Types of nursery schools and their purpose. Agricultural technology for growing seedlings in the school department

Based on the knowledge gained during the course, the student must develop technological maps for the cultivation of seedlings of trees and shrubs in all departments and schools of the nursery.

Table 8

The main activities for growing trees in school I

3.2.4. Calculation of laying trees and shrubs in the departments of reproduction and formation

In each department, in each school of the nursery, when growing seedlings and seedlings, they die off (partial death). The waste percentage is set by the relevant regulations. When calculating, the following percentages of dropout are conventionally accepted:

Propagation department (seed and cutting department): 13-30%

Formation department: School I: a) slow-growing trees - 5%

b) moderately growing trees - 10-15%

in) fast growing trees – 20%

d) shrubs - 15-20%

II school: a) slow-growing trees - 5-10%

b) moderately growing trees - 10-12%

c) fast growing trees - 12%

d) shrubs - 10-15%

III school: trees and shrubs - 5%

Initial data for calculations are taken from tables 6 and 7.

Table 9

Calculation of the laying of cultivated trees, shrubs and vines in the departments of reproduction and formation

Types of woody plants

Special purpose

Release plan, pcs.

breeding department

Formation department

sowing branch

cutting branch

I school

II school

III school

bookmark

% waste

release

bet

% waste

release

bet

% waste

release

bet

% waste

release

bet

% waste

release

waste

Norway spruce

tapeworm

20/2267

20/1889

12/1012

5/402

Linden small-leaved

alley

20/777

10/353

10/321

….

…

….

3.2.5. Calculation of production areas and crop rotations

In order to calculate one field in a department or school, it is necessary to multiply the feeding area of one plant by the number of plants planned for planting.

The area of nutrition per plant for the departments of the nursery is calculated by the student, depending on the scheme of sowing and planting of cultivated tree species adopted by him. Here the student designs crop rotations. The basis for determining the area of crop rotations is the timing of growing plants by school. In cases where seedlings are released with a lump, it is necessary to include fields for restoration in the crop rotation: the delivery of land, planning. In the text part, the student must justify the number of crop rotation fields accepted by him, the choice of fallow or fallows (clean, occupied or green manure). Enter the obtained data in table 10.

Feeding areas per 1 plant in the breeding section: a) sowing section - 0.01 m 2;

b) cutting branch - 0.03 m 2 ( green cuttings– 0,07);

in the formation department: a) School I: trees- 0.5 m 2, shrubs- 0.25 m 2;

b) II school trees- 1.0 m 2, shrubs- 0.5 m 2;

c) III school - 2.25 - 9 m 2

Table 10

Calculation of the total area

Name of departments and groups of plants	Growing time, years	Bookmark, pcs.	Feeding area per 1 plant, m 2	Area of one field, m 2	Number of crop rotation fields, pcs	Net production area, m 2	Total production area, m 2
breeding department
sowing branch

…
cutting branch
…

Formation department
Ischool		trees
shrubs
	trees
shrubs
…	trees
shrubs
II school		trees
shrubs
…	trees
shrubs
	trees
shrubs
III school		trees
shrubs
	trees
shrubs
…	trees
shrubs
Total:

Note: In the breeding department, 50% of the net production area is added to roadsides and paths; in the formation department - only 10% for roadsides. All this is included in general production area.

Bulbous plants present to soils quite high requirements. The area for planting bulbous plants should be flat, since water stagnates in the depressions in spring and autumn, which leads to the bulbs aging.

Almost all bulbous plants are photophilous and require a well-lit area for planting. The lack of sunlight leads to stretching and curvature of the stems, the bulbs do not reach normal sizes, become smaller and eventually degenerate.

Plantings of bulbous plants must be protected from strong and cold winds, which shorten the flowering period and cause the plants to lodging.

The soil for most bulbous and bulbous flower plants should be permeable, moisture-intensive, rich in humus. Sandy and loamy soils are best suited. Clay soils are also suitable, but their structure must first be improved by introducing large river sand and peat. Purely sandy soils are of little use, since they dry out easily and during the growing season the bulbs suffer from uneven moisture, but this disadvantage can be eliminated by watering.

When preparing the soil for bulbs, manure is applied to increase its fertility for previous crops. The best way to prepare the soil is a three-year grass culture, especially if there is a good stand in the last year and subsequent plowing in the fall for a spring crop, such as potatoes. Under the potatoes are usually brought high doses fertilizers that enrich the soil with nutrients, in addition, during the growth of potatoes and after harvesting, the soil is cultivated in order to control weeds, which improves its structure. Manure is not applied directly under the bulbs.

For bulbous plants, deep tillage is most desirable, but it is recommended only for powerful soils that are homogeneous in their profile. It can be carried out either with a plow with a subsoiler, or more deep processing tractor-drawn cultivator along the field with distances of 60-70 cm and subsequent plowing across the field. On thin soils, good results are obtained by gradual plowing of the subsurface layer, accompanied by the application of fertilizers. Following deepening and plowing, it is desirable to carry out several cultivations to kill weeds and loosen the soil. However, it should be remembered that this operation cannot be carried out on waterlogged soil, especially if it contains a lot of clay or silt particles, as this worsens the soil structure.

For bulbous plants, soils with a slightly acidic, neutral or slightly alkaline reaction, pH 6--7, are suitable.

Many small-bulb plants, such as tuberose, can be successfully grown on medium loam and garden soils.

Hyacinths prefer light, sandy, nutrient-rich, non-acidic soils. 2 months before planting, plowing is carried out to a depth of 25–30 cm, and then disking and leveling.

Fertilizers. For restocking nutrients and improve soil structure, apply organic fertilizers (manure, bird droppings, peat, compost). Horse and sheep manure burns faster, and therefore it is recommended to use it for longer heavy soils. Cattle manure, as well as pig manure, decomposes in the soil more slowly, and its effect is longer. This type of manure should be applied on light sandy soils. It is best to apply well-decomposed manure - humus - under bulbous plants. During the autumn planting of bulbs, it is plowed in during the main processing, and during spring planting, humus is introduced during autumn plowing. Sometimes separate application is used. One part with the addition of mineral fertilizers is given during plowing, and the second is left to cover the plants. In the latter case, semi-rotted and even fresh manure can be used, which will protect the plants from the cold in winter and protect the soil from drying out in summer. The application rate of manure is 40-50 tons per hectare.

Highly good fertilizer is properly prepared compost composed of various remnants animal and vegetable origin. Depending on the composition of the soil, 80 12 0 tons are applied per hectare.

To improve the physical properties of the soil and replenish it with nutrients, well-weathered meadow peat is used. Peat contains less nutrients than manure, so mineral fertilizers are added to it. The average application rate of peat is 60 - 80 tons per hectare.

Green manure is a good type of organic fertilizer. Green manure leguminous plants are divided into winter and spring. Autumn green manure plants include narrow-leaved lupine (white and yellow), hairy vetch, field pea, and rank. Summer green manures include soybeans, peas, horse beans, alfalfa, clover. To restore the structure of the soil and increase its fertility, it is recommended to use crops of mixtures of leguminous plants with cereals, for example, a vetch-oat mixture.

All green manure crops are usually plowed in during the accumulation period. most green mass, but no later than three months before planting the bulbs. Green manure should be plowed to a depth of 20-25 cm, depending on the quantity and quality of green mass.

In addition to organic fertilizers, mineral fertilizers are applied under the bulbous plants. From nitrogen fertilizers, these are ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrosulfate, sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride, double superphosphate, calcium phosphate, phosphate rock, from potassium potassium salts, potassium chloride. Straw and wood ash are very good potash fertilizers. Currently, granular fertilizers are most often widely used, for example, superphosphate or ammonium nitrate with an application rate of 1.5-2.0 centners per hectare.

