For most varieties of fruit trees, methods of obtaining self-rooted seedlings are characterized by low efficiency. For reproduction, use different ways vaccinations. The seedlings are grown in the branch of the formation (school of seedlings) of the nursery with simultaneous or preliminary refinement (grafting) of the rootstocks. This department with a special crop rotation is the main one and is always present in the structure of the nursery, since the technological cycle of the production of seedlings is completed here. Growing grafted seedlings is more difficult than growing self-rooted ones. Depending on the methods and timing of grafting, the characteristics of the breeds, and environmental conditions, various cultivation technologies are used. In the process of growing seedlings, the change in the order of fields of separation of formation occurs only in time, and not in the territory. Many nurseries in the southern zone produce annual planting material using favorable conditions for the growth of seedlings. Annuals are of good quality and are suitable for planting in the garden. In these nurseries, the third field of seedling formation is absent, which simplifies the growing process, increases the yield and reduces the production cost.
In areas with a short growing season or if it is necessary to use underdeveloped rootstocks, the technological cycle, on the contrary, can increase to four years. After planting the rootstocks in the formation department, due to poor development and unsuitability for grafting, they are left for another year in a zero (preparatory) field. Four-year cultivation is also necessary when obtaining low-growing seedlings with an intercalary (intermediate) insert on seed stocks. Similar inserts of pear varieties compatible with quince are used when growing low-growing seedlings of varieties that show incompatibility. The terms of growing seedlings on stems and skeletons are being lengthened, for which highly winter-resistant varieties are used. Less winter-hardy varieties that form high-quality fruits are grafted into their crown at a height of 1 ... 1.2 m. The use of winter grafting technology can reduce the period of growing seedlings to one year, especially in nurseries in the southern zone. In more northern regions, this is achievable by using greenhouses for growing seedlings.
The second field of the nursery. When growing seedlings by the budding method, annual seedlings grow on the second field by autumn, therefore it is called the field of annuals. For the timely germination of grafted eyes aerial part rootstocks are cut to the place of budding. This is done during the spring revision of the rootstocks, before bud break. Rootstocks with non-engrafted shields, as well as unoculated rootstocks, are to be refined with the help of spring grafting with a cuttings. In the south, especially in irrigated nurseries, this can be done by budding with a sprouting bud. At good care by the fall, seedlings grow from the grafts, which differ little from ordinary oculants.
There are two ways to cut rootstocks: on the bud (eye) and on the thorn. Do this work with a pruner or garden knife. A thorn is a part of the left stem of the rootstock 10 ... 15 cm above the grafting site, to which the growing eyepiece is tied. Growing with a thorn is used in areas with strong winds and for varieties with a large bend of the shoot sprouting from the bud. The thorn is removed in the second half of summer or next spring.
In most nurseries, thornless seedlings are grown. The cut is made at an angle of 30 ° 2 ... 3 mm above the bud of the flap, while it is important not to deform it and not tear it off the rootstock. Places of cuts on the rootstock must be covered so that the grafted buds do not dry out. Given the method of cultivation, the buds germinate faster, and the oculants grow more intensively. There is also no need for a garter, cutting a thorn. Reduces the amount of work to remove wild growth, which weakens the growth of oculants, especially in initial period... Wild shoots are removed 2 ... 3 times, plucking out green shoots (lignified shoots have to be cut with a pruner, a knife).
The buds that have appeared in individual ocellated eyes of pome-bearing breeds are removed, otherwise the growth of the cultural shoot will be delayed. As soon as possible, they are also freed from weak shoots at rootstocks with two oculants. Of the cultivated shoots that grew during the spring grafting of rootstocks with a cuttings, one of the most developed ones is left when its length reaches 10 ... 15 cm.
To reduce breakage from the wind due to the large windage of the cultural shoot, hilling is carried out when the height of the shoots reaches 20 ... 30 cm. This work must be repeated after a while.
During the growing season, in some varieties, as the annuals grow, side shoots appear in the trunk zone. They should be broken out before they become woody. Have stone fruit, especially in the southern regions, such shoots appear regularly due to the early maturation of the buds; as a result, one-year-olds grow branched by autumn, especially if the growing oculum is pinched in time at a height of 60 ... 80 cm.
When growing seedlings from winter grafts (pre-ooculated rootstocks), overwintered plants differ in the size of the aboveground system. In early spring, strong seedlings are subject to crown, and weak (the overwhelming majority in nurseries in the middle and northern zones) - pruning for reverse growth, that is, for lower well-developed buds. A strong shoot grows from the kidney closest to the cut; by the fall, he is approaching the development of an oculant. All sprouted shoots located below must be removed, as well as the shoots appearing on the rootstock. They practice the cultivation of seedlings from winter grafts and without cutting them for reverse growth, but with scrubbing of weak lateral shoots and leaving one strong apical shoot. The crown of well-developed plants and their care is carried out in the same way as in the third field of the nursery.
Despite the fact that seedlings from winter grafts are grown for two years, plants grown by autumn are considered 1 or 2 years old according to the number of years of the main shoot. Growing self-rooted seedlings from rooted cuttings in the second field of the nursery is similar to growing winter grafts.
Agro-technical measures include regular loosening of row spacings, watering, and pest, disease and weed control. While the one-year-olds are not high, the aisles are cultivated with ordinary tractor cultivators. In the second half of summer, and for winter vaccinations from the very beginning of field work, tractors DT-20K, DT-25K and others are used for this, having a ground clearance of 1.5 m, with an appropriate set of tools for them. This work is also carried out using horse-drawn cultivators, as well as modern walk-behind tractors. Feeding plants with nitrogen fertilizers is carried out twice (40 ... 50 kg a.c. per 1 ha): in early spring, at the beginning of cultivation, and in the phase of intensive plant growth. In the fall, it is important to clear the site of weeds, and in the winter it is necessary to organize reliable protection cultivated plants from rodents.
In the southern zone of fruit growing, well-developed annuals in the second field of the nursery are often subject to digging.
