Avizent- This is a dense synthetic material. There is also a cotton notice. Synthetic avisent is also called aviation tarpaulin, as it was used to make backpacks for parachutes. Dense, quite thick (but thinner and lighter than tarpaulin) material. It “holds” moisture well (does not allow light rain to pass through), but does not ventilate well. It is inferior in strength to cordura, but dries easier. Used for sewing overalls and backpacks.

Tarpaulin– a widely known dense, durable and heavy fabric. Fully cotton. Still used in Russian army. Including for tailoring. It doesn't ventilate well, but it absorbs moisture and takes a long time to dry. Inferior to synthetics in terms of strength and weight. Currently it is practically not used by tourists.
Read more in a separate article.

Fleece– completely synthetic material made from . It is called synthetic wool. Has good thermal insulation properties. It stretches well, is soft, and is stronger than wool. Does not absorb moisture. It is even believed to wick moisture away from the body. Negative property, in relation to wool, is its flammability. There are several types of fleece. They differ mainly in thickness and manufacturing technology.

Kevlar– Kevlar threads and cords are widely used. Very durable, chemically resistant material. It stretches very poorly. Withstands high temperatures. It cuts poorly, but at the same time easily grinds. Therefore, it is used in the manufacture of specialized clothing only in certain units to protect against cuts. It is also used in the manufacture of technical (aviation, tank...) parachutes and tires. Used as the core of static ropes. But such ropes require special handling. Since with frequent illiterate bending, the rope is destroyed.
Read more in a separate article.

Sintepon- a synthetic fiber resembling cotton wool. It was used as insulation in sleeping bags and jackets until the advent of more modern materials, such as hollowfibre and so on. Currently used in cheap sleeping bags and jackets.
Read more in a separate article.

Neoprene- a foamy material resembling a dense sponge. Does not absorb moisture well. Has good thermal insulation properties. Applicable in a wide temperature range (from -50 to 100 degrees C). It has different manufacturing options, which differ mainly in thickness and, therefore, thermal insulation. The material is resistant to external natural influences. Used in water tourism to equip the participant from socks to gloves. Wetsuits for divers are made from neoprene.
Read more in a separate article.

Polartek (Polar, Polartec, Polar)– Fully synthetic material. General name for certain type fabrics made entirely from. In appearance it resembles fleece. But it is stronger, softer, lighter and has better thermal insulation properties. Durable, does not pill, does not cause allergies, and has water-repellent properties. Capable of "breathing". It has a complex fiber structure.
Disadvantages - the ability to “breathe” is inferior to wool, it burns easily.
Polartek is divided into types - 100, 200, 300 depending on the thickness.
Read more in a separate article.

Polyester– durable, wear-resistant and lightweight synthetic fabric. Generalized name for a number of synthetic fabrics. Resistant to external heat and light influences, does not wrinkle easily.

Teza (Teza, Teza)– a sealed synthetic material made of fabric with a PVC film applied to it. It is used for making patches for watercraft and other sealed products.
Read the article for more details.

Windbloc, Windblock, Windstopper– windproof and waterproof material. It is a Polar with a membrane. It is believed that the windblock removes condensation from the body using a membrane.
Read the article for more details.

Elastane (ELASTANE)– very elastic synthetic material. Used in combination with other fabrics to create tight-fitting clothing.
Read the article for more details.

Gore-Tex– a membrane that allows you to create waterproof but “breathable” clothing. It is used as a "lining" in clothing and shoes. The Gore-Tex membrane consists of a film with a huge number of micropores. The size of these micropores is many thousand times smaller than a raindrop, and at the same time significantly larger than the size of a water molecule. This allows the membrane to be waterproof, keep out rain and other moisture, and at the same time “pump out” sweat and condensation from clothing. Naturally, the membrane is thin and fragile. Therefore, it is always protected with a double-sided layer of some kind of fabric. Gore-Tex was developed back in the 70s of the last century. Currently, there are a huge variety of membranes from different manufacturers. However, to this day, Gore-tex fabric is considered a very good choice.
Read the article for more details.

Wool-blend cloth Made from 67% wool and 33% polyester, it is very thick, dense, warm and windproof. It protects from moisture during the first hours in the rain, until the ability of the thickness of the cloth to absorb moisture is exhausted. Natural fiber provides excellent air exchange, complete “silence” and softness. For a hunter, it is of no small importance that the smell of cloth is perceived by the animal as natural.

Caprovelour- used as lining material in shoes. It is a three-layer fabric: the outer layer is a pile knitted fabric, and under it thin layer foam rubber and thin knitted fabric. Retains heat well, removes moisture from the foot, and dries quickly. Provides high abrasion resistance and practicality.

TEP sole (thermoplastic elastomer)— the sole has such properties as softness and elasticity. Resistant to repeated bending and abrasion. It has high shock-absorbing properties, ensuring foot comfort when walking. Maintains good grip on asphalt, wet roads and snow. It is characterized by high frost resistance (-50°C). Does not crack at low temperatures, does not “ossify”. Water resistant. Average thermal protection indicators, which are winter shoes compensated by the high thickness of the sole. Not resistant enough to mechanical stress, such as punctures.

Sole PVC (polyvinyl chloride)- sole with average frost resistance and plasticity. High wear resistance and lightness.

Sole PU (polyurethane)- characterized by high wear resistance and strength. Elastic, withstands repeated bending. Quite light in weight. With good shock-absorbing properties. It has sufficient frost resistance (up to −35ºС) and good heat protection.

Outsole EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)— the main advantages of this sole are its extraordinary lightness and high thermal protection. Waterproof. Frost resistance (−40ºС). High shock-absorbing properties. Medium elasticity. High abrasion resistance.

Typika- used as lining material in shoes. It is a two-layer fabric: the outer layer is a thick proclamelin, and under it is a thin layer of foam rubber.
Read the article for more details.

