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Name of discipline: Economics of organizations (enterprises)

COURSE WORK

on topic: Management of financial resources in an enterprise

Introduction
1. Financial resources of an enterprise as the basis of its life activities
1.1 Concept and functions of an enterprise’s financial resources
1.2 Formation and use of financial resources
1.3 Financial mechanism of the enterprise, its methods and levers
2. Enterprise financial management system
2.1 Financial services and divisions of the enterprise
2.2 Methods of enterprise financial management.
2.3 The influence of government policy on the financial mechanism of an enterprise
3 Assessing the efficiency of using the enterprise’s financial resources
3.1 Performance indicators of the current economic activity enterprises
3.2 Assessing the effectiveness of an enterprise’s investment activities
4. Practical task
conclusions
List of used literature
Introduction
The successful activity of each company depends on how well it manages its resources, and in today’s market conditions, the effectiveness of any company depends not only on the amount of resources used or attracted, but primarily on the efficiency of using these resources and the effectiveness of the interaction between them.
The implementation of financial relations presupposes the presence of financial resources at the enterprise. The financial stability of enterprises and the risk of insolvency significantly depend on the types of sources of financial resources. The source of formation of financial resources is a set of sources to satisfy the additional need for capital for the coming period, ensuring the development of the enterprise.
Relevance of this work is that, being material carriers of financial relations, financial resources have a significant impact on all stages of growth production process, thereby adapting the proportions of production to social needs. The efficiency of their formation and use affects the pace economic growth in the country. Profit on this type of resource and the movement of financial flows underlie the grouping and regrouping of production factors, the creation of enterprises, the development of industries, and the efficiency of the national economy. In the sphere of enterprise finance, national income is created, which serves as a source of formation of financial resources of other economic entities.
The purpose of the work is an analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of management financial system enterprises.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set:
- determine the role and importance of financial resources in the activities of the enterprise;
- consider the sources of formation and directions of use of the enterprise’s financial resources;
- analyze the functioning of the financial mechanism of the enterprise, its methods and levers;
- identify and consider the system and methods of financial management at the enterprise;
- determine the influence of government policy on the financial mechanism of the enterprise.
- consider methods for assessing the efficiency of using the financial resources of an enterprise
Object of study- financial system of enterprises and its management.
Subject of study- theoretical and practical aspects of managing the financial system of an enterprise
Information and analytical material: in in the process of writing the work, normative standards were used legal acts on issues of financial management of enterprises, monographs, periodicals, as well as data from web resources.
1. Financial resources of an enterprise as the basis of its life activities

1.1 Concept and functions of an enterprise’s financial resources

The term "finance" comes from the Latin "financia" - cash, income, and the term "capital" comes from the Latin "capitalis", which means main, main. Finance is a general economic term that means both money, financial resources, considered in their creation and movement, distribution and redistribution, use, and economic relations determined by mutual settlements between economic entities, cash flow, money circulation, and use of money. "Capital" is an economic category; one of the factors of production, along with labor and land, used to produce goods and services and generate income. Understanding that finance is not only money, but primarily relations between subjects, we can say that finance is a form, a method of mediating capital, transforming any form of capital into a more universal category, for subsequent transformation into some other separate category. Those. in finance, the role of money as a medium of exchange, a measure of value and a store of value in the production process is more widely revealed.

The source of formation of financial resources is a set of sources to satisfy the additional need for capital for the coming period, ensuring the development of the enterprise. These sources are divided into own (internal) and borrowed (external).

The financial resources of an enterprise perform three main functions: providing, distributing and controlling.

The essence of the supporting function of the financial resources of an enterprise is to create funds of funds in the enterprise in optimal size. All production costs must be covered by own income. Temporary additional need for funds is covered by credit and other borrowed funds. At the same time, optimizing sources of funds is one of the main tasks of managing the finances of an enterprise, since when there is a surplus of funds, the efficiency of their use decreases, and when there is a shortage, problems arise. financial difficulties, which can lead to serious consequences.

The distribution function of enterprise finance is closely related to the supporting function. Through the distribution function, the initial capital is formed, formed from the contributions of the founders, the creation of basic proportions in the distribution of income and financial resources is ensured optimal combination interests of individual commodity producers, business entities and the state as a whole. The distribution function is based on the fact that the company's financial resources are subject to distribution in order to fulfill monetary obligations to the budget, creditors, and counterparties. Its result is the formation and use of target funds of funds, maintaining an effective capital structure. Distribution relations affect the interests of both society as a whole and individual economic entities, their founders, shareholders, employees, credit and insurance institutions. If the continuous circulation of funds is disrupted, the costs of production and sales of products, performance of work, and provision of services increase, the income of the business entity and society as a whole decreases, which indicates shortcomings in the organization of the production process and the insufficient impact of distribution relations on production efficiency.

The control function of finance is associated with the use of various types of incentives and sanctions, as well as regulatory and estimated indicators of the financial activity of an enterprise. It involves the implementation of financial control over the results of the company’s production and financial activities, as well as over the process of formation, distribution and use of financial resources in accordance with current and operational plans. The objective basis of the control function is the cost accounting of costs for production and sales of products, performance of work and provision of services, the process of generating income and cash funds. It is impossible to distribute and use more income than was created in the process of production (performance of work and provision of services) and received after their sale. The amount of income received by an economic entity determines the possibilities for its further development. The competitiveness of an enterprise, its financial stability. Thus, the control function is a derivative of the distribution function. Financial control at an enterprise has two forms: control over changes in financial indicators, the state of payments and settlements, and control over the implementation of the financing strategy.

The control function of an enterprise's finances contributes to the choice of the most rational mode of production and distribution of the social product and national income in the enterprise and in the national economy.

To implement the control function, enterprises develop standards that determine the size of cash funds and sources of their financing.

The finance functions of enterprises are interrelated and are parties to the same process.

1.2 Formation and use of financial resources

Based on the sources of formation, the financial resources of an enterprise can be divided into three groups:

* financial resources generated at the expense of own and equivalent funds (profit from core activities, profit from the sale of retired property, profit from non-operating operations, depreciation charges, proceeds from the founders when forming the authorized capital, additional shares and other contributions, sustainable liabilities and etc.);

* financial resources generated from borrowed funds (funds from the issue and sale of bonds, bank loans and loans from legal and individuals, factoring, financial leasing, etc.);

* financial resources received through redistribution (insurance compensation, funds received from concerns, associations, budget funds, etc.). In turn, its own financial resources are formed from internal and external sources.

Among internal sources, the main place belongs to the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise, which is distributed by decision of the constituent (governing) body for the purposes of consumption and accumulation.

An important role in the composition of own internal sources is played by depreciation charges - the monetary expression of the cost of depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets. They do not increase the amount of equity capital, but are a means of reinvesting it.

Other forms of equity capital include income from rental property, settlements with founders, etc.

Among external sources of formation of own financial resources, the main role belongs to the additional issue of shares, through which the share capital of the enterprise is increased, as well as the attraction of additional share capital (mutual fund) through additional contributions of funds (share contributions).

Schematically, the sources of formation of the organization’s financial resources are shown in Figure 1.1

Rice. 1.1 - Sources of formation of the enterprise’s financial resources

Since the main task of a commercial enterprise is to maximize profit, the problem of choosing the direction of using financial resources constantly arises: investments to expand the main activities of a commercial organization or investments in other assets. As is known, the economic significance of profit is associated with obtaining results from investments in the most profitable assets.

The following main directions for using the financial resources of a commercial enterprise can be distinguished:

· Capital investments.

· Expansion of working capital.

· Carrying out research and development work (R&D).

· Payment of taxes.

· Placement in securities of other issuers, bank deposits and other assets.

· Distribution of profits between the owners of the organization.

· Stimulating employees of the organization and supporting their family members.

· Charitable purposes.

If the strategy of a commercial organization is related to maintaining and expanding its position in the market, then capital investments are required (investments in fixed assets (capital). Capital investments are one of the most important areas for using the financial resources of a commercial organization.

IN Russian conditions It is very important to increase the volume of capital investments due to the need to update equipment, introduce resource-saving technologies and other innovations, since the percentage of not only moral, but also physical wear and tear of equipment is very high.

In addition to the expanded reproduction of fixed assets, part of the enterprise's profit can be used to expand working capital - the purchase of additional raw materials, materials, which allows increasing production volumes. It is worth saying that for this purpose short-term bank loans can also be attracted, funds received through redistribution from the main ("parent") company, etc. can be used.

1.3 Financial mechanism of the enterprise, its methods and levers

The financial mechanism of enterprises is a financial management system, a set of forms and methods by which an enterprise provides itself with the necessary funds, achieves normal level stability and liquidity, ensures profitable operation and maximum profit.

The financial mechanism of an enterprise is an integral, central part of the economic mechanism of an enterprise, which is explained by the leading role of finance in the sphere of material production. It is built in accordance with the requirements of objective economic laws. Its foundations are established by the state to solve the problems that it faces at a particular stage of development.

The financial mechanism is an instrument for the influence of finance on the economic process, which is understood as the totality of production, investment and financial activities of an economic entity. Therefore, the financial mechanism performs the same functions as finance. At the same time, the financial mechanism, as an instrument of financial influence, has its own specific functions, namely:

Organization of financial relations;

Management of cash flow, movement of financial resources and the corresponding organization of financial relations.

The action of the second function of the financial mechanism is expressed through the functioning of financial management.

The financial mechanism consists of two subsystems - control and -managed.

The management subsystem includes the financial service of the enterprise and its divisions, thus the subject of management of the financial mechanism is the financial service and its divisions (departments), as well as financial managers.

The managed subsystem (control object) includes:

Financial relations;

Sources of financial resources;

Financial resources of the enterprise;

Cash turnover of the enterprise.

The main object of management in the financial mechanism is the cash flow of the enterprise as a continuous flow of cash payments and receipts passing through the current and other accounts of the enterprise.

A financial instrument in its most general form is understood as any contract under which there is a simultaneous increase in the financial assets of one enterprise and the financial liabilities of another.

Financial instruments are documents that have monetary value (or confirm the movement of funds) with the help of which transactions are carried out on the financial market. Financial instruments are divided into primary and secondary, or derivatives. Primary instruments include: cash, securities, accounts payable and receivable for current transactions, etc. Derivative financial instruments include futures contracts, financial options, forward contracts, interest rate swaps, currency swaps. financial profit depreciation property

Financial methods are ways of influencing financial relations on the economic process, the formation and use of funds. They operate in two directions: through the management of the movement of financial resources and through market commercial relations associated with the comparison of costs and results, with financial incentives and responsibility for the effective use of funds.

The effect of financial methods is manifested in the formation and use of monetary funds.

TO financial methods relate:

Financial Accounting;

Planning;

Forecasting;

Financial control;

Financial regulation;

Payment system;

Lending;

Taxation;

Financial incentives and responsibility;

Insurance;

Pledge transactions;

Transfer operations;

Trust transactions;

Leasing, rental;

Factoring;

Other methods.

An integral element of the listed methods are special techniques financial management:

Credits and loans;

Interest rates;

Dividends;

Exchange rate quotes;

Financial leverage ("financial leverage") is a financial mechanism for managing the return on equity capital by optimizing the ratio of equity and borrowed funds used.

