Joint of beams in length. Corner connections of beams Connection of beams 100x100

The ability to correctly and accurately connect the beams in the corners is already the third part of the work performed when assembling the wooden frame of a future bathhouse or residential building. You also need to know how to fasten the beams together without any additional posts or tie-ins, and be able to choose the most suitable option from a dozen types of locks and connections. This is the only way you can build a log house with your own hands so that it turns out warm and reliable.

Types of timber interlocking connections

Most of the existing and used schemes for splicing and angular insertion of timber are borrowed from laying techniques hewn log and carriage. Methods for connecting timber to each other can be divided into three groups:

The simplest options for joining corners on dowels and dowels, without residue or protruding parts, are usually used to assemble boxes from profiled timber;
A strong connection with insertion of grooves is used for rooms with an increased load on the walls of the building; it is also called locks with a remainder;
Warm locks are used in log house schemes when the frame is made of lumber material is not insulated with external finishing, so it is important to obtain a strong joint with a minimum length of seams.

The specific option, or method of connecting the timber, is determined by the craftsmen based on the size of the box, the quality of the material and their own construction experience.

Advice! If not practical experience, then it is best to try your hand at erecting the box of a small building by connecting the beams in the corners into an end joint reinforced with steel staples.

The simplest option for connecting timber

This is not the best method for angular splicing of crowns, especially in the case of building a box for a residential building or a bathhouse, but it is ideal for a novice carpenter’s first experience. The assembly diagram is shown below.

The timber is laid without cutting joining grooves, niches and holes. The timber purlin is laid out end-to-end in lateral surface next segment. The connection of the beams to each other at the corners can be additionally reinforced by stuffing staples or tightened with metal pins.

Advantages this method builds:

Simplicity and great performance. The construction of a building with an end joint will take approximately three times less time than with any other method of connecting timber beams;
The box is obtained without protruding segments, the corner itself remains sufficiently movable, so any deformations of the structure do not have the slightest effect on its stability.

The disadvantages include the presence of cold bridges and the lack of mechanical fastening of the crowns at the vertical corners. Most of the vertical load falls on the dowel, so when the soil heaves under one wall of the building on the opposite side, the corner joint will separate, forming huge gaps. Therefore, before laying timber according to the above diagram, thorough preparation of the foundation is necessary.

Methods for connecting at corners without overhang or residue

Timber, as the main material for low-budget buildings, has two main disadvantages. The material is significantly inferior to logs in terms of strength in locks and fastenings and durability of corner joints. But there are also advantages, for example, through the use of hidden locking connections, you can assemble a house box from timber material, which will look like a monolith, without a single protruding part in the corner sectors.

Joining beams with dowels

The option below is an improved version of joining corners “at the end”. The only difference is that instead of expensive metal studs, cheap oak or larch dowels are used for the corner joints of the timber.

Advice! To assemble a log house from profiled timber at the corners, buy several oak boards, cut the workpieces, dry them to 10-12% humidity and treat them with a preservative.

To join the timber, grooves are cut out at the ends and side surfaces of the material, and the key itself is wrapped in a linen sealant. After installation, the dried wood material absorbs moisture and firmly wedges the joint.

Joining at corners using tongue and groove

Fastening based on a key insert requires certain costs for the preparation of embedded elements, precise cutting and fitting of grooves. In addition, the corners on the dowels are considered quite cold, since the adjacent surfaces of the two crowns, although they are joined along an indirect line, are not deep enough to completely stop heat leakage through the seam.

Therefore, in situations where more demands are placed on a log house made of profiled timber high requirements To save energy with minimal complexity of the connection method, use a tongue-and-groove insert.

To do this, you need to mark the surface for the tooth cut with a depth of 50x50 mm along the entire height of the crown and a groove of the same dimension. After adjusting the parts, a chamfer is removed on the tooth edges, and insulation is placed in the groove cavity. To make the connection, push the beam with the tooth into the groove and knock it until the joint is completely settled. Sometimes an additional round key or dowel is installed at the corners to secure the connection.

Warm connections of corner sectors of timber

In most cases, the use of a tongue-and-groove joint remains insufficiently effective from the point of view of thermal insulation; the broken line of contact turns out to be quite short, and during the shrinkage process the cracks only increase.

In order to eliminate heat loss, the connection in the corner areas of the box should be made oblique or sliding. As the simplest version of a “warm” lock, you can use a joint with an oblique tenon, diagram.

The manufacturing technology for such a corner connection is practically no different from the previous version.