Fertilizer with nitrogen favorably affects the multiplication factor. Lack of nitrogen leads to a decrease in the yield of bulbs, leaf mass, stem length, flower size, delays flowering. Phosphorus fertilizers do not have a direct effect on the crop, but mixed with potash fertilizers, they stimulate the development of the flower stem. The introduction of nitrogen with potassium helps to increase the number of full-fledged bulbs.

Absorption of nutrients begins in autumn (simultaneously with the growth of roots). The better developed the root system, the more actively it stores nutrients in autumn and spring, which means that the plant will be stronger and healthier.

Usually, phosphorus and potash fertilizers are applied in full when preparing the soil, and nitrogen fertilizers when planting bulbs.

Easily soluble fertilizers are used for top dressing: in the fall, ammonium nitrate at the rate of 2.5 - 4 centners per hectare or urea (2.0 - 2.5), in the spring - ammonium nitrate (2.5 - 3), or potassium sulfate ( 1 - 1.5).

On relatively good structural soils, the ratio of nutrients is considered normal 1: 1: 1, i.e. nitrogen 45, phosphorus 45 and potassium 0.51 centners per hectare.

Planting material is reviewed before planting, diseased and non-standard appearance bulbs are removed. This is extremely important, since one diseased bulb, once planted, can infect many others.

During storage, the bulbs and corms are sorted by size, which takes into account the diameter, circumference. The number of parsing accepted in practice may vary, but the principle of sorting is the same. To prevent various diseases, the bulbs are pickled in a solution of 0.4 - 0.6% TMTD for 15 - 20 minutes or in a 0.2 - 0.4% bentalate solution for 30 minutes. 0.2% topsin is also used.

After wet processing, the bulbs should be planted immediately, as moisture promotes root formation. With a delay in planting, the roots easily break off, but new ones do not form in place of the damaged ones.

To increase the multiplication factor, stimulate the growth of bulbs, soak them before planting for 30 minutes in a mixture of growth substances - indoleacetic acid (0.01 - 0.02%), gibberellin (0.003) and kinetin (0.02%) . This technique allows you to increase the yield of daughter bulbs by 40%.

Bulbs should not be dressed, but it is better to replace dressing with soil disinfection. Very effective in the fight against kidney infection is a pesticide of complex action - carbation, which has fungi, herbi, and nematocidal properties.

Carbation (2.5--3%) is applied to loose, moistened soil a month before planting at a temperature not lower than 10 ° C and an air temperature not lower than 5 and not higher than 20 ° C.

You can not grow bulbs in the same area for several years in a row. This contributes to the accumulation of pathogenic substances in the soil. Therefore, plants are returned to their old place only after 4-5 years.

Bulbs and corms planted in the soil can remain in one place for a number of years. A transplant is necessary when the nests formed over the years become too large and require separation. In large nests, the bulbs begin to shrink in size as sufficient feeding area is not provided. Thus, relatively fast-growing bulbous and corm-bulbous plants are transplanted in the 3rd-4th year, for example, crocus, blueberry, chionodoxa, muscari, and slowly breeding in the 3rd-10th year, for example, hazel grouse, kandyk, etc. Recently, the experience of many farms engaged in the cultivation of tulips, daffodils, hyacinths, lilies for reproduction shows that it is better to dig up annually. At the same time, the mass and number of large bulbs increase, especially in tulips, which every year produce more offspring, otherwise they form a lot of children, but do not increase the size of the bulbs. Cleaning and planting in a new place can protect bulbous plants from certain diseases and pests, and facilitate weed control. However, it is better to grow a baby to flowering in one place for 2-3 years, while reducing the loss of planting material that is inevitable when moving it from one area to another, saving working time.

Important, the timing of excavation is important. The highest quality bulbs are obtained at optimal harvest times for each variety. Harvesting should begin as soon as the bulbs ripen and be completed as soon as possible. With early digging, the bulb does not have time to mature, and its integumentary scales do not form, which is the reason for less stability during storage. In addition, the multiplication factor and decorative qualities of the variety on next year are declining. A delay in digging leads to a significant loss of yield, since the aerial part of the plant is missing, the search for bulbs is difficult, besides, their nests crumble by that time and many small children remain in the soil. The situation is also complicated by the fact that the bulbs in this case are a source of nutrition for pathogenic bacteria. This devalues the importance of crop rotation as a means of combating soil pests and diseases.

Small bulbs are dug up when the foliage dries. Make it more convenient bayonet shovel with a flat edge. Choose bulbs and babies from the soil carefully, each variety separately. Dry the bulbs of tulips and daffodils at a temperature of 22-24 ° C for 1.5-2 weeks, then clean them from old scales, dry roots and earth, sort by size and store until planting at a temperature of 18-20 degrees. For the first 10 days after digging, it is advisable to warm hyacinths at 30 ° C, then store at 25 ° C for 5 weeks, then lower the temperature to 17 ° C and maintain this until planting. Small-bulbous crops are best planted immediately after digging, but if necessary, bulbs can be stored for 1-2 months at 18-20°C.

The dug bulbs are placed in baskets or small boxes(at the same time, the bulbs should lie in a loose layer to ensure good ventilation) or they are left for 1-2 days outdoors in shady places.

After listening, they begin to clean the bulbs from the ground, the remnants of the stems, leaves and dead roots. In industrial production, a machine is used to clean the bulbs. cylindrical shape used for peeling potatoes. There are also a number of other types of machines. In some sorting machines there are devices not only for cleaning the bulbs from the soil, but also for sorting them by size. After sorting, the bulbs are placed in storage. For normal storage, they are placed on racks in two layers in special baskets or boxes with holes in the walls. During storage, a certain regime of temperature and humidity, as well as ventilation, is of great importance. These factors ensure the normal course of the formation of packs of the future replacement bulb and flower organs. In the first 25 - 30 days the temperature should be about 22 C, the humidity should not exceed 70%. Intensive ventilation is necessary - 15-20 times per hour.

This prevents mold and bulb rot More low temperature leads to disruption or even cessation of flower development inside the bulb. In August, the temperature is first reduced to 20 C, and then to 15--17, and ventilation is reduced to 4-5 times per hour.

Bulbs should be inspected periodically during storage. Destroy soft, sluggish bulbs, as they are usually affected by pests or diseases. Tulip bulbs must also be discarded in cases where yellowish, white spots or rotted areas appear on the outer scales. Darkened daffodil bulbs infected with Fusarium and soft hyacinth bulbs with an unpleasant odor affected by bacterial rot are also subject to destruction.

The duration of growing seedlings in school department determined by their purpose. For forestry purposes, seedlings are grown for 2-4 years, and for landscaping, tree species are grown for 6-12 years, and shrubs for 2-3 years.

Agricultural technology for growing seedlings in the school department. When growing seedlings, one to three plant transplants are used with a gradual increase in the feeding area. For this purpose, the first, second and third schools are organized. 1-2-year-old seedlings are planted in the first school with a distance between rows of 0.8 m, placement in a row after 0.5 m. Three-four-year-old seedlings are planted in the second school with placement of 1x1 m or 1.5x1. the third school - six-eight-year-old seedlings with placement of 3x2 m. Before planting in the school, planting material is sorted; cut off damaged roots and renew or shorten the root system to 15-25 cm for conditions with normal moisture and up to 20-30 cm for areas with insufficient moisture. After pruning, the roots are dipped in a mash, consisting of a liquid mixture of humus or peat with earth.

