Organizing lighting in an apartment is one of the primary tasks that must be solved at the interior planning stage. When choosing lighting fixtures, you need to think about more than just aesthetic appeal. Remember that the level of illumination in a home directly affects the health of people, pets and even flowers.

Correct lighting

Two factors influence lighting efficiency:

• Lamp power
• Number of light sources

By varying the number of lamps, you can successfully reflect the light scenario of the room.

For arrangement functional zones, for example, for relaxing, eating, working, playing, etc., they combine lighting fixtures of different brightness. The skillful use of light and shadow emphasizes all the advantages and hides the flaws of the room.

Living room

This room requires bright general light (200-250 W). Based on the area, the number of local sources is determined. For example, if the living room also includes workplace, then it is additionally illuminated with a table lamp.

Bedroom

Here it is appropriate to use a lamp with a matte shade or a short chandelier (100-150 W). Sconces (60-100 W) are placed at the head of the bed on both sides.

Opposite you can place a floor lamp or a pair of less powerful lamps (40-60 W). This combination helps create a calm environment.

Kitchen

If the room is small, then general lighting is not necessary. It is recommended to move the lamp closer to the dining table. LEDs can be used to additionally illuminate the kitchen unit.

Bathroom

General lighting is required. The local source can be hung above the mirror. Since this is a room with high humidity, lamps must have shades.

Children's

In this room, it is better to create lighting using multi-point lamps. They do not emit bright directional light, which avoids negative impact on vision.

Educational or computer desk equip with a table lamp. Light a place for doing handicrafts, drawing or reading with a sconce or floor lamp.

Corridor and hallway

Since these are often small and narrow rooms, the light here needs to be bright and versatile. Install lamps along the perimeter of the walls. Additionally, a mirror can be highlighted with soft natural light.

For modern apartment lighting, it is important to take into account the color rendition of sources. This will allow you to comfortably arrange all the rooms and prevent color distortion of interior items. It is optimal to use lamps with an index of Ra-100. This light allows you to display colors most accurately. The lower the value of the indicator, the worse the color rendering.

If you still haven’t decided how exactly to make lighting in your apartment, look at photos on the Internet and you’ll probably come up with ideas. Otherwise, you can hire a designer and he will solve this problem.

If problems arise with the lighting circuit, you can seek advice from a lighting engineer, he will tell you how to correctly calculate the lighting and give good advice. Remember that with the help of light you can turn an inconspicuous home into a masterpiece. Don't be afraid to experiment!

Photo of lighting in the apartment

Comfortable living in a home is only possible with well-designed lighting and correctly calculated illumination for each specific room. Moreover, it is better to engage in electrical design before starting repair work, as this will significantly save you money and time. First you need to think through the lighting scenario for the entire apartment (house) and for each room separately.

Light scenario - this is a plan for the location of all lighting fixtures, combining them into groups, a plan for the location of switches and switches for all groups of lamps, taking into account the opening of doors and the placement of furniture. Lamps with switches (several switches for one group of lamps in different rooms ah) and lamps with power regulators require a separate designation on the plan, since their installation requires additional manipulations from the electrician.

What to achieve good result When designing lighting in an apartment yourself, you need to take into account several important factors.

• Proper lighting should not create sharp transitions from shadow to light, bright surfaces or glare - all this is harmful to vision and tiring for the psyche.
• Adjust the light intensity based on the trim color because different colors reflect light differently. So dark and matte surfaces large area absorb light, and light and glossy ones reflect, increasing illumination.
• Observe the standard values ​​for optimal illumination for various types premises. Details
• Take into account the functionality of lighting and the characteristics of human activity carried out in various rooms.

Features of lighting design in the hallway

The hallway, as a rule, is characterized by small size and insufficient or complete absence natural light. It is desirable that wall and ceiling lamps have a closed shape, so that the light bulb remains invisible from anywhere in the room or has a matte coating.

It is better to choose opaque lampshades for sconces, since the lamps can dazzle at close range. These rules apply to any small premises.

Separately in the hallway it is worth highlighting the hanger and the area near the mirror. If the room is square or close to a square, then a central ceiling lamp with several shades will be sufficient; the ability to direct the shade in the desired direction will allow illumination desired zone hallway

Lighting in the hallway and corridor

To illuminate an elongated room, it is better to use several sconces located at different ends or several lamps evenly distributed along the ceiling. For corridors and hallways, 50-100 lux is usually sufficient.

Living room lighting design

The living room is a room that performs several functions: it welcomes guests, watches TV, communicates, and reads. Main secret good lighting - there is a lamp for each function. This means that in the living room you need to create several islands of light at different levels, it’s good if their brightness can be adjusted, the main thing is that the lamps are made in uniform style and corresponded general idea interior decoration.