Instead of drinking rectangular shape You will need to mark and cut out a tenon and a counter cavity with a beveled wall with a hacksaw. In this case, laying the timber and assembling the corners is done from top to bottom. Even if the timber of the beam shrinks or shrinks, the tightness of the corner joint will not be compromised.

The wedge in the corner can also be located in a horizontal plane; this is a “claw” lock.

The fastening is even more rigid and dense " dovetail».

For your information! Today this is the most common scheme for crowns made of chopped logs and carriages. The dovetail, as shrinkage develops due to drying of the wood, becomes more dense and rigid, so it can be assembled without insulation.

Schemes for strong connections in corners

Buildings made of timber material, assembled using the “warm” lock technology, are best suited for small buildings, baths and saunas, garages and guest houses. If you need to build a house with a large extension of the frame or an attic, you will need to use durable diagrams and methods for connecting the beams.

Installation by cutting the corner “into the bowl”

IN in this case The corner sector of the log house is obtained with a remainder or overhang. The angle is formed as the intersection of the end sections of the mating beams; they seem to overlap each other. To prevent the assembled assembly from coming apart, rectangular grooves of a special configuration are cut into the corner locks, stepping back from the end by a calculated distance.

On the upper and lower planes of the crown, the depth of the groove is maximum, thanks to this the corner parts of the log house acquire sufficiently high rigidity in the horizontal direction. The side “cheeks” are cut to half the thickness; they are needed only to reduce heat loss along the joint lines.

If it is necessary to ensure precise positioning of the beam in the corner, then instead of a bowl, the end zone can be cut into the tail. Essentially, this is the same bowl, but with additional centering grooves.

Docking with a French lock

One of the most complex types of corner joints of timber in the frame of a building. The end sections of the timber are initially milled with a beveled or inclined lock surface. This type of connection has one remarkable property. The corner seems to be fixed and clamped by the weight of the upper rims. The heavier the roof and the superstructure above the timber frame, the higher the strength of the corner joints.

The locking device uses a small root tenon. It is cut out before the joining surface is formed and used for centering and improving the thermal insulation of the joint.

All of the connection diagrams listed above are quite complex to manufacture, so craftsmen are often invited separately to cut down the blocks in the corner parts of the log house. His job consists only of correctly sawing the grooves and assembling the crowns. How difficult this is is evidenced by the fact that for cutting locks for a cubic meter of wood using a machine method they pay up to 7 thousand rubles, and for manual insertion with local adjustment the payment is twice as high.

Longitudinal connection methods

Of course, the assembly of a log house is not limited to cutting in and joining corners; most often it is necessary to splice the timber along its length. The process of constructing a building from timber material has always been and remains an expensive task, so connecting timber together along the length is no less common than cutting corner joints.

Durable timber splicing

Options for connecting and joining beams along the length are selected according to the method and type of loading. For example, for parts of a log house that experience strong bending loads, a two-prong lock is used, as in the diagram.

The length of each half must be at least 300 mm; for larger sections, locks with a connecting part size of up to 400 mm are used. Such a complex configuration of the cut on each of the spliced parts is chosen specifically to prevent the formation of longitudinal cracks.

For linearly loaded crowns, a simpler scheme can be used; each of the halves of the beam, as in the case of connections at the corners, is sawn with two grooves. To splice, it is enough to engage the tenon and groove and knock down the joint with wooden dowels.

Simple splicing schemes

Glued and profiled material can be connected according to a simplified scheme.

Before connecting the beams together, it is necessary to lay insulation; the joint line is small, and the wall will freeze in the winter. In addition, it is necessary to cut out areas with cracks or delamination of fibers in advance, otherwise such a crown will simply collapse under load.

For ordinary crown material that will be laid in walls, you can use classic way splicing parts at corner joints, called “half-tree”. Each half is cut to ½ thickness, after which the parts are pulled together with a clamp and nailed together.

High-quality connection of beams to each other during the construction of a house is of no small importance. The reliability of the entire structure and the preservation of heat in the house largely depend on the method and accuracy of the connection.

The strength and thermal insulation characteristics future design.

Construction wooden houses With new technologies for manufacturing timber, it has become rapidly gaining popularity. Ecologically pure material with good thermal conductivity and attractive appearance, ideal for construction residential buildings and other buildings in any region of our country.

The most important stage in the construction of wooden houses is the jointing of the beams with each other. Highly specialized equipment for the manufacture of tenons and grooves is used only in large industries, due to high cost and large sizes. However, connections of profiled timber can be made with your own hands.

Necessary tool for making connections

Figure 1. Types of timber connections.