The third field of the nursery. In the third field, the process of growing 2-year-old seedlings ends (hence its other name - two-year-old field). The seedlings should be well developed and have a well-formed crown. The crown is laid only on healthy, standard one-year-olds after overwintering before the start of sap flow. All underdeveloped, twisted and damaged one-year-olds are pruned for reverse growth (similar to winter vaccinations); as a result, by autumn, well-developed standard plants grow from them in the third field, but they are classified as annuals. You can prune one-year-olds on the crown with pruning shears, as well as use a front mower. The height of the crown depends on the formation system, the type of rootstock, etc. The height of the trunk is set on the trunk and a section with a sufficient number of buds is added to form the future crown
The overgrown shoots in the area of the trunk are removed in a green state by smoothening. From the remaining buds, lateral shoots develop, from which the skeletal branches of the future tree form. When using low-growing rootstocks, flowers can form from previously established flower buds. The buds and flowers must be removed to ensure good growth of the seedlings.
As the plants grow, one of the strongest, well-located shoot is selected and a guide is removed from it. The shoots adjacent to it are pinched to stop their growth, and those with sharp angles of discharge and vertically growing (competing shoots) are removed by cutting on the ring. Closely located lateral shoots with small angles of divergence are also thinned out. The same agrotechnical measures are carried out as in the second field. Especially intensive care for good plant growth is required in the first half of the growing season. In the second half of the growing season, the plants must finish growing in order for the shoot tissues to mature before the onset of winter. When caring for seedlings, due to their high height during inter-row cultivation, tractors with a ground clearance of 1.5 m and with appropriate trailed implements are used.
Thus, in the third field of the nursery, the process of growing 2-year-old seedlings is completed. fruit crops using budding. If the technology of propagation by winter grafting is used, the duration of cultivation can be shortened by a year. However, for this, certain conditions must be observed more carefully (starting with the use of well-developed first-grade rootstocks and cuttings and ending with the creation of optimal conditions for plant growth, especially in the first field).
When obtaining low-growing seedlings on vigorous rootstocks (seed or clonal) using an intercalary (intermediate) insertion of a weakly growing rootstock, as well as when growing seedlings on stem-and skeleton-formers, the growing time is lengthened (at least by one year). In these cases, it is also possible to shorten the period for obtaining seedlings with the use of winter grafting, subject to the appropriate conditions. You can also use a double winter vaccination or spring grafting cuttings with a shield in advance on it, as well as double spring grafting by cuttings.
The ecological features of the cultivation of seedlings in tree nursery schools include the need to create an optimal ratio between the masses of the aboveground part and the root system. The task of cultivating is to transplant seedlings growing on a seedbed in a dense stand, distribute them more rarely in a tree school and grow them for several subsequent years under almost 100% lighting. Trimming the roots when digging seedlings for the purpose of cultivating is useful. Usually, root pruning in spruce causes the appearance of new fibrous roots (sometimes 15-20) near the cut site in the first year, some of which then turn into skeletal ones (V.V. Mironov, 1977).
Crop rotation in schools is used with one-year or two-year fallow. Annual fallow - clean (black or early), sideral or busy - is used mainly in schools, from which seedlings are dug out with an open root system. Two-year fallow is used for growing seedlings and geysters of increased size, which are dug up with a closed root system, that is, with a lump of earth. With a two-year fallow, the pits formed after the digging are filled in, and the soil is kept in the first year under clean fallow, in the second - under green manure.
Pure steam is used when the area is heavily infested with perennial weeds, and sidral steam is used in areas cleared of harmful weeds. Busy couples perform on fertile soils in conditions of sufficient moisture or in irrigated areas. Perennial grasses with two years of use are introduced in large irrigated nurseries with low-humus unstructured soils to accumulate organic matter in them and restore the structure.
The best predecessor for seedlings is legumes in all forest zones. In the forest zone, the following are used in crop rotation. perennial herbs: perennial lupine, clover mixed with timothy; in the forest steppe zone- exparcet, alfalfa mixed with high ryegrass or rootless wheatgrass; in the steppe zone - alfalfa mixed with wheatgrass. The total number of fields in a crop rotation is determined by the duration of growing large planting material plus one or two fields for fallow.
Tillage in schools includes the use of fallow and preplant tillage. In schools, the depth of cultivation in comparison with the sowing department increases: in the forest zone up to 35-40 cm, in the forest-steppe - up to 50 cm, in the steppe - up to 60 cm. forest-growing zones to a depth of 60 cm. The depth of moldboard plowing is determined by the thickness of the humus or cultivated arable layer. The underlying horizons loosen without bringing them to the surface. To cultivate the soil to a depth of 40 cm, a PL N-4-35 plow with bodies for plowless plowing or soil deepeners is used, a PLN-3-35 plow with soil deepeners, a PN-3-40 plow, a plow is used to cultivate the soil to a depth of 50 cm plantation plow PPN-40, up to 60 cm - plantation plow PPN-50 or PPU-50A. In steam, the application of herbicides and fertilization is similar to the sowing unit.
Pre-planting soil cultivation is carried out to create a well-loosened layer. The thickness of this layer is determined by the depth to which the planting will be carried out. The depth of soil loosening for planting seedlings and cuttings is 25-30 cm, for planting seedlings - 45-50 cm. The soil is loosened to a depth of 30 cm with a cultivator-ripper KRG-3.6, which simultaneously combes out the roots of the seedlings from the previous rotation remaining after digging. Deeper loosening, especially on heavy soils, is done in two steps, first with a plantation plow without a blade, then with a cultivator-ripper KRG-3.6, if there are a lot of plant residues in the soil. Additional pre-planting soil treatment includes leveling the soil surface and more thorough loosening soil mills(FP-2, FPSh-1,3).
The foundation of schools is carried out in the spring and (less often) in the fall. 1-2-year-old seedlings are planted (less often rooted cuttings). Before planting in school, planting material is sorted, damaged roots are cut, the root system is renewed or shortened. After pruning, the roots are dipped in a mash, consisting of a liquid mixture of humus or peat with soil. Heteroauxin in a 0.002% solution or other growth substances are added to the chatterbox. In shrubs, the aboveground part is cut off by 1 / 3-1 / 4 of their height.
When planting, the root collar should be 1 ... 2 cm below the soil surface in non-arid regions, and by 3 ... 5 cm in arid regions. Planting of seedlings and rooted cuttings is carried out by planters SSHP-5/3, SSHP-3, SSN -1, MPS-1 is used for planting seedlings. For planting large seedlings in planting pits, use KYASH-6 or KYAU-100. The planted plants are straightened so that they stand upright, the soil near them is compacted with a foot so that the roots are in close contact with the soil. After that, the soil is loosened, and in arid regions, with a lack of moisture, it is watered. Then they carry out agrotechnical cares, loosening the soil, weeding, watering, feeding, fighting pests and diseases. Loosening the soil, as the basis of care, contributes not only to the accumulation and conservation of moisture, but also to obtaining planting material with a compact and well-branched root system.