Near sofas and armchairs, it makes sense to place floor lamps or sconces that create diffused light. Architectural and decorative elements interior – columns, arches, open brickwork- will look impressive if they are illuminated with spot floor or ceiling lamps.

Multi-level ceilings with lighting will allow you to highlight individual zones and create light accents. It's in the living room original options lighting that emphasizes the overall style of the interior will be very appropriate. Read more about lighting and the location of sockets in the living room.

Designing lighting in the bedroom

In the bedroom, it is advisable to have multi-level lighting - a general overhead light and local lighting. When designing, keep in mind that each sleeping place there must be a separate lamp. This could be a lamp on the night table with dim light or a wall sconce above the bed. The main condition for this is that the light should be sufficient for reading, but not disturb the peace of the bedroom neighbors.

If wardrobes located in the bedroom, they should be well lit; built-in spotlights are ideal for this. U dressing table there should be its own lighting, as a rule, this is a table lamp or two sconces on both sides of the mirror. Read more about lighting and the location of sockets in the bedroom

Office lighting design

In the office it is necessary to combine local lighting with general lighting. This is due to the fact that visual fatigue and decreased performance occur the faster the lower the illumination (which often happens when using only general lighting) and the greater the difference in brightness of the working surface and surrounding objects (with local lighting).

Lighting in the office

When designing lighting in the office, it is necessary to remember that additional requirements are imposed on local lighting: light on work surface should fall from the left (for a right-handed person) and be diffused; for this, table lamp shades are made of light-diffusing materials. Therefore, the ideal lighting scenario for an office: a general lamp that does not cast shadows, and an additional lamp at the workstation with an adjustable luminous flux on a flexible rod or hinges. When working at a computer, it is also recommended to have uniform general lighting of the room and diffuse lighting of the table. Such light should not dazzle or create glare on the monitor screen.

Proper office lighting assumes monotony and uniformity, while unusual and original lighting solutions are sacrificed here. comfortable work. Read about designing a home office.

Designing lighting in the kitchen and dining room

The same rules apply in the kitchen as for the office - after all, this is also a workplace. The diffused, non-dazzled general light is complemented by spotlights, strip-shaped fluorescent or LED lamps built above the working surfaces of the tables.

Proper lighting in the kitchen

The dining area, regardless of location, be it the kitchen, living room or dining room, is a meeting place for the whole family. Lighting dining table should be soft and cozy. Hanging lamp above the table in warm colors (or several if the table is large) will create the necessary atmosphere home comfort and peace. About independent design kitchens is written.

Lighting in the kitchen and dining room

Bathroom lighting

In the bathroom, two types of lighting are needed: general with diffused light and directional for illumination near the mirror. General lighting can be provided by a matte ceiling lamp or evenly distributed built-in moisture-proof spotlights. You can place moisture-proof sconces near the mirror or buy a mirror with built-in cosmetic lighting.

Lighting of any object is carried out according to a specially developed or standard project and working drawings, taking into account the requirements of sanitary standards, GOSTs, PUE and other current regulatory documentation, taking into account safety requirements. For design purposes a large number of specialists of various profiles who jointly create a project for lighting the premises of the facility. It includes not only electrical specialists, but also architects, designers, telemechanics, automation, and electronics engineers. They must have a good knowledge of the capabilities of the modern lighting industry, manufacturers lighting equipment, range of lighting devices, installation nuances. Only in this case, the lighting project for an apartment, industrial enterprise, store, entertainment center or other object will meet the necessary requirements.

You need to know that industrial enterprises and in institutions different forms property, in addition to workers, other types of lighting should be designed, such as evacuation, duty, emergency, etc. They require specific knowledge; in order to competently design room lighting, you need to understand the terms and lighting standards.

Important! Lighting design is permitted design organizations and individuals with a license and special permission. Without these documents, it will not be possible to get the project approved by the necessary authorities.

Design stages

The lighting project is integral part a project for the construction of an object for any purpose during the construction of a building or it is specially developed during the reconstruction of the old building.

Lighting design is carried out in stages. They include the following work:

1. study of the design project taking into account floor plans;
2. calculation of loads on the electrical network;
3. distribution of sockets and light sources throughout the premises and combining them into a single network;
4. design of the facility's power supply route;
5. selection of protective switching devices and equipment;
6. design of electrical/electrical panels or centralized control of the lighting system.

Important! The correct calculation of electrical power will be important factor to allocate it in the required quantity to the facility from the energy supply company.