The effect of financial leverage is an increase in the profitability of equity capital obtained through the use of a loan, despite the payment of the latter.

The effect of financial leverage arises from the discrepancy between economic profitability and the “price” of borrowed funds. Economic profitability of assets is the ratio of the value of the production effect (i.e., profit before interest on loans and income taxes) to the total value of the total capital of the enterprise (i.e., all assets or liabilities).

In other words, the enterprise must initially develop such economic profitability that there are enough funds to at least pay interest on the loan.

2. Enterprise financial management system

2.1 Financial services and divisions of the enterprise

Financial management in a company is carried out by specially created services, headed, as a rule, by a deputy director for finance or a financial director.

The structure of the financial service includes divisions dealing with financial analysis, forecasting and planning, credit policy, cash management and short-term financial investments, taxation and relations with government regulators, investment activities. In addition, the competence of the financial service may also include the preparation of company financial statements and management accounting.

The activities of financial services are subordinated to the main goal - ensuring financial stability, creating stable preconditions for economic growth and profit.

The main tasks of financial services include:

· organization of relationships between the enterprise and other business entities;

· search for internal and external short-term and long-term sources of financing, selection of their most optimal combination;

· timely provision of financial resources to the economic activities of the enterprise;

· effective use of financial resources to achieve the strategic and tactical goals of the enterprise.

Separately, it is necessary to highlight such a function of financial services as the development of financial policy, the elements of which are:

· accounting policy;

· credit policy;

· cash flow management policy;

· depreciation policy;

· cost management;

· dividend policy.

The structure of the financial service must correspond to the scale of the enterprise’s activities, its strategic goals and direction of activity.

An example of the structure of the financial service of a large enterprise is shown in Figure 2.1

Figure 2.1 - Approximate structure of the financial service of a large enterprise.

The financial director or deputy director for finance is a key figure responsible for developing financial management strategies and tactics and their implementation to achieve the goals of the enterprise. Job responsibilities of the deputy. director for economics and finance involves solving problems that determine financial policy and realizing the economic goals of the enterprise. Here are some of them:

* Selection of service management schemes, ways and methods of their improvement.

* Organization efficient work economic service, selection and placement of personnel, management of structural divisions of the service.

* Providing to interested parties financial and economic performance indicators of the enterprise.

* Work with the banking system and business partners.

* Formation and development of relationships with owners.

The analytical department analyzes and assesses the financial condition of the enterprise, prepares an explanatory note for the annual report and leads the preparation for the annual report general meeting shareholders, develops and analyzes investment projects (financial part), makes forecasts of financial indicators.

The financial planning department develops long-term and short-term financial plans and manages the preparation of the main budget of the enterprise.

The tax planning department develops tax accounting policies, prepares tax calculations and tax returns, submits them to the tax authorities, monitors the timeliness and completeness of tax payments, and reconciles settlements with the budget and extra-budgetary funds.

The operational management department conducts settlements with debtors and creditors, controls relationships with banks and insurance companies, and ensures compliance with payment and settlement discipline.

The Securities and Currency Control Department forms a portfolio of securities, manages the movement of securities and currencies, and exercises control over foreign exchange transactions in order to comply with the legality and financial interests of the enterprise.

A rationally built financial management system performs the functions of the company’s controller and treasurer.

Depending on the specific enterprise, the structure of financial departments can vary significantly. In large-scale enterprises, the financial service may contain a significant number of services, sectors, bureaus, and departments. Small businesses may have a service where the functions and responsibilities of groups can be combined and carried out by a smaller number of employees, but, nevertheless, in this case, the functionality of this service must be maintained.

2.2 Methods of enterprise financial management.

Management of an enterprise's financial resources is a set of targeted methods, operations, methods and techniques for influencing finances to achieve the desired result. Financial management methods are varied. The main ones are: regulation, forecasting, planning, insurance, self-financing, lending.

These methods can be divided into two groups: the first group is methods for generating financial resources. These include regulation, forecasting and planning. The second group is methods of managing financial resources, namely, self-financing, lending, and insurance.

Let's consider the basic methods of managing financial resources that can be used in any enterprise. These methods include forecasting and planning.

Forecasting the activities of enterprises is an assessment of the prospects for their development based on an analysis of market conditions and changes in market conditions for the coming period. The results of forecasting the activities of enterprises are taken into account in enterprise marketing programs, when determining the possible scale of product sales, and when assessing expected changes in the conditions of sales and promotion of goods. Forecasting as a result of marketing research is the starting point for organizing the production and sale of exactly the products that the consumer requires. The main purpose of the forecast is to determine trends in factors affecting market conditions. When forecasting, short-term forecasts are usually distinguished - for 1-1.5 years, medium-term - for 4-6 years and long-term - for 10-15 years. Formalized quantitative methods (factorial, statistical analysis, mathematical modeling), methods expert assessments, based on the experience and intuition of specialists in this product and the market.

Forecasting is also necessary for drawing up economic development plans.

Planning is the process of developing and establishing by the management of an enterprise a system of quantitative and qualitative indicators of its development, which determines the pace, proportions, trends of development of a given enterprise, both in the current and in the future.

The development and justification of enterprise development plans is carried out on the basis of a system of progressive technical and economic norms and standards. The most advanced method for developing norms is calculation and analytical, in which norms and standards are technically justified through a comprehensive critical analysis state of production, possible changes in it, studying the impact various factors. Methods such as timing, photography of the working day, etc. are also used. The standards are based on the technical, economic and organizational conditions of work in the planning period.

The components of the above methods are special rates, dividends, exchange rate quotes, excise tax, discount, etc. The basis information support The financial management system consists of any financial information:

financial statements;

messages from financial authorities;

information from banking system institutions;

information on commodity, stock, and currency exchanges;

other information.

Significant financial resources, especially for newly created and reconstructed enterprises, can be mobilized in the financial market. The forms of their mobilization are: sale of shares, bonds and other types of securities issued by a given enterprise, credit investments.

2.3 The influence of government policy on the financial mechanism of an enterprise

IN modern conditions The efficiency of enterprises largely depends on the state. The state influences all areas economic activity society by performing legal, economic, social, defense, management and other functions, because the market cannot regulate economic and social processes in the interests of the whole society. The prerogative of the state is to ensure proper law and order in the country and its national security, which is the basis for the development of entrepreneurship and the economy.

State regulation in market conditions is a legislatively formalized system external influence for enterprise finance. The state forms financial policy at the macro level and carries out legislative regulation of micro-level finance. It determines the procedure for the formation, distribution and use of centralized funds of financial resources, which serve as one of the sources of financing for enterprises. Main directions government regulation financial activities of enterprises are shown in Figure 2.2:

Figure 2.2 - Main directions of state regulation of the financial condition of an enterprise.

The mechanism of government influence on entrepreneurial activity is economic (indirect) and administrative (direct) methods. They should be used in combination when carrying out fiscal, investment, price, depreciation, monetary and other policies in such a way as not to destroy market fundamentals and prevent crisis phenomena.

Economic methods of (indirect) influence of the state on entrepreneurial activity are quite diverse. The main ones are:

* ways to redistribute income and resources;

* pricing;

* state business activity;

* credit and financial mechanisms, etc.

Administrative methods (direct) should be used if economic methods are unacceptable or insufficiently effective. These include:

* restrictions;

* prohibitions;

* quotas; * and etc.

It is advisable to use them in the following areas:

* security environment;

* certification, standardization, metrology;

* social policy;

* foreign economic activity;

* activities of natural state monopolies.

Economic and administrative methods influence financial activities enterprises.

Enterprise finance serves as the main instrument of state regulation of the economy. With their help, the production of products is regulated and the needs of expanded reproduction are financed based on the optimal balance between funds allocated for consumption and accumulation. Enterprise finance can be used to regulate sectoral proportions in a market economy, help accelerate the development of individual sectors of the economy, create new industries and modern technologies, accelerating scientific and technological progress. World experience shows that in conditions of economic reform, in crisis situations The role of the state increases, but in conditions of stability and revitalization it decreases.

Increased efficiency government controlled and regulation is aimed at continuing to reform the public administration system and increase its efficiency, and implement administrative reform.

3 Assessing the efficiency of using the enterprise’s financial resources

3.1 Indicators of the effectiveness of the current economic activities of the enterprise

Important integral part financial management of an enterprise is the calculation and analysis of financial economic indicators in order to obtain information for assessing future activities and making management decisions.

Financial ratios allow managers to evaluate financial condition organizations as for the reporting period according to data accounting, and demonstrate the position of the enterprise for the planned period based on calculated budgets.

The choice of analyzed coefficients is carried out by the enterprise independently, taking into account the intended target indicators and optimization of decision making.

The calculation and analysis of indicators at the stage of budget approval affects the formation of financial resources, the use of material resources, making decisions on attracting and investing capital, determining commercial activities, and coordinating the interests of owners and top managers.

Indicators of the forecast balance sheet and budget of income and expenses (profit and loss statement) allow you to make a general assessment of the enterprise, analyze the dynamics of estimated indicators, the structure of balance sheet items, the quality of assets, the main directions of the economic and financial activities of the enterprise, and identify trends in the expected change in the financial condition.

When calculating and evaluating indicators, you can use both vertical analysis to determine the share of individual items in the final indicator, and horizontal analysis, which consists of comparing planned data and financial data for past periods in relative and absolute form.

When analyzing the planned financial and economic activities, the following groups of coefficients are used:

· profitability ratios - performance indicators that characterize the level of profitability of the enterprise;

· indicators business activity, allowing you to analyze the efficiency of using your own funds;

· liquidity indicators characterizing the company’s ability to meet short-term obligations.

Profitability analysis includes the calculation of the following indicators:

The return on assets ratio (economic profitability) characterizes the level of profit created by all assets of the enterprise that are in use according to the balance sheet. This indicator is calculated using the formula:

K(ra) = Profit from ordinary activities before tax / Balance sheet currency;

A decrease in the level of return on assets may indicate a decrease in the level of demand for the company's products and an overaccumulation of assets. This indicator characterizes the profit received by the enterprise from each ruble advanced for the formation of assets. Return on assets expresses a measure of the profitability of an enterprise in a given period.

The return on equity ratio (financial profitability) characterizes the level of return on equity capital invested in a given enterprise, therefore it is of greatest interest to existing and potential owners and shareholders, and is one of the main indicators of the investment attractiveness of the enterprise, since its level shows the upper limit of dividend payments.

K(rsk) = Cleani profit/equity.

If we compare return on assets and return on equity, this comparison will show the extent to which a given organization uses financial leverage (loans and credits) in order to increase its level of profitability.

The return on equity increases if specific gravity borrowed sources in the total amount of sources of asset formation increases.

The difference between return on equity and return on total capital is usually called the effect of financial leverage. Consequently, the effect of financial leverage is the increase in return on equity resulting from the use of credit.

In order to obtain an increase in profit through the use of a loan, it is necessary that the return on assets minus interest for using the loan is greater than zero. In this situation, the economic effect obtained as a result of using the loan will exceed the costs of attracting borrowed sources of funds, that is, interest on the loan.

The profitability ratio is calculated as the ratio of the enterprise's net profit to the net proceeds from sales of products (works, services).