The soil in the tree school is cultivated to a greater depth than in the sowing section, but the tillage systems in the crop rotation fields are similar to those used in the sowing section. The depth of plowing the soil in the school department is determined by the size of the root systems of the grown seedlings. In the first school, the main plowing in the forest and forest-steppe zones is carried out to a depth of 30-35 cm, and in the steppe zone to 35-40 cm. In the second school, to a depth of 35-40 cm and 40-50 cm, respectively, and in the third school - by 45-50 and 55-60 cm. Regardless of the depth of tillage, fertilizers are applied to the upper 20-30 cm layer, i.e. in the zone of the main mass of the roots of seedlings.

Pre-planting tillage is carried out without turning the layer to the depth of planting seedlings or saplings. In the first school, for planting seedlings and rooted cuttings, the soil is loosened to a depth of 25-30 cm with a PKL-4-35 plow (with moldboardless bodies), then harrows or a KRG-3.6 cultivator cultivator are used. For planting seedlings in the second and third schools, the soil is loosened by 45-50 cm with plantation plows without mouldboards with simultaneous harrowing. Additional pre-plant tillage includes leveling the soil surface and more thorough loosening soil cutters(FP-2, FPSh-1.3). Schools hardwood lay in spring and autumn, and conifers, as a rule, in spring.

It is more expedient to grow seedlings in combined schools, in which woody plants with a growing period of 6-12 years are planted in rows at a distance of 2.4-4.5 m from one another. Between these rows of tree species, two or four rows of shrubs are planted with a growing period of 2-3 years. Thus, in one rotation of tree species, two or more rotations of shrubs take place. At the same time, as a result of repeated digging of shrubs, the formation of the root system occurs in tree seedlings left at school, due to bilateral cutting of their roots with a digging bracket.

When growing seedlings of coniferous species for silvicultural purposes, combined schools are used with compacted placement of coniferous trees. In this case, three or five rows of spruce seedlings or a multiple of them with a growing period of 2-3 years alternate with a common row of deciduous trees or conifers with a growing period of 6-12 years. In a row, spruce seedlings are planted after 0.1-0.2 m, and breeds with a long growing period - after 0.7-1 m.

Spruce seedlings with a biological age of 4-6 years are grown in a compacted school. Compaction is achieved through the use of narrow row spacing and a small planting step. The planting pattern is tape, consisting of 2-5 rows. The distance between the rows in the tape is used from 0.4 to 0.2 m, the planting step is 10-20 cm. Before planting the spruce seedlings in school, their roots are cut, which ensures the formation of a well-developed, compact root system. When planting 2-year-old seedlings at school, spruce roots are cut in such a way that the length of the root system is within 15-18 cm.

When laying a compacted school, the soil is plowed to a depth of 30-35 cm. Planting is mechanized. The most promising five-section landing machine SSHP-5/3. In one pass, she can plant a ribbon consisting of three or five rows of seedlings. Planting density by machine is up to 330 thousand plants per hectare.

When planting, the root neck should be 1-2 cm below the soil surface in non-arid areas, and 3-5 cm in dry areas. Planted plants are straightened so that they stand straight; the soil around them is compacted so that the roots are in close contact with the soil. After that, the soil is loosened, and in arid areas, with a lack of moisture, it is watered. Then, care is carried out, consisting in loosening the soil, weeding, watering, fertilizing, forming a stem and crown, and controlling pests and diseases. Loosening the soil contributes not only to the accumulation and conservation of moisture, but also to obtaining planting material with a compact and well-branched root system.

Fruit school. Most cultivated fruit plants propagate vegetatively. Most often, varietal seedlings are grown for these purposes by grafting a cultivar. In this case, the valuable traits and properties of the mother trees of the grafted plant are well preserved in the offspring, and it begins to bear fruit earlier.

The plant that is grafted onto is called stock, and the grafted eye, the stalk - scion. Frost, drought resistance and other qualities of cultivated fruit seedlings largely depend on the quality of the rootstocks, so it is necessary to pay special attention to the origin of the rootstocks. They must be adapted to local soil and climatic conditions, grow well with the scion, provide the grafted tree with good growth vigor, early fruiting, high yield, durability, resistance to adverse factors, pests and diseases. The rootstocks used must be well developed, have a branched root system and a certain thickness of the root collar.

Fruit trees are more demanding on soil quality than tree species, therefore, when laying fruit schools, they place increased demands on soil and soil conditions and tillage, and when growing seedlings, on a fertilizer system.

Most grafted seedlings fruit trees implement at 2 years of age, which is determined by the age of the cultural escape. The best way to prepare the soil for laying a fruit school on a fallow field is plantation plowing. Plowing is carried out to a depth of 50-60 cm with a skimmer. Under the main plowing, organic fertilizers (manure, compost) are applied at the rate of 30-60 t/ha and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers - 80-90 kg/ha according to AI, immediately after planting, the soil is cultivated and harrowed.

In the first field, seedlings (called rootstocks or wilds) are planted, grafted and cared for. Before planting, rootstocks and the aerial part are cut off at the rootstocks. Rootstocks are planted in spring or autumn with a distance between rows of 0.8 m and in a row of 0.3-0.2 m.

In the early spring of the next year (the 2nd field is a field of 1-year-old seedlings) or in the late autumn of the previous year, the stem of the stock is cut into a spike at a height of 15-20 cm from the grafting (budding) site. A young cultural shoot is tied to the left thorn. At the end of summer, sometimes the following spring, the thorn is cut at an angle of 45 °, leaving no stump. Fruit seedlings in recent times, as a rule, are grown without a thorn. For this in early spring rootstocks are cut over the accustomed eye. After the cultivated shoots reach a height of 20-25 cm, they are spudded with earth, and strongly deviated ones are tied to a peg. This turns out to be cheaper than leaving and cutting off the thorns from seedlings in the future.

Care for 1-year-old seedlings during the summer consists of removing shoots on rootstocks, loosening the soil, weeding, periodic watering and pest control, pinching shoots to regulate the growth of occulants and feeding plants.

In the third year (3rd field - a field of 2-year-old seedlings), row-spacings are cultivated, weeds are destroyed, plants are watered and fertilized; root top dressing of 1-2-year-old seedlings is carried out in the spring, introducing 100-200 kg / ha between rows ammonium nitrate, 100-150 kg/ha of superphosphate and 50-60 kg/ha of potassium salt. The second top dressing is performed in the phase active growth seedlings with reduced doses of mineral fertilizers applied to moist soil.

On the 2nd and 3rd fields of the fruit school, the formation of the stem and the foundations of the future crown (branches of the first tier or branches of a non-tiered form) is carried out. The formation of the crown begins with the formation of a stem in seedlings. The stem height of seedlings, i.e. the size of the stem from the ground to the first knot of the crown, for each breed and variety must comply with the current specifications. On average, the trunk size is 60-80 cm. The fourth field is occupied by fallow.

If it is necessary to grow seedlings of berry bushes, berry schools are organized. In contrast to fruit trees, berry plants most often propagate by winter stem cuttings (currants, grapes) and root suckers (summer planting of raspberries) or layering (gooseberries, etc.). By analogy with tree schools in fruit schools, it is also possible to grow seedlings of fruit and berry bushes using combined schemes.

8.3 Mother plantation. Vegetative propagation of trees and shrubs is possible by cuttings, root offspring, layering, division of bushes and grafting. cutting called part of the shoot or root used for vegetative propagation. Cuttings are winter stem, green and root.