At self-production connections, you can use conventional hand-powered tools available from the developer or specialists, such as:

Chainsaw with petrol or electric drive. You can use a hand-held circular saw with an electric drive, but the maximum permissible cutting depth of the device should be more than half a tree.
Set of chisels. IN trading enterprises It is not always possible to find a tool of the required length and strength, so it is advisable to make it yourself or order it from a blacksmith.
Hammer, mallet, axe.

In the old days, cutting corners was done with a single axe, but it was time-consuming. Modern instrument With various types drive will significantly facilitate work and reduce time spent on work.

Basic methods of connecting timber during installation

At the connection point, you need to choose a specific method that guarantees optimal strength and tightness of the joint. Corner connections you can do:

with ends protruding beyond the main dimensions;
without protrusions;
butt laying, when the beams do not overlap each other;
T-shaped connection for walls inside the building.

Figure 2. Construction of a rectangular root tenon.

The technology of the method with a remainder provides best quality corner connection, but requires higher flow material. Each beam produces from 0.4 to 0.6 meters of wasted length. With a height of 15 crowns, the total unused length will be from 20 to 36 m. With a beam length of 4 m, this will amount to from 5 to 9 additional products. You can see the corner connection with protruding parts in Fig. 1a.

The first crown in a building is usually placed in a joint with a key groove with a specific name for the joint - “oblo”. This method is used for any method of laying material, with or without protrusions. The sampling is performed at half the thickness of the product. The articulation of the corners of the house without protrusions can be seen in Fig. 1b. To prevent displacement in the main planes, subsequent crowns must be joined using the “root tenons” type with the installation of dowels. The design of a rectangular main tenon is shown in Fig. 2.

Nagel represents wooden beam OK round section 25 cm long and about 30 mm thick. In the beam laid on the cushioning material, you need to drill a hole with a depth exceeding the length of the dowel by 20-40 mm, and hammer the part into it.

Butt jointing of corners is the most in a simple way. The quality of such joints is extremely low; creating a warm corner in this way is unrealistic. The timber is fastened with such joining using metal brackets with spikes, nailed down. Laying timber end-to-end is shown in Fig. 1st century How to fasten a beam with a metal bracket can be seen in Fig. 1e.

Figure 3. Dovetail.

T-shaped connection of capital and internal partitions has several options:

joint using a key groove;
“groove-tenon” joint in the form of a symmetrical trapezoid;
“groove-tenon” joint in the form of an asymmetrical trapezoid with a right angle;
use of a rectangular mortise-tenon joint.

Spikes in the form of trapezoids are designed to maintain the connection during loosening of the structure and efforts aimed at pulling apart in different directions. The design of such joints is complex, but also more reliable. Because of its appearance, the connection is called “dovetail”. The structure of such a joint can be seen in Fig. 3. Making a dovetail requires care and patience in fitting the surfaces.

The connection can be assembled and disassembled only by moving the products in a vertical plane.

Many craftsmen prefer to fasten walls using rectangular tenons. T-joints are often fastened with special brackets, long bolts and washers. large diameter or nails. An example of a right-angle tenon connection is shown in Fig. 1 year

Longitudinal material connection

Figure 4. Butt and overlay joint.

One of the main disadvantages of timber is its length limitation. The standard dimensions of manufactured products range from 4 to 6 m. For long walls or when using scraps, it is necessary to make a longitudinal connection. Such connections are undesirable in the construction of capital walls due to possible deformation. If it is necessary to install longitudinal joints in several rims, they cannot be placed in adjacent rims along the same vertical line. For internal walls, there are no restrictions on splicing timber due to a more stable temperature regime.

When splicing timber along the length, use a central tenon or various joints with a lock. The most commonly used lock is a straight lock due to simple process manufacturing. Samplings are made in the timber to the extent of half the thickness of the timber. The resulting surfaces are available for processing and can be carefully adjusted.

A beam connection that is reliable against displacement can be obtained by using a central tenon. The nest must be made slightly longer than the length of the spike. The length of the tenon should be twice the width of the beam. To connect more firmly, you can install two spikes.

Extension of the beam can also be done with an overlay. The overlay connection can be oblique or straight. Types of connections can be seen in Fig. 4. The ends of the products must be given the selected shape and placed in place. Subsequent crowns will compress and secure the connection with their weight. When lengthening the beam in main walls it is advisable to use a combination various fastenings. Products fitted to the overlay connection must be additionally secured with one or two wedges. A view of a wall with spliced timber can be seen in Fig. 1d. All connections must be sealed with sealing material.

Making corner joints of timber at an indirect angle

In building structures there are always corner joints of timber, the size of which does not correspond to 90°. On most buildings, such corners are located in the attic part of the room. Their size depends on the slope of the roof. On main walls, angles of various sizes can arise when installing protruding or recessed elements.

