taking into account the educational needs and interests of students, providing in-depth study individual educational subjects, subject areas of the relevant educational program (specialized training).

5. Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

6. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, the commission on affairs of minors and the protection of their rights and the local government body that manages the field of education, a student who has reached the age of fifteen years may leave the general education organization until receiving basic general education. The Commission on Minors' Affairs and the Protection of Their Rights, together with the parents (legal representatives) of the minor who left the general education organization before receiving basic general education, and the local government body that manages the field of education, takes measures no later than one month to continue the development of the minor's educational program. programs of basic general education in another form of training and with his consent for employment.

7. In an educational organization that implements educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education, conditions may be created for students to live in a boarding school, as well as for the supervision and care of children in after-school groups.

8. For the maintenance of children in an educational organization with a boarding school, including provision of students in accordance with established standards clothing, shoes, soft equipment, personal hygiene items, school and writing supplies, games and toys, household equipment, food and the organization of their household services, as well as for the supervision and care of children in after-school groups, the founder of an educational organization has the right to establish the fee charged to parents (legal representatives) of minor students and its amount, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law. The founder has the right to reduce the amount of the specified fee or not to charge it from certain categories of parents (legal representatives) of minor students in cases and in the manner determined by him.

9. It is not allowed to include costs for the implementation of the educational program of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education, as well as maintenance costs real estate state and municipal educational organizations in parental fees for the maintenance of children in an educational organization that has a boarding school, for the provision of supervision and care for children in after-school groups in such organizations.

10. For students in need of long-term treatment, disabled children who, for health reasons, cannot attend educational organizations, training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education is organized at home or in medical organizations.

Compulsory education in Russia, how many classes?

The procedure for formalizing relations between a state or municipal educational organization and students and (or) their parents (legal representatives) in terms of organizing training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education at home or in medical organizations is established by a regulatory legal act of the authorized body state power subject of the Russian Federation.

12. For students with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior who need special conditions education, training and requiring a special pedagogical approach, in order for them to receive primary general, basic general and secondary general education, authorized bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or constituent entities of the Russian Federation create special educational institutions of open and closed types.

The procedure for sending minor citizens to special educational institutions of open and closed types and the conditions of their stay in such institutions are determined by Federal Law of June 24, 1999 N 120-FZ “On the fundamentals of the system for preventing neglect and delinquency of minors.”

Levels of education in the Russian Federation

Came into effect in Russia on September 1, 2013 new law"On Education" ( the federal law“On Education in the Russian Federation” adopted State Duma December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

From September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, master's degree;
higher education - personnel training highly qualified.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each level.

Levels of general education

Preschool education aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, formation of prerequisites for educational activities, preservation and strengthening of children’s health preschool age.

Educational programs preschool education are aimed at the diversified development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by preschool children of a level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastery of educational programs of primary general education, based on individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certifications and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at the formation of the student’s personality, the development of his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, simple self-control skills, culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle life). Receiving preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Receiving primary general education in educational organizations begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the student’s personality (formation of moral beliefs, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastery of the basics of science, the Russian language, mental and physical labor skills, development of inclinations, interests, and the ability for social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student’s personality, the development of interest in knowledge and the student’s creative abilities, the formation of skills in independent educational activities based on individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, the preparation of the student for life in society, independent life choices, continued education and the beginning of a professional activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who fail to complete the programs at one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of professional education

Secondary vocational education aimed at solving problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education of at least basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student in a secondary vocational education program has only basic general education, then simultaneously with his profession, he also masters the secondary general education program in the learning process.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained at technical schools and colleges. The standard regulations “On the educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” give the following definitions: a) technical school - secondary specialized educational institution, implementing basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education and basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, satisfying the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with secondary general education are allowed to study bachelor's or specialty programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to study master's programs.

Persons with at least a higher education degree (specialist's or master's degree) are allowed to study programs for training highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjunct) studies, residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher education degree are allowed to study residency programs medical education or higher pharmaceutical education. Persons with a higher education in the field of arts are allowed to participate in assistantship-internship programs.

Admission to educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's degree programs, specialty programs, master's programs, programs for training highly qualified scientific and pedagogical personnel on a competitive basis.

Admission to master's programs and training programs for highly qualified personnel is carried out based on the results of entrance tests conducted educational organization on one's own.

What kind of education is compulsory in Russia?

Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization; he has the right to occupy all those positions for which he qualification requirements higher education is required. Examinations are provided as qualifying tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after completing a bachelor’s degree and involves deeper development theoretical aspects areas of training, orients the student towards research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in a chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. Exams and a final defense are provided as qualifying tests for obtaining a master's degree. qualifying work- master's thesis.