Winter stem cuttings are of the greatest production value. They are harvested from 1-year-old and less often 2-year-old shoots, which are cut from young plants during the dormant period, after the onset of leaf fall or in early spring before the start of sap flow. Shoots on cuttings are cut immediately before planting. For cuttings, the middle and lower parts of the shoots with well-developed buds are used. When planting forest cultures, cuttings 25-30 cm long are taken. The cut cuttings are tied into bunches of 50 or 100 pieces. upper ends in one direction and stored until planting in conditions that do not allow drying and starting to grow. Winter stem cuttings are widely used in the propagation of poplars, willows, grapes, currants and other species.

green, or summer, cuttings are called part of a growing shoot with leaves or needles, cut off in the phase of incipient lignification, while it is still quite flexible.

root cuttings - root segments used as planting material. This planting material can breed breeds that form root offspring. Root offspring are used in the form of a segment of the root or rhizome of the mother plant (poplar, aspen, cherry, euonymus, etc.) with the offspring present on it.

layering mainly used in horticulture. Propagation by layering is essentially close to propagation by cuttings. The difference lies in the fact that in cuttings, roots form on parts of the shoot separated from the mother plant, while in cuttings, the connection with the mother plant is preserved. The rooted part of the shoot after separation from the mother plant is an independent individual. The formation of layering can be observed in the forest, especially often in linden, fir, when their lower branches, bent down to the ground, take root in a natural way.

The division of the bushes consists in dissecting them into separate specimens having above-ground and underground parts.

Graft- a special method of vegetative propagation. With it, an eye (sleeping bud) or a cutting of a propagated species (variety), called a scion, is fused with a stem of another species, called a stock. Best of all, the graft and stock of the same species grow together, but sometimes components belonging to different species, genera and even families are grafted.

Mother plantations of poplars and willows. Mother plantations of poplars and willows are created to obtain cuttings used for silvicultural work and growing cuttings. Plantations are laid in areas with a flat relief, sufficiently fertile and moist soils. Flooded areas for plantations should not be taken away. For laying the mother plantation selected the best views and varieties of poplars and willows.

Soils for plantations are prepared according to the black fallow system with the main plowing to a depth of 35-50 cm. In this case, the plowing depth should be 5-8 cm more than the length of the planted cuttings. Manure or compost (20-100 t / ha) is applied before the main plowing.

Lay uterine plantations in spring or autumn with cuttings, seedlings and 1-year-old cuttings. Plantations are laid in a bush or standard form. On bush plantations of poplar and tree-like willow, the distance between bushes is 1x1, 1x1.5 and 1.5x1.5 m, and on standard plantations of these species 2x2 and 2x3 m. Poplar cuttings planted in the plantation should have a length of 20-25 cm, and in the southern areas up to 30 cm and a thickness at the upper cut of 0.6-2 cm for poplar and 0.4-1.0 cm for willow. Cuttings are planted flush with the soil surface, leaving the top bud open.

When laying a plantation with 2-year-old cuttings, the root system is cut, leaving the main roots at least 15 cm long. At the same time, the aerial part is shortened, leaving a stump up to 10-12 cm high. After planting, the soil is loosened, and if necessary, then watered. Plantations need to be regularly maintained: loosen the soil, weed weeds, fertilize, fight diseases and pests, and in dry conditions, in addition, water the soil.

In the first year after laying the mother plantation, regardless of whether the whips have reached or not reached the required size for cutting cuttings from them, the whips are cut at a height of 3 cm from the soil surface. This contributes to the formation of new shoots from dormant buds. In the second and subsequent years, the whips are cut 3-5 cm higher than the previous one. After 5-6 years of operation, the whips are not cut for 1 year, and in the autumn preceding this year, the row-spacing is shallowly plowed, and fertilizers are applied at the same time. The next year after the rest of the plantation, it is rejuvenated by cutting 2-year-old shoots near the ground. After rejuvenation, the plantation is operated for another 5-6 years, and only 10-12 years.

Cut whips are tied into bundles of 50-100 pieces. of each species and variety separately and stored until planting in cellars interbedded with slightly damp sand, in trenches or under snow. Each bundle must have a label indicating the breed and variety. When harvesting a large number shoots in the fall for spring planting they are stored in trenches 1.5 m deep and a width equal to the length of the shoots. A trench is dug in a dry place, a layer of fresh sand is poured on its bottom, and bunches of shoots are laid in rows on it. Rows of shoots are interbedded with spruce branches or straw. From above, the trench is covered with earth, and in winter, in addition, with snow, which is covered with straw. Shoots cut in spring are stored in trenches up to 0.5 m deep or under snow in a shaded place.

Lecture 9 - Growing seedlings and seedlings in the closed ground of a forest nursery

Plan

9.1 Covered ground and types of greenhouses

9.2 Growing seedlings with an open root system

9.3 Growing planting material with a closed root system

9.1 Covered ground and types of greenhouses. The closed ground of a forest nursery is a part of the sowing, school or uterine departments of the nursery, intended for growing planting material in greenhouses, greenhouses or greenhouses. For the cultivation of forest planting material in closed ground, stationary and portable greenhouses of various types coated with synthetic films are used. Stationary greenhouses are arched and block type, as well as portable (mobile) small large.

Arched greenhouses have supporting structures in the form of arches. Currently the most common arched greenhouses 2-4 m high, 10-4 m long, 4-8 m wide.

Stationary greenhouses of block type consist of separate blocks with dimensions: height in the cornice 2.2 m, in the ridge 4.1 m, width 6 m, length 48 m.

Small mobile greenhouses- these are greenhouses in which work on caring for crops is performed after the removal of polyethylene coatings.

Large-sized mobile greenhouses allow you to move them from place to place, but at the same time, take care of the planting material without removing the film coatings.

Growing planting material in closed ground allows you to create favorable conditions microclimate (temperature and humidity of air and soil, illumination, carbon dioxide content and mineral nutrition) for seedlings and seedlings.

The efficiency of using greenhouses largely depends on the choice of location and their location on the area. Soils should be sandy or sandy. They can be light and medium loams, but in this case, a 15-20 cm layer of sand is poured under the ridges to improve drainage. The groundwater level should be no closer than 1.5 m, and the site should be flat or with a slight slope. Necessary condition organization of a greenhouse - the availability of sources of water supply. Polyethylene film is not very durable. Therefore, greenhouses should be located under the protection of forest walls or provide for the planting of windproof forest belts, which should be at such a distance so as not to obscure or reduce the illumination of the greenhouse. It is unacceptable to build greenhouses in low places. Under these conditions, it accumulates excess moisture, frosts last for a long time and there is a lack of lighting.

9.2 Growing seedlings with an open root system. When growing seedlings in closed ground, stationary and small-sized mobile greenhouses with a polyethylene coating are used. The last to cover crops in ordinary nurseries on mineral soils. When carrying out work, such coatings are removed. These greenhouses do not provide comprehensive mechanization of work and maintain optimal environmental conditions, and therefore are rarely used. These shortcomings are absent in stationary greenhouses, where the bulk of seedlings are grown.

For growing seedlings in stationary greenhouses, a loose substrate is used, which is weakly compacted and does not require loosening, is poorly populated with grass seeds, has antiseptic properties and does not have infectious fungal diseases. Optimal conditions mineral nutrition of seedlings is provided by impregnating the substrate with solutions containing necessary elements mineral food.

Growing seedlings in polyethylene greenhouses has the following advantages compared to open ground: sowing seeds can be started 2 weeks earlier; the seeding rate per 1 m of the seed furrow is reduced by 30-40%; soil germination of seeds is 3-5 times higher, and the yield of seedlings per unit area is 4-7 times higher; the growth period of seedlings is extended by several weeks; the intensity of photosynthesis increases, and transpiration decreases; the period of cultivation of standard planting material is reduced by 1 year.

Work in greenhouses begins much earlier than in open ground. Therefore, in the fall, all the necessary preparatory work is carried out, and in early spring the greenhouses are covered with plastic wrap, the substrate is brought in, and then the seeds are sown.