Fine wool blend fabric, consisting of 77% wool and 23% nylon, is characterized by high heat-protective properties, wear resistance and good air exchange.

Thinsulate– completely synthetic material used as insulation. Consists of a large number of very thin hollow fibers. Due to the small size of these fibers, their number is high and, therefore, heat is retained better without losing breathability.
Silky, soft to the touch, resistant to compression and deformation. It provides good ventilation, does not absorb moisture, dries quickly. Products made from it are very light, comfortable and at the same time have high heat-protective properties.
Read the article for more details.

Aerotex– completely synthetic fabric. In appearance it resembles cotton. Very durable, does not absorb moisture. Due to its softness, it is used to strengthen clothing items.

Hipora- this is an extremely thin, light, durable and fracture-resistant microporous membrane material under strong mechanical loads, which by its structure does not allow moisture to pass in, and with increased physical activity, it adsorbs the moisture released by the body and removes it out, which creates a feeling of comfort. HiporaR combines complete windproofness, high waterproofness and vapor permeability. The material does not lose its properties at temperatures down to −40°C.
Read the article for more details.

Pertex— pleasant to the touch synthetic fabric that “breathes” well, due to the membrane coating with inside fabric, protects from wind and moisture, combines ultra-lightness and high strength.

Polyurethane (PU)- film coating. In the production of tourist equipment, fabrics are used with multiple printed layers on the inside. polyurethane coating PU, providing waterproofness and frost resistance. Depending on the number of layers, the thickness of the PU coating changes and, as a result, one or another level of water resistance is achieved, up to 10,000 mm. This designation indicates how much water pressure the fabric can withstand without leaking. Please note that the higher the PU value, the better protection, but also heavier fabric.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)- rubberized coating is completely waterproof, giving the fabric special strength.

Rip stop (P/S)- in the weave of the fabric threads there is a thicker thread, forming a cage effect that strengthens the fabric, increasing strength and durability.
Read the article for more details.

Water resistance (WR)- additional water-repellent treatment on the outside of the fabric, due to which water does not absorb into the fabric, but rolls off its surface.

Silicones, siloxanes (SI)— oxygen-containing high-molecular organosilicon compounds. They are obtained from silicon contained in sand, quartz and various rocks. Treatment with siloxanes (hydrophobization) gives materials excellent water- and dirt-repellent properties, improves appearance, increases shine, softens fabric. Hydrophobization leaves fabric threads mobile without gluing them, as with PU coating. This provides increased strength and breathability of the fabrics. Punctures can be eliminated by simply rubbing the area of the injury with your fingers. Fabric finished with siloxanes (SI) makes the product noticeably lighter.

Oxford (Oxford)
Oxford - durable fabric from chemical fibers(or) of a certain structure, usually with a coating applied, which makes the fabric waterproof. The fabric has water-repellent properties.
Nylon Oxford has high strength, elasticity, resistance to abrasion, repeated bending and the action of chemical reagents, is characterized by low hygroscopicity, increased electrolyzability, low heat and light resistance.
Polyester Oxford for strength and chemical resistance somewhat inferior to nylon, but superior to it in heat and light resistance.
Oxford RIPSTOP is a fabric with profiled thread, which gives the fabric an improved textured appearance and greater strength.
The density of the fabric is determined by the thickness of the thread, which is designated in DEN (denir). The larger the D, the thicker the thread used in production, the more pronounced the structure of the fabric.
Coatings used: PU, PVC.
Application
Oxford 150D (160 g/m2), 210D (170 g/m2), 420D (180 g/m2) are used for the production of outerwear and workwear (jackets, overalls), clothing and equipment for hunters and fishermen, awnings, tents.
Oxford 420D (180 g/m2), 600D PU (300 g/m2), 600D PVC (500 g/m2), 600D*300D PVC (530 g/m2) bags, backpacks, suitcases, shoes.

Breaking load (at a rate of at least 50 kgf for warp and 30 kgf for weft):
Oxford 150D - 80 kgf for warp, 45 kgf for weft;
Oxford 600D - 160 kgf warp, 120 kgf weft.
Water resistance (for PU coatings) is not less than 1000 mm of water column.
Frost resistance: Oxford PU -160°С, Oxford PVC -50°С.
Care instructions
Wash at 40°C, rinse and spin normally, tumble dry at low t; ironing at temperatures up to 110°C; regular dry cleaning is allowed; Do not bleach.
Read more in a separate article.

Taffeta (Taffeta)
Fabric made from chemical fibers (or) with the application of various coatings that provide certain properties of the fabric.
Polyester Taffeta is somewhat inferior to nylon in strength and chemical resistance, but superior to it in heat and light resistance.

Coatings used: PU, PU milky, Silver, PVC.
Application
Used for the production of tents, bags, awnings, sleeping bags, umbrellas, flags, aprons, workwear (jackets, overalls, trousers, including insulated ones). It is used as a household raincoat for the production of jackets, windbreakers, and for the production of shoes.
Physical and technical characteristics
Density:
Taffeta 170T PVC - 240 g/m2;
Taffeta 190T PU, SILVER, MILKY - 93 g/m2;
Taffeta 210T SILVER, MILKY - 93 g/m2.
Breaking load - 50 kgf (with a standard of at least 50 kgf) for the warp, 30 kgf (with a standard of at least 30 kgf) for the weft.
Water resistance for PU coatings is at least 1000 mm water column.
Frost resistance: Taffeta PU milky, silver (-160°С), Taffeta PVC (-52°С).
Care instructions
Wash at 40°C, rinse and spin normally, tumble drying is not recommended; ironing at temperatures up to 110°C; regular dry cleaning is allowed; dry cleaning is prohibited; Do not bleach.
Read more in a separate article. .