Along with new levels of higher education, there is traditional look — specialty, the program of which provides for 5 years of study at a university, upon completion of which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 of December 30, 2009.

Based on materials: http://273-fz.rf/

In accordance with the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation,” primary, basic and secondary general education is compulsory. Compulsory secondary general education in relation to the student remains until he reaches the age of eighteen.

If we answer the question of what education is compulsory in Russia more simply, then education received at school is compulsory, i.e. general. It usually includes primary school, 5 classes high school and 2 senior grades, and previously it was possible to graduate after 9 grades of school and receive a certificate of incomplete secondary general education, but now compulsory 11-year education at school has been introduced.

Is general education enough for a person?

Of course, studying at school gives us the necessary knowledge base that we will use throughout our lives. But this is not enough, because at school they will teach only general education subjects (and then without going into depth), we will be taught to write, read, count, but for an independent adult life we will need much more knowledge. Moreover, in the modern world there is very high competition in the labor market.

Therefore, sometimes, when asked what education is compulsory, you want to answer - one that will open up many prospects for you and provide you with a well-paid job. And having received only a general education, you can hardly count on a comfortable existence. It is possible to find a job without a professional education, but it will most likely be dirty and hard work (for example, as a helper, loader, cleaner, etc.) and this work will certainly not be highly paid.

What does vocational education provide?

In view of all of the above, it is impossible to underestimate the role of vocational education, be it higher or secondary specialized - it is simply necessary at the present time. Higher education not only gives a person professional knowledge and skills, but also influences the formation of his personality.

In the learning process, everything matters: communication with teachers, peers, receiving a huge amount of information that expands your horizons and worldview. Moreover, higher education has never bothered anyone, but only helped.

Unfortunately, very often young people initially underestimate the importance of higher education and do not gnaw too much on the granite of science. Understanding and awareness of the importance of learning comes closer to the fourth or even fifth year, when you grow up and begin to appreciate the knowledge gained and the time spent.

IN last years the role of a diploma is not so important, many employers may not even look at it, but the professional knowledge, skills and abilities that a person possesses are very important, and a diploma only confirms their presence. This is earlier in Soviet time, the diploma guaranteed getting a job in the specialty, now everything is different.

To find a good job you need to work hard, because no one (except yourself) will care about your employment and further comfortable life. Therefore, let us once again outline the importance of education in everyone’s life and answer the question of what kind of education is compulsory - the one that will set you apart from the huge mass of newly minted specialists and will highlight your advantages. And subsequent positive recommendations from employers are the road to success, high paying job and other bonuses.

3. Secondary general education

4. The organization of educational activities according to educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education can be based on differentiation of content taking into account the educational needs and interests of students, ensuring in-depth study of individual academic subjects, subject areas of the relevant educational program (profile training).

What education is mandatory according to the Russian Federation Law on Education?

The Commission on Minors' Affairs and the Protection of Their Rights, together with the parents (legal representatives) of the minor who left the general education organization before receiving basic general education, and the local government body that manages the field of education, takes measures no later than one month to continue the development of the minor's educational program. programs of basic general education in another form of training and with his consent for employment.

8. For the maintenance of children in an educational organization with a boarding school, including provision of students in accordance with established standards with clothing, shoes, soft equipment, personal hygiene items, school and writing supplies, games and toys, household equipment, food and their organization - consumer services, as well as for the provision of supervision and care for children in extended day groups, the founder of an educational organization has the right to establish the fee charged to parents (legal representatives) of minor students, and its amount, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law. The founder has the right to reduce the amount of the specified fee or not to charge it from certain categories of parents (legal representatives) of minor students in cases and in the manner determined by him.

SECONDARY (FULL) GENERAL EDUCATION

Secondary (complete) general education is the final stage of general education, designed to provide functional literacy And social adaptation students, promote their self-determination. These functions predetermine the focus of goals on the formation of a socially literate and socially mobile personality, aware of their civil rights and responsibilities, clearly representing the possibilities, resources and ways of realizing the chosen life path.

Effective achievement of these goals is possible with the introduction of specialized training, which is a system of specialized training in high school secondary school, focused on the individualization of learning and the socialization of students, developing a flexible system of cooperation between the senior level of school and institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.”

Profile training is a means of differentiation and individualization of training, which allows, through changes in the structure, content and organization of the educational process, to more fully take into account the interests, inclinations and abilities of students, to create conditions for the education of high school students in accordance with their professional interests and intentions regarding continued education. At the same time, the possibilities for students to build an individual educational trajectory are significantly expanded.