It is advisable to make joints at an obtuse or acute angle using the “groove-tenon” principle. Protrusions and recesses are cut out under required angle, their surfaces are adjusted accordingly. To increase strength, you can use additional fastening with bolts, screws or nails of the required length. If the thickness of the products is large, you need to use metal brackets of the required shape with appropriate fastening.

During production large quantity identical joints, it is advisable to make special marking templates that will speed up and facilitate the process of applying markings for connecting logs in a log house.

For templates you can use tin, plywood, thick cardboard, thin plastic. When making joints, you should first make a cut in the desired position, then remove areas inaccessible to the saw with a chisel.

Ready-made building designs offered by manufacturers building materials, equipped with profiled timber with connections. All types of tenons and grooves are selected based on the required strength and are manufactured on industrial equipment with high precision.

Connecting timber is not the most difficult and difficult task. But you should prepare. To do this you will need:

A measuring tool (tape measure, carpenter's corner, level) and a pencil, with their help the marking of the forming surfaces of the fastening is carried out.

Saw, possibly a hand saw

or chain with electric drive,

but it is better to use a mechanism with a gasoline engine;

Hammer, drill and screwdriver.

Methods of corner connection of timber

Now that everything is ready, we determine in what cases it is necessary to resort to connecting the timber. There are two such moments:

when arranging corners in the future log house;
if the length of the purchased timber is insufficient.

And the methods of such fastening are very diverse. The choice of one or another fastening method depends on the specific situation and the decision of the master. Joining timber differs in many ways from joining log structures. Nowadays modern technologies Old-fashioned methods of fastening lumber are constantly being improved. The most popular are two methods of fixation: with a residue and without.

Let's consider both options.

Connecting a corner with the remainder “into the boulder” or “into the bowl”

This method involves using key grooves. They can be one-, two-, or four-sided.

Four-sided groove

A one-sided groove is obtained as a result of a perpendicular notch on the upper side of the beam. The width, which should correspond to the cross section of the beam.

Double-sided groove

The technique of cutting a double-sided groove involves cutting the timber from two opposite sides, top and bottom. The depth of the cut is equal to the fourth part of the side of the perpendicular section. This method gives quality connection, but requires highly qualified performers.

Four-sided groove

The name of the four-sided groove speaks for itself. In this case, cuts are made from all sides. This method provides reliable fixation; log houses made in this way are incredibly durable. The presence of grooves simplifies the installation of the crowns; they are assembled like a Lego set. Only professionals can perform fastening using this method.

Connections without residue

Butt-butt

The most elementary in complexity is the method of fixing the timber end-to-end. It consists of joining the beams to each other and fastening them with studded metal plates and further fixing them using self-tapping screws. \In this case, the strength and density of such a connection depends on the flawlessness of the surfaces of the timber, and they are rarely perfectly smooth, and on the qualifications of the performer. Careful adjustment of the compatible ends is so labor-intensive that even professionals cannot do it. Therefore, the use of this method is unlikely to be appropriate when building a residential building, but it will be useful during construction utility rooms, where the tightness of the corners is not important.

For residential buildings, it is better to use other, more reliable methods of fastening timber.

Corner joints using dowels

Keyed connection

The strength of such fastening is achieved by using a special wedge made of hard wood, called dowels.
Installing such a part into the groove of the beam eliminates shifts in the joints.
Please note that the strength of the connection is ensured by a type of wedge, which can be longitudinal, transverse or oblique. The oblique wedge is difficult to manufacture, but to its credit, it guarantees maximum strength and thermal conductivity of the corner.

Lock "in the root tenon"

This connection is considered the most effective in terms of heat conservation. There is a popular definition of it as a “warm corner.” Therefore, it is considered the most popular in the construction of houses made of timber.

The technological process consists of making a groove in one of the mating beams and a tenon in the other, of similar dimensions, and then combining them.
When making a house, laying insulation, which can be linen or jute fabric and felt, is mandatory.
In this case, the main condition for minimal heat loss is the tight alignment of the connection elements.
Additionally, to increase the strength of the house structure, it is necessary to alternate tenons with grooves in the corner crowns and fasten them with round wooden dowels.
When using dowels, undercuts and fat tails in fastenings, it is necessary to leave vertical gaps between the elements of the lock; they will serve as a compensator for shrinkage of the house.

Half-tree fastening

This is a fairly simple way to cut corners. It is carried out by transversely cutting half the thickness of the timber, which is what gave the name to the method. Before assembly begins, a hole is drilled at points near the corner joints to install a dowel or key. The dowel must cover several crowns of the log house at once.