The compacted tree school is laid with a five-section planting machine SShP-5/3. In one pass, she can plant a ribbon of three or five rows of seedlings. The planting density by the machine is up to 330 thousand plants per hectare. When laying a combined school, seedlings are first planted with a single-row planting machine hardwood, then in the aisles of deciduous curtains by the machine SSHP-5/3, tapes are planted from shade-tolerant conifers.
Care for the seedlings begins immediately after planting by loosening the soil with cultivators KRSH-2.8A, KRN-2.8A. In areas with little snowy winters, the plants planted in the fall are spud up for the winter with the KRSH-2.8A cultivator.
During the growing season, the soil is loosened as it is compacted by the above-mentioned cultivators, as well as the KFP-1.5 milling cultivator on heavy soils 5-8 times a year, on light soils - 1-3 times, in the first years more often, in subsequent years - all less and less often. The loosening depth ranges from 7 to 16 cm. Each time the loosening depth is changed so that a compacted sole does not form. In the forest and forest-steppe zones, each subsequent loosening is done to a great depth, and in the steppe - vice versa. Simultaneously with loosening the soil, weeds are destroyed. Herbicides are used to control weeds of seed origin. Most often, simazine is used, which is applied at the rate of 2 kg / ha of active ingredient.
Top dressing of seedlings is carried out annually, starting from the second year after planting, by applying fertilizers to a depth of 10-15 cm while loosening the soil with the cultivator KRSH-2.8A. Top dressing is done in spring with full mineral fertilizer. In the forest zone, when feeding, N - 60, P 2 0 5 - 120, K 2 0 - 60 kg / ha are usually applied; in the forest-steppe zone - N - 20-25, P 2 0. - 45- 60, K 2 0 - 30-40 kg / ha a.c.; in the steppe zone -N - 20-25, P 2 0 5 ~ 45-60, K ^ O - 20-30 kg / ha of active substance.
Watering in schools is carried out after planting, if it is produced in spring in dry soil, and, if necessary, during a dry period (1-2 times). The irrigation rate is determined by the depth of the wetted layer, which should be 25-30 cm when planting seedlings and rooted cuttings, and 45-50 cm when planting seedlings. Vegetative irrigation in the first school is done with soil moistening to a depth of 35-40 cm, in the second school - to a depth of 60-80 cm.
Protection of seedlings from diseases and pests includes preventive and protective-extermination measures. The basis of preventive measures is a high level of agricultural technology, which creates conditions unfavorable for pests, which impede their development and reproduction. Chemicals used mainly in the form of aqueous solutions or suspensions (800-1500 l / ha). The seedlings are treated with an OH-400 sprayer.
Excavation of seedlings is carried out in a state of their biological dormancy; in the spring this is the time before the buds swell, and in the fall - after the formation of the apical bud and the beginning of leaf fall. Shrub seedlings and undersized seedlings tree species, the dimensions of which ensure the passage of the tractor above them, are dug out with an N VS-1.2 digging bracket or a VM-1.25 digging machine. Larger seedlings are dug out with a VPN-2 digging plow or a VMKM-0.6 digging machine.
The dug out seedlings are placed in a short-term digging hole so that the root collars are covered with a 5-10 cm layer of earth. In a long-term digging, seedlings are sprinkled with a 25-30 cm layer. To protect plants from sunburn the tops of the seedlings should face south.
Most often, seedlings are grown in greenhouses, which differ in the shape of the roof overlap (single-slope, gable, circular), the type of material (wooden, metal, reinforced concrete, etc.), the type of construction (window, hangar, arched, multi-span, etc.), the type of fencing (glass, synthetic film coatings, etc.), the period of operation (spring-summer and winter), the heating method (heated and unheated), the nature of the microclimate (natural, artificial), mobility (mobile, stationary), etc. The most promising are stationary greenhouses of block and arched types with glass or special film fencing. [...]
Sowing of seeds, as a rule, is an ordinary one (in beds 1 m wide and a distance of 0.4 m between them) with a decrease in the seeding rate in comparison with open ground by 20%. Crop care consists in regular watering, airing, loosening the soil and destroying weeds, foliar feeding of crops. Watering is carried out from the moment of sowing the seeds to mid-July in the morning by sprinkling water in small drops, i.e. fog formation. Airing of greenhouses during seed germination is rarely carried out in order to preserve heat and maintain high humidity air. [...]
Forest seedlings intended for reforestation are grown in a tree school most often for 2-8 years. After transplanting to a silvicultural area, they successfully resist weed grasses, as well as overgrowths and root suckers of soft-leaved species, which reduces the number of agrotechnical cares. When creating crops with seedlings, the number of planting places is reduced by 40 ... 50%, in comparison with planting seedlings. Saplings are widely used in the laying of field-protective forest belts, landscaping settlements, for which they are grown for 6-12 years or more. [...]
In nurseries of the forest and forest-steppe zones, seedlings of spruce, larch, pine, linden, maple, apple, etc. are most often grown. In nurseries of the steppe zone, the range of grown seedlings is expanding: poplar, walnut, white acacia, etc. [...]
The seedlings are grown in simple, compact and combined schools. [...]
In a simple, or first, school, 1-2-year-old seedlings are planted in the spring with a placement of 0.8x0.5 m, i.e. with a distance between rows of 0.8 m and in a row of 0.5 m. 3-4-year-old seedlings are planted in the second school from the first with placement of 1 x1 m or 1.5x1.5 m, in the third school - 6-8-year-olds seedlings from the second with a placement of 3x2 m. [...]
In a compacted school, where mostly coniferous seedlings, mainly spruce, are grown, tape patterns are most often used, consisting of 3-5 rows with 0.2 ... 0.4 x 0.1 ... 0.2 m (Fig. 2.6). [...]