The transition to specialized training allows you to:

create conditions for differentiating the content of education for high school students and building individual educational programs;

provide in-depth study of individual academic subjects;

establish equal access to comprehensive education different categories students, expand opportunities for their socialization;

ensure continuity between general and vocational education.

The principles of constructing the Federal Budgetary Educational Institution for grades X–XI are based on the idea of a two-level (basic and specialized) federal component state standard general education. By choosing various combinations of basic and specialized educational subjects and taking into account the standards of teaching time, each educational institution, and certain conditions and each student has the right to form his own curriculum.

This approach leaves the educational institution with ample opportunities to organize one or several profiles, and students - the choice of specialized and elective subjects, which together will make up their individual educational trajectory.

Basic general education subjects are educational subjects of the federal component aimed at completing the general education training of students. FBUP assumes a functionally complete, but minimal set of them.

Profile general education subjects are educational subjects of the federal component of an advanced level that determine the specialization of each specific educational profile.

Article 66 Law 273-FZ On Education in the Russian Federation 2018 new

During specialized training, the student chooses at least two academic subjects at the specialized level. If the items included in the invariant part of the federal basic curriculum, are studied at the profile level, then these subjects are not studied at the basic level.

The set of basic and specialized general education subjects determines the composition of the federal component of the Federal Budgetary Educational Institution.

Regional (national-regional) component for X–
XI grades are represented by the number of hours allocated to its study.

Elective subjects are compulsory subjects chosen by students from a component of an educational institution. Elective subjects perform three main functions:

“superstructure” of a specialized educational subject, when such an additional specialized educational subject becomes fully in-depth;

satisfying the cognitive interests of students in various spheres of human activity.

To draw up a curriculum for an educational institution, class, group studying in specialized training based on the FBUP, you should:

include compulsory academic subjects in the curriculum at the basic level (invariant part of the federal component);

include in the curriculum at least two academic subjects at the profile level (from the variable part of the federal component), which will determine the direction of specialization of education in this profile;

the curriculum may also include other academic subjects at the basic or specialized level (from the variable part of the federal component).

include a regional (national-regional) component in the curriculum (in the amount of 140 hours over two academic years);

the compilation of the curriculum ends with the formation of the educational institution component (in the amount of at least 280 hours over two academic years).

The hours allocated to the educational institution component are used for:

teaching academic subjects offered by the educational institution;

carrying out educational practices and research activities;

implementation educational projects and so on.

They can also be used to increase the number of hours allocated to teaching basic and specialized subjects of the federal component.

It is taken into account that the senior level prepares graduates not only for studying at a university, but also for studying in the system of primary and secondary vocational education, as well as for the beginning of labor activity. This, in particular, determined the increase in the number of recommended technology profiles.

The presented curriculum options for individual profiles are exemplary and have advisory nature. They should be considered as an illustration possible use the proposed mechanism for the formation of a specific curriculum and a demonstration of the principle of its construction from educational subjects of three types: basic, specialized and elective.

BASIC CURRICULUM

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1. Primary general education is aimed at the formation of the student’s personality, the development of his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, simple self-control skills, culture of behavior and speech, the fundamentals personal hygiene and healthy lifestyle).

2. Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the student’s personality (formation of moral beliefs, aesthetic taste and healthy lifestyle, high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastery of the basics of science, the state language of the Russian Federation, mental and physical labor skills, development of inclinations and interests , abilities for social self-determination).

What education is compulsory in Russia?

The organization of educational activities in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education can be based on differentiation of content, taking into account the educational needs and interests of students, ensuring in-depth study of individual academic subjects, subject areas of the relevant educational program (profile training).

The founder has the right to reduce the amount of the specified fee or not to charge it from certain categories of parents (legal representatives) of minor students in cases and in the manner determined by him.

9. It is not allowed to include expenses for the implementation of the educational program of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education, as well as expenses for the maintenance of real estate of state and municipal educational organizations in the parental fee for the maintenance of children in an educational organization that has a boarding school, for the implementation supervision and care of children in after-school groups in such organizations.

11. The procedure for formalizing relations between a state or municipal educational organization and students and (or) their parents (legal representatives) regarding the organization of training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education at home or in medical organizations is established by a regulatory legal act of the authorized body state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

12. Lost power. — Federal Law of June 27, 2018 N 170-FZ.

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Levels of general education

Preschool education

Levels of education in the Russian Federation

Primary general education

Basic general education

Secondary vocational education can be obtained at technical schools and colleges. The standard regulations “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” give the following definitions: a) technical school - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education

Persons with a higher medical education or higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to study residency programs. Persons with a higher education in the field of arts are allowed to participate in assistantship-internship programs.