PolyTaffeta 210 R/S PU (PolyTaffeta)
Made from polyester (lavsan) fibers, which makes it more durable and resistant to ultraviolet radiation. The fabric is lightweight and water- and wind-resistant, reinforced with thicker threads that create a sort of strong mesh, so the fabric is more resistant to tearing along the grain.
The density of a given fabric is determined by the T (tex) value, i.e. the total number of threads per square inch for warp and weft (only numerical designations are used in product descriptions).
Coatings used: PU 3000.
Physical and technical characteristics
Breaking load - 745 N.
Abrasion resistance - more than 10,000 cycles.
Change linear dimensions after wet processing - 1.9%.
Water resistance - more than 3000 mm water column.

Taslan (Taslan)
Taslan is a material that not only has increased wear resistance, but is also pleasant to the touch. Taslan is made from. To make the fabric more durable and hygroscopic, they texture, change the macrostructure (threads of different, figured cross section, with a hole along the entire length). As a result, additional properties are obtained such as weight reduction, strength, and external resemblance to natural ones.
Application: production of casual and corporate clothing.
Physical and technical characteristics
Breaking load – 82 N.
Change in linear dimensions after wet processing – 3.4%.
Water resistance - more than 400 mm water column.
Care instructions
Wash at 40°C, rinse and spin normally, tumble drying is not recommended; ironing at temperatures up to 150°C; dry cleaning and removing stains with solvents is prohibited; Do not bleach.
Read more in a separate article. .

Dewspo (Dyuspo)
Dewspo is a soft, lightweight windproof material made from synthetic fibers (). It is easy to wash, dries quickly, and has good air exchange properties. Protection from moisture is provided by a special water-repellent coating.
Coatings used: PUMilky 450 WR.
Application: clothing production.
Physical and technical characteristics
Density: 120 g/m2.
Read more in a separate article. .

Polycolon
Polycolon is a functional perspiration-wicking material intended for the inner surface of clothing and hats. It does not absorb moisture and removes it to the outer layers, where evaporation occurs. This material has very good heat-insulating qualities. Polycolon also repels dirt. Ideal for both sports and everyday wear. 100% polypropylene. Developed by Schoeller Bregenz.
Read more in a separate article. .

Holofiber
Thermally bonded, hypoallergenic material with a high degree of recovery, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, does not support combustion, does not absorb or retain moisture, does not retain odors, and is wear-resistant.
The uniqueness of Holofiber lies in the vertical arrangement of hollow fibers in the form of spiral springs, which forms a strong springy structure. The voluminous fabric is made by thermal bonding with the possibility of calendering the top or bottom layer, this avoids fiber migration.
Application
Holofiber soft is ideal for sewing insulated outerwear, travel and sports equipment.
Holofiber volumetric is used in the manufacture of sleeping bags.
Physical and technical characteristics
Density:
Holofiber soft - 100 g/m2, 250 g/m2.
Holofiber volumetric - 250 g/m2.

Hollofiber soft - 0.401° cm2/W, 0.753° cm2/W, respectively.
Hollofiber volumetric - 0.753° cm2/W.
Care instructions: Products can be washed and dry cleaned normally.
Read more in a separate article. .

Fibertek
FIBERTEK™ represents a unique combination of heat-protective and ventilating properties, as well as antimicrobial properties, lack of lint separation and migration of fibers from thermal insulation material on the outer surface of the upper fabric of the product, resistance to abrasion and solvents while maintaining high water-repellent ability. Reliably retains heat and eliminates the "greenhouse effect". Repeated washing has virtually no effect on its heat-protective, ventilating properties, volume and strength, while the insulation does not become loose, does not cake and retains its shape.
Physical and technical characteristics
Total thermal resistance:
at a density of 120 g/m2 - 0.48°cm2/W.
at a density of 250 g/m2 - 0.98°cm2/W.
Read more in a separate article. .

Many of us are familiar with the inconveniences that are typical for small apartments. AND the main problem- forced space saving.

Every corner needs to be used wisely so that there is enough space for all the necessary things. And I really want to make my home comfortable and beautiful!

We share with you the most original tricks that will help you save space in a small apartment. Get inspired!

11 brilliant creative ideas for small space

1. Spices

Every self-respecting housewife keeps tons of different bottles and jars with aromatic seasonings in her kitchen. Where can they be placed compactly? Try setting up a place behind the refrigerator for small jars: it’s both beautiful and hidden from prying eyes.

2. Fruit

Placing a lot of useful and necessary things in a tiny kitchen is not an easy task. For example, where to put the fruit bowl so that it doesn’t take up half the table?

But housewives have so many other things... What do you think of the idea of a hanging fruit basket?

3. Wine

If you are a big wine connoisseur and collector, you will probably need a lot of space to store your bottles.

This compact and roomy wine cabinet will fit perfectly into the interior of a small kitchen.

4. Laundry

This room is easy to adapt to your needs good housewives. Try to play up the space between the dryer and washing machine: can be stored here washing powder and other cleaning products.

If you install a countertop above the washing machine, it can be used as an ironing area.

5. Ironing board

This necessary item rarely finds its rightful place. Most often, ironing boards are stored on the balcony, as they take up too much space in the room.

Try to allocate a part of the free wall for mounting the board. This design will not take up much space, and ironing will turn into a more enjoyable process.

6. Clothes dryer

This item will not take up much space if you attach it to the ceiling.

7. Dirty things

Another good tip for housewives: dirty laundry can be stored in drawers that are lined up.

Label each drawer indicating the color of the linen and desired temperature water. This is how easy it is to save both your time and space in your home.

8. Space under the stairs

Many people store unnecessary items under the stairs, using this space as additional storage.

Why not transform the space into compact cabinet or bookshelves? This place can also serve as a cozy corner for relaxing and reading.

9. Shoe rack

IN big family There is always a problem with storing shoes. A specially designed high shelf can be a great place to compactly place your favorite shoes.

