Selection of seedlings Of course, initially everyone must decide and clearly formulate a goal for themselves. Will he be engaged in not just growing grapes on his plot, limited to several hundred square meters, but also constantly improving the varieties, the quality of the food used?

Storing seedlings In the fall of 2008, I conducted an experiment. I wrapped the roots of the dug up seedlings in 3 layers of newspaper, moistened them with water and a weak solution of potassium permanganate, and tied the top with a plastic bag as close as possible to the root heel so that the vine would not freeze. Saplings

Selection of seedlings Of course, initially everyone must decide and clearly formulate a goal for themselves. Will he, on his plot limited to several hundred square meters, engage in not just grape cultivation, but also constantly improve the varieties, the quality of the used

In nurseries, narrow-row, combined and compacted schools are organized: 1. narrow-row schools are designed for growing planting material that is more or less uniform in age with the above-ground and root systems. When growing seedlings different sizes and age, 1-3 plant transplants are performed with a gradual increase in the feeding area. Schools of 3 levels are organized. 1-2 year old seedlings are grown for 2-4 years. Planting scheme 0.7-1.0x0.35-0.5 m. 2. In combined schools, seedlings of woody plants and shrubs are grown or only tree seedlings of various ages and sizes. Planting pattern - rows every 1.5 m in a row - every 0.8 m, shrubs (0.8x0.2-0.18) are planted in wide row spacing in three rows 1- Compacted schools are laid for growing mass quantities of enlarged planting material 4-5- summer seedlings of spruce and other species. There are row and strip planting schemes: rows - between rows 0.4 m, and in a row - 0.2 m, strip plantings are 3-5 rows, the space between strips is 0.5-0.7 m. In tree schools, agricultural cultivation techniques as the rule includes crop rotations (black fallow). The depth of autumn plowing in schools is increased to 35-40 cm. Plowing is carried out with general purpose plows PN-4-35, PLN-4-35." Seedlings are planted using school planters SShS-3, SShP-5/Z. When preparing planting material, planting The school department sorts it and trims damaged roots. The soil is cultivated 5-8 times per summer with KRSSh-2.8A cultivators. To feed the seedlings, N30-40 P45-60 fertilizers are applied. In compacted schools, watering is carried out depending on the growing season. In fruit trees In schools, seedlings are planted in April according to the scheme 0.7-1.0x0.3-0.5 m. They are grafted in the second half of summer. Before grafting, cuttings are prepared. Fruit seedlings after grafting, they are grown for 2-4 years, using 4-6 crop rotations with green manure or pure fallow.

Safety of work when growing planting material.

1 When working in nurseries related to soil preparation and cultivation, loading and unloading, horse-drawn transport, application of fertilizers, transportation of people and tools, you should be guided by the relevant sections of these Rules.

2 When carrying out irrigation work, the following requirements must be observed:

Safety valves and control pressure gauges installed on the receiver must be sealed;

Do not make repairs plumbing system and its elements during system operation;

Do not water in one area simultaneously with other types of work;

Stop work until the malfunction is eliminated when the pressure in the system increases above the permitted, malfunction safety valves and locking devices; detecting leaks in seams and joints, ruptures and bulges in hoses, interruptions in pump operation.

3. To hold raised frames in greenhouses and greenhouses, it is necessary to use special stands. The frame must have handles for lifting them.

4. Clearing frames of snow must be carried out from specially laid, firmly fixed ladders.

5. To carry out work on filling greenhouses with biofuel and cleaning them, workers must be provided with emergency PPE kits ( rubber boots, mittens, aprons).

6. When carrying out mechanized work, greenhouses must be ventilated.

Based on the silvicultural and technological assessment of the forest cultural fund, five categories of forest cultural areas are distinguished:

a) vacant lots, clearings, clearings, areas of former agricultural use, burnt areas and clearings with rotted, burnt or removed stumps, areas with a small number of stumps, as well as lands disturbed by the extraction of non-metallic minerals, on which the technical stage of reclamation has been carried out;

b) non-renewed clearings and clearings with the presence of stumps up to 500 pcs./ha, as well as more than 500 pcs./ha, on which, during the final felling, lowered stumps were left (no more than 5 cm from the root paws);

c) non-renewed fellings with the presence of stumps over 500 pcs./ha, in which no preliminary stump reduction (cutting, crushing, etc.) was carried out;

d) areas with unsatisfactory natural regeneration of main or renewed soft-leaved tree species and forest areas where logging has been carried out for reconstruction along corridors in accordance with TCP 143;

e) exhausted peatlands and drained lands.