Bachelor's degree

Master's degree

specialty

Right to education. How it is reflected in the new Constitution of Russia and the Constitutions of foreign countries

I Rozhkov

Head teacher. 1994. 2. pp. 70-75.

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The article conducts comparative analysis The Constitution of Russia of 1993 and international legal acts, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), which formed a certain standard in the world community human rights, including the right to education.

After the Second World War, under the influence of such international legal acts as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), a certain the standard by which the right to education includes: the right of every person to education as such; free and compulsory primary education; free general education; openness and accessibility of secondary education, including vocational and technical secondary education; universal accessibility of higher education based on individual abilities; creating conditions for a gradual transition to free secondary and higher education; freedom to receive education both in state and non-state educational institutions, for which the state has the right to establish minimum educational standards; freedom of religious education.

To what extent do the Russian Constitution of 1993 and the Constitutions of foreign countries meet the above standard? Let's try to figure it out.

“Everyone has the right to education,” says Article 42.1. The Constitution of Russia, almost verbatim repeating the wording of Art. 26.1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Thus, in Russia the right to education is recognized both for citizens of the Russian Federation and for any other persons under the jurisdiction Russian state(refugees, internally displaced persons, stateless persons, etc.). The wording of the basic laws of Italy is close in meaning to the Russian one: “The school is open to everyone” (Part 1 of Article 34 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic of 1947), and Japan: “Everyone has an equal right to education in accordance with their abilities, in the order provided for by law" (Part 1, Article 26 of the 1947 Constitution). This issue is resolved differently in Spain: “All citizens have the right to education” (Article 27.1 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978).

Compulsory primary education. Free primary and general education. Secondary education.

“The universal availability and free of charge of preschool, basic general and secondary vocational education in state and municipal educational institutions and enterprises is guaranteed,” says Art. 43.2. The Constitution of Russia, and further establishes: “Basic general education is compulsory. Parents or persons replacing them ensure that their children receive basic general education” (Article 43.4.). As we can see, the 1993 Constitution guarantees residents of Russia a slightly higher level of compulsory free education than provided for by the established international standard: not primary, but 8-9 years of general education received in a state (municipal) educational institution is compulsory and free.

Exceeds international standard also enshrined in the Constitution of Russia, free and publicly accessible preschool education in state (municipal) educational institutions and enterprises, guaranteed by the Constitution of Russia. But the Constitution does not say a word about secondary general education, from which we can conclude that the state at the federal level does not guarantee either its accessibility to the public or its freeness even in state (municipal) educational institutions. Meanwhile, for example, “all Greeks have the right to free education at all levels in public educational institutions” (Article 16.4. Greek Constitution of 1975). In Italy, “capable and worthy students have the right to move to higher levels of schools, even if they are deprived of funds” (Part 3 of Article 34 of the Constitution). In France, “the organization of public free and Soviet education at all levels is the duty of the State” (Preamble of the 1946 Constitution, which is integral part Constitution of the French Republic 1958).

It seems that by keeping silent about secondary general education in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legislator thereby granted the right to the subjects of the Federation to independently decide the issue of accessibility and free education of this level on their territory, based on the economic capabilities of the region.

General accessibility of higher education based on individual abilities.

According to the Constitution of Russia, “everyone has the right, on a competitive basis, to receive higher education free of charge at a state or municipal educational institution and enterprise” (Article 43.3.). Obviously, the issue of higher education is resolved in the Russian Constitution at a standard level. Unusually and in great detail regulates activities high school The Constitution of Greece, where the establishment of universities by private individuals is prohibited (Part 2 of Article 16.8 of the Constitution). Free higher education can be obtained at state universities, the teachers of which are considered civil servants and can be removed from office before the end of their term of service only for official reasons (Article 16.6 of the Constitution). Universities enjoy self-government, but are under the control of the state (Article 16.5 of the Constitution). The right to autonomy of universities within the framework of the law is also enshrined in the Constitution of Spain (Article 27.10), Italy (Part 6, Article 33) and a number of other states.

Freedom to choose where to get your education.