10. Garage

Most of us treat the garage as a warehouse for unnecessary things. If you really need extra bed For storage outside the home, arrange a comfortable place in the garage.

For example, you can store car tires, tools and other useful items on hooks on the walls.

11. Drink boxes

Don't have enough space to store your drink cases? Make a simple shelving unit for them: it will save space and look impressive.

GOST 14.201-83

Group T53

INTERSTATE STANDARD

ENSURING TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN OF PRODUCTS

General requirements

Provision of technological efficiency of products design. General requirements

ISS 01.110
OKSTU 0003

Date of introduction 1984-01-01

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards

2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the USSR State Committee on Standards dated 02/09/83 N 712

3. INSTEAD GOST 14.201-73

4. REFERENCE REGULATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS


	Item number

5. EDITION (February 2008) with Amendment No. 1, approved in July 1988 (IUS 11-88)

This standard establishes the basic provisions, system of indicators, sequence and content of work to ensure manufacturability.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Ensuring the manufacturability of a product design is a function of production preparation, which provides for the interrelated solution of design and technological problems aimed at increasing labor productivity, achieving optimal labor and material costs and reducing production time, including installation outside the manufacturer*, maintenance and repair products.
_______________
*Next - production.

1.2. Basic terms and definitions in the field of ensuring manufacturability of product design - according to GOST 14.205.

Terms and definitions in the field Maintenance and repair of equipment - according to GOST 18322 and GOST 21623.

1.3. Ensuring the manufacturability of the product design includes:

- testing the design of products for manufacturability at all stages of product development, during technological preparation of production and, in justified cases, during the manufacture of the product;

- improving the conditions for performing work during the production, operation and repair of products and recording decisions made in technological documentation;

- quantitative assessment of the manufacturability of product designs;

- ;

- preparation and introduction of changes to design documentation based on the results of technological control, ensuring the achievement of basic values of manufacturability indicators.

1.4. The procedure for carrying out and content of technological control of design documentation is in accordance with GOST 14.206.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

1.5. Rules for making changes to design documentation - according to GOST 2.503.

1.6. If necessary, industry and enterprise standards should be developed to develop this standard, reflecting specific features products and organizational structure of the industry.

2. QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE MANUFACTURABILITY OF PRODUCT DESIGN

2.1. The manufacturability of a product design is assessed quantitatively using a system of indicators, which includes:

- basic (initial) values of manufacturability indicators, which are the maximum standards for manufacturability, mandatory for implementation during product development;

- values of manufacturability indicators achieved during product development;

- indicators of the level of manufacturability of the design of the product being developed.

2.2. Basic values of manufacturability indicators are indicated in the technical specifications for product development, and according to certain species products, the nomenclature of which is established by industries, - in industry standards.

2.3. Basic, achieved and indicators of the level of manufacturability of the product design must be included in the Map of the technical level and quality of products in accordance with GOST 2.116.

2.4. Data on the level of manufacturability of the design should be used in the optimization process constructive solutions at the stages of developing design documentation, when making a decision on the production of a product, analyzing the technological preparation of production, developing measures to increase the level of manufacturability of the product design and the efficiency of its production and operation, during state, industry and factory certification of product quality and determining the technical and economic indicators of production, operation and repair of the product in the manner established by industry normative and technical documentation.

2.5. The need for a quantitative assessment of the manufacturability of product design, as well as the range of indicators and the methodology for their determination, are established depending on the type of product, type of production and stage of development of design documentation by industry standards or enterprise standards.

The number of indicators should be minimal, but sufficient to assess manufacturability.

2.7. A quantitative assessment of the operational and repair manufacturability of a product design is necessarily carried out when the costs of operation and repair are comparable to or exceed the costs of its production.

3. SEQUENCE AND CONTENT OF WORK TO ENSURE MANUFACTURABILITY OF PRODUCT DESIGN

3.1. When testing a product design for manufacturability, the following should be taken into account:

- type of product, degree of its novelty and complexity, conditions of manufacture, maintenance and repair, as well as installation outside the manufacturer;

- prospects of the product, volume of its production;

- advanced experience of the manufacturer and other enterprises with similar production, new high-performance methods and manufacturing processes;

- optimal conditions specific production with rational use of available technological equipment and production areas and systematic introduction of new advanced technological methods and means of production;

- connection between the achieved indicators of manufacturability and other indicators of product quality.

3.2. The manufacturability of the design of the specified product is considered in relation to the entire product, taking into account the manufacturability components, assembly, testing, installation outside the manufacturer, maintenance and repair.

3.3. Processing the product design for manufacturability should ensure, on the basis of achieving technological rationality and optimal structural and technological continuity of the product design, the solution of the following main tasks:

- reducing the labor intensity and cost of manufacturing the product and its installation outside the manufacturer;

- reduction of labor intensity, cost and duration of maintenance and repair of the product;

- reduction of the most important components of the overall material consumption of the product - consumption of metal and fuel and energy resources during manufacturing, installation outside the manufacturer, maintenance and repair.

Definition of the concepts of “constructive and technological continuity” - according to GOST 14.004.

An explanation of the term “technological rationality” is given in Appendix 2.

3.3.1. The set of works to reduce the labor intensity and cost of manufacturing a product and its installation outside the manufacturer generally includes:

- increasing the serial production of the product and its components during manufacturing (processing, assembly, testing) through standardization, unification and ensuring structural similarity;

Limitation of the range of components, structural elements and materials used;

- application in the developed structures of design solutions mastered in production that meet modern requirements;

- application of high-performance and low-waste technological solutions based on process typification and other progressive forms of their organization;

- the use of high-performance standard technological equipment that ensures an optimal level of mechanization and automation of labor in production;

- use of design solutions to reduce costs of providing: access to components; installation and removal of product components;

- use of design solutions that ensure the possibility of transporting the product to assembled form or in the form of complete components that do not require disassembly during installation for re-preservation, revision, or adjustment operations;

- the use of design solutions that facilitate and simplify the conditions of manufacture and installation outside the manufacturer to limit the requirements for the qualifications of manufacturers and installers.