K(рд) = Net profit / Net revenue from sales of products;

An increase in this indicator indicates an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise’s economic activities, while a decrease indicates the opposite.

The business activity of an enterprise in the financial aspect is manifested primarily in the speed of turnover of its funds. Analysis of business activity consists of studying the levels and dynamics of various turnover ratios, the main of which are:

Asset turnover ratio;

Turnover ratio working capital;

Accounts receivable turnover ratio;

Accounts payable turnover ratio;

Inventory turnover ratio;

Fixed asset turnover ratio;

Equity turnover ratio.

The importance of turnover indicators is explained by the fact that the characteristics of turnover largely determine the level of profitability of the enterprise.

Asset turnover ratio - reflects the rate of turnover of the total capital of the enterprise, i.e. shows how many times during the period under review a full cycle of production and circulation occurs, bringing the corresponding effect in the form of profit, or how many monetary units of sold products each unit of assets brought:

К(оа) = Net proceeds from sales of products / Average annual value of assets;

The working capital turnover ratio characterizes the ratio of revenue (gross income) from sales of products, excluding value added tax and excise duty, to the amount of working capital of the enterprise. A decrease in this ratio indicates a slowdown in the turnover of working capital.

K(ooo) =(Gross income - VAT - excise tax) / Average annual amount of working capital.

In the process of economic activity, an enterprise provides trade credit to consumers of its products, that is, there is a gap in time between the sale of goods and receipt of payment for it, resulting in accounts receivable. The accounts receivable turnover ratio shows how many times during the year the funds invested in the calculations were turned over. It is determined by the formula:

K(odz) = Net proceeds from sales of products / Average annual amount of receivables;

Typically, the higher the ratio, the better, because the business gets its bills paid sooner. On the other hand, providing goods credit to buyers is one of the sales promotion tools, so it is important to find the optimal length of the credit period.

It is useful to compare accounts receivable turnover rates with accounts payable turnover. This approach allows us to compare the terms of commercial credit provided by the enterprise in question to its customers with the terms of credit that it uses from suppliers. To do this, it is necessary to determine the turnover ratio and the turnover period of receivables and payables for commodity transactions.

Accounts payable turnover ratio - shows the expansion or reduction of commercial credit provided to the enterprise. An increase in the ratio means an increase in the speed of payment of the enterprise's debt, a decrease means an increase in purchases on credit. The formula for calculating the accounts payable turnover ratio is:

K(okz) = Net proceeds from sales of products / Average annual amount of accounts payable;

The payables turnover period is determined as a share of the duration of the analyzed period divided by the payables turnover ratio.

Inventory turnover ratio - reflects the number of turnovers of the enterprise's inventory for the analyzed period. A decrease in this indicator indicates a relative increase inventories and work in progress or a decrease in demand for finished products. In general, the higher the inventory turnover rate, the less funds are tied up in this least liquid item current assets, the more liquid the structure of current assets and the more stable financial position enterprises. The inventory turnover ratio is determined by the formula:

K(omz) = Cost of products sold / average value stocks.

The turnover ratio of fixed assets (capital productivity) is calculated as the ratio of net proceeds from sales of products (works, services) to the average annual cost of fixed assets. It shows the efficiency of using the company's fixed assets.

The equity capital turnover ratio is calculated as the ratio of net proceeds from sales of products (works, services) to the average annual value of the enterprise's equity capital and characterizes the efficiency of using the enterprise's equity capital.

Liquidity ratios - financial indicators, calculated on the basis of the enterprise’s reporting (company’s balance sheet - form No. 1) to determine the company’s ability to repay current debts at the expense of existing current (current) assets. The meaning of these indicators is to compare the amount of current debts of the enterprise and its working capital, which should ensure the repayment of these debts.

As a rule, the following liquidity ratios are calculated:

Current ratio or Coverage ratio or Total liquidity ratio is a financial ratio equal to the ratio of current (current) assets to short-term liabilities (current liabilities). The coefficient is calculated using the formula:

K(tl) = Current assets, excluding long-term receivables / Short-term liabilities

The ratio reflects the company's ability to pay off current (short-term) obligations using only current assets. The higher the indicator, the better the solvency of the enterprise. The current liquidity ratio characterizes the solvency of the enterprise not only at the moment, but also in case of emergency circumstances.

A normal coefficient is considered to be between 1.5 and 2.5, depending on the industry. Both low and high ratios are unfavorable. A value below 1 indicates a high financial risk associated with the fact that the company is not able to reliably pay current bills. A value greater than 3 may indicate an irrational capital structure.

The quick (quick) liquidity ratio characterizes the company's ability to repay current (short-term) obligations at the expense of current assets. It is similar to the current liquidity ratio, but differs from it in that the working capital used for its calculation includes only highly and moderately liquid current assets (money in operating accounts, warehouse stock of liquid materials and raw materials, goods and finished products, accounts receivable with a short maturity).

Such assets do not include work in progress, as well as inventories of special components, materials and semi-finished products. The source of data is the company’s balance sheet in the same way as for current liquidity, but inventories are not taken into account as assets, since if they are forced to be sold, losses will be maximum among all current assets:

K(bl) = (Cash + Short-term financial investments + Short-term receivables) / Current liabilities

This is one of the important financial ratios, which shows what part of the company's short-term obligations can be immediately repaid from funds in various accounts, in short-term securities, as well as proceeds from settlements with debtors. The higher the indicator, the better the solvency of the enterprise. A ratio value of more than 0.8 is considered normal (some analysts consider the optimal ratio value to be 0.6-1.0), which means that cash and future income from current activities should cover the organization’s current debts.

Absolute liquidity ratio - a coefficient equal to the ratio of cash and short-term financial investments to short-term liabilities (current liabilities). The source of data is the company’s balance sheet in the same way as for current liquidity, but only cash and cash equivalents are taken into account as assets, the calculation formula is:

K(al) = (Cash + Short-term financial investments) / Current liabilities

A coefficient value of more than 0.2 is considered normal. The higher the indicator, the better the solvency of the enterprise. On the other hand, a high indicator may indicate an irrational capital structure, an excessively high share of non-performing assets in the form of cash and funds in accounts.

Analysis of these indicators helps to improve the efficiency of organizations, the most rational and efficient use of fixed assets, material, labor and financial resources, the elimination of unnecessary costs and losses, and, consequently, the implementation of a savings regime.

3.2 Assessing the effectiveness of an enterprise’s investment activities

One of the most important areas of an enterprise’s economic activity is its investment activity related to the investment of funds in the implementation of long-term and medium-term projects.

Investment activity can be defined as a set of operations for the acquisition and sale of long-term (non-current) assets, as well as short-term (current) financial investments that are not equivalent to cash.

An enterprise can make investments of various types and in various organizational forms: the formation of an investment portfolio, participation in investment projects, etc. The areas of investment activity of an enterprise have a different nature, degree of responsibility and, accordingly, the nature of the consequences and the level of risk.

The main directions of investment activity of the enterprise are:

· renewal and development of the material and technical base of the enterprise or expanded production of fixed assets of the enterprise;

· increasing the volume of production activities;

· development of new types of activities.

The process of making management decisions of an investment nature is based on the assessment and comparison of the volume of proposed investments and future cash receipts, i.e. it is required to somehow compare the amount of investment with projected income based on the use of various formalized and informal methods and criteria.

This requires an in-depth investment analysis in the following areas:

· retrospective analysis of financial and economic activities in order to determine the most weak points in the activities of various departments of the enterprise;

· justification and comprehensive analysis of the investment business project;

· feasibility study of a loan and other types of external financial resources if they are attracted;

· assessment of the influence of external and internal factors on the overall effectiveness of the project.

Financial analysis of investment projects is the most important component of the strategy of any business entity. Its implementation allows you to make informed decisions on the feasibility of investments and the profitability of their activities.

The main indicators for assessing the effectiveness of an investment project are:

Net present value (NPV);

Profitability Index (PI);

Internal rate of return (IRR,%);

The payback period of the initial costs, calculated taking into account discounted cash flows (T).

The net present value method is based on a comparison of the discounted value of cash receipts (investments) generated by the enterprise during the forecast period. The purpose of this method is to identify actual size profit that can be received by the organization as a result of the implementation of this investment project.

Net present value is quantified in the following ways:

where: CF - cash flows by year

I - volume of investment

i - discount rate

n - number of periods (years)

This model assumes the following conditions:

The volume of investment is accepted as completed;

The volume of investment is taken into account at the time of analysis;

The return process begins after the investment is completed.

The discount rate r can be used:

· - bank lending rate;

· - weighted average cost of capital;

· - opportunity cost of capital;

· - internal rate of return.

If the analysis is carried out before the start of investment or the investment is planned for several years, then the amount of investment expenses should also be brought to the present moment. The model for calculating net present value will take the form:

The indicator reflects a forecast assessment of changes in the economic potential of a commercial organization in the event of the adoption of the project under consideration.

If NPV>0, then the project is profitable, increasing the actual cost of the organization by the NPV amount.

If NPV<0, то проект является убыточным и должен быть отвергнут.

If NPV = 0, then the project is neither profitable nor unprofitable, that is, from an economic point of view, it is indifferent whether to accept this project or not; if the projects are alternative, then the project with the higher net present value is accepted.

The key to calculating net present value, as with other discount valuation methods, is the choice of discount rate. The discount rate is chosen by the developer independently. In this case, one should take into account the size of risk-free rates, the projected inflation rate for the period, the rate of opportunity costs, uncertainty and risk when planning distant cash receipts, etc. The rationale for choosing a discount rate in each case is individual and depends on the conditions and goals of the analysis, as well as on analyst qualifications.

The investment return index is the income per unit of invested funds. It is defined as the ratio of the current value of the cash flow of income to the current value of investment costs and is calculated by the formula:

Unlike net present value, the profitability index is a relative indicator: it characterizes the level of income per unit of cost, i.e., the efficiency of investments - the higher the value of this indicator, the higher the return on each ruble invested in a given project. Thanks to this, the PI criterion is very convenient when choosing one project from a number of alternative ones that have similar NPV values (in particular, if two projects have the same NPV values, but different volumes of required investments, then it is obvious that the one that provides greater investment efficiency is more profitable ), or when completing an investment portfolio in order to maximize the total NPV value.

The higher the profitability indicator, the more preferable the project. If the index is 1 or lower, then the project hardly meets or even does not meet the minimum rate of return (in practice, an index close to one is acceptable in some cases). An index of 1 corresponds to zero net present value.

The internal rate of return on investments is the rate of return (barrier rate, discount rate) at which the net present value of the investment is zero, or the discount rate at which the discounted income from the project is equal to investment costs.

Its value is found from the following equation:

That is, the internal rate of return is the rate of return that, when applied to the earnings from an investment over its life cycle, results in a net present value of zero.

In particular, the economic meaning of the IRR criterion is that an enterprise can make any investment decisions, the profitability of which is not lower than the current value of the “cost of capital” (CC) indicator. The latter means the entire totality of the costs of the available sources of financing for the project.

Making a decision on an investment project based on the IRR criterion is based on the rule: if the IRR value is greater than the project financing rate, then this project should be accepted, and vice versa.