The Constitution of Russia does not directly speak about non-state educational institutions, but their existence is implied, since public access and free education are guaranteed only in state (municipal) educational institutions. The presence of a non-state school also presupposes Art. 43.5., where it says:
"The Russian Federation sets federal state educational standards, supports various shapes education and self-education." In contrast to the Constitution of Russia, the Constitution of Italy and especially Germany specifically dwells on issues of private schools. "The Republic establishes general norms on educational issues and establishes public schools of all types and levels. Private organizations and individuals have the right to establish schools and educational institutions that are not maintained at the expense of the State. When establishing the rights and responsibilities of non-state schools that require equality with state schools, the law must ensure complete freedom for them, and for their students a school regime identical to that of state schools. For admission to schools of various types and levels, for graduation from them and for access to professional activities, established state exams"(Parts 2-5 of Article 33 of the Italian Constitution). "All Germans,” says the article. 12.1. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany 1949 - have the right to freely choose for themselves... the place of receiving education." And although "all school affairs are under the control of the State" (Article 7.1 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany), "the right to open private schools is guaranteed. Private schools, as substitutes for public schools, require permission from the State and are subject to state laws. Permission is granted if private schools, in their educational goals and organization, as well as in the scientific qualifications of their teaching staff, are not inferior to state schools and if they do not encourage the division of students depending on the property status of their parents. Permission is refused if material and legal status teaching staff is not adequately provided for" (7.5. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany).

What education is compulsory in the Russian Federation?

A special procedure is established in the German Constitution for the organization of private public (primary) schools (Article 7.5 of the German Constitution).

Freedom of religious education.

The Russian Constitution does not address issues of religious education. Only in Article 28, dedicated to freedom of conscience, in general view speaks of “freedom to propagate religious and other beliefs.” Meanwhile, a number of states attach constitutional significance to these issues. “Public authorities guarantee the right of parents to give their children an education that corresponds to their religious and moral convictions” (Article 27.3 of the Spanish Constitution). “Persons authorized to raise children have the right to decide regarding the participation of these children in religious education,” says the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany (Article 7.2.). And further: “Religious instruction is a compulsory subject in public schools, with the exception of non-denominational ones. Without prejudice to the right of supervision of the State, religious instruction is carried out in accordance with the basic principles of religious communities. No teacher can be obliged against his will to conduct religious instruction” ( Article 7.3.).

To summarize, we can say that the right to education (including guarantees) is reflected in the Russian Constitution of 1993. without sufficient completeness, which will certainly affect the level legal regulation in the educational field. True, in the Russian Constitution. The Federation has an unprecedented mechanism for compensating for legislative gaps: “Generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation are an integral part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes rules other than those provided for by law, then the rules of the international treaty apply” (Article 15.4 .). Thus, for example, questions about freedom to choose the place of education and freedom of religious education in Russia will in any case be resolved in accordance with Art. 13.3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Russia participates in the Covenant as the legal successor of the USSR, which ratified this treaty back in 1973), which says:
“The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the freedom of parents and, where appropriate, legal guardians to choose for their children not only schools established by the public authorities, but also other schools meeting such minimum educational requirements as may be established or approved or approved by the State, and provide religious and moral education their children in accordance with their own convictions."

Another opportunity to fill the gaps of Russian constitutional norms lies in the federal structure of the state: general issues of upbringing and education are in the Russian Constitution under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (clause “c” of Article 72.1.), and the Russian Government only ensures the implementation of a unified public policy in the field of education (clause “c” of Article 114.1 of the Constitution). Outside this framework, the subjects of the federation have full state power and can adopt any legal acts on education issues that do not contradict the Constitution of Russia (Articles 73, 76.3., 76.4., 15.1. of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

So, it’s a matter of practice in applying the new Constitution.

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Levels of education in the Russian Federation

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

From September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, master's degree;
higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each level.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a general culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the diversified development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by preschool children of a level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful development of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certifications and final certification of students.

Levels of professional education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education of at least basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student in a secondary vocational education program has only basic general education, then simultaneously with his profession, he also masters the secondary general education program in the learning process.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained at technical schools and colleges.

Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

The standard regulations “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” give the following definitions: a) technical school - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Persons with at least a higher education degree (specialist's or master's degree) are allowed to study programs for training highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjunct) studies, residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to study residency programs. Persons with a higher education in the field of arts are allowed to participate in assistantship-internship programs.

Admission to master's programs and training programs for highly qualified personnel is carried out based on the results of entrance tests conducted by the educational organization independently.

Bachelor's degree- this is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and is practice-oriented in nature. Upon completion of this program, the university graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization; he has the right to occupy all those positions for which the qualification requirements require higher education. Examinations are provided as qualifying tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after completing a bachelor’s degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orienting the student towards research activities in this field. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in a chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. Qualifying tests for obtaining a master's degree include exams and the defense of a final qualifying work - a master's thesis.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for 5 years of study at a university, upon completion of which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 of December 30, 2009.

Based on materials: http://273-fz.rf/