Fastening "in the paw"

Similar to the half-tree fastening, but the cut is made at an angle, which helps retain heat.

Dovetail connection

The most reliable, durable and practically free of heat loss is the T-shaped “Dovetail” notch. In fact, this is a root tenon, just not rectangular, trapezoidal in shape. The grooves are made in a similar way. This is a rather labor-intensive and expensive method of fastening timber.

In addition to the traditional dovetail, there are a number of other T-shaped beam connections:

locking groove on an insert tenon;
symmetrical trapezoidal tenon, or “frying pan”;
rectangular spike, or “half-frying pan”;
asymmetrical trapezoidal tenon, or “blind frying pan”;
straight groove on the main tenon.

Longitudinal connection methods

In construction, sometimes you need longer timber standard size, which is equal to 6 meters. Therefore, there is a need for longitudinal splicing of the timber. In these cases, the already familiar “half-tree”, “tenon” and “dowel” methods are used. However, the most durable and reliable method of longitudinal connection is considered to be an oblique lock. It is more labor-intensive and difficult to make, but it's worth it.

Metal fasteners for timber

Fasteners for timber are special elements made of alloy alloys used to connect wooden structures. They can be either domestic or foreign made. Among the many fasteners, we can distinguish complex parts: supports, angles, couplings and washers, and simple elements: anchors, screws, nails and staples.

Complex fasteners

Support – a perforated fastener made of steel profile from 2 mm thick and subjected to application of an anti-corrosion layer of zinc. It is an angle-shaped structure and is used to fasten floor beams to the wall of the house. Based on the type of structure, the support can be divided into open and closed type. It is connected to the timber with screws, self-tapping screws or nails. Supports are available for all sizes of timber.

The coupling with washers consists of an M20 nut with a stud welded to a metal plate. The main purpose is to compensate for timber shrinkage.

Connecting angles are made from rolled sheets with a thickness of 2 mm and are galvanized. Corner fastener Available in a perforated version with a length from 120 to 175 mm. The choice of products is carried out depending on the weight of the structure.

Simple fastening

Pins can be metal or wood. Reinforcement is used as a material for production. They are used to fasten crowns of timber to each other. Metal dowels have high strength and are able to prevent any deformation of the timber. However, due to the corrugated surface, which can disrupt the structure of solid wood, and the incompatibility of metal and wood, it is more advisable to use wooden dowels.

They are usually made from birch or other hardwoods. The strength of wooden elements is almost as good as reliability metal products, while being ideal for a house made of timber, preventing its deformation. Dowels are made from round and square wood.

Spring unit “Strength”

The product is a bolt with a spring and wood carving, made of high-strength anti-corrosion alloy. Fastening the beam with such an element as the “Force” Knot ensures the strength and stability of the connection, and the absence of deformation and torsion. In addition, the product additionally loads the rims themselves, which prevents the formation of cracks and gaps during the shrinkage process. The recommended installation of fastening units per beam is at least 4 pieces.

Nails, metal staples

Nails, as well as metal staples, are good fasteners, but not for timber. Using them to connect timber is a mistake. Nails corrode and become unusable, thereby damaging the wood. Based on these disadvantages, the use of nails and metal staples should be abandoned.

Since any structure is firmly held together with nails, it is better to use them to connect parts rather than knock together walls.

Wooden type - has properties such as absorbing and releasing moisture, so the connection of the timber must be movable.

You can also watch the video Fastening logs with dowels

Selected for you:

Among different options The most popular timber connections are “dovetail”, “to the root tenon”, “to the joint” and “to the paw”. Thus, you can fasten the beams together, along the length, in a T-shape and at the corners. The penultimate option can be used in almost any wood construction, since internal walls are present in any building. Below we will outline more detailed information regarding the types of timber fasteners.

Dovetail design.

One of the warmest and most airtight locking options for the construction of a log house is considered to be dovetail fastening of the timber. It is carried out in accordance with the rules of GOST 30974-2002. The use of such a connection makes it possible to obtain durable and reliable fasteners without the use of additional elements.

A groove and tenon are cut out at the end of the beam, which must correspond to each other and connect into one sealed unit. The main difference is the trapezoidal shape of the spike. This fastening is used for T-shaped, corner and “long” types of connections. If we are talking about the T-shaped option, this technique allows you to build houses without additional overlaps in the locations of the internal walls, which makes it possible to use timber of a smaller cross-section.