3.3.2. A set of works to reduce the labor intensity, cost and duration of maintenance and repair of a product generally includes:

- the use of design solutions that reduce the costs of preparation for intended use, technical control, technical diagnostics and transportation of the product;

- use of design solutions to reduce costs of providing: access to components; replacement of product components with the same parts while maintaining the established quality of the product as a whole; installation and removal of product components; restoration of geometric characteristics and surface quality of the part;

- increasing requirements for unification and standardization of product components;

- limitation of the number of replaceable components of the product, range of materials, tools, auxiliary equipment and devices;

- the use of design solutions that facilitate and simplify the conditions for maintenance and repair to limit the requirements for the qualifications of personnel performing maintenance and repair.

3.3.3. The range of works to reduce the material consumption of the product includes:

- the use of rational assortments and grades of materials, rational methods for obtaining workpieces, methods and modes of hardening parts;

- development and application of progressive design solutions that make it possible to increase the service life of the product and use low-waste and waste-free technological processes;

- development of a rational product layout that ensures a reduction in material consumption during installation outside the manufacturer;

- introduction of scientifically based safety margins of metal structures, standard methods of calculation and testing of the product.

3.4. Testing the product design for manufacturability is carried out jointly by the developers of design and technological documentation, product manufacturers and customer representatives (specialists in technical maintenance and repair of equipment). For products of the “assembly unit” or “complex” type that are subject to installation outside the manufacturer, representatives of organizations appointed by the ministry implementing the product must participate in testing the product design for manufacturability. installation work. In necessary cases, specialized technological institutes should be involved in testing the design of a product for manufacturability.

The responsible executors of testing the product design for manufacturability are the developers of design documentation.

The organization of testing product designs for manufacturability should be established by industry or enterprise standards.

3.5. Testing the design of a product for manufacturability when performing development work is carried out in the general case on the basis of integrated use special methods, ensuring technological rationality and design and technological continuity of the product:

- typing design diagrams and layouts of the product and its components;

- unification, aggregation and interchangeability of the product and its components;

- block-modular construction of systems and devices;

Functional and cost analysis of products and their components;

- economic and mathematical modeling of the relationships between the main functional and design-technological characteristics of the product, affecting the costs of labor and materials during development, manufacturing, maintenance and repair, with indicators of the efficiency of production and (or) operation of the product;

- optimization methods for selecting physico-chemical and mechanical properties materials and types of initial workpieces, designation of the accuracy and roughness of the surfaces of the part, selection of the shape and location of the surfaces of the parts and types of their connections with mating parts;

- dimensional analysis designs parts and assembly units;

- borrowing and simplification of components, structural elements and materials of the product.

3.6. The main content of work to ensure the manufacturability of the product design, depending on the stage of development of design documentation, is established by industry standards or enterprise standards, developed on the basis of the requirements of the table of this standard and GOST 24444.

3.7. During development terms of reference To ensure the manufacturability of the product design, the following is generally carried out on a product:

- collection of information on the manufacturability of the design of analogue products;

- establishing requirements for the manufacturability of the product design being developed;

- selection of a range of basic indicators of manufacturability;

- calculation of the values of basic indicators of manufacturability.

3.8. Changes in the design of the product, the need for which arises during serial (mass) production in connection with improving manufacturability characteristics, should not disrupt the stable operation production process and quality indicators.

Changes in the design of a product in serial production are carried out in a new series, depending on the type, purpose, conditions of production and operation of the product.


Stages of development of design documentation
Technical Proposal	Identification of design solutions that have the best prerequisites for rational division and layout of the product. Identification of the possibility of borrowing components of the product. Identification of new materials, technological processes and technological equipment. Selection of the final design solution and (or) layout of the main components of the product. Technological control of design documentation
Preliminary design	Analysis of the compliance of the layout and division of product design options with production conditions. Analysis of the compliance of the layout and division of product design options with the conditions of maintenance and repair. Comparison of product design options for unification, standardization, accuracy of location and methods of connecting the component parts of the product. Calculation of manufacturability indicators of product design options. Selection of product design options for further development. Technological control of design documentation
Technical project	Determining the possibility of parallel and independent assembly and control of the specified components of the product. Analysis of the compliance of the design and layout of replaceable and maintenance-requiring product components with the requirements of maintenance and repair. Identification of the possibility of using purchased, standard, standardized or manufactured components of the product. Analysis of the possibility of using new, including standard and group high-performance technological processes. Calculation of product design manufacturability indicators. Making basic fundamental decisions on the manufacturability of product designs and improving the conditions for performing work during production, operation and repair. Technological control of design documentation
Working design documentation a) a prototype (pilot batch) or a product of a single production (except for one-time production)	When developing working design documentation for the manufacture of a prototype (batch) or a unit production product (except for one-time production), the following is carried out: analysis of the possibility of assembling the product and its components without intermediate disassembly; selection of rational methods for fixing, centering and adjusting the components of the product; determining the accessibility and ease of removability of replaceable parts of the product that require maintenance and repair; identifying the possibility of unifying assembly units and their structural elements; identifying the possibility of unifying parts (including fasteners) and their structural elements; establishing economically feasible methods for obtaining blanks; element-by-element testing of the design of parts and assembly units for manufacturability; calculation of product design manufacturability indicators; technological control of design documentation. When manufacturing and testing a prototype (batch) or a unit-produced product (except for one-time production), the following is carried out: checking the conformity of the structure division organizational structure manufacturer; checking the compliance of the design of parts with rational methods of obtaining workpieces and their processing; checking compliance of the specified accuracy of product manufacturing with the technical data of technological equipment; checking the applicability of normal size ranges, standard cutting and measuring tools; checking the possibility of using design bases as technological ones and linking them; checking the possibility of reducing the processed surfaces, combining (dismembering) parts; checking the convenience and speed of adjusting the location of the component parts of the product; checking the possibility of technical control, including monitoring of technical condition, technical diagnostics, access to components during manufacturing, maintenance and repair; checking the possibility of replacing the component parts of the product with other similar parts while maintaining the established quality of the product as a whole; checking the possibility and convenience of installing and removing the component parts of the product during its manufacture, maintenance and repair, as well as installation and dismantling of the component parts of the product; checking the possibility of restoring the geometric characteristics and surface quality of parts; checking the compliance of the manufacturability of the design with the requirements of maintainability and transportability; analysis of prototype manufacturability; calculation of manufacturability indicators after testing the design during the manufacture and testing of a prototype; adjustment and technological control of design documentation taking into account proposals for changes identified during the analysis of the manufacturability of the prototype
b) serial (mass) production	Final decision-making to improve the conditions of work during production, operation and repair and recording of these decisions in technological documentation. Final development of the product design during the period of manufacturing, testing and equipping the technological process of manufacturing the installation series. Bringing the product design to meet the requirements of serial (mass) production, taking into account the use of the most productive technological processes and technological equipment in the manufacture of the product and its main components. Bringing the product design to meet the requirements of the existing and created system for maintenance, diagnostics, repair, installation outside the manufacturer, transportation and storage, taking into account the use of advanced technological processes and technological equipment in preparing the product for its intended use, maintenance, repair, installation outside the manufacturer, diagnostics, transportation and storage. Assessment of compliance of the achieved level of manufacturability with the requirements of the technical specifications. Correction of design documentation. Assessing the serviceability and repair manufacturability by conducting research (determinative) tests or organizing the collection of data on the manufacturability of the product during operation and repair.