1. Theoretical issues of financial management

Resources

1.1. Essence, composition, structure of financial resources

enterprises

Management of an enterprise's financial resources is a set of targeted methods, operations, levers, and methods of influencing various types of finance to achieve a certain result /4/.

The financial resources of a company are part of the funds in the form of income and external receipts intended to fulfill financial obligations and meet the costs of ensuring expanded reproduction /7/.

In practical activities, people, as a rule, encounter not essential categories, but their transformed forms, therefore, for practical reasons, standard financial statements reflect them.

Entrepreneurial capital is capital invested (invested) in various companies with the aim of generating profit and rights to manage the company.

In real life, entrepreneurial and loan capital are closely related. The modern market economy is very diversified, i.e. dispersed both by type of activity and in space. Diversification today is one of the most important factors in ensuring the stability and sustainability of the market economy and its financial system /6/. But deepening diversification inevitably leads to the complication of financial flows and capital, the expansion of the use of special instruments in financial practice, which significantly complicates the financial work of the company.

It is customary to distinguish between two forms of financing: external and internal /4/. This division is due to the strict connection between the forms of financial resources and capital of the company with the financing process. Characteristics of types of financing are presented in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Structure of enterprise financing sources

Types of financing	External funding	Internal financing
Equity Financing	1. Financing based on deposits and equity participation (for example, issuing shares, attracting new shareholders)	2. Financing from after-tax profits (self-financing in the narrow sense)
Debt financing	3. Credit financing (e.g. based on loans, advances, bank loans, supplier loans)	4. Borrowed capital formed on the basis of income from sales - contributions to reserve funds (for pensions, for compensation for damage to nature from mining, for paying taxes)
Mixed financing based on equity and debt capital	5. Issue of bonds that can be exchanged for shares, option loans, loans on the basis of profit sharing rights, issue of preferred shares	6. Special positions containing a portion of reserves (i.e., deductions that are not yet taxable)

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….2

CHAPTER 1. Financial resources of the enterprise. Financial resource management system at the enterprise, methods for assessing the efficiency of using the financial resources of the enterprise………………………...4

1.1. Finance. Functions of finance. Financial mechanism, its methods

and levers…………………………………………………………………………………4

1.2. Financial resources of the enterprise…………………………………….6

1.2.1. Equity……………………………………………………….6

1.2.2. Borrowed funds of the enterprise……………………………...10

1.3. Financial relations…………………………………………………………..14

1.4. Financial service of the enterprise…………………………………..16

1.5. Financial activities of the state……………………………..17

1.6. Assessing the effectiveness of the use of financial resources……...18

1.6.1. Assessing the effectiveness of the current economic activities of the enterprise………………………………………………………………..18

1.6.2. Assessing the effectiveness of an enterprise’s investment activities……………………………………………………………..19

2. PRACTICAL PART………………………………………………….21

Task 1………………………………………………………………………………21

Task 2…………………………………………………………………………………25

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..28

Literature………………………………………………………………………………30

APPENDIX TO Problem 2……………………………………………………31

Introduction

The activities of any company, including financial ones, cannot be considered in isolation; in particular, a company's financial management system is an element of a larger system. From the perspective of macroeconomics, there are four economic entities in the national economy: the public sector, the business sector, the household sector and the “abroad” sector. Each of these sectors is permeated by a network of financial relationships; Of course, there are specifics in financial management in a particular sector, however, it is obvious that the finances of each of them are only an element of the interconnected financial system as a whole.

Since in a developed market economy none of the subjects can be self-sufficient and does not want to isolate themselves from other subjects, certain financial relations are established between them, and resources, including financial ones, are transferred from one subject to another. Typically, commercial and financial transactions between entities are carried out through the banking system.

Unlike subjects of financial relations, the financial market performs an intermediary function - it is not the owner of financial resources, but only helps optimize the use of total financial resources. The main participants in financial markets are investors and financial intermediaries (financial and investment companies, banking houses, investment funds, etc.); the first offer their placement, and also help companies in need of long-term financing find the optimal structure of sources of funds.

The role of all subjects of financial relations is not equal, although each plays its own important role in the normal functioning of the financial system; in a market economy, the finances of business entities, or more precisely, commercial organizations, still have a very obvious dominant role.

One of the main components of the financial and economic activity of an enterprise is monetary relations that accompany almost all other aspects of this activity: the supply of raw materials is accompanied by the need to pay for it, the sale of products is accompanied by the receipt of money in exchange for the delivered products, etc. All such monetary relations are precisely implemented within the financial system of the enterprise. Thus, enterprise finance is a set of monetary relations that arise among business entities regarding the formation of actual and potential funds of funds, their distribution and use for the needs of production and consumption.

The purpose of the work is to study financial resources and evaluate the effectiveness of their use.

The course work was completed with data V=1, G=7.
CHAPTER 1. Financial resources of the enterprise. Financial resource management system at the enterprise, methods for assessing the efficiency of using the financial resources of the enterprise

1.1. Finance. Functions of finance. Financial mechanism, its methods and levers

Finance plays a special role in economic relations. Their specificity is manifested in the fact that they always appear in monetary form. Finance is distributive in nature and reflects the formation and use of income and savings of economic entities in the sphere of material production, the state and participants in the non-productive sphere. Finance– these are economic relations that arise in the process of formation, distribution, redistribution and use of monetary income and savings among business entities and the state.

Financial resources is a collection of funds of funds at the disposal of the state, enterprises, organizations and institutions.

The finances of enterprises, organizations and institutions occupy a central place in the financial system - it is in this area that the bulk of the country's financial resources are formed. Insurance means the creation of a target insurance fund through cash contributions to compensate for possible damage. Public finance is the totality of financial resources of the state and its enterprises, organizations and institutions that are used to meet the needs of society (defense, social needs, etc.). Household finances (citizens) are the finances of individual families (citizens), which form the budgets of individual citizens and budgets of the social unit - the family. The main goal of these budgets is to use funds (budget revenues) for current consumption. Part of this income can be used for savings, i.e. invested by citizens in profitable activities..

Enterprise finance performs the following main functions: functions :

· formation of monetary funds (income);

· use of funds (expenses);

· financial planning;

· control function - exercising control over the formation and use of funds using indicators of accounting (financial) reporting and operational accounting;

· stimulating function, since rational organization of finances helps to increase operational efficiency

economic entity.

The financial mechanism of an economic entity is based on the principles:

· independence of carrying out economic activities;

· self-financing, i.e. expenses are carried out at the expense of income, the temporary lack of funds is replenished through borrowed sources of financing;

· responsibility for compliance with loan agreements and settlement discipline, as well as for other obligations arising in the process of production and economic activities;

· profitability of activities;

· material interest of the company's personnel in the results.

Financial mechanism is a system of influencing financial relations through financial levers, using financial methods and consisting in organizing, planning and stimulating the use of financial resources. Thus, the elements of the financial mechanism are financial relations, financial levers, financial methods, legal, regulatory and information support.

Financial relations represent an object of management, arise in the process of production and economic activity of the organization and reflect the cash flows of enterprises associated with investment, lending, taxation, etc.

Financial leverage- these are methods of influencing enterprises. They include a set of indicators such as profit, income, dividends, price, depreciation, etc.

Financial methods– these are ways of influencing the system, combining forecasting, financial planning, financial accounting, analysis, control, regulation, lending, taxation, insurance.

The financial management system at an enterprise includes a control system (the subject of management) and a managed system (the object of management). Depending on the size of the enterprise, the organizational structure of financial management can be built in different ways. Large enterprises, as a rule, create a special service headed by a financial director. In small enterprises, the functions of financial management are performed by the chief accountant.

Legal support financial management consists, on the one hand, in the formation of tax legislation, in the creation of a legislative framework for regulating settlement and monetary relations, the securities market, etc., on the other hand, in the development of a legislative framework for the preparation of financial statements of enterprises.

Purpose information support financial management is the provision of information necessary for making management decisions. This information is contained both in annual and quarterly financial statements, and can be obtained from operational accounting data and surveys of heads of departments of the enterprise. Information can be grouped in such a way that it is possible to assess the financial condition of the business entity as a whole, as well as make decisions on specific problems that arise. In the management process, in addition to internal information, external information of a financial nature is also used (reports from financial authorities, information from the banking system, commodity, stock and currency exchanges, etc.).

In the process of managing the financial system of an enterprise, issues of obtaining financial resources, managing financial resources and their use are resolved.

1.2.

Financial resources of the enterprise– these are funds generated during the formation of an enterprise and replenished as a result of production and economic activities through the sale of goods and services, disposed property of the organization, as well as by attracting external sources of financing.

The financial stability of enterprises and the risk of insolvency significantly depend on the types of sources of financial resources. The source of formation of financial resources is a set of sources to satisfy the additional need for capital for the coming period, ensuring the development of the enterprise. These sources are divided into own (internal) and borrowed (external).

1.2.1. Equity

Equity- the main risk capital of an enterprise, the funds that an enterprise can most confidently invest on a long-term basis and expose to the greatest risk. Their loss for any reason will not necessarily jeopardize the company's ability to pay its fixed debts. The peculiarity of equity capital is that it does not provide a mandatory or guaranteed profit, which must be paid in any course of business, and there is no specific schedule for the reimbursement of long-term investments. From the standpoint of the stability of enterprises and exposure to the risk of insolvency, the peculiarity of equity capital is that its size is fixed, and there is reason to expect that it will remain even in unfavorable circumstances, and there are no mandatory requirements for the payment of dividends.

Own capital consists of:

· authorized capital;

· additional capital;

· reserve capital;

· retained earnings (losses);

· other reserves.

Equity also includes future income (temporarily conserved profit of the reporting year).

Equity capital begins to form at the time of creation of the enterprise, when its authorized capital. The formation of authorized capital is associated with the peculiarities of the organizational and legal forms of enterprises: for partnerships it is share capital, for limited liability companies - authorized capital, for joint stock companies - share capital, for production cooperatives - a mutual fund, for unitary enterprises - authorized capital. In any case, the authorized capital is the start-up capital necessary to start the activities of the enterprise. The methods of forming the authorized capital are determined by the organizational and legal form of the enterprise: by making contributions by the founders or by subscribing to shares, if it is a joint-stock company. Contributions to the authorized capital can be money, securities, other things or property rights that have a monetary value. The authorized capital minimally guarantees the rights of the enterprise's creditors, therefore its lower limit is limited by law.

In the process of activity, an enterprise invests money in fixed assets, purchases materials, fuel, pays workers, as a result of which goods are produced and services are provided, which, in turn, are paid by customers. After this, the money spent is returned to the enterprise as part of the sales proceeds. After reimbursement of costs, the company makes a profit. Profit goes to the formation of various funds of the enterprise (reserve fund, accumulation funds, social development funds, consumption funds) or forms a single fund of the enterprise - retained earnings. Profit is the main source of enterprise development and the formation of reserve capital.

In addition to funds formed from profits, additional capital is an integral part of the enterprise's own capital. Extra capital accumulates funds received by the enterprise throughout the year through several channels.

Additional capital arises as a result of:

· increase in the value of non-current assets after their revaluation;

· receiving additional funds (or property) when selling shares in the event of their initial placement at a price exceeding their nominal value (share premium);

· increase in assets as a result of gratuitous receipt of property and

Money;

· increase in the value of non-current assets created at the expense of net

profits or funds of the enterprise;

· reflection of positive exchange rate differences on foreign deposits

investors in the authorized capitals of Russian enterprises.