During installation, the corner fasteners of the timber are insulated with jute fiber, although the technology does not allow wind to pass through. The “dovetail” in the corners can be cut to resemble that of a beam or half-tree log, but it must have a trapezoidal shape. Such beams are stacked on top of each other to form half a tree.

Connection "into the root tenon".

This type of fastening is one of the lightest. It is used to splice 2 components into a reliable invisible mount. The design consists of a rectangular tenon and a groove made for it. You can cut out the groove and tenon yourself using the diagrams below.

The figure shows the simplest version of a self-cut tenon. Its parameters are 4x4 cm, cross-section - 150 mm.

Features of the “paw” knot.

Fastening timber to each other in this way can be used not only for corners, but also in T-shaped joints in house building, for which a hidden tenon is made.

When constructing a knot “in the paw,” a so-called cut is performed, which distinguishes this method from other types. However, it is not recommended to attach load-bearing walls in this way, since the ventilation of walls and corners is very high. In order to prevent this, it is necessary to make the angle slightly inclined. Most best option– tilt in both directions.

At corner mount“In the paw” walls can be made both with and without the remainder. Professionals prefer to complete the walls without leaving any residue, but if you do it yourself, the first option is also suitable. A notch is cut into the timber, followed by fastening. And to give greater strength, you need to drive in wooden dowels with a diameter of 25-30 cm. Detailed design The T-shaped beam connection “in the paw” is shown in the diagram shown below.

Features of the butt joint.

This is the simplest option for fastening the beams together lengthwise, in a corner or in a T-shape. For such fastening, staples or metal plates with pins are used. The connection with staples is carried out if the cross-section is more than 150 mm.

The “butt” technology is quite simple: the timber is placed tightly against each other and fastened. But this type of connection can only be used for outbuildings or dachas, as they have a high level of ventilation. Example similar connection can be seen in the figure.

Features of the “half-tree” node.

The “half-tree” option means that the cuttings made in the timber have dimensions of half the cross-section. Half-tree installation is carried out mainly in corner places. It is possible to connect timber material in a similar way, but you will have to use dowels as fastening.

For a corner connection, a cut is made from below at one link and from above at the other. To make the fasteners more durable, wooden bushings are used, mounted at the end of the cutting. There is another option - oblique felling, an example of which is described in detail below.

This corner connection is used for the construction of residential buildings, for example, for building a house from profiled timber, but the joints must be carefully insulated. In order to reduce the level of ventilation of the structure, cuttings are made not at right angles, but with a slight slope.

Any of the above options can be used for a T-shaped connection. However, the most cost-effective and expedient are those that do not require additional work such as allowance.

Metal types of timber fasteners:

Supports.

This profiled element is used to fasten floor beams and walls during the construction of a house made of timber. To create a support, use steel sheet from 2 mm, which is coated with zinc on top. As a result, the mounting support will be durable and strong. The product has a corner-shaped shape.

Depending on the specifics of the design, two types of supports are distinguished:

fastening for open timber;

fastening for closed timber.

There is also a support, which is not used so often, - this is a divided fastener, consisting of 2 symmetrical parts. The use of this or that type of product depends on the design of the future home.

It should be secured to the timber using screws, nails or self-tapping screws. For this reason, there is no need to purchase any specific tools. In house construction, screwdrivers and self-tapping screws are mainly used. You can use a hammer and screwdriver for individual components.

Timber for construction can be of different sections. For load-bearing walls used from 150 mm, for floor beams 100x100 mm. For each a separate type your own support is made. Its length can reach 200 mm and height 85 mm.

Couplings with washers and angles.

Even a small beam of 100x100 mm cross-section can shrink from 3% to 10%. To compensate for this process, a fastening coupling is used. As a rule, they are used to connect corners. Couplings are a pin-shaped element with a nut, which is attached to the base by welding.

Both regular and connecting corners are also made from a metal plate 2 mm thick. To make everything more durable, perforated fasteners are used. The length of the corner varies from 120 mm to 175 mm. You can buy it at almost any construction site, but when choosing, you should pay special attention to the cross-section of the beam.

Corners for heavy structures must have a length of at least 160 mm with a thickness of 5 mm. Construction corners You can make it yourself, but for this you will need, for example, old spring beds.

Nagel.

Dowels are used to fasten timber to each other. They can be of any section (100x100 mm, 150x150 mm, etc.) and are available in square or round shape. They have the appearance of an elongated stick-shaped element.

When dry, a timber with natural moisture begins to deform and twist along its length. And it is with the help of dowels that this process can be prevented.