The best substrate for growing seedlings of pine, spruce and larch is fertilized fresh slightly decomposed (decomposition degree 5-10%) sphagnum high-moor peat. It is weakly compacted and does not require loosening, is sparsely populated with grass seeds, has antiseptic properties and does not have an infection of fungal diseases. Peat is harvested in autumn. In early spring, it is mixed with lime, phosphate and potash fertilizers, which are applied in accordance with the accepted doses. Then the peat is brought into the greenhouse and scattered with a layer of 15-18 cm.

Pre-sowing preparation of seeds is carried out in the same way as when sowing in open ground, but with the obligatory subsequent treatment with fungicides. The seeding depth should be close to 0.5 cm. After sowing, the soil is lightly rolled and watered abundantly.

During the period of seed germination, in order to preserve heat and humidity of the air and increase the temperature in the greenhouse, it is ventilated minimally. After germination, when the seedlings are especially sensitive to overheating, during the hot hours of the day (from 11 am to 4 pm), the greenhouses are ventilated so that the relative humidity does not fall below 60%. In the future (from about June 20 to mid-July), during the formation of the root system and the assimilation apparatus of seedlings, the intensity of ventilation increases. After that, it is reduced in such a way as to ensure the air temperature is within 20-30 ° C, and the air humidity is 75-85%. From the middle or the second half of August, the greenhouses are gradually opened, which leads to the alignment of the hydrothermal regime in the greenhouse with the conditions of open ground. By the time the film is completely removed, the stem is lignified and the plant hardens.

Irrigation of crops is carried out in the first half of the growing season (May, June), daily (in rainy and cloudy weather after 1-2 days), then after 2-3 days, and from mid-August once a week. The frequency and intensity of irrigation is set according to the degree of substrate moisture.

During the period of the most intensive growth of seedlings, liquid nitrogen fertilizers are applied. For this purpose, an irrigation system is used. The need for weeding crops on slightly decomposed sphagnum high-moor peat is usually negligible and loosening of the substrate is usually not required.

With careful observance of the technology of growing seedlings on sphagnum peat, there is usually no damage to seedlings and seedlings by diseases. However, high temperature and poor aeration of the air in the greenhouse create prerequisites for the development of fungal diseases. Therefore, constant forest pathological supervision should be established for crops, and in the event of the appearance of diseases, the necessary control measures are taken.

Seedlings are usually dug up in early spring, 5-10 days after covering the greenhouse with a film, after the snow melts and the soil thaws. Due to the fact that by the time the seedlings are dug up, the soil on the forestry area and in the school department has not yet thawed, these seedlings are stored in glaciers until planting.

9.3 Growing planting material with a closed root system. To increase the survival rate of seedlings and seedlings and to lengthen the planting time of crops, planting material with a closed root system is used. It is grown in various containers for root systems: peat pots with a full range of organomineral fertilizers; cups made of paper, cellulose or cardboard, gradually decomposing in the soil; plastic cups, sleeves and tubes with longitudinal slits or perforations for roots to come out; peat or peat-soil briquettes different shapes and sizes with or without a retaining perforated plastic sheath; porous briquettes synthetic materials etc.

You can get planting material with a closed root system by growing seedlings (most often 1-year-old) in containers, pots, etc. or by planting the roots of already grown seedlings in a special substrate or containers with a substrate, followed by growing seedlings for 1.5-2 months under a film or 3 months in open ground. During the growing period, the substrate moisture content is maintained at 70-80%. By the end of this period, it is reduced to 55-60%. In this state, the briquettes become strong and suitable for transportation and mechanized planting.

Tree seedlings can be grown in polyethylene rolls. In this case, a 35 cm wide polyethylene tape is used, on which a 1-3 cm substrate layer is applied, consisting of a mixture of finely ground peat with mineral fertilizers. Seedlings are placed on the substrate layer every 15 cm on both sides, and then a second substrate layer of the same thickness is poured on top of them.

After that, the tape is rolled up, tied with twine and cut across into two halves. Ready rolls are installed in the greenhouse tightly one to the other; the air spaces formed between the rolls are filled with peat or soil. With this growing technology, 1.2-1.4 million seedlings are placed per 1 ha of the greenhouse.

Folding paper containers (cassettes) are also used. In this case, first, a flat workpiece resembling an accordion is stretched, and a honeycomb block (cassette) is obtained, which is fixed in a frame and filled with a dry substrate. Then one dry seed is sown in each cell. Finished blocks in the form of boxes enter the greenhouse.

Filling blocks with substrate and sowing seeds can be carried out throughout the year, after which they are stored in special rooms at a certain humidity and temperature until they are transferred to the greenhouse. Under the film, the plants are grown for 8 weeks, and then in the open field.

Growing planting material with a closed root system allows planting throughout the frost-free period of the year and has a high survival rate of crops; the root system of seedlings and seedlings is not damaged when they are planted in crops; the presence of a substrate enriched with elements of mineral food increases the viability of planted plants. However, the excessive fertility of the substrate of pots, briquettes, etc. harmful, since in this case, when planting seedlings on a forest area, as a result of a difference in the fertility of the substrate of the planting material and the soil, chemotropism of the roots is observed. This may affect the overall development of plants in the engraftment phase and at subsequent stages of crop growth and their resistance to adverse conditions. The composition of the nutrient substrate used for growing planting material with a closed root system, as well as the outer shell of a briquette, pot, etc. should not interfere with the normal development of root systems.

Lecture 10 - Technical acceptance of work. Digging and storage of planting material with an open and closed root system

Plan

10.1 Technical acceptance of works

10.2 Stock inventory

10.3 Digging and storage of planting material with an open root system

10.4 Storage of planting material with a closed root system

10.5 Transport of planting material

10.1 Technical acceptance of works. The technical acceptance of work and inventory of planting material is carried out by a special commission approved by the order of the director of the forestry enterprise, consisting of a representative of the forestry enterprise, a forest ranger or engineer, a technician, a representative of a trade union organization and a foreman, who is assigned to receive and inventory sites. When the nursery is on an independent balance, the commission is formed by order of the director of the nursery. This work is formalized by an act, on the basis of which the corresponding marks are made in the book of the forest nursery.

The technical acceptance of crops in the nursery is carried out after the emergence of seedlings, but no later than the first month from the date of sowing, the technical acceptance of work on laying school branches, as well as plantations - no later than 10 days from the date of completion of work. During the technical acceptance of work in the sowing and school departments, attention is paid to compliance with the sowing schemes recommended by the project and the placement of seedlings in the school, the seeding rate and the seeding depth. The quality of soil preparation, the state of crops and plantings on the day of acceptance are determined, the reasons for the unsatisfactory state of crops and plantings are indicated, and measures are outlined to correct the deficiencies.

10.2 Inventory of planting material. Every year after the end of the growing season, but before the start of the autumn digging of seedlings and seedlings, i.e. from September 1 to November 1, depending on the forest zone in which the nursery is located, an inventory of forest planting material is carried out - the area of crops and plantings, the quantity and quality of seedlings and seedlings grown in the forest nursery are determined.

Inventory of seedlings in the sowing department carried out by the method of diagonal moves. With uniform placement of seedlings in lines, 2% are subject to recalculation, and with uneven placement - 4% of meters of sowing lines for each breed and each age of seedlings. The counting of seedlings by the method of diagonal moves is carried out on the accounting segments of the sowing lines with a length equal to 2 or 4% of the average length of the sowing line in this area. For this purpose, a cord is pulled along the diagonal of the plot, from which, at the intersections with the sowing rows, an accounting segment is laid along each row along each row, on which all seedlings are counted. The total number of seedlings on the site is determined by multiplying the found average number of seedlings by 1 m by the total number of meters of seed rows on the site.