The combined school combines hardwood production with long term cultivation (6-12 years) with conifers or shrubs. For these purposes, deciduous plants are planted in rows with a distance between them 2.4 ... 3.0 and 4.0 ... 4.6 m, and between them coniferous (spruce) or shrubs are planted according to a 3-5-row ribbon pattern with an average time of obtaining planting material within 2-3 years. The distance between the rows is taken as 0.4 or 0.8 m, and when they are compacted 0.2 ... 0.4 m with a landing step of 0.1 ... 0.2 m (Fig. 2.7). [... ]
Soil cultivation in the school branch of the nursery is carried out in basically the same way as in the sowing one. Distinctive feature is the plowing depth, determined by the size of the root system of the grown seedlings and the forest zone. In the forest and forest-steppe zones, it is performed in the first school to a depth of 30 ... 35 cm, in the steppe - 35 ... 40 cm.In the second school, the plowing depth is taken respectively 3 5 ... 40 cm and 40 ... 50 cm , and in the third - 45 ... 50 and 55 ... 65 cm. [...]
Caring for forest seedlings includes the following basic working operations: loosening the soil, destroying weeds, feeding plants, watering, protecting against fungal diseases and harmful insects, which are carried out in basically the same way as in the sowing department. When growing seedlings of ornamental and fruit plants, an additional agrotechnical operation is used - the formation of a crown.
In nurseries, narrow-row, combined and compacted schools are organized: 1. narrow-row schools are intended for growing planting material, more or less age-uniform with the aboveground and root systems. When growing seedlings different sizes and age, 1-3 plant transplants are performed with a power-law increase in the feeding area. Schools of 3 orders are organized. 1-2 year old seedlings are grown for 2-4 years. Planting scheme 0.7-1.0x0.35-0.5 m. 2. In combined schools, seedlings of woody plants and shrubs or only woody plants of various ages and sizes are grown. Planting scheme - rows after 1.5 m in a row - after 0.8 m, shrubs are planted in wide aisles in three rows (0.8x0.2-0.18) 1- Compacted schools are laid for growing a mass amount of enlarged planting material 4-5- summer spruce seedlings and other species. There are ordinary and belt planting schemes for ordinary ones - between the rows 0.4 m, and in a row - 0.2 m, belt plantings are 3-5 rows, the space between the belts is 0.5-0.7 m. the rule includes crop rotations (black fallow). The depth of winter plowing in schools is increased to 35-40 cm. Plowing is carried out with general-purpose plows PN-4-35, PLN-4-35. "Seedlings are laid by school planters SShS-3, SShP-5 / Z. the school department makes it sorting, pruning of damaged roots. Cultivation of the soil 5-8 times per summer with cultivators KRSH-2.8A. To feed the seedlings apply fertilizer N30-40 P45-60. In compacted schools, watering is carried out depending on the growing season. In schools, seedlings are planted in April according to the scheme 0.7-1.0x0.3-0.5 m. They are grafted in the second half of summer. Before grafting, cuttings are prepared. Fruit seedlings after grafting, they are grown for 2-4 years, using 4-6 full crop rotations with green manure or pure fallow.
Work safety when growing planting material.
1 When working in nurseries related to the preparation and cultivation of soil, loading and unloading, animal-drawn transport, application of fertilizers, transportation of people and tools, one should be guided by the relevant sections of these Rules.
2 When carrying out irrigation work, the following requirements must be observed:
Safety valves and control pressure gauges installed on the receiver must be sealed;
Do not make repairs plumbing system and its elements during system operation;
Do not irrigate in the same area at the same time as other types of work;
Stop work until the malfunction is eliminated when the pressure in the system rises above the permitted one, malfunction safety valves and locking devices; detection of leaks in seams and joints, ruptures and bulges in hoses, interruptions in the operation of the pump.
3. To support the raised frames in greenhouses and greenhouses, special supports must be used. The frame must have handles for lifting them.
4. Snow removal from frames must be carried out from specially laid, firmly fixed ladders.
5. To perform work on stuffing greenhouses with biofuel and cleaning them, workers must be provided with duty sets of PPE (rubber boots, mittens, aprons).
6. When carrying out mechanized work, greenhouses must be ventilated.
Based on the silvicultural and technological assessment of the silvicultural fund, five categories of silvicultural areas are distinguished:
a) wastelands, glades, glades, areas of former agricultural use, burnt-out areas and clearings with rotten, burnt or removed stumps, areas with an insignificant number of stumps, as well as lands disturbed by the extraction of non-metallic minerals, on which the technical stage of reclamation was performed;
b) non-renewed felling areas and open spaces with stumps up to 500 pieces / ha, as well as more than 500 pieces / ha, on which lowered stumps were left during final felling (no more than 5 cm from the root paws);
c) non-renewed felling with the presence of stumps over 500 pcs./ha, on which no preliminary lowering of the stumps was performed (cutting, crushing, etc.);
d) areas with unsatisfactory natural regeneration with main or renewed soft-leaved tree species and forest areas where reconstruction felling was carried out by corridors in accordance with TCP 143;
e) worked-out peatlands and drained lands.
In Belarus, it mainly carries out mechanical processing solid or partial soil. Continuous cultivation of the soil for forest crops is carried out on forest cultivated areas of the category on wastelands, glades, clearings. On weakly sod areas, they call autumn tillage. On heavily turfed areas, the soil is cultivated according to the black or early fallow system with general-purpose plows PLN-4-35. PKU-4-.35. PLN-3-35. The most widely used in forestry is partial tillage I strips (width 1.5-2.5 m is carried out on silvicultural areas of category a to a depth of 15-25 cm with plows for general (PLN-4-35) and special (PRVN-1.5) purposes 2 furrows (with this treatment, the soil overgrows more slowly in the first 2-3 years, forest plows PKL-70, LLSH-1,2 are used to cut strips. 3. by creating micro-elevations in the form of layers of ridges, shafts and ridges (the width of micro-elevations can be 70-100 cm, a forest strip plow is used for soil cultivation (PLP-135, PLM-1.3) 4 ... sites (produced on silvicultural areas in and d that are not subject to processing by strips and furrows, motor-drills (BRM-1. PB-2, etc.) and other valuable forest crops by the KYAU-100 and KLYASH-60 pit diggers, the dimensions of that diameter can vary within 30-1OO cm, at a depth of 50-60 cm.
The duration of growing seedlings in the school department is determined by their intended purpose. For forestry purposes, seedlings are grown for 2-4 years, and for landscaping, tree species are grown for 6-12 years, and shrubs for 2-3 years.