Each of these steps is important. All together they must be carried out taking into account the norms and regulations, as well as fire and electrical safety standards. At the same time, problems are solved that should lead to the following factors:

• make the cost minimum while maintaining quality characteristics;
• the optimal way to lay a route with minimal costs labor;
• correct selection of cable cross-sections;
• installation of the required number of sockets and switches in the premises;
• installations necessary funds protection for the safety of using the system;
• economical spending electrical energy.

The lighting plan contains text and graphic documents. They provide an analysis of technical solutions. There may be several of them, but the more rational one is chosen. It will become the basis for determining the power, methods and places for laying cables and wires, placement and selection of the type of light sources, and methods of lighting control. For this purpose, necessary calculations, which are attached to the project. After its approval by the relevant authorities, working drawings are developed, according to which the work is carried out. installation work on the object.

The working design for the electrical supply of the facility includes the following documents:

• Act balance sheet and responsibility for operation;
• explanatory note;
• list of drawings;
• plans for socket, distribution and power networks indicating the locations of equipment, devices and devices;
• single-line power supply diagram;
• board diagrams;
• specifications.

These documents contain complete information on the power supply of the facility. They are used in their work by electricians who will carry out the work, as well as by supervisory authorities monitoring the execution of work and connection to energy supply networks.

Standard project

The lighting plan for an apartment, private house or other facility can be made according to a standard lighting project. He is ready-made solution, which can be performed in buildings of a standard type. This solution has long been carried out on well-proven projects. If you want to do all the work yourself when reconstructing the lighting of an apartment, house or non-residential property, you can select standard project on the Internet and follow its instructions and recommendations. There, the lighting plan for the apartment is selected depending on the number of rooms, and other objects on the level of illumination that should be in the room.

The secrets of lighting apartments lie in drawing up detailed diagram installation of lighting devices and switching devices in all rooms, taking into account the connection of each electrical product, combining them into groups and connecting them to control. The working drawings indicate the type of switch, taking into account the number of keys or toggle switches for on/off, and arrows indicate the light source or their group to which it belongs. For long and large rooms, duplicate switches are provided. They are installed at different points in the room, but include the same light source. All lighting fixtures, sockets, switches on the plans are tied with appropriate symbols to the wall or any opening (window, door).

LED lighting design

Currently widely used for illuminating objects for various purposes LED lamps, which are produced by manufacturers in a large and varied assortment. Due to this and their unique quality of consuming a small amount of electrical energy, they are most often used to illuminate objects for various purposes. Designing LED lighting requires knowledge of the market for these products, the nuances of installation, connection and operation.

LED light sources are selected taking into account overall dimensions the room and the style in which it is made. For small apartments they are selected and installed so as to visually increase the space. Most often, contour lighting of the floor and ceiling is performed, and small chandeliers are installed in the center of the room. Such a light source could be: LED Strip Light, and the cord. Illuminating furniture with these devices will create a unique solution.

The premises of apartments and large and medium-sized objects require a completely different approach. Light sources here are installed in such a way as to highlight the advantages of the room and hide flaws. Here you can create amazing compositions that depend on the taste of the customer and the designer’s flight of fancy. Preference should be given to lighting systems with remote control. This is true for private houses, cottages, where LED lightening They are performed not only indoors, but also in the territories.

Lighting design is the basis for creating coziness, comfort and design of any interior. Requires knowledge in many areas, including computer programs, without which it is impossible to create a competent and workable project.

Video about drawing up a lighting project

Insufficient lighting negatively affects the human body. If there is not enough light, then a person feels constant drowsiness, vision deteriorates, and psychological state is disturbed.

High-quality lighting in the apartment will help avoid such problems. To do this, you need to select suitable lamps, lighting equipment and place it correctly.

To properly organize lighting, you need to take into account the power of the lamps, their color temperature, the number of lamps, the size of the room, etc.

There are many types of fixtures that can be successfully used for lighting.

How to properly organize lighting

First, you need to know that lighting in an apartment can be background or local. In the first case, ceiling chandeliers are used, which evenly illuminate the room without dividing it into separate zones. In the second case, devices are used that emit directional light (spotlights, sconces, table lamps). They divide the room into separate functional areas(working, cooking, reading area), highlight certain objects or interior features.

To choose the right lamps and fixtures, you need to draw up a lighting plan, taking into account the layout of the rooms, shape, ceiling height, arrangement of furniture, etc. The types and installation locations of fixtures should be noted on the diagram. An approximate plan for the distribution of devices is shown in the photo above.

Norms of power and number of lamps in a room

Not all people think about how to properly organize lighting at home, so they often make mistakes, then the light turns out to be too bright/dim or there are dark areas. To avoid this, you need to know the lighting standards:

Attention! In the bathroom, it is permissible to increase the illumination to 100 Lux to make it comfortable to apply makeup or shave.