In Belarus it mainly carries out machining soils, complete or partial. Continuous tillage of the soil for forest crops is carried out on forest-cultivated areas of the category in wastelands, clearings, and clearings. In lightly turfed areas, fall tillage is used. In heavily turfed areas, the soil is cultivated using the black or early fallow system using general purpose plows PLN-4-35. PKU-4-.35. PLN-3-35. The most widely used method in forestry is partial tillage. I strips (width 1.5-2.5 m) are carried out on silvicultural areas of category A to a depth of 15-25 cm with general purpose (PLN-4-35) and special (PRVN-1.5) plows 2 furrows (with this treatment, the soil overgrows more slowly in the first 2-3 years; forest plows PKL-70, LLSH-1,2 are used for cutting strips. 3. by creating micro-highs in the form of layers of ridges, shafts and ridges (the width of the micro-highs can be 70-100 cm; a forestry strip plow (PLP-135, PLM-1.3) is used to cultivate the soil) 4 . platforms (produced on forested areas in and out of which are not subject to cultivation with strips and furrows, motor drills (BRM-1. PB-2, etc.). 5. pits (produced on areas with drained soils intended for planting large planting material for the purpose of growing landscape and other valuable forest crops with hole diggers KYAU-100 and KLYASH-60, the dimensions in diameter can vary within 30-1OO cm, in depth 50-60 cm.

Section II. Growing planting material

Chapter 11. School departments

11.1. School of Trees and Shrubs

Successful creation of cultures by re-schoolers planting material also explained by the fact that seedlings planted in a forested area are better developed than seedlings, have a more optimal relationship between the above-ground part of the plant and the root system, between the assimilation apparatus and suction roots. To grow seedlings, young plastic plants are planted in the tree school. After partial pruning of their roots, their subsequent regeneration leads to the formation of a more compact root system, which is much better preserved during repeated digging and replanting into crops than in seedlings of the same age.

The duration of growing seedlings in the school department is determined by their intended purpose. For silvicultural purposes, seedlings are grown for 2...4 years, and for landscaping, tree species are grown for 6.12 years, and shrubs for 2...3 years. For this purpose, simple, combined and compact schools are organized.

Growing seedlings in a simple school. When growing seedlings, from one to three plant transplants are used with a gradual increase in the feeding area. For this purpose, the first, second and third schools are organized (Fig. 40). 1-2 year old seedlings (less often rooted cuttings) are planted in the first school with a distance between rows of 0.8 m, placed in a row every 0.5 m. Three-four year old seedlings are planted in the second school with a placement of 1x1 m or 1.5x1, 5 m, and for the third school - six to eight year old seedlings with a placement of 3x2 m. Before planting in the school, the planting material is sorted; cut off damaged roots and renew or shorten the root system to 15...25 cm for conditions with normal moisture and up to 20...30 cm for areas with insufficient moisture. After pruning, the roots are dipped in a mash consisting of a liquid mixture of humus or peat with soil. Heteroauxin or other growth substances are added to the mash. The regeneration of root systems is improved when they are treated with substances that protect against desiccation and at the same time stimulate root growth after planting. For this purpose, an aqueous solution containing sodium alginate, ethylene glycol and casein can be used. Good results in stimulating root regeneration and survival of planting material are obtained by using environmentally friendly biological products: soil microflora activator, azotovit and bactophosphine. Treatment of root systems is carried out by dipping them in a peat-clay mash with the addition of a biological product in a dose of 1.0-4.0 ml per 1 liter of water.

The soil in the tree school is cultivated to a greater depth than in the sowing department, but the soil cultivation systems in crop rotation fields are similar to those used in the sowing department. The depth of plowing in the school department is determined by the size of the root systems of the grown seedlings. In the first school, the main plowing in the forest and forest-steppe zones is carried out to a depth of 30...35 cm, and in the steppe zone at 35...40 cm. In the second school, to a depth of 35...40 cm and 40...50, respectively. cm, and in the third school - at 45...50 and 55...60 cm. Regardless of the depth of soil cultivation, fertilizers are applied to the upper 20...30 cm layer, i.e. into the zone of the bulk of the roots of the seedlings.