Agrotechnics of growing seedlings in the school department. When growing seedlings, one to three plant transplants are used with a gradual increase in the feeding area. For this purpose, the first, second and third schools are being organized. 1-2-year-old seedlings are planted in the first school with a distance between rows of 0.8 m, placement in a row every 0.5 m. the third school - six to eight-year-old seedlings with a placement of 3x2 m. Before planting in the school, the planting material is sorted; cut off damaged roots and renew or shorten the root system to 15-25 cm for conditions with normal moisture and up to 20-30 cm in areas with insufficient moisture. After pruning, the roots are dipped in a chatterbox, consisting of a liquid mixture of humus or peat with earth.
The soil in the tree school is cultivated to a deeper depth than in the seeding unit, but the tillage systems in the crop rotation fields are similar to those used in the seeding unit. The depth of plowing in the school department is determined by the size of the root systems of the grown seedlings. In the first school, the main plowing in the forest and forest-steppe zones is carried out to a depth of 30-35 cm, and in the steppe zone by 35-40 cm. In the second school, to a depth of 35-40 cm and 40-50 cm, respectively, and in the third school - by 45-50 and 55-60 cm. Regardless of the depth of soil cultivation, fertilizers are applied to the upper 20-30 cm layer, i.e. in the zone of the bulk of the roots of seedlings.
Pre-planting soil cultivation is carried out without turning the layer to the depth of planting of seedlings or seedlings. In the first school, for planting seedlings and rooted cuttings, the soil is loosened to a depth of 25-30 cm with a PKL-4-35 plow (with moldboardless bodies), then harrows or a cultivator KRG-3.6 cultivator are used. For planting seedlings in the second and third schools, the soil is loosened by 45-50 cm with plantation plows without dumps with simultaneous harrowing. Additional pre-planting soil treatment includes leveling the soil surface and more thorough loosening with soil milling cutters (FP-2, FPSh-1.3). Hardwood schools are planted in spring and autumn, and conifers, as a rule, in spring.
It is more expedient to grow seedlings in combined schools, in which woody plants with a growing period of 6-12 years are planted in rows at a distance of 2.4-4.5 m from one another. Between these rows of tree species, two or four rows of shrubs are planted with a growing period of 2-3 years. Thus, in one rotation of tree species, two or more rotations of shrubs take place. At the same time, as a result of repeated digging of shrubs, the formation of the root system in the seedlings of trees left at school occurs due to the two-sided cutting of their roots with a digging staple.
When growing coniferous seedlings for silvicultural purposes, combined schools with a compacted placement of conifers are used. In this case, three or five rows of spruce seedlings or a multiple of them with a growing period of 2-3 years alternate with common row deciduous trees or conifers with a growing period of 6-12 years. In a row, spruce seedlings are planted every 0.1-0.2 m, and breeds with a long growing period - every 0.7-1 m.
Spruce seedlings with a biological age of 4-6 years are grown in a compacted school. Compaction is achieved through the use of narrow row spacings and a small planting pitch. The planting pattern is tape, consisting of 2-5 rows. The distance between the rows in the tape is used from 0.4 to 0.2 m, the planting step is 10-20 cm. Before planting spruce seedlings in school, their roots are cut, which ensures the formation of a well-developed, compact root system. When planting 2-year-old seedlings at school, the roots are cut so that the length of the root system is within 15-18 cm.
When laying a compacted school, the soil is plowed to a depth of 30-35 cm. Planting is mechanized. The most promising is the SShP-5/3 five-section landing machine. In one pass, she can plant a belt consisting of three or five rows of seedlings. The planting density by the machine is up to 330 thousand plants per hectare.
When planting, the root collar should be 1-2 cm below the soil surface in non-arid regions, and 3-5 cm in arid regions. Planted plants are straightened so that they stand upright; the soil around them is compacted so that the roots are in close contact with the soil. After that, the soil is loosened, and in arid regions, with a lack of moisture, it is watered. Then, cares are carried out, consisting in loosening the soil, weeding, watering, feeding, forming a stem and crown, fighting pests and diseases. Loosening of the soil contributes not only to the accumulation and conservation of moisture, but also to obtaining planting material with a compact and well-branched root system.
Fruit school. Most cultivated fruit plants reproduce vegetatively. Most often, varietal seedlings are grown for these purposes by grafting a cultivar. In this case, the offspring retains the valuable traits and properties of the grafted plant's mother trees, and it begins to bear fruit earlier.
The plant that is inoculated is called stock, and the grafted peephole, stalk - graft. Frost, drought resistance and other qualities of the grown fruit seedlings largely depend on the quality of the rootstocks, therefore it is necessary to pay special attention to the origin of the rootstocks. They must be adapted to local soil and climatic conditions, grow well together with the scion, provide a grafted tree with good growth vigor, early entry into the season of fruiting, high yield, durability, resistance against unfavorable factors, pests and diseases. The rootstocks used must be well developed, have a branched root system and a certain thickness of the root collar.
Fruit trees are more demanding on the quality of soils than tree species, therefore, when laying fruit schools, they impose increased requirements on soil and soil conditions and tillage, and when growing seedlings - to a fertilizer system.
The grafted seedlings of most fruit species are sold at the age of 2, which is determined by the age of the cultivated shoot. The best way soil preparation for laying a fruit school on a fallow field - plantation plowing. Plowing is carried out to a depth of 50-60 cm with a skimmer. Under the main plowing, they bring organic fertilizers(manure, compost) at the rate of 30-60 t / ha and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers - 80-90 kg / ha for a.i., immediately after the plantation, the soil is cultivated and harrowed.
In the first field, seedlings are planted (called stocks or wildfowls), inoculation and care of the wildfishes are carried out. Before planting, the roots and the aboveground part are pruned at the rootstocks. Rootstocks are planted in spring or autumn with a row spacing of 0.8 m and 0.3-0.2 m in a row.
In early spring of next year (2nd field - field of 1-year-old seedlings) or in late autumn of the previous year, the stem of the stock is cut on a thorn at a height of 15-20 cm from the site of inoculation (budding). A young cultural shoot is tied to the left thorn. At the end of summer, sometimes the following spring, the thorn is cut off at an angle of 45 °, leaving no hemp. Fruit seedlings recently, as a rule, are grown without a thorn. To do this, in early spring, the rootstocks are cut over the established eye. After the cultivated shoots reach a height of 20-25 cm, they are covered with earth, and strongly deflected ones are tied to a peg. It turns out to be cheaper than leaving and cutting off the thorns from the seedlings in the future.