Lamps always indicate the luminous flux, which is measured in Lumens. To calculate their number, knowing the appropriate degree of illumination for a particular room, use this formula: 1 Lx = 1 Lm/1 m². First, determine the Lx rate, then convert the value to Lm, after which you can select suitable lamps.

Example calculation for a bedroom with an area of ​​20 m²: first multiply 150 (lighting rate) by 20 (area), you will get 3000 Lux. Based on this, the total luminous flux of the lamps should be equal to 3000 Lm. If you opted for LEDs, then you will need 3 devices of 12 W each, which corresponds to about 360 Lm.

The following table will help determine the number of lamps according to their power:

Filament lamp, power (W)	Luminescent, power (W)	LED lamp, power (W)	Luminous Power (Lm)
20	From 5 to 7	2 – 3	Up to 250
40	From 10 to 13	4 – 5	Up to 400
60	15 — 16	8 – 10	Up to 700
75	18 – 20	10 – 12	Up to 900
100	25 – 30	12 – 15	Up to 1200
150	40 – 50	18 – 20	Before 1800
200	60 – 80	25 – 30	Up to 2500

The correct lighting can be determined using a lux meter.

Some experts recommend using lamps with a total power of up to 60 kW for every 5 m². Based on this, in a one-room apartment (30 - 40 m²) you need to install up to 8 devices different types, in a two-room - 9 pcs., in a three-room - 11 pcs., in a four-room - 13 pcs.

How to check the quality of light

It is important to choose the right lamp so that it emits comfortable light. You can find out this using a low-power device that runs on a solar battery, for example, a calculator. The procedure goes as follows:

1. “Calibrate” the device with a filament lamp (40-60 W). Be sure to measure the distance at which the battery fired.
2. Bring it close to a fluorescent light source (13-24 W), if the battery activation distance has decreased to 2.5 times, then the light is comfortable. If you are testing a lamp at 9 - 11 W, then this distance will decrease by another 1.5 times.

For example, if the battery provided operating current at a distance of 60 cm from a lamp with an incandescent filament or 15 cm from an 11 W housekeeper, then make the following calculations: 60: 15 = 4, and 2.5 x 1.5 = 3.75. This light is only suitable for local illumination.

Comfortable color temperature

The lighting of the apartment should be pleasant to perceive, so you should take into account the color temperature, which is measured in K (kelvins).

This is interesting! Comfortable artificial lighting should resemble sunlight as much as possible.

Color temperature of lamps used in apartments:

1. From 3500 to 5500 K is a bright white light that does not distort colors. Can be used in any room.
2. More than 5500 K is cold radiation, which sets you up for active activity. Suitable for office or kitchen.
3. From 2700 to 3500 K - a warm glow of a yellowish tint. This lighting is ideal for the bedroom and living room.

As you can see, the requirements for the light temperature of lighting elements differ for different rooms.

Lighting a home is one of the fundamental principles of its design. You could even say that the lighting design of an apartment is the first of the fundamental principles of its project. A competent housing project begins with the development of lighting: when it comes to stone, concrete and metal, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to correct mistakes.

However, “lighting design” is a complex and multifaceted concept. Light should be healthy and comfortable, show the appearance of the room and express the individuality of its owner. Accordingly, lighting design consists of three disciplines stemming from each other:

• General lighting design, or just lighting or lighting design. It creates a physiologically based background on which everything else is located. By analogy with construction, this Basic structure or, more precisely, a hall with a stage and acoustics, in which a violin quartet and a rock band can perform with equal success.
• Light architecture emphasizes the conceptual orientation of the room and reveals the worldview of its inhabitants. Lighting architecture can be external, internal or interior. Some interior styles, such as modern and high-tech, are completely impossible to implement without appropriate lighting: the interior loses its expressiveness.
• And finally lighting design in the interior, or interior lighting design- an analogue of furniture and decor: it expresses the individuality of the owner. Unlike the first two, interior lighting design is flexible, just like furniture, figurines and paintings can be changed and moved.

This division is not at all far-fetched; it arises in the most natural way. Take a look at the picture: even without explanation it is clear that on the left is lighting design, in the center is lighting architecture, and on the right is interior lighting design.

A full-fledged lighting design project includes all three components, but it is impossible to describe them in one article, so in this article we will talk about the initial and most important thing: the overall design of apartment lighting. Elements of lighting architecture and interior lighting design will be mentioned as necessary, when without them it is impossible to solve the overall lighting problem.