RICE. 40. SIMPLE TIMBER SCHOOL

Pre-planting soil treatment is carried out without turning the layer to the depth of planting seedlings or saplings. In the first school, for planting seedlings and rooted cuttings, the soil is loosened to a depth of 25-30 cm, then harrows or a cultivator are used. To plant seedlings in the second and third schools, the soil is loosened to 35-50 cm using planting plows without moldboards with simultaneous harrowing. Additional pre-planting tillage includes leveling the soil surface and more thorough loosening soil cutters. Schools of deciduous trees are laid in spring and autumn, and coniferous trees, as a rule, in the spring.

Growing seedlings in a combined school. It is more advisable to grow seedlings in combined schools, in which woody plants with a growing period of 6...12 years, they are planted in rows at a distance of 2.4...4.5 m from one another. Between these rows of tree species, two (Fig. 41, a) or four (Fig. 41, d) rows of shrubs are planted with a growing period of 2.3 years. Thus, during one rotation of tree species there are two or more rotations of shrubs. At the same time, as a result of repeated digging of bushes, the root system of tree seedlings left at the school is formed due to the bilateral cutting of their horizontal roots with a digging bracket.

FIGURE 41. PLACEMENT SCHEME OF SEEDLINGS IN A COMBINED SCHOOL

When growing seedlings coniferous species For silviculture purposes, combined schools with compacted placement are used. In this case, three or five rows of spruce seedlings (Fig. 41, b and c) or a multiple of them (Fig. 41 e and f) with a growing period of 2...3 years are alternated with a number of deciduous tree species or coniferous species with a growing period cultivation 6...12 years. In a row, spruce seedlings are planted after 0.1...0.2 m, and species with a long growing period - after 0.7...1 m.

Growing seedlings in a dense school. This school is used primarily for growing spruce seedlings with a biological age of 4...6 years (Fig. 42). Compaction is achieved through the use of narrow row spacing and small planting spacing. The planting pattern is tape, consisting of 3...5 rows. The distance between the rows in the tape is taken from 0.4 to 0.2 m, the planting step is 10...20 cm. To grow spruce seedlings, 2...3-year-old seedlings are usually used, which are then grown for 2...3 years dense school. Moreover, their biological age is equal to the period of cultivation in the sowing department and school and is indicated by two numbers. For example, seedlings of 5 years of biological age were grown for 2 years in the sowing department and 3 years at school are designated by the numbers 2+3. Before planting spruce seedlings for school, their roots are pruned, which ensures the formation of a well-developed, compact root system. When planting 2-year-old spruce seedlings in a school, the roots are cut so that the length of the root system is within 15...18 cm.

When laying a compacted school, the soil is plowed to a depth of 30...35 cm. Planting is mechanized. The most promising is the five-section landing machine SSHP-5/3. In one pass, she can plant a ribbon consisting of three or five rows of seedlings.

RICE. 42. COMPACTED FIRE SCHOOL, LAYED BY PLANTING MACHINE SSHP-5/3 IN THREE-ROW OPTION

Spruce grows slowly in the first years and tolerates replanting well at an older age than pine. The latter, unlike spruce, has accelerated growth in height from the first years, as a result of which by the age of 3.4 years the aboveground phytomass becomes significantly larger than the underground one. Consequently, there is less root mass per unit of above-ground phytomass. This adversely affects the survival rate of planted plants. Therefore, growing pine seedlings using the technology of growing spruce seedlings gives less effect, since this technology, although it enhances root growth, does not provide a significant increase in root mass while simultaneously temporarily slowing down the growth of above-ground phytomass.

To obtain high-quality pine seedlings, it is necessary to have agricultural practices that, without reducing the physiological state of the plants, would provide some inhibition of the growth of above-ground phytomass and at the same time increase the influx of plastic substances to the roots and thereby intensify the growth of the root mass. It is possible to retard the growth of above-ground phytomass and increase the influx of plastic substances to the roots, and therefore their growth, by mechanical or chemical action on the apical part of the main shoot, called the growth cone. Here is the most physiologically active tissue - the meristem, from which the main organs of the plant - the stem and needles - are formed. The activity of meristematic tissue is closely related to the intensity of the influx of water, plastic substances and other processes. This allows this section of the main shoot to be used as one of the powerful means of influencing the root system.