Caring for 1-year-old seedlings during the summer consists in removing overgrowths on the rootstocks, loosening the soil, weeding, periodic watering and pest control, pinching shoots to regulate the growth of oculants and feeding the plants.
In the third year (3rd field - a field of 2-year-old seedlings) cultivation of row spacings, destruction of weeds, watering and feeding of plants is carried out; root feeding 1-2-year-old seedlings are carried out in the spring, adding 100-200 kg / ha to the aisles ammonium nitrate, 100-150 kg / ha of superphosphate and 50-60 kg / ha of potassium salt. The second top dressing is performed in the phase of active growth of seedlings with reduced doses of mineral fertilizers applied to wet soil.
On the 2nd and 3rd fields of the fruit school, the formation of the stem and the foundations of the future crown (branches of the first tier or branches of a non-tier form) is carried out. The formation of the crown begins with the formation of a stem in the seedlings. The height of the stem for seedlings, i.e. the size of the stem from the ground to the first knot of the crown, for each breed and variety must correspond to the current technical specifications... On average, the size of the trunk is 60-80 cm. The fourth field is occupied by steam.
If it is necessary to grow seedlings of berry bushes, berry schools are organized. In contrast to fruit breeds, berry varieties are most often propagated by winter stem cuttings (currants, grapes) and root suckers (summer planting of raspberries) or layering (gooseberries, etc.). By analogy with tree schools in fruit trees, it is also possible to grow seedlings of fruit and berry bushes using combined schemes.
8.3 Brood plantation. Vegetative propagation of trees and shrubs is possible by cuttings, root suckers, layering, dividing the bushes and grafting. By hand refers to the part of the shoot or root used for vegetative propagation. Cuttings are winter stem, green and root.
Of the greatest production value are winter stem cuttings... They are harvested from 1-year-old and less often 2-year-old shoots, which are cut from young plants during dormancy, after the beginning of leaf fall or in early spring before the start of sap flow. Shoots for cuttings are cut just before planting. For cuttings, use the middle and lower parts of the shoots with well-developed buds. When planting forest crops, cuttings 25-30 cm long are taken. The cut cuttings are tied into bundles of 50 or 100 pieces. the upper ends in one direction and stored until planting in conditions that do not allow drying and starting to grow. Winter stem cuttings are widely used for the propagation of poplars, willows, grapes, currants and other species.
Green, or summer, cuttings are called part of a growing shoot with leaves or needles, cut off in the phase of incipient lignification, while it is still flexible enough.
Root cuttings - pieces of roots used as planting material. Root suckers can propagate with this planting material. Root offspring are used in the form of a piece of root or rhizome of the mother plant (poplar, aspen, cherry, euonymus, etc.) with the offspring on it.
Layers used mainly in horticulture. Reproduction by layering is in essence close to propagation by cuttings. The difference is that in cuttings, roots are formed on parts of the shoot that are separated from the mother plant, while in the cuttings, the connection with the mother plant is preserved. The rooted part of the shoot after separation from the mother plant is an independent individual. The formation of layering can be observed in the forest, especially often in linden, fir, when their lower branches bent to the ground take root in a natural way.
Division of bushes consists in dissecting them into separate specimens with aboveground and underground parts.
Graft- a special way of vegetative propagation. With it, an eye (dormant bud) or a stalk of a propagated species (variety), called a scion, is fused with a stem of another species, called a stock. The scion and rootstock of the same species grow together best of all, but sometimes components belonging to different types, genera and even families.
Poplar and willow mother plantations. Poplar and willow mother plantations are created to obtain cuttings used for silvicultural work and growing cuttings. Plantations are laid in areas with flat relief, sufficiently fertile and moist soils. Flooded areas for plantations should not be allocated. The best species and varieties of poplars and willows are selected for the establishment of a brood plantation.
Soils for plantations are prepared according to the black steam system with the main plowing to a depth of 35-50 cm. The plowing depth should be 5-8 cm greater than the length of the planted cuttings. Manure or compost (20-100 t / ha) is applied before the main plowing.
Uterine plantations are laid in spring or autumn with cuttings, seedlings and 1-year-old cuttings. Plantations are laid in bush or standard form. On bush plantations of poplar and tree willow, the distance between bushes is 1x1, 1x1.5 and 1.5x1.5 m, and on standard plantations of these species, 2x2 and 2x3 m. Poplar cuttings planted in the plantation should have a length of 20-25 cm, and in the southern areas up to 30 cm and a thickness at the top cut of 0.6-2 cm for poplar and 0.4-1.0 cm for willow. The cuttings are planted flush with the soil surface, leaving the upper bud open.
When laying a plantation with 2-year-old cuttings, the root system is pruned, leaving the main roots at least 15 cm long.At the same time, the aerial part is shortened, leaving a stump up to 10-12 cm in height. After planting, the soil is loosened, and if necessary, watered. Plantations need to be regularly maintained: loosen the soil, weed weeds, apply fertilizers, fight diseases and pests, and in arid conditions, in addition, water the soil.
In the first year after the establishment of the brood plantation, regardless of whether or not the whips have reached the required size for cutting cuttings from them, the whips are cut at a height of 3 cm from the soil surface. This promotes the formation of new shoots from dormant buds. In the second and subsequent years, the logs are cut 3-5 cm higher than the previous one. After 5-6 years of operation, the logs are not cut for 1 year, and in the autumn preceding this year, small plowing of row spacings is carried out, and fertilizers are applied at the same time. On the next year after resting the plantation, it is rejuvenated by cutting off 2-year-old shoots near the ground. After rejuvenation, the plantation is operated for another 5-6 years, and only 10-12 years.
Cut whips are tied into bundles of 50-100 pieces. each species and variety separately and stored until planting in basements, layered with slightly wet sand, in trenches or under snow. Each bunch must be labeled with the breed and variety. When harvesting a large number shoots in the fall for spring planting they are stored in trenches 1.5 m deep and wide equal length shoots. A trench is dug in a dry place, a layer of fresh sand is poured on the bottom of it, and bunches of shoots are laid on it in rows. Rows of shoots are interlaced with spruce branches or straw. From above, the trench is covered with earth, and in winter, in addition, with snow, which is covered with straw. Shoots cut in spring are stored in trenches up to 0.5 m deep or under snow in a shaded place.