APPENDIX 1 (recommended). RECOMMENDED LIST OF INDICATORS FOR MANUFACTURABILITY OF PRODUCT DESIGN


Indicators of manufacturability of product design	Product type				Stage of development of design documentation
	Detail (1)	Assembly unit (2)	complex (3)	Set (4)	Technical Proposal	Preliminary design	Technical project	Working documentation
								prototype (pilot batch)	serial (mass) production
1. The complexity of manufacturing the product
2. Specific material consumption of the product (specific metal consumption, specific energy consumption, etc.)
3. Technological cost of the product
4. Average operational labor intensity of maintenance (repair) of this type
5. Average operational cost of maintenance (repair) of this type
6. Average operational duration of maintenance (repair) of this type
7. Specific labor intensity of product manufacturing
8. Labor-intensive installation
9. Material applicability factor
10. Coefficient of unification of structural elements
11. Collection factor

Notes:

1. All signs regulating the use of indicators are valid if the need to determine indicators is established by an industry standard or enterprise standard for a specific type of product.

2. The sign "" means that it is necessary to determine the value of the indicator using precise methods.

3. The sign "" means that it is necessary to determine the approximate value of the indicator using aggregated methods.

4. The sign “0” means that it is not necessary to define the indicator in the general case.

5. The sign “-” means that the value of the indicator is not determined for a given type of product or stage of development of design documentation.

6. Indices to the signs indicate for what type of product the value of the indicator is determined at this stage of development of design documentation.

APPENDIX 2 (for reference). EXPLANATION OF THE TERM "TECHNOLOGICAL RATIONALITY"

APPENDIX 2
Information

Technological rationality of a product design is a set of properties of a product that express its manufacturability in terms of compliance of the adopted design solutions with the conditions of production and operation.

Production and operating conditions are determined by the possibilities for efficient use of labor and material resources, based on accepted standards and standards, taking into account the prospects for the technical re-equipment of these areas during the entire planned period of production and use of the product in the national economy in accordance with forecast data for improving the design of the product and structural materials, methods and means of manufacturing, maintenance and repair of equipment.

The technological rationality of the product design is dynamic characteristic, since its level is continuously changing in accordance with changing methods and means of production, maintenance and repair as a result of the consistent implementation of achievements accumulated at the level of a given enterprise, a given industry, the entire national economy, as well as at the level of global industrial development.

Technological rationality is assessed both by the absolute values of manufacturability indicators and by the ratio of the values of these indicators to the values of basic indicators established for the given conditions of production and operation of the product and adjusted as these conditions change.

The level of technological rationality of the product design is regulated through the appropriate selection and construction of the composition and structure of the product, its components, structural elements, materials and ensuring their optimal continuity.

Electronic document text
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Technological preparation system
production:
Collection of national standards. -
M.: Standartinform, 2009

Enter a word and click Find Synonyms.

Sentences containing "acceptable"

We found 80 sentences containing the word "acceptable". Also see synonyms for "acceptable".
Meaning of the word