Types of lighting

All three types of lighting design work with natural, general (background), local, task and decorative lighting. We have to take the natural as it is, limiting ourselves to lighting design (see below): softening, reflection, scattering. By other means general rules are:

1. The background should be as shadowless and filled as possible. Our most ancient instincts see danger in the deep shadows, which creates psychological discomfort. In practice, for the sake of simplicity and economy, they achieve penumbra and openwork shadows.
2. Local lighting should highlight interior details and decor, so the main requirement for it is a suitable spectrum, see the section on the properties of light.
3. Working lighting is also local, but is no longer focused on the object, but on the eye: optimal brightness and spectrum are needed within the physiological limits of perception.
4. There is only one requirement for decorative lighting (for example, ceiling lighting): it should not have a harmful effect on health.

Note: There is an informal type of lighting - background lighting. We will talk about it later, and the requirement for it is opacity when viewed from the outside.

Rules and regulations

Lighting should have a beneficial effect on vision, psyche and general health, so let's start with sanitary and hygienic requirements. The rules for lighting an apartment are regulated by physical parameters and “Natural and artificial lighting”; SanPiN 1278-03 remains valid for old buildings, but is not valid for the design of new ones. Aesthetics are not prescribed anywhere or in any way. The basic requirements are:

• illumination of common living rooms, kitchen and gym– 150 lux; children’s – 200 lux; office – 300 lux; hallway, toilet, combined bathroom - 50 lux; bath, sauna, swimming pool – 100 lux;
• natural light factor KEO with side lighting for common living rooms, kitchen, swimming pool and gym – 0.5; children's – 0.7; work office – 1.0; hallway, toilet, combined bathroom, bathtub, sauna - not regulated;
• for a swimming pool with a gym, the generalized indicator of psychological discomfort UGR is acceptable 60 with pulsations of artificial lighting up to 20% For the bathroom and toilet, it is not regulated; for other rooms UGR=0.

Notes:

1. All values ​​are minimum acceptable. On a cloudy autumn day in the open air, the illumination is more than 10,000 lux, so there is no need to be afraid of “overkill” - there is no such thing as so much electricity in the wiring.
2. KEO for overhead natural lighting is not considered; the lateral KEO is measured in the horizontal plane of the floor.

But what are these KEOs and UGRs? Let's see, starting with KEO, it is simpler. To tackle UGR, you'll need to understand a little about the properties of light.

KEO

KEO, simply put, is the proportion of natural light entering a room. If, for example, the light meter is on the floor open balcony showed 400 lux, and on the floor in the center of the room adjacent to it is 250 lux, then the KEO will be 250/400 = 0.625. The norm has been met.

How to determine KEO?

At home, KEO is quite easily determined by a camera, if it is not exactly a point-and-shoot camera:

• We take a white sheet of paper (not plastic or film) in a larger format, place it on the floor of the balcony or on the ground under the window on a clear afternoon, set the camera to aperture priority (mode A) and measure the shutter speed using it.
• We do the same in the room, standing facing the window. The ratio of shutter speeds (and modern cameras measure them with an accuracy of 1/3 - 1/4 stop) will give the KEO.

Example: shutter speed on paper outdoors is 1/60 s, and in the room - 1/40 s. KEO will be 40/60=0.67.

UGR

The discomfort coefficient UGR is calculated using the formula from international standard EN 12464-1. It is based on the so-called hardness of light, which regulatory documents for some reason they call it shine (and who came up with such nonsense when Russian has a simple and understandable word? Sacred-corporate language, or what?) Very bright light can be soft and favorable for vision, but dim, hard light can irritate and spoil it .

The hardness of light is determined by three parameters luminous flux: degrees of polarization, coherence and spectrum. The flow of light consists of a huge number of elementary particles from the class of bosons - photons, which are also quanta of electromagnetic radiation with a certain frequency, phase and directions of the electric and magnetic vectors. UGR varies from 0 to 100.

Polarization

The degree of polarization shows what fraction of photons the directions of the field vectors coincide. For cloudy skies and incandescent lamps, the total polarization is about zero, for clear skies and fluorescent lamps - a few percent, up to 20%; glare from mirror surfaces and light from quantum sources - lasers, LEDs - can be polarized 100%. Light is considered soft when polarized up to 10%. Directional reflection and refraction of light increases its polarization.

You can check the polarization of light with a photographic Polaroid filter: while looking through it, the Polaroid is rotated 180 degrees. If the overall brightness does not change noticeably, the light is considered comfortable, and by the disappearance or weakening, you can immediately see the sources of the hardening of the light.