Taking into account these theoretical and experimental studies, the Department of Forest Crops of Moscow State University of Forestry proposed a method for growing pine seedlings (see:), the essence of which is to trim the apical part of the main shoot of plants planted in a compact school. This operation should be carried out in spring or late autumn by shortening the main shoot by 2..4 cm. The second method is to treat the aboveground part of the seedlings with growth regulators, which, by delaying the growth of the aboveground part of the plant, enhance root growth. Such regulators include TUR (chlorocholine chloride), organoiodine compounds, etc. Good results, for example, are obtained by processing in initial period growth of pine seedlings with iodosin at the rate of 0.2...0.4 g per 200 ml of water. Since this drug is poorly soluble in water, it is first dissolved in 5...7 ml of alcohol. Otherwise, the technology for growing pine seedlings is similar to the technology for growing spruce seedlings (see:). These methods of growing seedlings induce root growth, and their phytomass increases by 20..25%, and the number of sucking and lateral roots of the third order increases by 1.3...1.5 times. As a result, crops have a high survival rate, and their growth, even at one year of age, is significantly higher than when using seedlings grown using common technology. The All-Russian Research Institute of Forestry and Forestry Mechanization (VNIILM) has proposed a method for growing large-sized coniferous seedlings of equal quality to seedlings. In this case, the yield of planting material per unit area is greater than in a compacted school, and a number of agrotechnical operations are also eliminated (see 10.4).

When planting a school, the root collar should be 1...2 cm below the soil surface in non-arid areas, and 3...5 cm in dry areas. Planted plants are straightened so that they stand straight; the soil around them is compacted so that the roots are in close contact with the soil. After this, the soil is loosened, and in dry areas, if there is a lack of moisture, watered. Then maintenance is carried out, which consists of loosening the soil, weeding, watering, fertilizing, forming a trunk and crown, and controlling pests and diseases. Loosening the soil contributes not only to the accumulation and conservation of moisture, but also to the production of planting material with a compact and well-branched root system.

Determination of the yield of standard seedlings in the school department of the nursery is determined by the formulas: - for row planting in a simple school:

where B is the yield of standard seedlings, thousand pcs./ha; B - distance between rows, m; / - landing pitch, m; y is a coefficient that takes into account the loss of planted plants and non-standard seedlings.

When belt planting at school:

where B is the yield of standard seedlings, thousand pcs./ha; g - number of lines in the tape, pcs.

B - belt width with one inter-tape space (row spacing), m;

/ - landing step, m;

y is a coefficient that takes into account the loss of planted plants and non-standard seedlings.

11.2. Fruit school

Fruit trees are more demanding on soil quality than forest tree species, therefore, when planting fruit trees, they place increased demands on soil conditions and tillage, and when growing seedlings, on the fertilizer system. Grafted seedlings of most fruit species are sold at 2 years of age, which is determined by the age of the cultivated shoot. To grow such planting material, a four-field crop rotation is used. The best way to prepare the soil for planting a fruit school on a fallow field is plantation plowing. For autumn planting, plantation plowing on a fallow field is carried out in mid-summer, for row crops - after harvesting. For spring planting, the soil is plowed in the fall. Plowing is carried out to a depth of 50...60 cm with a skimmer. For the main plowing, organic fertilizers (manure, compost) are applied at the rate of 30...60 t/ha and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers - 80...90 kg/ha by active value, immediately after planting the soil is cultivated and harrowed.

In the first field (the field of oculants), seedlings (called rootstocks or wildlings) are planted, grafting and care of the wildlings and oculants are performed (Fig. 43). Before planting, the roots and aerial parts of the rootstocks are trimmed. Rootstocks are planted in spring or autumn at a distance between rows of 0.8 m and in a row of 0.3...0.2 m. Autumn planting recommended in the central zone of the European part of Russia on light structural soils in areas with stable snow cover, as well as in the southern regions when there is sufficient autumn precipitation. Grafting of seedlings is usually carried out in the second half of summer by budding with a dormant eye at a time when there are well-formed buds on the shoots of the mother trees. Budding is one of the main methods of growing seedlings of fruit trees (derived from the Latin word “oculus” - eye), in which a bud (eye) of a cultivated variety is grafted onto a wildflower (rootstock). 2...3 weeks before summer budding, in the absence of rain, in order to cause sap flow and facilitate the separation of the bark during budding, the plants are watered abundantly. Budding is carried out as close as possible to the root collar in order to prevent the formation of shoots from the dormant buds of the rootstock. Best time budding - early morning and evening.