I think it's like death: we all know that we will die someday, but until that moment comes for us, we don't acceptable.
I just really wanted to study abroad, and Australia had the most acceptable e prices for studies.
At first it seemed like acceptable e bills, and now the service tariff has reached 30 rubles per square meter.
Under these conditions, there may come a time when you may be asked to go on a long voyage or take up more acceptable work.
I would say that such actions, bloody, cruel, both in Afghanistan and in Vietnam, are not very acceptable.
We have alternative ways to save acceptable e behavior in society.
Intelligence officers have diplomatic or other acceptable e cover.
Mary was given only the right to visit her children, “at any time and in any place, acceptable m for Conrad Hilton."
Although at the funeral it became known from close friends that he was offered quite acceptable e employment options.
Perhaps the most acceptable it is used in cases where a topic of a complex nature is chosen, i.e.
Wherein the economic growth and unemployment persists acceptable m for Europe level.
They hoped that maybe at least one candidate would emerge, acceptable I for both opponents.
To some extent, only Petrakov occupied acceptable position.
The club was only required to allocate the necessary, and very acceptable e facilities.
If acceptable with patience and humility, thank God, there is hope that our work of love for our enemies will not burn out.
Biruni adhered to the Ptolemaic system of the world, but at the same time believed that mathematically acceptable and the theory of heliocentrism.
Angarsky perceived nationalization as a purely socialist measure, completely acceptable in future.
But a free interpretation of his teaching is hardly acceptable, because it carries the danger of attributing to Lacan something he did not say.
Any source, even the most seemingly primitive, was for him acceptable.
I hope that with your descendants acceptable e tip-top.
We had lunch in a good restaurant on the ground floor, where acceptable e prices tasted Russian delicacies.
And the option with which he came to me was also not acceptable, according to Kaganovich and Sergo.
Now it was possible to provide more or less acceptable e communication on compacted deep road ruts.
Londoners who lost their homes waited an average of five months to receive acceptable e housing.
If it weren't for his 'twisted' style, he would have been completely acceptable”.
They believed that in Petrograd they would find more for themselves acceptable e conditions than in the Tambov, Tver provinces or the Pskov region.
Was there acceptable I an alternative to Stalin's course?
After formal consideration of the matter, he, with due formalities, informed the Gauleiter that acceptable any form of greeting.
But I still think this: if he acceptable for Egypt, and from Cairo they report that Nasser is not against it, there is no reason for us to object.
In our conclusion, formulate the attitude towards the agrarian division and give acceptable editor.
And the need for a paramedic station here has disappeared, since there is now quite acceptable I hospital.
In these “temples of luxury” there were quite acceptable e prices for us.
Yes, his demands are great, but acceptable.
Tesla began studying these phenomena with great interest, trying to find them acceptable e physical explanation.
For the court Stürmer was acceptable, because they knew him personally and they personally trusted him.
Kruglikov, equally acceptable m at all members of the Directory, with whom he established equally good relations.
Their task was to cook more or less acceptable food for pilots.
The Kaliningrad option in its proposed form is not enough acceptable.
How do you think, acceptable Is this kind of censorship for us?
The prince answered the pope not arrogantly, but firmly: “We know the true teaching of the Church, but yours is not acceptable and we don’t want to know.”
Of course, Fliess's version of nicotine poisoning was much more acceptable than Breuer's myocarditis.
Under certain conditions (physical activity) it became acceptable and sweat, mostly from men.
All these Tereshchenkos, Nekrasovs and Shingaryovs were acceptable for Harper because they were something like US “moles” in the Russian revolution.
But sometimes they are more acceptable e than footage of torture and corpses dried out under the hot rays of the sun.
In general, it’s unlikely for Russia acceptable a way to imitate any country.
It was a fee-paying school, but the fees were quite acceptable I for our family budget.
He himself compiled a list of twelve acceptable X, in his opinion, names and sent them to Alexandrov.
The division's sappers and the 16th (sapper) company were fully prepared acceptable e strong points.
In Germany and Italy they even offered me contracts and laboratories, but the conditions were not for me acceptable.
Only after the war were they developed acceptable e samples, but they received a narrow scope of application.
According to Churchill, the chances of Britain being offered acceptable e conditions were one in a thousand.
When did the situation (according to Dach herself) go beyond acceptable e framework, an unspoken war was declared.
With the help of the flame, he managed to reduce the defeat of the previous day to a relatively acceptable m at result.
Work as a transformative force that makes something out of being acceptable e, crushing dead mass granite.
The interlocutors did not always express their views acceptable e for each of them.
Most likely, his father was Johann or Yohanan, and his son changed his patronymic to a more acceptable e, as it seemed to him.
The previously mentioned work “Explanation of Indian Teachings” deserves special attention. acceptable X reason or rejected."
Having agreed on more or less acceptable X conditions, both parties came to an agreement.
The Americans started the game powerfully and were in the lead throughout the first half, but the Soviet team managed to maintain acceptable the difference in the bill.
There were enough acceptable e living conditions: only nine or ten rooms with twenty people in each.
And the further the line goes, the less often the tired members of the Areopagus discuss, the more often they vote for any more or less acceptable wording.
The transition paths proposed by Shatalin are not acceptable.
The electric heater continued to work, so the room was quite calm. acceptable I temperature for life.
Well this is acceptable e, but I think this is far from a sufficient explanation.
But this boycott did not discriminate against Jews, who have always been more acceptable for Turks than Christians.
He is very embarrassed, jokes that he was a convinced monarchist acceptable among the socialists, but found himself out of work under the supporters of autocracy.
This primitive approach to solving economic problems was not acceptable for such a business executive as Stalin.
I discussed a number of purely military requirements, including the nature of dispersion when firing and acceptable e deviation from the goal.
Even less acceptable there was Bukharin's group.
The general verdict was: harsh and too steep, but acceptable e for Bisaita.
At the end of the message it was said: “We know all this, but there are no teachings from you.” acceptable».
Next stage: the shopkeeper runs after you and calls acceptable price.
Didn't appear right away acceptable e proposal, and he was bored, crawling into debt, suffering from the loneliness of a familyless life.
I agree, not all versions and assessments are by different authors acceptable, and you can continue to argue in search of truth endlessly.
But even in these circumstances, he managed to maintain his dignity, his own power and insist on the most acceptable X conditions.
Like his proposal to Russia and America, how to make something out of capitalism and socialism acceptable e.
We are not acceptable their culture, but as we get to know each other better, we learn a lot of things that help us better understand ourselves.
We are not acceptable framework that can lead us to better life, but everything in our everyday life fits into a much narrower framework.
On a permanent basis, more acceptable It was difficult to get a job, because there weren’t enough jobs for the French either.
The office was located in Bern: of course, not Zurich, but still quite a place acceptable e.

Source – introductory fragments of books from liters.

We hope that our service helped you come up with or create a proposal. If not, write a comment. We will help you.