To find the total number of standard seedlings, planting material is measured at the accounting segments (the height of the aerial part and the diameter of the root collar) and the data obtained are compared with the requirements of GOSTs for seedlings and seedlings. If there are up to 10 thousand seedlings on the site, 100 plants are measured; if there are from 10 to 50 thousand pieces on the site, 250 seedlings are measured; with a total number of seedlings in the area from 50 to 100 thousand pieces. measurements are made in 350 plants, with a larger number of seedlings on the site (more than 100 thousand pieces), 500 seedlings are taken for measurement.

In nurseries with a large sowing department, in order to reduce labor costs and time, it is recommended to carry out an inventory in two steps. At the first reception, a trial inventory is carried out to establish the minimum number of accounting segments necessary to obtain reliable data during the main inventory. The length of the accounting segment is taken with this method constant, 0.5 m. Trial inventory, regardless of the area of the site, is carried out on 20 segments. In the second step, the main inventory is carried out on the accounting segments, the number of which is determined during the trial inventory.

Each land owner plans to use it for certain purposes. Most often this is breeding and cultivating a garden. For the proper organization of work, an agrotechnical garden plan is required. It includes several main areas of economic activity. The first step is site preparation.

The next step is the zoning of the site, when it is determined where and what will be planted. Then, in accordance with the requirements for each type of plant, soil preparation is carried out.

At this stage, mineral and organic fertilizers are applied to the soil and preparatory work is carried out for planting. The last step is the acquisition and preparation of planting material.

What does gardening include

Of all types of agricultural work, gardening occupies a special place. Gardens can be fruit, decorative or mixed. Gardening includes the following activities:

growing trees;
shrubs;
decorative flowers.

Trees are the main crop used in horticulture.

First of all, this applies to fruit trees and shrubs, which are always grown in individual garden plots. Decorative varieties are used in landscape design.

tree cultivation

For the middle lane, the most common are the following types fruit crops:

Apple trees are the undisputed leader in popularity. Apple trees differ in different terms of fruit ripening, which allows correct selection varieties to harvest throughout the summer-autumn season. Modern varieties are characterized by high yields and good resistance to.

Pears are more common in warm regions. They are quite unpretentious and do not require complex agrotechnical procedures for.

Cherry is one of the most favorite trees among gardeners. Its fruits can be eaten fresh or used for various purposes. recipes. Cherry varieties are described in this.

Kustarnikov

Shrubs are divided into berry and ornamental. They are planted both in orchards and in parks and squares. The most popular among gardeners are the following berry bushes:

raspberry;
gooseberry.

Currant is unpretentious in care and cultivation, has a great variety, differs in the color of the fruit. For example, red is considered healthier for eating when black is often used in preservation.

With proper care, these fruit bushes give a bountiful harvest of exceptionally useful berries. Shrub plants such as wild rose, honeysuckle or shadberry can be used as fruits or for decorative purposes.

Decorative flowers

Growing decorative flowers is an important area in gardening.

There are hundreds of different varieties of annuals, biennials and perennials with beautiful flowers. Decorative floriculture sets itself the following tasks:

satisfaction of aesthetic needs;
environmental improvement;
the formation of the artistic style of the garden.

Growing any horticultural crop requires the gardener to have basic knowledge of agricultural technology, the rules for planting and caring for plants.

Basic growing technologies

All types of plants can be grown both in open ground and in artificially created conditions of greenhouses and hotbeds.

In the open field

Growing plants outdoors puts gardeners in front of a number of certain tasks. First of all, this is due to the climatic conditions of the region. Often a stable and cyclical temperature regime fails. Then, instead of the expected moderate and snowy winter, very cold and rainless weather sets in. In such a situation, it is necessary to provide for the protection of plants from frost.

Another problem is related to the quality of the soil at the planting site. Most of them prefer loamy or sandy soils with low level acidity. Negative influence closely spaced groundwater affects the life processes of plants. In this case, measures must be taken to drain the land. The advantages of planting plants in open ground include an abundance of sunlight, fresh air and insect pollinators. Most consumers believe that fruits and vegetables grown in a greenhouse are worse in taste than those harvested from fruits grown in open areas.

In greenhouses and greenhouses

Growing certain types of cultivated plants in artificially created conditions, in some cases, is more rational than open breeding. A greenhouse or greenhouse allows the gardener to create such climatic conditions for the plant that are not characteristic of this region.

This is necessary for growing exotic fruit and berry crops as well as decorative flowers. In a greenhouse, it is easy to regulate parameters such as humidity and temperature.

Greenhouse, greenhouse or conservatory protect plants from negative environmental factors. By changing the parameters of plant maintenance, you can significantly increase the yield.

Some fruit plants, grown in greenhouses, allow you to get several crops in one season, which is impossible to achieve with traditional methods.

All gourds and the following fruits are well suited for greenhouse cultivation:

raspberry;
peach;
apricot;
nectarine.

Traditionally, strawberries are grown in greenhouses and decorative flowers. An important factor in favor of greenhouse cultivation is that in closed conditions, cultivated plants are practically not susceptible to diseases. In the greenhouse, it is easy to carry out preventive measures, and in the event of a lesion, it can be quickly neutralized.

Main activities

Gardening involves a certain number of agrotechnical measures, without which it is impossible to grow healthy plant and get a good harvest. The main activities include the following items:

Some activities should be carried out regularly, and some are associated with the time of year and periods of plant life. Such procedures are carried out in spring, summer or autumn.

tillage

Before planting cultivated plants, it is necessary to determine the level of soil acidity in the area. Then, depending on the needs of the plants, it should be made more acidic or, conversely, an overly acidic environment should be neutralized.

To increase the acidity of the soil, organic components such as manure, leaf compost or rotted sawdust are introduced into it. Soil neutralization up to normal level done with chalk dolomite flour or slaked lime.

In early spring, all the soil in the garden should be slightly loosened and leveled with a rake. This is necessary so that moisture is retained in the near-stem circles.

The soil should be mulched with a layer of humus 5-8 cm thick. Sawdust can be used instead of humus, but in this case it is necessary to increase the amount of nitrogen fertilizers, since sawdust takes it from the soil.

Throughout the season, and especially in summer, the soil should be regularly weeded from weeds, and after each rain, loosen it to a depth of 10-12 cm. its productivity. In mid-autumn, the soil should be dug up to a depth of 15-20 cm.

When performing all earthworks, special attention should be paid to the trunk circles in order to avoid damage to the root system.

Fertilization

Top dressing, organized by the application of mineral or organic fertilizers, is an important component of the entire life cycle of a plant. All fertilizers are divided into inorganic (mineral) and organic. To mineral fertilizers include substances that contain the most necessary components for the growth and development of plants. These are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The following inorganic fertilizers are used in horticulture:

There are also complex preparations such as "Nitroammophoska" and ready mixes for gardeners such as "Harvest", "Fertilizer for the lawn" and others. Minerals are the basis of plant nutrition, but they should be used with caution, as they destroy beneficial microorganisms for plants. Nitrogen fertilizers stimulate foliage formation, so they are usually applied to the soil in the spring. During the period of the appearance of buds and flowering, plants need phosphate fertilizers, and during fruiting, nitrogen fertilizers are excluded, and phosphorus and potash fertilizers are applied to the soil. Maximum effect achieved by alternating mineral and organic components. Organic fertilizers include the following products:

manure;
humus;
compost;
peat;
green manure.

All organic substances have high biological activity, so they should be used with caution, following the recommendations for each plant species. Fresh organics can severely burn the root system of the plant, in addition, natural ingredients may contain fungus and pathogens. It is better to use rotted manure or humus than a fresh product.

Ash is considered the safest organic fertilizer, but it greatly reduces the acidity of the soil, so it should be used together with acidic nitrogen fertilizers.