The cuttings from which the eyes are cut are prepared from mature parts of the shoot before budding. current year, located in the middle and upper parts of the crown of mother trees and having well-developed buds. The ripening of shoots is accelerated by pinching their tips 10...15 days before cutting. When cutting shoots, the leaf blades are simultaneously cut off, the stipules are torn off and only the leaf petioles are left. For budding, the shield with the bud is cut from the cutting and thin layer wood. Then a T-shaped cut in the bark is made on the rootstock on the north or north-west side of the trunk and the bark is separated from the wood at the cut. A shield is inserted into the cut in the bark from top to bottom and the stem is immediately tied with synthetic film. 10...15 days after budding of pome species and 8...10 days after budding of stone fruits, the survival rate of the buds is determined. In buds that have taken root, as a result of the formation of a layer of cork tissue, the leaf petiole falls off when you lightly touch it, but in those that have not taken root, the shield wrinkles slightly, turns yellow and the leaf petiole does not fall off.

To protect eyes and roots from low temperatures in areas with harsh winters with little snow, occulants are planted for the winter 5...6 cm above the budding site. The rest of the care is similar to care at the tree school.

RICE. 43. SCHEME FOR GROWING FRUIT SEEDLINGS: A - WILD (ROOTHOOT); B - WILD (1) WITH A GRAFTED BUD (2) OF A CULTURED PLANT; B - WILD (1) WITH YOUNG GRAFTED SHOOT (3); G - GARTER OF THE CULTURAL SHOOT TO THE Thorn; D - CUTTING THE TEN (THE BLACK DESIGNATES THE PLACE OF CUT)

In early spring next year(2nd field - field of annual seedlings) or in late autumn of the previous year, the stem of the rootstock is cut into a spike at a height of 15...20 cm from the budding site. A young cultivated shoot is tied to the left thorn. At the end of summer, sometimes in late spring, the thorn is cut off at an angle of 45 °, leaving no stump (Fig. 43, e). Fruit seedlings can be grown without a thorn. For this in early spring The rootstocks are cut above the established eye. After the cultivated shoots reach a height of 20...25 cm, they are covered with earth and strongly rejected shoots are tied to a peg. This is cheaper than leaving and cutting off the thorns of the seedlings later.

Caring for annual seedlings during the summer consists of removing shoots on the rootstocks, loosening the soil, weeding, periodic watering and pest control, pinching shoots to regulate the growth of oculants and fertilizing the plants.

In the third year (3rd field - field of 2-year-old seedlings), row-spacing is cultivated, weeds are destroyed, plants are watered and fertilized. The second feeding is carried out in the active growth phase of seedlings with reduced doses of mineral fertilizers applied to moist soil. Irrigation in combination with plant nutrition has a particularly beneficial effect on increasing the yield of fruit seedlings of pome-bearing species.

On the 2nd and 3rd fields of the fruit school, the formation of the trunk and the foundations of the future crown are carried out. The formation of the crown begins with the formation of a trunk in the seedlings. The height of the trunk of seedlings, i.e. the size of the stem from the ground to the first knot of the crown, for each breed and variety, must correspond to the current technical specifications. On average, the size of the trunk is 60...80 cm. The fourth field is occupied by steam.

If it is necessary to grow seedlings of berry bushes, berry schools are organized. Unlike fruit-bearing species, berry-bearing species most often reproduce in winter. stem cuttings(currants, grapes, pomegranates, figs, etc.) and root suckers (summer planting of raspberries) or layering (gooseberries, etc.). By analogy with tree schools, in fruit trees it is also possible to grow seedlings of fruit and berry bushes using combined schemes.

Control questions

1. In what school departments grow seedlings of tree species and shrubs?
2. What are the advantages of creating forest crops with seedlings?
3. Is it possible to use agricultural techniques to control plant growth and their physiological processes when growing planting material?
4. Agricultural technology for growing seedlings of fruit trees and berry bushes.
5. How is the age of fruit trees determined?

Each owner of a plot of land plans to use it for certain purposes. Most often this is planting and cultivating a garden. To properly organize the work, you will need an agrotechnical garden plan. It includes several main areas economic activity. At the first stage, the main thing is to prepare the site.

The next stage is zoning the site, when it is determined where and what will be planted. Then, in accordance with the requirements for each type of plant, the soil is prepared.

At this stage, mineral and organic fertilizers are introduced into the soil and preparatory work is carried out for planting. The last stage is the acquisition and preparation of planting material.