What to include in additional capital and how to use it is decided by the owners of the enterprise by developing the appropriate regulations. The main channel for the receipt of additional capital is the results of the revaluation of fixed assets. It is quite natural to annually increase the authorized capital due to additional capital. But, as noted, many enterprises do not do this and, as a result, suffer certain losses associated with the conditions for the formation of reserve capital.

Reserve capital enterprises are divided into two types of reserve funds. The mandatory reserve fund, created in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the volume of which must be at least 15% of the authorized capital of the enterprise (in enterprises with foreign capital - 25%), is formed only through the annual deduction of the enterprise’s net profit in the amount of at least 5%. Deductions terminate upon reaching the volume of this fund established by the charter. The fund's funds are primarily used to cover losses from business activities, and in joint-stock companies, in the absence of other funds, to repay the company's bonds and repurchase its own shares. The money from the reserve fund is not used for any other purpose.

Thus, in accordance with world practice, the reserve capital of an enterprise is intended to cover the losses of the enterprise, and in joint-stock companies - also to repay the company’s bonds and repurchase their shares in the absence of other funds. If the reserve fund is used for the specified purposes, then contributions to it are made from profits before taxation. This means that the company has a benefit and contributions to the reserve fund are not subject to income tax.

Optional reserve funds of an enterprise can be used:

· if there is a lack of working capital - for the formation of inventories, work in progress and finished products;

· if there is sufficient working capital - in short-term financial

attachments.

When using reserve capital for these purposes, contributions to it must be made from net profit, i.e. without tax benefits. In particular, joint-stock companies can form a special fund for the corporatization of company employees from their net profits. It is intended for the acquisition of company shares sold by shareholders for subsequent distribution to employees. In conditions of production development, when highly qualified specialists will be invited, this may be one of the incentives. Shares in a joint stock company may be one of the options for bonuses for employees. In addition, the concentration of the majority of shares issued by a joint-stock company among the company's employees serves as a powerful incentive and condition for increasing production efficiency.

The importance of reserve capital for Russian enterprises is still small. Its share in its own sources of financing since 1995 has not exceeded 18%.

Other own funds. Retained earnings are the part of net profit that was not distributed among shareholders and remained at the disposal of the enterprise. Its share in the own sources of financing of Russian enterprises is small, but it is the fastest growing element of the equity capital of enterprises. A significant increase in the volume of retained earnings predetermined an increase in its share in the equity capital of enterprises from 0.2% in 1994 to 2.8% in 1998.

Retained earnings can be accumulated both in reserve funds and in special-purpose funds, from which expenses not directly related to the production process are covered. If it is possible to create many such funds for various purposes, according to their economic content, they can be divided into two types - accumulation and social funds and consumption funds.

In the accumulation fund, by decision of the founders, a part of the net profit is reserved for financial support of capital investments in production. The importance of this fund for Russian enterprises gradually decreased: from 5.7% in 1995 to 3.1% in 1998.

The investment fund is intended for the development of production. It concentrates:

· depreciation fund intended for simple reproduction of fixed assets;

· accumulation fund, formed through deductions from profits and intended for the development of production;

· borrowed and attracted sources.

This fund is created in order to provide the enterprise with the opportunity, at the expense of its own profits and other sources, to ensure an increase in working capital and financing of capital investments. When distributing net profit, it is decided which part of it should be used to pay dividends and which part to develop production. The investment fund serves as a source of increasing the authorized capital of the enterprise, since investments in the development of production increase the property of the enterprise. Consequently, the net assets and book value of the shares of the joint-stock company increase, and with an increase in the authorized capital, their par value also increases. An increase in funds for development contributes to an increase in the sales volume of the enterprise and an increase in its profits. That is why, in world practice, approximately half of joint stock companies do not pay dividends, but attract shareholders by constantly increasing the value of shares.

The Social Sphere Fund covers capital investments of the enterprise's social services. Consumption funds are created to finance social events of a non-capital nature (employee bonuses, sports competitions, financial assistance, etc.). In terms of its importance for Russian enterprises, the Social Sphere Fund ranks second after additional capital: in 1995-1998. its share in its own sources of financing remained at the level of 23-24%.

Other reserves include reserves that are created at enterprises in connection with upcoming large expenses included in the cost price and distribution costs, which helps to avoid uneven inclusion of these expenses in costs.

As for the placement of equity capital, its main share is in the form of non-current assets (fixed assets, construction in progress, long-term financial investments, intangible assets and other non-current assets).

The most important own sources of investment. Among internal sources of financial resources used for investment purposes, profit and depreciation charges are considered the most important throughout the world. The profit of an enterprise is formed in the process of its production activities; it is its final result and the source of production growth. However, this source is not the entire gross profit received as a result of the economic activity of the enterprise, but only the part of it that remains after paying taxes and payments to the budget - net profit. It is used to form savings and consumption funds and a reserve fund. Depreciation charges are the monetary expression of the cost of depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets. Depreciation charges are included in the cost of production and then, as part of the proceeds from the sale of products, are returned to the enterprise's current account, becoming an internal source of formation of the accumulation fund. In developed countries, the share of depreciation in the financing of simple and expanded reproduction is 50-70%.

1.2.2. Borrowed (external) funds of the enterprise

In a market economy, external sources of financial resources are of great importance: in practice, an enterprise cannot do without borrowing funds. Borrowed funds in normal economic conditions help improve production efficiency; they are necessary for expanded production. The variety of channels for attracting borrowed resources creates the opportunity to use them in various situations.

Sources of borrowed funds include: bank loans, commercial loans, factoring, leasing, private loans, etc.

Attracting borrowed capital becomes necessary to cover the enterprise's needs for fixed and working capital. Such a need may arise during the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production, due to the lack of sufficient start-up capital, the presence of seasonality in production, as well as as a result of deviations in the normal course of the circulation of funds for reasons beyond the control of the enterprise: non-obligation of partners, emergency circumstances, etc. d.

Borrowed capital is divided into short-term and long-term. As a rule, borrowed capital for a period of up to one year is classified as short-term capital, and borrowed capital for more than a year is classified as long-term capital. How to finance certain assets of an enterprise - through short-term or long-term (debt and equity) capital - is decided in each specific case. However, an enterprise often follows the rule that elements of fixed capital, as well as the most stable part of working capital (for example, safety stock, part of accounts receivable) are financed from long-term capital. The rest of the current assets, the value of which depends on the flow of goods, is financed by short-term capital.

All external sources of financing fall into one of two categories: financing through obtaining loans or issuing securities (except shares). Let us dwell in more detail on the credit form of borrowed capital.

In world practice, the following types of loans are distinguished: bank, commercial, consumer, state, international and usurious loans. For enterprises, the most relevant are commercial and, of course, bank loans.

Commercial loan. An enterprise can receive such a loan when purchasing goods or creating an inventory from a supplier. For many small businesses it is the most important source of financing. Although lost profits when using a commercial loan are not reflected in accounting, it can nevertheless be expressed in a significant amount if the supplier provides the buyer with a discount on the price when paying for the transaction in a shorter period than specified in the contract. For example, when paying within 10 days with a payment term of 30 days, the supplier may provide a 2% discount on the payment cost.

As in all cases of raising capital, a business receiving a commercial loan must pay attention to the problem of dependency. The supplier may impose unfavorable prices or lower quality products on the company, demand that it stop doing business with the supplier's competitors, or that other unsuitable conditions be met.

Bank loan. Around the world, commercial banks are most often used by enterprises as sources of short-term and long-term credit resources.

Bank lending to enterprises for production and social needs is carried out in strict compliance with the principles of repayment, payment and urgency, reflecting the essence and content of the loan. These principles spontaneously emerged at the early stage of credit development and were then enshrined in legislation.

Loan repayment means the obligation to pay the lender the principal amount on the agreed terms.

Urgency of the loan - the return of borrowed funds to the lender not at any time suitable for the borrower, but within a predetermined time frame. The loan term is the maximum time during which the loan funds are at the disposal of the borrower. Violation of this principle by the borrower entails the application of certain sanctions: an increase in the interest charged, and then the presentation of financial claims in court.

Payment of the loan. According to this principle, the borrower must not only return the credit resources received from the bank, but also pay for the right to use them, which is associated with the fees for the services provided by banks when lending. A bank loan typically incurs a fee in the form of interest. The interest rate is set by the parties to the loan agreement.

Bank loans are provided by specialized financial institutions licensed to carry out these operations by the Central Bank. Only legal entities can be borrowers of a bank loan. The instrument of credit relations is a credit agreement or credit agreement.

The disadvantages of the credit form of financing are:

· the need to pay interest on the loan;

· complexity of design;

· need for provision;

· deterioration of the balance sheet structure as a result of borrowing. Which can lead to loss of financial stability, insolvency and, ultimately, bankruptcy of the enterprise.

Factoring and leasing. In addition to traditional forms of credit, there are other forms of external financing that are not directly related to credit operations, but, like credit, are related to the attraction of borrowed funds. Examples of such operations are factoring and leasing operations.

The basic principle of factoring is the purchase by a factor firm (often a bank plays this role) from its client-enterprise of requirements for buyers of its products. In fact, the bank buys receivables.

Accounts receivable– the amount of debts owed to the organization. Includes debts of buyers and customers, for bills receivable, subsidiaries and affiliates, founders (participants) for contributions to the authorized capital, for advances issued, and others. It is divided into debts for which payments are expected within 12 months and after 12 months from the reporting date.

Within 2-3 days, he pays 70-80% of the claims in the form of an advance payment. The remaining portion is paid to the bank client upon receipt of funds. Thus, the bank actually finances the enterprise.

Factoring provides the following benefits:

· financing of the enterprise is carried out immediately, eliminating the need to wait for the payment deadline from buyers of its products;

· the financial risk of the enterprise, which is guaranteed to receive all payments, is reduced;

· an enterprise can reduce its costs by reducing accounting staff, since the bank assumes obligations to maintain accounts receivable;

· the enterprise gets the opportunity to receive information about the solvency of customers, since banks are connected with each other and through a computer system can receive sales and financial information about customers around the clock.

The cost of factoring services consists of two elements:

1. commissions, which depend on the size of turnover and solvency of buyers and can range from 0.5 to 2% of the invoice amount;

2. the usual market interest rate for loans, since the bank pays the company money before the buyer pays his bills.

Leasing is a long-term lease of machinery, equipment and other goods for investment purposes purchased by the lessor (lessor) while retaining ownership of them by the lessor for the entire lease term.

There are 2 types of leasing:

· financial;

· operating room;

Financial leasing provides for the payment by the lessee during the term of the contract of amounts covering the full cost of depreciation of the equipment or most of it upon expiration of the contract; the lessee can:

· return the leased object to the lessor;

· enter into a new rental contract;

· buy out the leased asset at its residual value.

Operational leasing is concluded for a period shorter than the depreciation period of the property; after the end of the contract, the leased object is returned to the owner and leased out again.

1.3. Financial relations

Modern commercial organizations operate in constantly changing market conditions with fierce competition. The main goal of their entrepreneurial activity is not only to maximize profit, but also to preserve and increase their own capital, ensuring business stability.