Dowels can be made of wood or metal. To make metal dowels, reinforcement or metal rods are used. Iron stick-shaped elements with a length of 5 cm are formed. When these materials are not available, iron pipes, including their remains, can be used. But when shrinking, the timber can dry out, which leads to the formation of cracks in the walls. The metal dowels will be visible, which will spoil the appearance.

Wooden dowels can be made from leftover timber. However, it is best to choose dense and water-resistant wood, such as larch or aspen. Such dowels are more durable and resistant to mold and fungi. Wooden dowels must be dried before work. They are slaughtered in advance drilled holes, where they are aligned to a suitable moisture level with the timber. In a way, the wooden dowels are “welded” to the beam, creating one complete piece with it. A kind of hidden component of the log house is formed.

The fastening dowels are driven into the timber in increments of 1.5-2 m. Each subsequent row is staggered. The size of each dowel is individual and fits a specific cross-section. For example, for material 100x100 mm, 2.5 cm is used.

Experienced builders offer more than 30 options for fastening materials:

"grouse";

"hidden";

The most optimal type of fastener for timber is chosen depending on the specifics of the building. But during construction and in everyday life there are situations that require fastening the beam to concrete or brick floor. For this purpose, special fasteners are used.

Fasteners for connecting timber to concrete or brick.

Need for fasteners wooden materials to brick or concrete can arise in several cases, for example, installation wooden window in block or brick house, binding to concrete foundation first link. In both cases, you cannot do without a special anchor.

In another way, the anchor can be called a frame dowel, the design of which is a kind of dowel with a cone-shaped countersunk head. This makes it possible to use the anchor on the front part of the beam unnoticed.

The frame dowel is made from metal, which allows it to withstand enormous loads. This anchor is also used for through fastening, when the fastening element passes through the wood directly to the concrete. The dowel size may vary.

The use of fasteners for timber implies a number of positive aspects:

The mount is available in different sizes. This makes it possible to use products in almost any wooden construction, from simple one-story to complex design.
Easy to install. Since the fastenings do not require special Building tools, then almost anyone can carry out this work.
Durability and quality. The use of such fasteners for wood began about 80 years ago, which provides certain guarantees for the elements.
Maintains the integrity of the building material. By using fasteners, there is no need to make cuts, which means that the wood material is not damaged and does not lose its characteristics.
Availability of elements. Fasteners for timber are inexpensive and can be purchased at almost any hardware store.

Nowadays, wooden beams are increasingly used in the construction of walls of houses, cottages, and bathhouses. This is due to the fact that the quality of the proposed material of large sections improves, and it becomes competitive with logs. When constructing such structures, it is important to ensure reliable connection timber.

Construction from profiled timber is easy to assemble, saving time and effort.

The technology for building such houses is not much different from making a log house. At the same time, installation and processing are simpler and easier, and in many areas the material is more accessible for purchase. One of the most important stages construction is the connection of logs, on which the reliability of the entire structure largely depends.

Basic principles and provisions for laying timber

When docking, you must have the following tool:

electric drill;
Bulgarian;
plane;
hacksaw;
chisel;
hammer;
sandpaper;
ruler;
calipers.

The joining operation during the construction of a wall is carried out in two cases: making (linking) the corners of the house and weaving (building up) the beam along its length. A particularly important process is joining in the corners. During its implementation, the reliability of the structure, its dimensions and the quality of the entire wall, as well as the design, are laid down.
There are two types of corner joints: with a remainder and without a remainder. Laying with a remainder is based on the fact that the end protrudes beyond the corner joint by a certain length. The main advantage of this type of work is the unique wooden insulation corner of the house, which is especially noticeable in the wind. In addition, such execution creates specific design, which has its fans.

Plexus without residue implies that their ends are located in the same plane with the surface of the wall. The main advantage is reducing the size of the house and saving material during construction.

Connection of timber with and without residue

Diagram of corner joints of timber “root tongue and groove”.

The most common method of joining with the rest is connection using rectangular grooves, the so-called laying in a burl. This plexus has three modifications. The simplest option is a one-way connection. In this option, a rectangular groove is cut on one side edge. The dimensions of the groove on both joined beams must be the same. The width of the groove is equal to the width of the log, and the depth is half the height of its height. When joining using a groove-to-groove system (with the beams perpendicular to each other), the side edges of the woven beams must be strictly in the same plane (a joint without protrusions). The distance from the end of the beam to the beginning of the groove determines the length of the remainder (overhang).

The second option is a two-way plexus. In this case, the groove is sawn on two opposite sides. The depth of the groove should be ¼ of the height of the beam. With this joining, a more dense packing of the material is ensured.