Seeding and planting

The life cycle of any plant begins with its sowing or planting. This procedure can be carried out in spring or autumn. Spring planting of seedlings is carried out at a positive round-the-clock temperature, before the buds begin to open on the trees. At the same time, landing pits should be prepared in the fall. Autumn planting is less preferable for the middle lane due to the possibility of unexpected frosts when the root system does not have time to take root.

Landing pits should be prepared 2-3 weeks before autumn planting.

With a close occurrence of groundwater, a drainage layer of fine gravel, pebbles or expanded clay is laid at the bottom of the pit. In the process of digging a hole, the top fertile layer of soil should be poured separately from the rest of the earth. Then it is mixed with fertilizers and poured onto the root system of the seedling. Fertilizers applied during planting are enough for the plant for 2-3 years, after which the soil should be fertilized.

Care

In addition to fertilizing, plant care includes watering and preventive measures against diseases and insects. Fruit trees also need crown formation. Watering horticultural crops depends on the type of plant and the weather conditions of the region. garden care, initial stage, must ensure the maximum survival of all plants, the development of the root system and the correct growth and development of the ground part of the plant. The main goal of competent care is to reduce the time from planting to harvest. Proper irrigation and pest control allows you to get a high yield and maintain a long fruiting cycle in a healthy tree.

Harvest and storage

The collection and storage of a crop is no less important than its cultivation. Fruits of cultivated plants reach maturity in certain time. There is the concept of botanical or removable maturity, when the accumulation of nutrients has ended in the fruits, after which the fruits can be easily separated from the stalk. Consumer maturity is formed in the process proper storage when the fruits ripen at home and acquire the desired color, taste and aroma.

garden tools

shovel, rake, pitchfork;
secateurs, hacksaws, garden knife;
wheelbarrow, ladder, sprayer.

Such a kit garden tools will allow you to perform all the necessary types of work.

garden plantations

Garden plantings include both natural plantings, directly on the ground, and auxiliary structures, which include arches, trellises and other elements. As ornamental plants creepers are often used, which, rising along the vertical walls, create real green curtains. garden arches used to frame paths or to decorate the entrance to the garden. They grow well on them. climbing roses and others climbing plants. A trellis is a lattice structure that serves as a support for green spaces. All garden structures can be made of wood, metal or plastic.

What is a plant neighborhood

When planning a garden, it should be borne in mind that some plants have a negative effect on each other, and should not be adjacent to each other. Other types of plants, on the contrary, provide biological assistance to their neighbors.

Landing patterns

Birch or maple should not be planted near fruit trees, as their powerful root system will deprive fruit trees nutrients. A pear goes well with grapes, and next to a cherry, it will constantly hurt. All types of currants can not be planted next to plum cherries or cherries. The apple tree also does not like cherries and cherries, but it grows well and develops next to the pear. Sweet cherry does not recognize any neighbors at all and must be planted separately. For all types of plants, there are compatibility tables, which indicate the normal neighborhood and a negative attitude towards closely planted plants.

Features of pollination

Many novice gardeners are surprised by the fact that, with active flowering, the yield is very small. Most often this is due to the absence of pollinating trees on the site. Usually, for this reason, cherries, plums and cherries do not bear fruit well. Since several apple trees are always planted on the site, this species suffers the least. Unlike pome fruit trees, stone fruits have very few self-fertile varieties, so they all need pollinating neighbors.

planting material

Planting material in horticulture is called seedlings, cuttings, layering, seeds and bulbs, that is, a product from which a full-fledged plant will grow.

seedlings

Fruit trees for the garden can be propagated different ways, but planting a seedling is considered the most convenient for the gardener.

A seedling purchased in a nursery can be considered a guarantee of successful cultivation of a healthy and fruitful plant from it.

One-year or two-year-old seedlings are considered the best for planting. They quickly adapt to new conditions. The roots of the seedling should be smooth without sores and rot. When cut, the root looks fresh and moist. The bark is smooth, without dark spots, on scraping it has a juicy green color. It is better if there are no leaves on the seedling.

seeds

In order to prepare the seeds for planting, a number of mandatory procedures are required. First, the seeds are disinfected. To do this, you need to prepare a 1% solution of potassium permanganate and rinse the seeds in it. Further, to activate the growth of roots, the seeds are soaked in biological stimulants. These may include the following drugs:

epin;
gibberellin;
sodium or potassium humate.

Usually, the period of exposure of seeds in solution depends on the type of plant and does not exceed two days. Next, the seeds undergo stratification, that is, hardening. To do this, the seeds are placed in wet sand, and the container is placed in the refrigerator. The stratification process usually takes 1-2 months. After that, they can be planted in a container with nutrient soil or directly into the soil.

Terms of work

All major garden work are carried out according to the seasons and each season has its own procedures.

spring

Spring is a hot season for gardeners, as the garden after wintering requires serious work. First, the garden area should be cleared of debris, and the ground slightly loosened. Before the start of the movement of juices, shaping and supporting pruning of fruit trees is carried out. Next, the trunks should be whitewashed. For this, a composition of chalk is prepared, blue vitriol and casein glue. The mixture is applied in two layers on trunks and skeletal branches. To protect against pests, all fruit plants must be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. Also in the spring, fertilizers with a predominance of nitrogen-containing components are applied to the soil.

Summer

In the summer, in addition to cultivated plants, weeds actively begin to grow, so weed and pest control is the main concern of gardeners. Pruning is not carried out in the summer, but some plants have to be pinched to limit the growth of shoots. In the summer season, the fruiting of some varieties of trees begins, so you need to take care of harvesting and preserving the crop.

autumn

In autumn, the main crop is harvested and fruit crops are prepared for winter. In September, it is already possible to start digging tree trunks and apply phosphorus and potash fertilizers. In September, cuttings of all varieties of currants are usually planted. In October, autumn whitewashing of trunks and main branches should be carried out. All fallen leaves are collected and burned. Stems of fruit trees are packed in spruce branches, roofing felt or spunbond.

Winter

Few jobs during winter. With heavy snowfall, snow should be raked under the trunks, forming a mound. If whitewashing was not done in the fall, then it can be done in the winter. Some experienced gardeners prune fruit trees in winter.

Video

Video about spraying the garden in spring.

conclusions

Horticulture is one of the most important industries Agriculture. Most shrubs and trees, with proper care, can bear fruit from 5 to 70 years. Read how to care for currants.
Each owner of an individual plot can organize a garden.
When planning a garden, you need to consider the compatibility of plants with each other. For example, you need to know what to plant next to a pear, which is described.
To get a good harvest, you must follow all the requirements and recommendations.

Per last years in Russia, in connection with the development of private land use and land ownership, there was a tendency for the growth of small and medium-sized businesses engaged in the agricultural sector. Most of these territories are allocated for laying fruit plantations and, undoubtedly, the apple tree plays a leading role in them.

Modern competitive horticulture is based on cultivation intensive gardens. The agrotechnics of such plantations differs significantly from the generally accepted ones cultivated on vigorous seedling rootstocks.

Soils

All the main types of soils are suitable for laying an intensive apple orchard: soddy-podzolic, gray forest, chernozems, gray soils, dark chestnut and others. Special requirements are imposed on the thickness of the humus horizon.