In the course of the entrepreneurial activities of commercial organizations, certain financial relations arise related to the organization of production and sales of products, the provision of services and the performance of work, the formation of their own financial resources and the attraction of external sources of financing, their distribution and use, and the fulfillment of obligations to the country's budget system.

Financial relations of commercial organizations. The material basis of financial relations is money. Financial relations are part of monetary relations that arise only with the real movement of funds and are accompanied by the formation and use of equity capital, centralized and decentralized funds of funds.

Finance of commercial organizations– these are financial or monetary relations that arise in the course of entrepreneurial activity in the process of forming equity capital, targeted centralized and decentralized funds of funds, their distribution and use.

According to its economic content, the entire set of financial relations can be grouped into the following areas:

· between the founders at the time of creation of the organization. These financial relations are associated with the formation of equity capital and in its composition the authorized (stock, share) capital. Specific methods of forming authorized capital depend on the organizational and legal form of business. In turn, the authorized capital is the initial source of the formation of production assets and the acquisition of intangible assets;

· between individual organizations. Financial relations are associated with the production and sale of products, the emergence of newly created value. These include: financial relations between the supplier and the buyer of raw materials, materials, finished products, etc., relations with construction organizations when carrying out investment activities, with transport organizations when transporting goods, with communications companies, customs, foreign companies, etc. These relationships are fundamental, since the final result of commercial activity largely depends on their effective organization;

· between the organization and its divisions(branches, workshops, departments, teams) - regarding the financing of expenses, distribution and use of profits, working capital. This group of relations influences the organization and rhythm of production;

· between an organization and its employees– when distributing and using income, issuing and placing shares and bonds in a joint-stock company, paying interest on bonds and dividends on shares, on shares, collecting fines and compensation for material damage caused, withholding taxes from individuals. The efficiency of using labor resources depends on the organization of this group of relations;

· between the organization and higher levels, within financial and industrial groups, within a holding, with unions and associations of which this organization is a member. Financial relations arise in the formation, distribution and use of centralized target monetary funds and reserves to finance targeted industry programs, conduct marketing research, research work, exhibitions, provide financial assistance on a repayable basis for the implementation of investment projects and replenishment of working capital. This group of relations is associated, as a rule, with the intra-industry redistribution of funds, optimization of their use and is aimed at supporting and developing the organization;

· between individual commercial organizations in connection with the issue and placement of securities, mutual lending, equity participation in the creation of joint ventures. The possibility of attracting additional sources of financing for business activities depends on the organization of these relations;

· between commercial organizations and the financial system of the state– when paying taxes and making other payments to the budget, forming extra-budgetary trust funds, providing tax benefits, applying penalties, financing from the budget;

· between commercial organizations and the banking system– in the process of storing money in commercial banks, receiving and repaying loans, paying interest on a bank loan, buying and selling currency, and providing other banking services;

· between commercial organizations and insurance companies and organizations– when insuring the property of certain categories of employees, commercial and entrepreneurial risks;

· between commercial organizations and investment institutions– during the placement of investments, privatization, etc.

Each of the listed groups has its own characteristics and scope of application. However, they are all bilateral in nature; their material basis is the movement of funds. The movement of funds is accompanied by the formation of the authorized capital of the organization, the circulation of its funds begins and ends, the formation and use of cash funds and reserves.

1.4. Enterprise financial service

The effectiveness of the financial system of an enterprise is determined, first of all, by its clear and coordinated work, as well as, to a large extent, by the organization of the activities of the financial service. The most important tasks of the financial service are:

· providing financial resources for established tasks for production, capital construction, introduction of new equipment, scientific research and other planned costs;

· fulfillment of financial obligations to the budget, banks, suppliers, employees for the payment of wages and other obligations;

· timely and high-quality analysis of the production and economic activities of the enterprise and its constituent units, finding ways to increase profits and increase the profitability of production;

· promoting the most efficient use of production assets and capital investments;

· control over the correct use of financial resources and acceleration of turnover of working capital.

The market economy, with all the diversity of its models known in world practice, is a socially oriented economy, supplemented by government regulation. Finance plays a huge role both in the very structure of market relations and in the mechanism of their regulation by the state. Being part of market economic relations, finance at the same time acts as an important tool for implementing public policy. Fundamental changes in the economy associated with the transition to a market cause both positive and negative changes in society. The economic policy of the state is carried out mainly with the help of financial and credit levers. The role and importance of monetary and financial-credit levers increase sharply in the context of the transition and development of market relations in the country: after all, the monetary and financial-credit system is one of those sectors of the economy where market mechanisms work most effectively.

All state activities related to the accumulation, redistribution and use of funds are regulated by financial law.

Financial law is a set of legal norms regulating social relations that arise in the process of formation, distribution and use of monetary funds (financial resources) of the state and local governments necessary for the implementation of their tasks.

All state activities related to the accumulation, redistribution and use of funds are regulated by financial law. To solve problems and perform its functions, the state forms a main fund of funds - the budget. Issues of legal regulation of activities related to the redistribution and accumulation of funds into the budget, as well as into extra-budgetary funds, are also entirely within the scope of financial law.

The main lever of the state for the accumulation of funds to ensure the functioning of state power, and society as a whole, is taxes. Therefore, the institution of taxes is also regulated by financial law.

In addition, the rules of financial rights regulate relations in the field of public credit, i.e. relations between state internal and external debt. The same rules govern the insurance business. Financial law includes rules governing banking activities and bank credit. Financial law also includes rules governing money circulation, currency legislation and legislation on settlements and the movement of securities.

1.5. Financial activity of the state

This is the implementation by him of the functions of systematic education, distribution and use of funds (financial resources) in order to implement the tasks of socio-economic development, ensuring the defense capability and security of the country.

The main organizational and legal features of financial activities are as follows:

· it differs from other areas of state activity in its intersectoral content, since the accumulation and distribution of financial resources affect all sectors and areas of public administration. In addition, in the process of this activity, the state controls the work of government and management bodies, as well as enterprises, organizations, institutions in the implementation of their tasks;

· the state carries out financial functions (depending on their content, role, scale) in the form of activities of representative and executive (government) authorities. For example, budget funds in the main areas of life of the state or subjects of the Federation are distributed by representative bodies, and financial resources within sectors of the national economy are distributed in the order of state administration by executive authorities;

· the sphere of financial activity falls under the jurisdiction of both federal bodies and constituent entities of the Federation, as well as local governments.

1.6. Assessing the effectiveness of the use of financial resources

1.6.1. Assessing the effectiveness of the current economic activities of the enterprise

The assessment allows us to study the interaction of elements of productive forces (tools of labor, objects of labor and labor) at the stages of production and sale of labor products. Understand and objectively evaluate the performance of enterprise personnel given the existing production potential. In the process of analysis, reserves, cause-and-effect relationships and factors are identified that can be used to increase the efficiency of the company. Analysts develop methods for the implementation of identified reserves and factors, the practical use of analysis results in the current and future management activities of the company.

In general, the tasks of analysis can be formulated as processes of observation, study, assessment of the state, finding and mobilization and consumption of products (works, services). The components of the generalized task of analyzing the economic activity of a company are the tasks of improving quality at all stages of the production process, increasing labor productivity on an extensive and intensive basis, and achieving better financial results. Analysis as a management function is carried out on a daily basis, but can be carried out regularly in the short and long term. In addition, the analysis can be carried out by specialized analytical services, enterprise owners, management bodies, suppliers, buyers, and audit firms. Credit and financial authorities, i.e. various business entities.

1.6.2. Assessing the effectiveness of an enterprise's investment activities

Investments– This is a long-term investment of capital with the aim of obtaining and increasing income. There are financial (purchase of securities, shares, bonds, investment of money for the purchase of securities in deposit accounts in banks at interest, etc.) and real investments (investment of money in capital construction, expansion and development of production), investments actually bring benefits to the investor, when the income per 1 ruble of investments exceeds losses from inflation. But real investments include only those financial and other capital investments that are directed towards the creation and development of material objects for commercial purposes, including:

· New construction;

· expansion and modernization of existing facilities;

· innovations (innovations).

The effectiveness of an enterprise's investment activities is characterized by a system of indicators that reflect the ratio of costs and results of the enterprise's investment activities. The following indicators of enterprise performance are distinguished:

· indicators of commercial (financial) efficiency, taking into account the financial consequences of the implementation of the enterprise’s activities for its direct participants;

· indicators of budgetary efficiency, reflecting the financial consequences of the enterprise’s activities for the federal, regional or local budget;

· economic efficiency indicators. Taking into account the costs and results associated with the implementation of the enterprise’s activities, going beyond the direct financial interests of participants in the enterprise’s investment activities and allowing for cost measurement.

One of the most responsible and significant stages in managing the investment activity of an enterprise is the justification of its economic efficiency, including analysis and integral assessment of all available technical, economic and financial information. Assessing the effectiveness of investments is central to the process of justifying and selecting possible options for investing in operations with real assets. The initial stage of assessing the effectiveness of investments usually includes drawing up alternatives and ensuring their comparability (comparability), primarily in terms of time frame and level of risk. Alternative investments (allowing for one of two or more possibilities) can be independent, for which the cash flows generated do not overlap, and dependent, when the cash flows generated by them are interdependent. To quantitatively assess the effectiveness of an enterprise's investment activities, certain methods have been developed that allow one to objectively solve this problem.

Methods for assessing the effectiveness of an enterprise's investment activities are methods for determining the feasibility of long-term capital investment in various objects in order to assess the prospects for their profitability and payback. Currently, the generally accepted method for assessing the investment activity of an enterprise is the discounting method, i.e. bringing different-time income and expenses carried out within the framework of the investment activity of the enterprise to a single (base) point in time. Based on it, the following four criteria are calculated:

1. net present value;

2. profitability;

3. payback period;

4. internal rate of return.

None of the considered criteria by itself is sufficient to make a decision on whether to implement a project. The decision to invest funds must be made taking into account all of the listed factors, which are not always amenable to formal assessment.

PRACTICAL PART

Task No. 1

Initial data:

To conduct business under a franchisor agreement, Intellect LLC is created. Calculate efficiency based on 5 years of operation of the company. It is conventionally considered that the creation of a company and the formation of property is carried out at the end of the year. And current activities begin at the beginning of next year.

The authorized capital of the company is formed by two founders. The first provides the necessary fixed assets and its share is 51%. The second founder contributes his share in cash. The amount missing to start activities is taken from the bank on credit for 2 years at 16% per annum.

Before starting an activity, it is necessary to make the following expenses (investments in the creation of an enterprise from which the property of the enterprise is formed):

1. Register a company. To register this enterprise, the founders use the services of a law firm, which carries out all the necessary actions to prepare a package of constituent documents and register the enterprise. The cost of her services is 9 thousand rubles.