What does gardening include?

Of all types of agricultural work, gardening occupies a special place. Gardens can be fruit, ornamental or mixed. Gardening includes the following work:

• growing trees;
• bushes;
• decorative flowers.

Trees are the main crop used in horticulture.

First of all, this applies to fruit trees and shrubs, which are always grown on individual garden plots. Decorative varieties used in landscape design.

Growing trees

For middle zone, the most common are the following types fruit crops:

Apple trees are the undisputed leader in popularity. Apple trees have different periods of fruit ripening, which allows correct selection varieties can be harvested throughout the summer-autumn season. Modern varieties are different high yield and good resistance to .

Pears are more common in warm regions. They are quite unpretentious and do not require complex agrotechnical procedures.

Cherry is one of the most favorite trees among gardeners. Its fruits can be eaten fresh or used in various culinary recipes. Cherry varieties are described in this.

Shrubs

Shrubs are divided into berry and ornamental. They land as if in orchards, so in parks and squares. The following berry bushes are most popular among gardeners:

• raspberries;
• gooseberry.

Currants are unpretentious in care and cultivation, have a great variety, and differ in the color of the fruit. For example, red is considered more useful for eating, while black is often used in preservation.

With proper care, these fruit bushes produce a bountiful harvest healthy berries. Shrub plants such as rose hips, honeysuckle or serviceberry can be used as fruit bearers or for decorative purposes.

Decorative flowers

Growing decorative flowers is an important area in gardening.

There are hundreds of different varieties of annual, biennial and perennial plants with beautiful flowers. Decorative floriculture sets itself the following tasks:

• satisfaction of aesthetic needs;
• environmental improvement;
• formation of the artistic style of the garden.

Growing any garden crop requires the gardener to have basic knowledge about agricultural technology, the rules of planting and caring for plants.

Basic cultivation technologies

All types of plants can be grown both in open ground and in artificially created conditions of greenhouses and greenhouses.

In the open ground

Growing plants in open ground poses a number of specific challenges for gardeners. First of all, this is due to the climatic conditions of the region. Often stable and cyclical temperature regime crashes. Then, instead of the expected moderate and snowy winter, very cold and rainless weather sets in. In such a situation, it is necessary to provide protection for plants from frost.

Another problem is related to the quality of the soil where the plants are planted. Most of them prefer loamy or sandy loam soils with low level acidity. Negative influence The life processes of plants are influenced by nearby groundwater. In this case, measures must be taken to drain the land. The advantages of planting plants in open ground include plenty of sunlight, fresh air and pollinating insects. Most consumers believe that fruits and vegetables grown in a greenhouse are inferior in taste to those collected from fruit plants grown in open areas.

In greenhouses and greenhouses

Growing some species cultivated plants in artificially created conditions, in some cases, it turns out to be more rational than open breeding. A greenhouse or greenhouse allows a gardener to create climatic conditions for a plant that are not typical for a given region.

This is necessary for growing exotic fruit and berry crops, as well as decorative flowers. In a greenhouse, it is easy to regulate parameters such as humidity and temperature.

A greenhouse, greenhouse or greenhouse protects plants from negative environmental factors. By changing plant maintenance parameters, you can significantly increase productivity.

Some fruit plants grown in greenhouses make it possible to obtain several harvests in one season, which is impossible to achieve using traditional methods.

All melons and the following fruit crops are well suited for greenhouse cultivation:

• raspberries;
• peach;
• apricot;
• nectarine.

Traditionally, strawberries and decorative flowers. An important factor What speaks in favor of greenhouse cultivation is that in closed conditions, cultivated plants are practically not susceptible to diseases. It is easy to carry out preventive measures in a greenhouse, and if a lesion occurs, it can be quickly neutralized.

Main events

Gardening involves a certain number of agrotechnical activities, without which it is impossible to grow healthy plant and get a good harvest. Key activities include the following:

Some activities should be carried out regularly, and some are related to the time of year and periods of plant activity. Such procedures are carried out in spring, summer or autumn.

Tillage

Before planting cultivated plants, you need to determine the acidity level of the soil in the area. Then, depending on the needs of the plants, it should be made more acidic or, conversely, a too acidic environment should be neutralized.

To increase the acidity of the soil, organic components such as manure, leaf compost or rotted sawdust are added to it. Neutralization of the soil to a normal level is carried out using chalk dolomite flour or slaked lime.