The question of how to make concrete smooth arises before craftsmen who plan to equip their properties with small architectural forms. During construction, you can use ready-made mixtures from the manufacturer or mix concrete at home yourself. In order to finished design was strong, smooth and durable, you need to correctly maintain all proportions and technology for preparing the solution.

For various conditions operation of concrete structures requires purchasing ingredients with certain characteristics. The service life of cast products will be influenced by material characteristics such as frost resistance, filtration coefficient and abrasion resistance. Indicators such as water resistance, strength and uniformity are determined by the type of fillers that are added to the mixture when stirring it. Knowing how to make concrete with your own hands, you can make structures of any size and level of complexity from it. Modern technologies allow even a novice builder to make concrete himself with any technical characteristics. Let's see how to do it strong concrete with a smooth surface and high aesthetic characteristics.

How to prepare concrete mortar yourself

The purposes for using concrete are very different. The most durable concrete is used for foundations and load-bearing structures under heavy load. Coarse-cell concrete has low density and weight. The concrete grade 200 used for its production is not very durable. Filtration in such material is much higher, which makes it not resistant to moisture. However, this type of concrete is winter-friendly, since if it gets wet, the water has room to expand when freezing without destroying the structure of the material. The main question that builders have to solve is how to make concrete waterproof. This is especially true when buildings with basements in wet soil or monolithic swimming pools are being erected. Here, filtration of the material should be completely absent.

To get the desired result, you need to study the reasons for the appearance of pores in concrete through which moisture enters the structure.

The following factors influence the decrease in the density of hardened concrete:

insufficient reinforcement of the form, which caused the appearance of cracks;

poor mixing of the mixture, as a result of which the hydration reaction did not complete;
use of low quality cement;
adding excess water to the solution;
poor-quality sealing, which leaves a lot of air bubbles in the material.

In order for the solution to be of high quality, it is necessary to maintain proportions when mixing the solution. If you choose the optimal ratio of sand, crushed stone and cement, this will allow you to produce structures with high performance characteristics. Even when using grade 300 cement, high water resistance of finished products can be achieved.

The solution is prepared using a concrete mixer in the following sequence:

Sand and cement are poured into its neck. Depending on the construction goal, their proportions can vary between 2.5-4:1. The mixture is mixed well.

Water is added. The best option is the correspondence of its quantity to the volume of cement. The solution is mixed until homogeneous. If colored concrete is being prepared, a dye is added to it.

Crushed stone is poured. It is first cleaned of soil and clay. This is necessary to achieve purity of the solution. After prolonged mixing, the solution is poured into the mold.

To prevent concrete from cracking due to frost in winter, special waterproofing additives are added to it. After the concrete is poured into the formwork, measures must be taken to ensure its uniform shrinkage. To do this, its surface is regularly moistened and covered with cloth or cellophane.

How to achieve a perfectly flat surface

Smooth surface concrete is necessary in cases where it will not be covered finishing. This process begins immediately after the solution is poured into the formwork and compacted. Removing air bubbles avoids the formation of marks on the surface from their release and makes the concrete more durable.

As a rule, initial alignment is carried out manually using beacons and hand tools. Beacons serve to maintain a given level and as guides for the rule. The solution is applied between the beacons and distributed throughout the entire volume of the mold using wide movements with slight vibration. Excess material is pulled together by the rule. You can buy the rule or make it yourself, using available materials. Your tool will be useful for future work.

Ironing equipment is a good help for smoothing the solution. They have a perfectly smooth glossy surface. When the trowel moves through the solution, the crushed stone is lowered from its surface. This allows you to achieve an almost perfectly flat surface without depressions or protrusions. The smoothers are available equipped with a motor or driven by muscle force.

After the concrete is leveled with a trowel, it is left alone for a day. During this time, the solution thickens, but retains some pliability. At this stage, it is adjusted using special devices. They cut off all the protrusions to a given level, filling the potholes and depressions with the removed substance. Such equipment is quite expensive and is purchased only by large industrial companies.

You can level concrete manually if you know how to properly work with a spatula and other finishing tools. A smooth surface is created by applying materials to concrete that cover all unevenness and roughness. The simplest and cheapest way is to use bulk cement. It is poured onto the concrete a few hours after pouring. By absorbing moisture from the solution, the cement becomes liquid. It is rubbed evenly over the surface with a wide spatula or rule.

How to improve the quality of concrete

Today there are many ways to make durable waterproof concrete without spending extra money for the purchase of expensive brands of cement and granite crushed stone. For this purpose, various plasticizers are used, both factory-made and in-house produced.

Made with my own hands a solution with plasticizers allows you to solve the following problems:

Plasticizers must be added after mixing sand and cement. If this is done at the end of stirring, then most of the additives will be used to envelop the filler, which will not allow achieving the desired effect. The proportions for each filler should vary within 0.2-3% of the total volume of the mixture.

Another way to improve the quality of concrete is to apply polymer impregnations to its surface. Work must be carried out on completely hardened concrete. Polyurethane impregnation is applied to the surface in accordance with the instructions. After complete hardening polymer coating it is leveled and polished. The applied layer is plastic and completely sealed.

How to color concrete

There are two ways to make colored concrete. The first is to add dye to the mixture at the stage of its preparation. Ready solution will have the same color and shade throughout its entire volume. Abrasion will not affect the quality of its surface in any way. This method is used for the manufacture of structures with high traffic loads. As a rule, colored concrete is used to create platforms, paths and make paving slabs. When selecting a dye, it should be taken into account that it should not impair the strength of the finished product and be resistant to the hydration process. The second method involves applying pigment to the finished surface. Dyes are dissolved in polymer impregnations and applied to concrete. This ensures a strong and tight adhesion of the dye to the base.

Bulk floors: characteristics and features of technology. Bicycle Frame Materials It can be placed between stages