Lecture 9 - Growing seedlings and seedlings in closed ground forest nursery
Plan
9.1 Indoor and greenhouse types
9.2 Growing seedlings with open root systems
9.3 Growing planting material with a closed root system
9.1 Indoor ground and types of greenhouses. The closed ground of a forest nursery is a part of the sowing, school or brood section of a nursery intended for growing planting material in greenhouses, greenhouses or greenhouses. For growing forest planting material in greenhouses, stationary and portable greenhouses are used. different types coated with synthetic films. Stationary greenhouses are of arched and block type, as well as portable (mobile) small-sized ones.
Arched greenhouses have supporting structures in the form of arches. Currently, the most common arched greenhouses 2-4 m high, 10-4 m long, 4-8 m wide.
Stationary block greenhouses consist of separate blocks with dimensions: height in the cornice 2.2 m, in the ridge 4.1 m, width 6 m, length 48 m.
Small mobile greenhouses- these are such greenhouses in which work on the care of crops is carried out after removing the polyethylene coverings.
Large mobile greenhouses allow you to move them from place to place, but at the same time, take care of the planting material without removing the film coatings.
Growing planting material in closed ground allows you to create favorable conditions microclimate (temperature and humidity of air and soil, illumination, carbon dioxide content and mineral nutrition) for seedlings and seedlings.
The efficiency of using greenhouses largely depends on the choice of location and their location on the area. The soils should be sandy or sandy loam. They can be light to medium loams, but in this case, to improve drainage, a 15-20 cm layer of sand is poured under the ridges. Level groundwater should be no closer than 1.5 m, and the area should be flat or with a slight slope. Necessary condition greenhouse organization - availability of water supply sources. Polyethylene film is not very durable. Therefore, greenhouses should be located under the protection of forest walls or provide for the planting of wind-shelter forest belts, which should be located at such a distance so as not to shade and not to reduce the illumination of the greenhouse. It is unacceptable to build greenhouses in low places. Under these conditions, accumulates excess moisture, frosts hold for a long time and there is a lack of lighting.
9.2 Growing seedlings with an open root system. When growing seedlings in closed ground, stationary and small-sized mobile greenhouses with a polyethylene cover are used. The latter cover crops in conventional nurseries on mineral soils. When carrying out work, such coatings are removed. These greenhouses do not provide comprehensive mechanization of work and maintenance optimal modes environment, and therefore rarely used. These disadvantages are absent in stationary greenhouses, where the bulk of the seedlings are grown.
For growing seedlings in stationary greenhouses, a loose substrate is used, which is poorly compacted and does not require loosening, is poorly populated with grass seeds, has antiseptic properties and does not have infectious fungal diseases. Optimal conditions mineral nutrition of seedlings is provided by impregnating the substrate with solutions containing necessary elements mineral food.
Growing seedlings in polyethylene greenhouses has the following advantages over open ground: sowing seeds can be started 2 weeks earlier; the seeding rate of seeds per 1 m of the sowing furrow is reduced by 30-40%; soil germination of seeds is 3-5 times higher, and the yield of seedlings per unit area is 4-7 times; the growth period of seedlings is lengthened by several weeks; the intensity of photosynthesis increases, and transpiration decreases; the period for growing standard planting material is reduced by 1 year.
Greenhouse work begins much earlier than open field work. Therefore, in the fall, they carry out all the necessary preparatory work, and in early spring the greenhouses are covered with plastic wrap, the substrate is brought in, and then the seeds are sown.
The best substrate for growing seedlings of pine, spruce and larch is considered fertilized fresh, weakly decomposed (decomposition rate 5-10%) sphagnum high-moor peat. It is weakly compacted and does not require loosening, is sparsely populated with grass seeds, has antiseptic properties and does not have fungal infections. Peat is harvested in autumn. In early spring, it is mixed with lime, phosphorus and potash fertilizers, which are applied in accordance with the doses taken. Then the peat is brought into the greenhouse and scattered in a layer of 15-18 cm.
Pre-sowing seed preparation is carried out in the same ways as when sowing in open ground, but with the obligatory subsequent treatment with fungicides. The seeding depth should be close to 0.5 cm. After sowing, the soil is lightly rolled and watered abundantly.
During the period of seed germination, to maintain heat and humidity and increase the temperature in the greenhouse, it is minimally ventilated. After the emergence of seedlings, when the seedlings are especially sensitive to overheating, in the hot hours of the day (from 11 to 16 hours) the greenhouses are ventilated so that relative humidity air did not fall below 60%. In the future (from about June 20 to mid-July), during the formation of the root system and the assimilation apparatus of seedlings, the intensity of ventilation increases. After that, it is reduced in such a way as to ensure the air temperature is in the range of 20-30 ° C, and the air humidity is 75-85%. From the middle or the second half of August, the greenhouses are gradually opened, which leads to the equalization of the hydrothermal regime in the greenhouse with open ground conditions. By the time the film is completely removed, the lignification of the stem and hardening of the plant occurs.
Watering of crops is carried out in the first half of the growing season (May, June), daily (in rainy and cloudy weather in 1-2 days), then in 2-3 days, and from mid-August once a week. The frequency and intensity of watering is set according to the degree of moisture content of the substrate.
During the period of the most intensive growth of seedlings, liquid nitrogen fertilizers are applied. An irrigation system is used for this purpose. The need for weeding crops on poorly decomposed sphagnum high peat is usually insignificant and loosening of the substrate is usually not required.
With careful observance of the technology of growing seedlings on sphagnum peat, there is usually no damage to seedlings and seedlings with diseases. However, the increased temperature and poor aeration of the air in the greenhouse create the prerequisites for the development of fungal diseases. Therefore, a constant forest pathological supervision should be established over crops, and in the event of diseases, they carry out necessary measures fight.
Seedlings are usually dug out in early spring, 5-10 days after covering the greenhouse with a film, following the melting of snow and thawing of the soil. Due to the fact that by the time the seedlings were excavated, the soil in the forest cultivation area and in the school department had not yet thawed, these seedlings are stored in glaciers until planting.