In early spring, all the soil in the garden should be lightly loosened and leveled with a rake. This is necessary so that moisture is retained in the tree trunk circles.

The soil should be mulched with a layer of humus 5-8 cm thick. Instead of humus, you can use sawdust, but in this case you need to increase the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, since sawdust takes it from the soil.

Throughout the season, and especially in summer, the soil should be regularly weeded to remove weeds, and after each rain it should be loosened to a depth of 10-12 cm. Loosening the soil allows you to retain moisture and promotes unimpeded air flow to the root system, which has a beneficial effect on the development of the plant and its productivity. In mid-autumn, the soil should be dug to a depth of 15-20 cm.

When doing all earthworks you need to pay special attention to the tree trunk circles to avoid damage to the root system.

Fertilizer application

Fertilizing, organized by the application of mineral or organic fertilizers, is an important component of the whole life cycle plants. All fertilizers are divided into inorganic (mineral) and organic. TO mineral fertilizers These include substances that contain the components most necessary for the growth and development of plants. These are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The following inorganic fertilizers are used in gardening:

There are also complex preparations such as “Nitroammofoska” and ready-made mixtures for gardeners such as “Harvest”, “Lawn Fertilizer” and others. Minerals They are the basis of plant nutrition, but they should be used with caution, since they destroy microorganisms beneficial to plants. Nitrogen fertilizers stimulate leaf production, so they are usually applied to the soil in the spring. During the period of buds and flowering, plants need phosphorus fertilizers, and during fruiting, nitrogen fertilizers are excluded, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are added to the soil. Maximum effect achieved by alternating mineral and organic components. Organic fertilizers include the following products:

• manure;
• humus;
• compost;
• peat;
• green manure.

All organic substances have high biological activity, so they should be used with caution, following the recommendations for each type of plant. Fresh organic matter can severely burn the root system of a plant; in addition, natural components may contain fungus and pathogens. It is better to use rotted manure or humus than fresh product.

Ash is considered the safest organic fertilizer, but it greatly reduces the acidity of the soil, so it should be used together with acidic nitrogen fertilizers.

Sowing and planting

The life cycle of any plant begins with its sowing or planting. This procedure can be carried out in spring or autumn. Spring planting seedlings are grown at above-zero temperatures around the clock, before buds begin to bloom on the trees. In this case, planting holes should be prepared in the fall. Autumn planting is less preferable for the middle zone due to the possibility of unexpected frosts when the root system does not have time to take root.

Planting holes should be prepared 2-3 weeks before autumn planting.

When lying close groundwater A drainage layer of fine gravel, pebbles or expanded clay is laid at the bottom of the pit. When digging a hole, the top fertile soil layer should be poured separately from the rest of the soil. Then it is mixed with fertilizers and poured onto the root system of the seedling. Fertilizers applied during planting last the plant for 2-3 years, after which the soil should be fertilized.

Care

In addition to applying fertilizers, plant care includes watering and preventive measures against diseases and insects. Fruit trees also need crown formation. Watering garden crops depends on the type of plant and the weather conditions of the region. Garden care, on initial stage, must ensure maximum survival of all plants, development of the root system and proper growth and development of the above-ground part of the plant. The main goal of proper care is to reduce the time from planting to harvest. Proper irrigation and pest control allows you to get a high yield and maintain a long fruiting cycle for a healthy tree.

Harvest and storage

Harvesting and storing the crop is no less important than its cultivation. The fruits of cultivated plants reach maturity at a certain time. There is a concept of botanical or removable maturity, when accumulation in the fruits has ended. useful substances, after which the fruits can be easily separated from the stalk. Consumer maturity is formed in the process of proper storage, when the fruits ripen at home and acquire the required color, taste and aroma.

garden tools

• shovel, rake, pitchfork;
• pruning shears, hacksaws, garden knife;
• wheelbarrow, stepladder, sprayer.

This kit gardening tools will allow you to do everything required types works

Garden plantings

Garden plantings include both natural plantings directly on the ground and auxiliary structures, which include arches, trellises and other elements. As ornamental plants Lianas are often used, which, rising along the vertical walls, create real green curtains. Garden arches used to frame paths or to decorate the entrance to the garden. Climbing roses and others grow well on them climbing plants. A trellis is a lattice structure that serves as a support for green spaces. All garden designs can be made of wood, metal or plastic.