Coherence

The degree of coherence shows what proportion of light quanta have the same phase. The hardness of light is determined by the length of the coherence train - the length of the section of the light flux in which the degree of coherence exceeds 50%. It is because of the fairly high coherence of light that flash photographs come out lifeless. It is impossible to determine the length of the coherence train at home, but under normal lighting, the absence of noticeable polarization also indicates an negligibly small coherence train. The exception is the same quantum sources: the coherence of their light can reach up to 100% at a distance of several meters.

Range

The eye easily adapts to the effective color temperature of lighting: if on a clear day it is 5700 K for sunlight, then on a cloudy day it is 6300 K, and at sunset it drops to about 2000 K. But the spectrum of the Sun is thermal, smooth (in the figure on the left) , so for sight the best way suitable thermal light sources: conventional incandescent lamps, xenon, krypton, freon, halogen. Unfortunately, they are not economical, so modern home lighting is increasingly based on the use of fluorescent lamps.

The luminescent spectrum (middle in the figure) is pseudo-white, there are noticeable dips in its envelope. Objects of colors that match the gaps are visually artificial lighting appear darker, which creates disharmony. In addition, obtaining pseudo-white light requires a slight increase in the intensity of the spectral zones, which is also not very good for vision.

Nevertheless, scientists and engineers are tirelessly working to improve fluorescent lamps, and their modern models with a three-layer phosphor provide light that is almost as comfortable as diffused sunlight.

How to check the quality of light?

At home, the quality of light from a saving light bulb can be roughly determined if the household has something low-power powered by a solar battery: a calculator, a receiver. The procedure is:

• We “calibrate” the device with a 40-60 W incandescent light bulb: we detect at what distance from it the battery will give the operating current and the device will turn on.
• We bring it to fluorescent lamp: if the distance at which the battery “breathes” has decreased by no more than 2.5 times, the light is comfortable. The power of the light bulb being tested can be in the range of 13-24 W; for 9-11 W, the battery operating distance is reduced by another 1.5 times.

Example: the device turned on 0.6 m from the incandescent lamp and 15 cm from the 11 W housekeeper. 60/15=4, and 2.5x1.5=3.75. The lamp is a crappy “alternative” one; Only suitable for local lighting.

Additions to SNiP 23-05-95 allow the use LED lamps subject to sanitary standards, but for general lighting of rooms they are completely unsuitable, not only in polarization with coherence, but also in spectrum: it is synthetic, island (in the figure on the right). The point here is not so much that objects caught in its deep holes will appear black.

The main disadvantage of the island spectrum is the high concentration of energy in the peaks of the envelope, which is necessary to create the desired overall brightness of white. Energy peaks overload the visual sensors of the eye, which spoils vision and health in general. By analogy: a blow to the head with a pillow will only make you angry, but a brick can kill you.

Therefore, the main areas of application of LEDs in residential lighting are ceiling lighting design and backlighting/lighting, and it is highly desirable to place light strips behind the eaves so that at least polarization and coherence due to diffuse reflection are reduced.

About surface brightness

By sanitary standards the surface brightness of light sources should not exceed 200 cd/sq.m. Halogen lamps, which provide a thermal spectrum that is very favorable for vision, go far beyond this threshold, representing point sources of light. Therefore, when illuminated working area it is necessary to hide behind a visor or recess into furniture, and for general lighting use lamps with matte caps or diffuse re-reflection of light, directing it to a white ceiling or walls.

Video: mistakes in lighting design

Fuck the lighting design

Designing room lighting begins with natural lighting. Then, according to KEO, an artificial one must be attached to it: light shock from turning on too bright a light is also harmful. The binding is done to determine the required power of light sources.

Then, based on the original interior design layout, the types and range of lighting fixtures and their technical characteristics are selected. In this case, it is often necessary to modify the layout.

The next stage is, and based on its result, a electrical diagram apartment lighting. And only after this the light is “glued” into the construction project, which again may require various kinds improvements.

About the concepts of light

There are two general approach for lighting: European and American.

1. The basis of the European is as an element that unites people, that same cozy, brightly lit place that Hemingway yearned for.
2. The American concept is economical and individual, based on sconces. To hell with all sorts of gatherings, I’ll hide in my corner with a glass of whiskey and stop the meter from moving.

Both approaches make it possible to obtain background almost shadowless lighting, and a lampshade or halogen lights scattered across the ceiling instead of a chandelier allow you to use a synthetic approach: ceiling light sectionally through double switch, and sconces - with individual switches. The problem of many wires is solved by covering the walls and ceiling, with electrical cords hidden under it.

Independent proper lighting of an apartment comes down to lighting it room by room, and that’s what we’ll do.