9.3 Cultivation of planting material with a closed root system. To increase the survival rate of seedlings and seedlings and lengthen the planting time of crops, planting material with a closed root system is used. It is grown in various containers for root systems: peat pots with a full range of organomineral fertilizers; cups made of paper, cellulose or cardboard, gradually decomposing in the soil; plastic cups, sleeves and tubes with longitudinal slots or perforations for the emergence of roots; peat or peat-soil briquettes different shapes and sizes with or without a retaining perforated plastic sheath; porous briquettes synthetic materials etc.
You can get planting material with a closed root system by growing seedlings (most often 1-year-olds) in containers, pots, etc. or by embedding the roots of already grown seedlings in a special substrate or containers with a substrate, followed by growing the seedlings for 1.5-2 months under a film or 3 months in the open field. During the growing period, the moisture content of the substrate is maintained at 70-80%. By the end of this period, it is reduced to 55-60%. In this state, the briquettes become strong and suitable for transportation and mechanized planting.
Growing seedlings of tree species can take place in polyethylene rolls. In this case, a 35 cm wide polyethylene tape is used, on which a substrate layer of 1-3 cm is applied, consisting of a mixture of finely ground peat with mineral fertilizers... Seedlings are placed on the substrate layer every 15 cm from both sides, and then a second layer of substrate of the same thickness is poured onto them.
After that, the tape is rolled up, tied with twine and cut across into two halves. The finished rolls are placed tightly to one another in the greenhouse; the air spaces formed between the rolls are filled with peat or soil. With this cultivation technology, 1.2-1.4 million seedlings are placed per 1 hectare of the greenhouse.
Folding paper containers (cassettes) are also used. In this case, first, a flat workpiece resembling an accordion is stretched, and a honeycomb block (cassette) is obtained, which is fixed in a frame and filled with a dry substrate. Then one dry seed is sown in each cell. Ready blocks in the form of boxes are supplied to the greenhouse.
Filling the blocks with a substrate and sowing seeds can be carried out throughout the year, after which they are stored in special rooms at a certain humidity and temperature until they are transferred to the greenhouse. The plants are grown under the film for 8 weeks, and then in the open field.
Cultivation of planting material with a closed root system allows planting to be carried out throughout the entire frost-free period of the year and to have a high survival rate of crops; root system seedlings and seedlings are not damaged when they are planted in crops; the presence of a substrate enriched with elements of mineral food increases the vitality of the planted plants. However, excessive fertility of the substrate of pots, briquettes, etc. it is harmful, since in this case, when planting seedlings on a silvicultural area, as a result of the difference in the fertility of the substrate of the planting material and the soil, chemotropism of the roots is observed. This may affect overall development plants in the survival phase and at subsequent stages of crop growth and their resistance to adverse conditions. The composition of the nutrient substrate used for growing planting material with a closed root system, as well as the outer shell of a briquette, a pot, etc. should not interfere with the normal development of root systems.
Lecture 10 - Technical acceptance of works. Excavation and storage of planting material with open and closed root systems
Plan
10.1 Technical acceptance of works
10.2 Inventory of planting material
10.3 Excavation and storage of planting material with an open root system
10.4 Storage of planting material with a closed root system
10.5 Transport of planting material
10.1 Technical acceptance of works. Technical acceptance of work and inventory of planting material is carried out by a special commission approved by the order of the director of a forestry enterprise, consisting of a representative of the forestry enterprise, a forester or engineer, a technician, a representative of a professional organization and a foreman, who is assigned the accepted and inventory areas. When the nursery is on its own balance sheet, the commission is formed by the order of the nursery director. This work is formalized by an act, on the basis of which appropriate notes are made in the book of the forest nursery.
Technical acceptance of crops in the nursery is carried out after the emergence of seedlings, but no later than the first month from the date of the crops, technical acceptance of works on the establishment of school departments, as well as plantations - no later than 10 days from the date of completion of the work. During the technical acceptance of works in the sowing and school departments pay attention to the observance of the sowing schemes recommended by the project and the placement of seedlings in the school, the seeding rate and the depth of seeding. The quality of soil preparation, the state of crops and plantings on the day of acceptance are determined, the reasons for the unsatisfactory state of crops and plantings are indicated, and measures are outlined to correct the deficiencies.
10.2 Inventory of planting material. Every year after the end of the growing season, but before the start of the autumn digging of seedlings and seedlings, i.e. from September 1 to November 1, depending on the forest zone in which the nursery is located, an inventory of forest planting material is carried out - determining the area of crops and plantings, the quantity and quality of seedlings and seedlings grown in the forest nursery.
Inventory of seedlings in the sowing department carried out by the method of diagonal moves. With a uniform distribution of seedlings in the lines, 2% are subject to counting, and with an uneven distribution - 4% of meters of sowing lines for each species and each age of seedlings. Enumeration of seedlings by the method of diagonal moves is carried out on accounting segments of the sowing lines with a length equal to 2 or 4% of the average length of the sowing line in this area. For this purpose, a cord is pulled along the diagonal of the plot, from which, at the intersection with the sowing lines, a counting segment is laid down along each row along each row, on which all seedlings are counted. The total number of seedlings on the plot is determined by multiplying the found average number of seedlings per 1 m by total number meters of sowing lines on the site.
To find the total number of standard seedlings, the planting material is measured on accounting segments (the height of the aerial part and the diameter of the root collar) and the data obtained are compared with the requirements of GOST for seedlings and seedlings. If there are up to 10 thousand seedlings on the site, 100 plants are measured; if there are from 10 to 50 thousand pieces on the site, 250 seedlings are measured; with a total number of seedlings on the site from 50 to 100 thousand pieces. measurements are made in 350 plants, with a larger number of seedlings on the site (more than 100 thousand pieces), 500 seedlings are taken for measurement.
In nurseries with a large seeding room, in order to reduce labor and time costs, it is recommended to carry out an inventory in two steps. In the first step, a trial inventory is carried out to establish the minimum number of accounting segments necessary to obtain reliable data during the main inventory. With this method, the length of the counting segment is taken to be constant, 0.5 m. A test inventory, regardless of the area of the site, is carried out in 20 segments. In the second method, the main inventory is carried out on the accounting segments, the number of which was determined during the trial inventory.