2. Conclude a franchise agreement and pay a franchise in the amount of 17 thousand rubles.

3. Conduct training and certification of personnel from the franchisor (12 specialists, 10 thousand rubles each).

4. Make an advance payment for renting the premises in the amount of 510 thousand rubles.

5. Repair the premises – 120 thousand rubles.

6. Purchase the necessary property.

Table 1.1

	Quantity, pcs.	Price for 1 piece, thousand rubles.	Cost, thousand rubles.
Server	2	10	20
Mini PBX with telephone sets	1	27	27
Personal computers	38	25	950
Fax	5	4	20
Printer	4	5	20
Scanner	1	5	5
Workplace	11	5	55
Study place	27	2	54
Car	1	75	75
Kitchen equipment	1	10	10
Total:	1236

7. Create stocks of goods, components, tools and spare parts. The purchase of goods for resale is carried out from the franchisor on credit with payment due within a month. The first purchase of all inventories is carried out in an amount equal to the planned standard. When calculating standards, a month is counted as 30 days, a year as 360 days. Safety stock of all types is 1 day.

9. Provide for the availability of funds for unforeseen expenses

in the amount of 2 thousand rubles.

The company operates under a simplified taxation system and pays a single tax of 15% on the excess of income over expenses.

Table 1.3

Results of the enterprise’s economic activities:

Table 1.4

Calculation of the value of intangible assets:

Table 1.5

Calculation of stock standard:

Table 1.6

Calculation of working capital requirements:

Table 1.7 Enterprise balance sheet structure

Assets	Amount, thousand rubles	Passive	Amount, thousand rubles
fixed assets intangible assets fixed assets unfinished construction profitable investments in material assets long-term financial investments Other noncurrent assets		capital and reserves authorized capital Extra capital Reserve capital special purpose funds targeted funding and revenues retained earnings uncovered loss
current assets accounts receivable short-term financial investments cash Other current assets		4. long-term obligations	1978
5. short-term liabilities	62
Balance	3227	Balance	3227

Table 1.8

Calculation of financial results, thousand rubles.

Emergency Wed. year = (1431.07 ++ 1898.49 + 1967.**3)/5 = 1846.41 thousand rubles. in year

BH=1846.41*5 – 3227=6005.05 thousand rubles.

ID=1846.41*5/3227=2.86 rubles/year

Current=3227/1846.41=1.74 years

Problem No. 2

Table 2.1

Estimated current expenses for the base year, thousand rubles.

Cost elements	Direct expenses	RSEO	Shop expenses	Administrative expenses	Business expenses	total
material, incl. Materials Accessories Spare parts Fuel Electricity
remuneration, incl. Basic salary Additional Compulsory insurance
3. depreciation	22,00	22,77	44,77
4. others. Incl. Rest	0,00	0,00
Bottom line	4250,36	238,96	429,28	355,72	225,37	5449,69

Direct costs = Consumption rate for 1 conditional product

· materials * plan for the current year;

· components *plan for the current year;

· basic salary * plan for the current year;

· additional * plan for the current year;

· UST = (basic salary + additional)*0.26;

· Compulsory insurance = (main + additional) * 0.01

Workshop costs=Workshop maintenance costs

· Depreciation = book value of workshop equipment * 0.12

Table 2.2

Costing for a conditional product

Costing items	Annual program, thousand rubles.	Costing for 1 conventional product (rub.)
Raw materials	428,00	107,00
Accessories	3228,00	807,00
Basic salary	400,00	100,00
Additional salary	68,00	17,00
UST	121,68	30,42
Compulsory insurance	4,68	1,17
Total direct	4250,36	1062,59
RSEO	238,96	59,74
Shop expenses	429,28	107,32
Administrative expenses	355,72	88,93
Business expenses	225,37	56,34
Total indirect	1249,33	312,33
Total	5449,69	1374,92

Table 2.3

Determining the price of a conditional service

Profit = total profitability of products * 0.27

Wholesale price= full cost + profit

VAT=18% of the wholesale price

Selling price = wholesale price + VAT

Table 2.4

Determination of financial results, thousand rubles.

Index	Base year	Planned year
Number of conditional products	4000	4280
Revenue – gross	8125,04	8747,29
VAT	1197,04	1334,33
Volume of sales	6928	7412,96
Cost without management and commercial expenses	4918,6	5262,9
Gross profit	2009,4	2150,06
Administrative expenses	355,72	355,72
Business expenses	225,37	225,37
Profit from sales	2009,4	2150,06
Other expenses, incl.	49,66	51,38
- property tax	8,14	8,14
- transport tax	1	1
- Bank services	40,52	42,24
Balance sheet profit	1959,74	2098,68
Income tax	470,34	503,68
Net profit	1489,4	1595
Product profitability, %	40,85%	40,85%
Estimated profitability, %	27,39%	27,42%

Revenue – gross = selling price * number of products/1000

Sales volume = revenue – gross – VAT

Gross profit = sales volume – cost

Sales profit + gross profit

Property tax = book value of 1 collection point * number of points + book value of workshop equipment

Bank services = revenue - gross * collection + settlement and cash services

Balance sheet profit = profit from sales - other expenses

Income tax = 24% of book profit

Net profit = book profit – income tax

Product profitability, %= (profit from sales/cost) *100

Estimated profitability, %= (net profit/(income tax + other expenses + cost))/100.

Conclusion

The financial resources of an enterprise are the monetary resources at its disposal. They can be their own or borrowed. Own financial resources are formed from the authorized capital, founders' contributions, depreciation charges, profits, by issuing additional shares of the enterprise, etc. They are used for production and scientific and technical development, forming the assets of the enterprise. Borrowed funds are the financial resources of third-party organizations and individuals (credits, borrowings, financial assistance from other enterprises, funds raised through the issuance of bonds, charitable contributions, etc.).

The ratio of equity and borrowed funds in the capital structure of an enterprise can be different depending on the policy of the enterprise management, industry characteristics, and the goals of raising funds.

The profit of an enterprise characterizes the efficiency of its activities. It is the main source of financial resources of the enterprise, ensuring its functioning and development. Profit is characterized by a system of indicators: balance sheet profit, taxable and non-taxable profit, net profit, profit received from the sale of products, works, services, income from non-sales transactions, profit from the sale of property.

The company plans its income and expenses for the short and long term. Its financial stability, the rhythm of all economic activities, the timeliness of payments to various state funds, tax authorities, local budgets, as well as settlements with suppliers depend on this.

The main form of financial planning is the balance of income and expenses, consisting of sections: income and receipts of funds. Expenses and deductions, credit relationships, relationships with the budget. The financial plan reflects the results of the economic and financial activities of the enterprise, its relationships with the budget, banks and other organizations.

To carry out their activities, enterprises use the services of banks, insurance companies, stock and commodity exchanges, investment funds and other organizations. The forms and types of relationships are determined by the nature of the operations performed.

The bank carries out non-cash payment turnover, opens settlement and current accounts of the enterprise, carries out cash transactions and lending, conducts foreign exchange transactions, provides leasing, factoring and trust services.

To reduce the degree of risk, an enterprise can use the services of insurance organizations. Buildings, structures, machinery and equipment, vehicles, work in progress, finished products, goods, raw materials and other property, enterprise employees, loans are subject to insurance.

LITERATURE

1. Gavrilchak I.N., Levitina I.Yu. Enterprise economy. Workshop. – St. Petersburg: SPbGASE, 2003

2. Levitina I.Yu. Enterprise economy. Guidelines for completing course work for students of specialty 080502.65 (060800) “Economics and management of enterprises in the service sector” - St. Petersburg: SPbGUSE, 2007

3. Gorfinkel V.Ya., Kupryakov E.M. and others. Enterprise Economics. Textbook for universities. – M.: UNITY, 1996

4. Safronov N.A. Enterprise economy. Textbook – M.: Yurist, 2002

5. Gorfinkelya V.Ya., Shvandra V.A. Enterprise economy. Textbook - M.: UNITY, 2006

6. Sklyarenko V.K., Prudnikov V.M. Enterprise economy. Textbook – M.: UNITY, 2006

7. Volkov O.I., Devyatkin O.V. Economics of an enterprise (firm): Textbook 33rd edition – M.: INFRA – M, 2005

8. Bolshakov S.V. Enterprise finance: theory and practice. Textbook - M.: Book World, 2005

9. Kovalev V.V., Kovalev Vit.V. Finance of organizations (enterprises): textbook - M.: TK Welby, Prospekt publishing house, 2006

10. Polyak G.B. Finance: a textbook for university students - 3rd edition - M.: UNITY - DANA, 2007

11. Ostapenko V.V. Enterprise finance. Textbook - 3rd edition - M.:INFRA, 2005

12. Kovalev A.M., Lapusta M.G., Skamai L.G. Company finances. Textbook – M.: Perspective, 003

13. Kolchina N.V. Enterprise finance. Textbook - M.:INFRA, 2004

14. Zaitsev N.L. “Economics, organization and management of an enterprise”: textbook - M.: DANA, 200006

15. Sheremet A.D., Ionova A.F. enterprise finance management and analysis: textbook - M.: INFRA-M, 2006

16. Volodin A.A., Samsonov N.F., Buomistrova P.A. financial management (enterprise finance). Textbook - M., 2004

17. Shcherbyaka A.V. Organizational finances. Textbook – Rostov-on-Don, 2005

18. Gavrilova A.N., Popov A.A. Finance of organizations (enterprises) - textbook - M., 2006

19. Shulyak P.N. Enterprise finance: textbook - 6th edition - M., 2006

20. Sheremet A.D., Sayfulin R.S. Enterprise finance. – M.:INFRA-M, 1998

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22. Melkumov Y.S. economic assessment of investment efficiency and financing of investment projects. – M.: ICC “DIS”, 1997.

APPENDIX TO TASK No. 2

Number of collection points (pcs.)	1
Book value of workshop equipment (thousand rubles)	(200*1)=200
Book value of equipment for 1 collection point (thousand rubles)	(200+7)=207
Depreciation rate for all types of fixed assets, %	(10+1)=11%
Plan for the current year (thousand standard products)	((1+7)/2)=4
Consumption rates for 1 standard product:
materials (rub.\pcs.)	(100*1+7)=107
components (rub.\pcs.)	(800+7)=807
basic salary (RUB\pcs.)	(100*1)=100
additional salary, %	(10+7)=17
Costs for maintaining 1 collection point:
rent of premises (thousand rubles/month)	(5+1)=6
receptionist's salary (RUB/month)	(2+1)=3
	(2+7/10)=2,7
lighting (rub/month)	(200+7)=207
repair costs (thousand rubles/year)	(20+1+7)=28
Equipment maintenance costs:
repairman salary (RUB/month)	(3+1)=4
spare parts (rub/year)	(100+7)=107
auxiliary materials (rub.\year)	(70+1)=71
Workshop maintenance costs:
rent (thousand rubles/month)	(10+7)=17
utility bills (RUB/month)	(2+1/10)=2,1
electricity (rub/month)	(800+7*10)=870
foreman's salary (RUB/month)	(4+7)=11
Management costs:
director's salary (RUB/month)	(5+1)=6
accountant's salary (RUB/month)	(4+1)=5
cleaner's salary (RUB/month)	(1+1)=2
communication services (RUB/month)	(1+(1+7)/10)=1,8
travel expenses (thousand rubles/year)	(2+1)=3
car maintenance (RUB/month)	(30+7)=37
gasoline (rub/month)	(1+7)=8
Implementation costs:
advertising (thousand rubles/year)	(1+7+5)=13
Participation in exhibitions (thousand rubles per year)	(1+7+1)=9
Bank services:
settlement and cash services (thousand rubles per year)	((2+7)*2)=18
Collection (% of revenue)	0,3
Taxes:
VAT	18%
UST	26%
compulsory insurance	1%
income tax	24%
property tax	2%
transport tax (thousand rubles)	1
planned product profitability, %	((25+1)/100)=0,26
planned increase in production output, %	((1+7-1)/100)=0,07

Introduction

1. The role and importance of financial resources in the activities of the enterprise

1.1. The concept of financial resources and their types

1.2. The role of financial resources in the development of an enterprise

2. Assessment and analysis of the use of financial resources of an enterprise (using the example of ALC Nomos)

2.2. Analysis of the profit of the enterprise ODO "Nomos"

3. Ways to improve management and increase the efficiency of use of financial resources at the enterprise

3.1. Improving the methodology for managing the financial resources of an enterprise

Conclusion

List of sources used

Applications

INTRODUCTION

The term “financial resources” does not have an unambiguous interpretation in the economic literature. In some literary sources it means “money at the disposal of the state, enterprises, economic organizations and institutions, used to cover costs and form various funds and reserves.” There is another definition: “Financial resources are understood as monetary income and receipts generated in the hands of business entities and the state and intended to fulfill financial obligations, expenses for expanded reproduction and economic stimulation.”