Video: an alternative subjective view of types of lighting

Natural light

When passing through glass or reflecting off a mirror, direct natural light can become too harsh. In addition, the light from the window should not be too harsh or overly directed.

Hard light is softened by translucent or openwork barriers - tulle, organza. They also diffuse light, which has long been used to optimize natural lighting.

Nowadays, there is a means that, in addition, allows you to direct the light where you need it without using mirrors that polarize it: vertical fabric blinds. Even if their panels are located parallel to the rays, due to diffraction they reduce the hardness of light to an acceptable value. Rotating the panels gives a diffuse reflection in in the right direction, and by moving and pushing them apart, you can intercept part of the light flux and direct it into a dark corner. You can already find “smart” blinds on sale that automatically support optimal mode lighting the room, but also for DIYers familiar with electronics, this is a huge unplowed field.

Artificial lighting

General rules

To connect interior design with lighting, it is useful to remember the following:

• Light and color give space if they are coordinated along the spectrum: highlighting red with blue will only give a failure.
• The planes visibly stretch in the direction of the light flow.
• Premises with common in a light tone design should be illuminated evenly, and dark areas - in zones.
• Zones are illuminated evenly.
• The work light should be white.
• Local light for colored objects also needs white, but for white objects colored light is possible.
• Deep shadows are undesirable in any case.

About halogens

Halogen lamps create decent shadow-free lighting with low power consumption, because... evenly distributed across the ceiling, they form a kind of radiating plane. But the shadows under the furniture will be deep, so living rooms halogens need to be deprived of their “spotting”, as described above. IN small rooms(kitchen, hallway) you can’t really look down, and there you can use halogens for general lighting without any need.

Determining the intensity of light

We take as a support a house-saving light bulb that has been tested for light quality. To determine the total power for lighting a room, we measure the illumination created by it alone, suspended from the ceiling, on the floor in the center. If it is not possible to use a lux meter or submit an application to the SES to measure illumination, the same camera will help out: put it in S mode (shutter priority), and measure the exposure according to white sheet. A value of approximately 100 lux corresponds to 0.5 s at aperture A = 2.8, 1 s at A = 4 and 2 s at A = 5.6.

Example: camera lens with a maximum “hole” of 4. The metering gave a shutter speed of 4 s. Illumination – no more than (1/4) x 100 = 25 lux. To create a total illumination of 150 lux, you need at least 6 of these bulbs.

Selecting sources

The overall lighting design of a room is determined not only by the properties of their light, but also by the directional patterns of the radiation patterns, see fig. Cardioid pattern is preferred for general lighting of any medium-sized room.

Cardioid is produced by one lamp or a group of lamps in a lampshade. If the lamp bulbs are positioned horizontally, the cardioid will be pulled down; if vertically with the flasks down, the DN will stretch to the sides. The first is preferable for rooms with dark furniture; the second is for light ones.

A figure eight is obtained from a cardioid if the lamp is equipped with a lower reflector (“pallet”). Similar in properties to cardioid, but more suitable for illuminating large areas or rooms with high ceilings.

Lamps in the reflector have a fan pattern. The narrower and deeper the reflector, the smaller the fan opening. Used for local, task and area lighting. Lamps with a fan pattern, adjustable in height, can successfully solve the problem of general lighting studio apartment: by raising and lowering them, you can adjust the size of the zones with light.

DN-petal is given by sconces. The “ear” of the petal can be directed up or down, depending on the location of the lamp: with the bulb up or down, respectively. In the horizontal plane, the sconce design is cardioid. In the American system, it is customary to use sconces with the ear facing upward; in European - ear down and lower power, for temporary working lighting.

The cosecant square (beacon, radar) pattern has the most important advantage: within the light spot, the illumination is theoretically ideal, but practically almost uniform. Achieving CC DN is technically difficult, but a table lamp with a bulb with the bulb facing up and a large hemispherical reflector lampshade above it gives almost this. Seen in pictures table lamp Lenin? Whoever he was, having spent his entire life processing mountains of documents, he didn’t feel the need for glasses.

About raster lamps

Raster lamps are suitable for large public spaces with high ceilings. In living rooms, this is exactly the case when the light that is optimal in brightness turns out to be unacceptably hard.

Placement of lamps

We will look at the placement of lamps using examples, because... give universal recipe for all tastes and needs is impossible. There is only one thing in common – European lighting. The American light did not take root anywhere except in the extremely utilitarian USA, and in Puritan England too.

Living room

The lighting is based on the center of the ceiling, see pic left and center. DN for bright living rooms - cardioid; for big ones, complex shape and darkish - eight; This allows you to illuminate walls and corners without wasting extra power. If the arrangement is light plasterboard ceiling(right), an even more economical shadowless background can be achieved with halogens, and decorative LED lighting will also fit into it.