What is a plant neighborhood

When planning a garden, it should be taken into account that some plants have a negative effect on each other and should not be adjacent to each other. Other types of plants, on the contrary, provide biological assistance to their neighbors.

Planting schemes

Birch or maple should not be planted next to fruit trees, as their powerful root system will deprive the fruit trees of nutrients. A pear goes well with grapes, but next to a cherry it will constantly hurt. All types of currants cannot be planted next to plum cherries or cherries. The apple tree also does not like cherries, but it grows and develops well next to the pear. The cherry tree does not recognize any neighbors at all and must be planted separately. For all types of plants, there are compatibility tables, which indicate the normal proximity and negative attitude towards closely planted plants.

Features of pollination

Many novice gardeners are surprised by the fact that, with active flowering, the harvest turns out to be very small. Most often this is due to the lack of pollinating trees on the site. Usually, for this reason, cherries, plums and sweet cherries bear fruit poorly. Since several apple trees are always planted on a site, this species suffers the least. Unlike pome fruit trees, stone fruit species have very few self-fertile varieties, so they all need pollinator neighbors.

Planting material

Planting material in gardening refers to seedlings, cuttings, layering, seeds and bulbs, that is, the product from which a full-fledged plant will grow.

Saplings

Fruit trees for the garden can be propagated different ways, but planting a seedling is considered the most convenient for the gardener.

A seedling purchased from a nursery can be considered a guarantee successful cultivation from it into a healthy and fruitful plant.

One-year or two-year-old seedlings are considered the best for planting. They quickly adapt to new conditions. The roots of the seedling should be smooth without ulcers or rot. When cut, the root looks fresh and moist. The bark is smooth, without dark spots, and when scraped it has a juicy green color. It is better if there are no leaves on the seedling.

Seeds

In order to prepare seeds for planting, a number of mandatory procedures are required. First, the seeds are disinfected. To do this, you need to prepare a 1% solution of potassium permanganate and rinse the seeds in it. Next, to activate root growth, the seeds are soaked in biological stimulants. These may be the following drugs:

• epin;
• gibberillin;
• sodium or potassium humate.

Typically, the period of aging the seeds in the solution depends on the type of plant and does not exceed two days. Next, the seeds undergo stratification, that is, hardening. To do this, the seeds are placed in damp sand and the container is placed in the refrigerator. The stratification process usually takes 1-2 months. After this, they can be planted in a container with nutrient soil or directly into the soil.

Timing of work

All major gardening work are performed seasonally and each time of year has its own procedures.

Spring

Spring is a busy time for gardeners, as the garden after winter requires serious work. First, the garden area should be cleared of debris and the soil should be slightly loosened. Before the flow of juices begins, formative and maintenance pruning of fruit trees is carried out. Next, you should whitewash the trunks. To do this, prepare a composition of chalk, copper sulfate and casein glue. The mixture is applied in two layers to the trunks and skeletal branches. To protect against pests, all fruit plants need to be sprayed. Bordeaux mixture. Also in the spring, fertilizers with a predominance of nitrogen-containing components are applied to the soil.

Summer

IN summer time In addition to cultivated plants, weeds begin to actively grow, so weed and pest control is the main concern of gardeners. Pruning is not carried out in summer, but some plants have to be pinched to limit the growth of shoots. IN summer season Some tree varieties begin to bear fruit, so you need to take care of harvesting and preserving the harvest.

Autumn

In autumn, the main harvest is collected and fruit crops are prepared for winter. In September, you can already start digging up tree trunk circles and applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. In September, cuttings of all varieties of currants are usually planted. In October, it is necessary to carry out autumn whitewashing of trunks and main branches. All fallen leaves are collected and burned. Fruit tree trunks are packed in spruce branches, roofing felt or spunbond.

Winter

There is little work in winter. In case of heavy snowfall, the snow should be raked under the trunks, forming a mound. If whitewashing was not done in the fall, it can be done in the winter. Some experienced gardeners prune fruit trees in winter.

Video

Video about spraying the garden in spring.

conclusions

1. Horticulture is one of the most important branches of agriculture. Most shrub crops and trees, with proper care, can bear fruit from 5 to 70 years. Read how to care for currants.
2. Each owner of an individual plot can organize a garden.
3. When planning a garden, you need to take into account the compatibility of plants with each other. For example, you need to know what to plant next to the pear, which is described.
4. For getting good harvest All requirements and recommendations must be followed.