Finally, the four-sided connection of the timber involves making a groove on all edges. In this case, the depth of the lower and upper grooves should be ¼ of the height of the bar, the depth of the side grooves should be ¼ of the width, and the width of all grooves should be ½ of its width. When using this method, the maximum tightness of the beams is achieved.

The most common methods of joining without leaving a trace are: joining timber end-to-end, interlacing with dowels and joining with main tenons. Butt laying is the simplest, but the most unreliable. In this case, the end of one bar rests on the side edge of the other (in the next layer they change places). The joint is secured with nails or metal staples. With such installation, it is very difficult to control the pressing of the end, which depends on the quality of its processing, and to ensure the perpendicularity of the elements in the assembly. This method is best used only when constructing light garden buildings (shed, etc.).

A little more reliable is the “half-tree” method, which involves placing beams on top of each other, with a cut made at their ends with a length equal to the width of the material and a height equal to half the height. Thus, the ends of the beams are recessed into each other. The joining place is strengthened with nails.

Connection on main tenons

Diagram of corner connections of dovetail beams.

This method is based on the formation of spikes and their corresponding sockets directly at the ends. At the end of one of the connected elements, a spike is cut out in the middle of the end. The length of the tenon is equal to the width of the bar, and the width is 1/3 of the height. Accordingly, a groove is made on the second block with a width equal to the width of the tenon. When docking, the tenon is tightly driven into the groove. To insulate the corner of the house, as a rule, a flax-jute sheet is placed in the groove in front of the grouping.

One of the varieties of such a connection is the dovetail connection. In this case, the spike is made trapezoidal shape, widened side out. The groove is made in a similar shape. This joint is tighter and more reliable.

Connection on a non-root tenon

The non-root tenon, in contrast to the root tenon (which is formed in the center), is made from the edge and is located vertically. When docking, such a spike should be on inside walls. A corresponding transverse groove is made on the side surface of the second beam. The tenon can be of two types: a width equal to 1/3 of the width of the beam, or a width equal to half the width. The length of the tenon is equal to half the width of the material. The joint is a butt joint with a tenon.

Connection with key

A method often used is a combination of butt and tenon joints. In this case, a groove is made for the key at the end of one of the beams. A similar groove is made on the side of the second beam in the transverse direction. The beams rest against each other, as if woven end-to-end, but inserted into the grooves wood dowel over the entire length of the grooves. The cross-section of the key is a square with a side size equal to 1/3 of the width of the base material. The key is inserted so that one half of it is in one beam, and the other half is in the other. The key can be installed both vertically and horizontally, but most often the first option is used as it is easier to manufacture.

Laying with dowel

Layout of dowels in timber.

To strengthen the connection in the corner of the house, additional reinforcement is used with pins, which are called dowels. They are installed inside the beams and do not allow deformation to occur when the material dries; they take on mechanical load. Can be used as a dowel metal pipe or fittings. You can make a dowel from wood.

Most often, dowel reinforcement is used in connections on the main tenon. In such a joint, a hole is drilled with a diameter 2-3 mm larger than the diameter of the dowel in the vertical direction. A pin is inserted into the hole. The diameter of the dowel is selected within the range of 25-50 mm. The length is determined from the condition that the dowel must connect two rows.

Longitudinal docking

Half-tree beam connection diagram.

During construction, there is often a need to increase the length, for which they are used various ways longitudinal connection. They mainly use the method of joining in a “half-tree” and combining the beam with a longitudinal root tenon, as well as connecting with an oblique lock. The first two methods do not differ from similar methods for making corners. The only difference is that the beams themselves are arranged sequentially.

A simple and fairly reliable connection method is a longitudinal connection in a “half-tree” using a dowel.

In this case, the process is very convenient. The joint of the two beams is placed horizontally and 2-3 holes are drilled with a drill. Wooden round pins with a diameter of 15-20 mm are inserted into the hole. The joint area can be treated with glue. Apply wooden dowel with subsequent gluing is also possible when using a connection with a main tenon.

The connection with an oblique lock is quite difficult to perform. A bevel is made at the end, and a tenon is formed on the bevel surface of one beam, and a groove is formed on the bevel of the second.

Creating a warm corner

When joining the beams of the wall of a residential building, care should be taken to insulate the joint areas. At joints, due to loose joints and inaccuracies in grooves, the thermal protection. To prevent this, it is recommended to use a so-called warm corner. To do this, a heat insulator such as tow or flax fiber is placed between the joints in the beams. This must be done when laying the corner assembly.

There are many known ways to join timber when building it up, and to make wall corners from timber. Correct styling with such joints - important factor, which determines the quality of work. Which method to use must be decided taking into account the actual conditions and type of construction.