Bedroom

- the only room where it is not only acceptable, but also recommended: by changing its color, you can change the mood of the room for sleep, waking rest, or whatever else they do in the bedroom. For the “bed” area, lighting from sconces or floor lamps at the head of the room is sufficient (see figure), but the ceiling lamp needs to be moved to the center of the waking area. A fan-shaped one with a wide opening, adjustable in height, is very suitable: the size of the waking area can be changed according to the current use of the bedroom.

The bedroom lighting is perfectly complemented by LED window lighting. Ribbons are placed around the perimeter of the window opening so that they shine along the glass, and are curtained from the inside with organza. On the bed in such a bedroom you can open window do the incredible, and the spies will not see anything except, perhaps, vague shadows.

Children's

Hard light hits children's eyes especially hard, so on the ceiling you need a matte lampshade or halogen lamps with matte caps. Lighting options are shown in the figure; on the right - formally correct, but psychologically unacceptable. All dark decorative cloud cornices spoil. Who feels comfortable living under stormy skies all the time? Certainly not for children.

Kitchen

Halogens are optimal for lighting. Shadows under the furniture here are not noticeable, and halogen lamps will not only put less strain on the kitchen wiring (which is already the busiest in the apartment), but also clean themselves of settling fumes, because... They get very hot during operation. How to get rid of halogen dots is described above; An example of successful kitchen lighting design is shown in the figure on the left - in the kitchen the work area should dominate in terms of light.

Hallway

The lighting of the corridor should, first of all, be uniform: - the face of the house, and, I beg your pardon, decent citizens with a distorted face do not show themselves in public. Economical LED lighting from behind the cornice with reflection from the white matte ceiling, on the left in the figure, is quite justified: they do not stay in the hallway for a long time, but the most ordinary matte lampshades in the center will also work.

But elaborate lighting solutions, as in Fig. on the right, should be avoided: a visitor, a conversation with whom may be fundamentally important for you, may have the subconscious impression that he has come not to a promising subordinate or potential partner, but to Dracula’s castle.

Bathroom

Optimal lighting – even, soft, almost shadowless, as in Fig. left. Deep shadows, highlights, spots, as in two figs. on the right, and the skin pores will not be allowed to open properly when washing, and intestinal motility will be made sluggish. This is usually solved with just one lamp on the ceiling - bathrooms are finished with light, highly reflective materials.

The lamps contain incandescent lamps. The light in the bathroom does not burn for days, so saving is not important, but there are more than enough glare surfaces. In addition, for housekeepers hidden in moisture-proof lamps, the electronics quickly fail due to overheating.

The working lighting of the mirror is matte halogens (second position from the left in the figure), as in the nursery, but the reason is different: the dots that hurt the eyes will not allow you to see minor flaws in appearance, which will then be noticeable to others.

Studio apartment

The lighting of a studio apartment is based on the principle of promoting zoning. Good example shown in the figure on the left. The highlight is the ceiling lamp with a figure-of-eight pattern shifted to the center of the recreation area. In combination with the directional flow of light from the window, such general light makes any other methods of zoning a room effective.

About stretch ceilings

Lighting suspended ceilings technically comes down to the selection of lamps and ceiling materials that are compatible in terms of heat release and energy flux density (PED), but this is a separate topic that is not related to lighting design. As for him as such, then stretch ceiling They were just invented for the sake of complete light self-expression (see figure), therefore the methods of lighting them are not regulated anywhere and in any way, and to give instructions would mean to emasculate the idea.

But one piece of advice still needs to be given: in case the unspeakable beauty in the inter-ceiling space is turned off, provide weak lighting to match the overall design, as a last resort. rice. left. Otherwise, the reflective ceiling can spoil the peaceful comfort of the room, as can be seen there on the right.

Video: examples of ceiling lighting

What about warmth? Don't forget!

Even the most economical energy-saving light bulbs produce quite a lot of heat. Installation of lamps must be carried out taking this circumstance into account. TO lighting fixtures Instructions are included (or can be found by branding), which indicate the permissible lamp power, distance to walls, etc. These instructions must be followed, but there is a caveat for housekeepers: their heat output in watts is calculated separately. The mains voltage is known, and the current consumption is indicated on the base.

The fact is that the housekeeper's electrical circuit has a fairly high reactivity, and the power designation on the packaging shows the effective power consumption, how much the meter will wind. For some time after turning on the heat, the housekeeper will release more, and then will release less. Housekeepers that burn out quickly are the result of placing them in dull, cramped lampshades, so let the generally good bulbs breathe freely.

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