According to the composition of the soil, it should be structural, drained, water-intensive, without signs of salinity (pH = 5.5-7.5), with a density of not more than 1.35-1.40 g/cm?, the content of carbonates should not exceed 12-15% . The groundwater level on the site should be no higher than 2-2.5 m from the surface of the earth. The site chosen for an intensive garden should be characterized by a leveled relief with a slight slope (up to 3-5 °), without depressions, hollows, closed depressions, waterlogging, gleying, increased density of the soil or its individual layers. In the southern regions, a wet northern or northwestern slope is chosen for the garden, in the middle lane - the southwestern or western, and in the northern regions - the southern and southwestern slope. Fruit trees are recommended to be planted no closer than 10-14 m from the rows of horticultural plantings. Before laying an intensive garden, preplant soil preparation is carried out, the site is cleared, plantation plowing is carried out, weeds and seeds are destroyed with continuous herbicides (Roundup, Hurricane, etc.), organic fertilizers (manure, peat, compost) are applied from 40 to 100 tons /ha and mineral fertilizers.

Varieties for the garden

Apple varieties for each region are selected according to " State Register selection achievements approved for use.

Rootstocks must be chosen taking into account the type of garden chosen, which also determines the layout of the trees. For central Russia, it is recommended to use low-growing clonal rootstocks of apple trees of the MichGAU selection, which have high winter hardiness. For semi-intensive gardens, seedlings are used on semi-dwarf (medium-sized) rootstocks 54-118; 57-545. Intensive orchards are planted on dwarf (semi-dwarf) rootstocks 62-396. For a super-intensive garden, the super-dwarf rootstock Malysh Budagovsky is well suited. When choosing optimal scheme planting trees, it is necessary to take into account the strength of the growth of rootstocks and varieties grafted onto them. The strength of the growth of apple varieties can be found in their pomological description. For example, vigorous varieties on semi-dwarf and medium-sized rootstocks (54-118, 57-545) are usually planted according to the scheme 6-7x3.5-4 m, medium-sized 6-7x3-3.5 m, low-growing 6x3 m. On dwarf rootstocks - 4 -4.5x2-2.5; 4-4.5x2 and 4-4.5x1-1.5 m, respectively. On superdwarf ones - 3x1-1.5m.

Garden laying

Planting trees for intensive orchards with dense placement patterns is recommended to be carried out manually in furrows under a shovel. The grafting site for seedlings should be at ground level. When planting, watering holes are formed around the seedlings.

When laying low-growing gardens, it is necessary to use standard seedlings of the first commercial grade in accordance with industry standards. You can plant seedlings in autumn and spring. Often in the fall, the most winter-hardy varieties of apple trees are planted. After planting, planting stakes 100-120 cm long are pierced as a support on the south side of the tree to protect against sunburn. Trees are tied with a loose knot to prevent constrictions. A prerequisite for post-planting care of seedlings is watering with a water consumption of up to 30-40 liters per tree. A good harvest in an intensive garden is possible with the organization of drip irrigation. In autumn, young trees must be protected from mouse-like rodents. To do this, all plant residues are removed, poisoned baits are laid out, boles and bases of skeletal branches are tied, and snow is trampled around the trees in winter.

trimmings

In the spring in the first year after planting, formative pruning of trees is carried out. Competitive branches are removed, the upper side branches and the central conductor are subordinated to each other. In the future, throughout the entire period of operation of the intensive garden (25-35 years), pruning, normalization, protective measures for the phenophases of plant development are carried out annually, root and foliar dressings are applied, row spacings are kept under grassing or black fallow, near-trunk strips are under herbicide fallow, they monitor for irrigation, timely harvesting and observe the conditions for storing fruits.

Harvesting

For harvesting in the garden, it is necessary to distinguish between removable, technical and consumer maturity of fruits. The technical maturity of fruits, their readiness for processing occurs a few days before consumer. In varieties with a summer ripening period, the removable, technical and consumer maturity of fruits practically coincide in terms of time.

Therefore, summer varieties are almost not intended for storage, and they must be consumed or processed immediately or 1-2 weeks after picking, depending on the variety, but no later. Short terms of transportation and processing make it necessary to harvest the fruits a little earlier than their full removable maturity. These varieties include Melba, Dream, Candy, Early Red, Medunitsa, Kitayka Golden Early, White filling and others. The period of their removal and consumption is from the third decade of July to mid-September, depending on the region. Autumn varieties are harvested from the first ten days of September to early October, they can be consumed and processed immediately after picking, or stored in specialized cold stores when high humidity and temperature from 0 to +3oC for 3-5 months, depending on the variety. These varieties include: Antonovka ordinary, Zhigulevskoe, Autumn striped, Bessemyanka Michurinskaya, Beautiful, Cherry, Orlovskoye striped and others.

The fruits of the winter ripening period - Sinap Orlovsky, Orlik, Lobo, Skoroplodnoe winter, Bogatyr, March, Spartan and others begin to be harvested from mid-September to early October and store them, depending on the variety, until May. Do not forget that all the listed harvesting dates are relative and may vary in time at different intervals depending on the conditions of the growing season.

Premature or too late harvesting of apple fruits leads to negative results. If the fruits are harvested too early, there is a significant loss of yield due to the relatively small mass of immature fruits.

The presence of sugars, acids, aromatic substances, vitamins, etc. in unripe fruits. decreases sharply. Due to the insufficient coloring of the fruits, their commercial qualities deteriorate. During storage, unripe fruits often turn brown, are affected by subcutaneous spotting, lose a lot of water and shrivel. Too late removal of fruits also leads to yield loss due to carrion, reduces the transportability of fruits, their quality composition, juiciness, and storage capacity. In addition, with late harvesting of fruits, the period of post-harvest vegetation of trees is reduced, and this leads to a weak accumulation of reserve substances and photosynthesis products, which in turn leads to a decrease in frost resistance and winter hardiness of the apple tree.

In most cases, the removable maturity of the fruit is determined visually. For its more accurate determination, the starch-iodine test method is now widely used.

To do this, the fruits cut into two parts are immersed for several seconds in a Lugol solution and the degree of maturity is assessed on a point scale according to the starch content in the fruits. 5 points - the section is completely colored, 4 points - not colored small areas near the seed nests, 3 points - spots are not colored over the entire surface of the cut, 2 points - dark staining under the skin and individual areas of the pulp, 1 point - slight staining under the skin of the fetus, 0 points - no blue color. For storage, it is customary to remove fruits with a 3 point score, for transportation and subsequent sale - 1-2 points. The degree of fruit ripeness according to this method is set individually for each variety. There are other methods for determining the removal of fruits, even with the help of technical means - a refractometer and a penetrometer, which determine the electrical conductivity and density of the fruit pulp.

At the onset of removable maturity, the fruits of summer and autumn varieties must be harvested in a very short time during one week. Collection of winter varieties can be extended up to two weeks, depending on the variety. Varieties characterized by a tendency to a sharp fall of fruits, for example, Orlik, should be harvested first. In addition, when harvesting farms, they often ignore the fact that the fruits of an apple tree that are inside the crown ripen somewhat later than those growing on the periphery. Varieties prone to sunburn, subcutaneous spotting, wilting (Sinap Orlovsky, March) must be harvested at the end of the period of removable maturity. Varieties characterized by browning of the pulp during storage are harvested at the beginning of the period of removable maturity.

top dressing

An obligatory element of agricultural technology in the autumn apple orchard is top dressing. How and what to feed fruit trees is a moot point.

Some scientists and naturalists advise using only potash-phosphorus fertilizers. They believe that nitrogen stimulates the growth of shoots in the fall and contributes to their non-ripening, thereby reducing winter hardiness. Experiments conducted by scientists at VNIIS them. I.V. Michurin showed that the most effective terms for applying nitrogen fertilizer in an intensive apple orchard are autumn and spring. Fertilizing with nitrogen at this particular time helps to increase the yield of apple trees up to 50%. The optimal dose is 30 kg of active substance per 1 ha (or 100 kg of ammonium nitrate per 1 ha).

Evgeny Sirotkin, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Roman Isaev, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
Photos of the authors