Another definition is closer to us: “The financial resources of an enterprise are all sources of funds accumulated by an enterprise to form the assets it needs in order to carry out all types of activities both from its own income, savings and capital, and from various types of income.

Financial resources are intended: to fulfill financial obligations to the budget, banks, insurance organizations, suppliers of materials and goods; incurring costs for expansion, reconstruction and modernization of production, acquisition of new fixed assets; remuneration and material incentives for enterprise employees; financing other costs.

The availability of sufficient financial resources and their effective use predetermine the good financial position of the enterprise, solvency, financial stability, and liquidity. In this regard, the most important task of enterprises is to find reserves for increasing their own financial resources and their most effective use in order to improve the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole.

Effective formation and use of financial resources ensures the financial stability of enterprises and prevents their bankruptcy. In market conditions, the state of finances of enterprises is of interest to direct participants in the economic process.

The main goal of enterprises in a market environment is to satisfy social needs, make a profit and ensure their financial stability.

To achieve this goal, enterprises must:

Produce high-quality products, update them in accordance with demand;

Rational use of production resources, taking into account their interchangeability;

Develop a strategy and tactics for the behavior of the enterprise and adjust them in accordance with existing circumstances;

Take care of employees, increase their qualifications, improve living standards, create a favorable socio-psychological climate in the workforce;

Ensure the competitiveness of the enterprise, pursue a flexible pricing policy, introduce new things into production, labor organization and management.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the management of the financial resources of an enterprise as a tool for carrying out measures to improve its financial condition and stabilize the situation.

The object of the study is ODO "Nomos", a pharmaceutical industry enterprise that sells various pharmaceutical products and products.

The subject of the study is the financial resources of an enterprise and the practice of managing them at enterprises of the Republic of Belarus.

When performing this work, special literary reference sources were used: financial reference books, textbooks, Regulations and instructions of the Ministry of Finance, and other sources. Balance sheet data and other reporting forms were used as the basis for the analysis.

1. THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES IN THE ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

1.1. The concept of financial resources and their types

The financial resources of an enterprise are the totality of its own cash income and receipts from outside (raised and borrowed funds) at the disposal of a business entity and intended to fulfill the financial obligations of the enterprise, financing current costs associated with the expansion of production and economic stimulation.

The formation of financial resources is carried out at two levels:

On a national scale;

At every enterprise.

The structure of financial resources is determined by the sources of their receipt.

The source of formation of financial resources at the national level is national income.

The sources of formation of the enterprise’s financial resources are:

a) own and equivalent funds (profit, depreciation, proceeds from the sale of retired property, stable liabilities);

b) resources mobilized in the financial market (sale of own shares, bonds and other securities, credit investments);

c) receipts of funds from the financial and banking system in the order of redistribution (insurance compensation; receipts from concerns, associations, industry structures; share contributions; dividends and interest on securities; budget subsidies).

Sources of financial resources of enterprises are shown in Appendix A.

The main elements of an enterprise's financial resources are: authorized capital, depreciation fund, special purpose funds, unused profits, accounts payable of all types, resources received from centralized and decentralized funds and others.

In modern conditions, the problem of efficient use of financial resources is very relevant; since the constant shortage of both centralized and decentralized financial resources leads to disruptions in the normal functioning of enterprises, organizations, industries and the national economy as a whole.

The concept of effective use of financial resources, like any other types of resources (material, labor, natural), includes a comparison of the quantity and quality of resources expended with the quantitative and qualitative expression of the results achieved.

However, it should be noted that the efficiency of use of financial resources is directly related to the effective use of material, labor and other types of resources. Thus, reducing the material intensity of products, i.e., producing more products without increasing the volume of raw materials used for this, leads to savings in financial resources. Reducing the cost of living labor per unit of production means an increase in the efficiency of using labor resources, which also leads to saving financial resources through an increase in cash savings and a reduction in the enterprise’s need for additional funds.

However, the concept of efficient use of financial resources also has independent meaning. This concept reflects not only the result of the use of material, raw materials and labor resources, but also reveals certain economic relations inherent in the category of finance. Thus, using the distribution function of finance, enterprises, through the principles of distribution of financial resources, achieve an optimal mode of functioning in a market economy.

The effectiveness of the use of financial resources can be assessed by comparing the achieved operating results (for example, profit) with the amount of financial resources that were at the disposal of the enterprise for the corresponding period.

However, the result of economic activity does not always depend only on the effective use of financial resources. Thus, having optimally distributed and used financial resources, an enterprise may incur losses as a result of a decrease in labor discipline, violation of production technology, excessive consumption of materials, raw materials and other reasons. Therefore, in order to consider in more detail the problem of the effective use of financial resources, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness of the use of all components that form the overall financial resources of the enterprise.

Of great importance is the structure of the sources of formation of financial resources, and, first of all, the share of their own. The large share of attracted funds burdens the financial activity of the enterprise with additional costs for paying interest on loans from commercial banks, dividends on shares and bonds and complicates the liquidity of the enterprise’s balance sheet.

The formation and use of financial resources can be carried out in two forms: stock and non-stock.

At the enterprise level, financial resources are generated and used both in stock form and in non-stock form. The enterprise uses part of the financial resources to form monetary funds for special purposes: wage fund, production development fund, material incentive fund, etc. The use of financial resources to fulfill payment obligations to the budget and banks is carried out in non-fund form.

Accelerating the pace of economic development, increasing the economic efficiency of production, improving the state budget and the finances of an enterprise largely depend on the rational use of sources of financial resources both at the enterprise level and at the state level, which is one of the most important tasks in the field of proper organization of financial management.

The size and structure of financial resources largely depend on the volume of production and its efficiency. Constant growth of production and increasing its efficiency are the basis for increasing financial resources both at the national level and at the enterprise level.

The goal of the enterprise's financial policy is the most complete mobilization of the financial resources necessary to meet the urgent needs of society's development. In accordance with this, financial policy is designed to create favorable conditions for enhancing business activity. Much attention is paid to determining rational forms of withdrawal of enterprise income in favor of the state, as well as the share of participation of the population in the formation of financial resources. Great importance is attached to increasing the efficiency of use of financial resources through their distribution between spheres of social production, as well as their concentration on the main directions of economic and social development.

Financial resources are the income and receipts of business entities and the state represented by its bodies, which are used for the purpose of expanded reproduction and to meet other needs. It is financial resources that make it possible to separate the category of finance from the category of price and other cost categories. Financial resources, being in monetary form, differ from other resources. They are relatively separate in their functions, so there is a need to ensure that financial resources are linked to other resources.

Financial resources and their rational use in the reproductive activities of a society in transition to a market determine the material basis for the practical reform of a transitional economy, the successful overcoming of crisis failures, and increasing the level of social protection of the population, especially its low-income strata. In other words, among the most important factors of economic growth, targeted and consistent reform of the national economy of sovereign Ukraine on a healthy market basis, the role of the state’s financial system can hardly be exaggerated or overestimated.

The system of financial resources of an enterprise can be characterized as economic, operating in the sphere of financial and credit relations, dynamic (i.e. changes over time), open (i.e. interconnected with the environment), manageable.

Own financial resources belong to the enterprise itself and their use does not entail the possibility of losing control over the activities of the enterprise.

Borrowed resources are not the property of a given enterprise and their use is fraught with loss of independence for it. Borrowed funds are provided on terms of urgency, payment, and repayment, which ultimately leads to their faster turnover compared to own resources. Borrowed funds include various types of loans attracted from other parts of the credit system (banks, investment institutions, the state, enterprises, households).

Attracted resources are funds that do not belong to the enterprise, but are temporarily in its circulation. These funds, before sanctions (fines or other obligations to the owners) arise, can be used at the discretion of the business entity. These are, first of all, stable liabilities - arrears of wages to employees, debt to the budget and extra-budgetary funds, funds from creditors received in the form of prepayments, etc.

The next sign of the allocation of elements of financial resources is the urgency of use. As a rule, resources are classified into short-term, medium-term, and long-term. The time horizon of each group can be set individually.

Short-term resources – their validity period is up to a year. Designed to finance the current activities of the enterprise: the formation of working capital, short-term financial investments, settlements with debtors.

Medium-term resources - from one to 3 years - are used to replace individual elements of fixed assets, their reconstruction and re-equipment. In this case, as a rule, the goal is not to change technology or completely replace equipment.

Long-term resources are attracted, as a rule, for a period of 3 to 5 years and are used to finance fixed assets, long-term financial investments, and venture (risk) financing.

The formation of enterprise funds begins from the moment of organization of an economic entity. The enterprise, in accordance with the law, forms an authorized capital - the main initial source of the enterprise's own funds, which in the form of fixed and working capital is used to purchase the enterprise's funds. Funds include additional capital - created due to: an increase in the value of property as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, share premium (due to the excess of the sale price of shares over the nominal value), gratuitously received values for production purposes. It can be used to repay amounts of reduction in the value of property revealed as a result of its revaluation, to repay losses resulting from the gratuitous transfer of property to other enterprises and persons, to increase the authorized capital, to repay losses based on the results of the enterprise’s operation for the reporting year.

In the process of production activities, income from the sale of manufactured products in the form of sales proceeds is transferred to a settlement or currency (if the enterprise exports products) account. Revenue is a source of reimbursement of costs for production, promotion of products to the market, and sales of goods (works, services). Depreciation, therefore, goes as part of the proceeds from sales to the depreciation fund intended to ensure the reproduction of fixed assets.

Reserve capital is a fund that is formed in accordance with the legislation and constituent documents. Designed to cover losses of the reporting period, payment of dividends in the event of insufficient or no profit. The presence of a fund is the most important condition for ensuring the sustainable financial condition of an enterprise. Reserve funds also include reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities, a redemption fund, a deferred fund, etc., created for the redemption of bonds and the redemption of shares.

Accumulation fund - funds intended for the development of production. Their use is associated with an increase in the property of the enterprise and financial investments to make a profit.

Consumption fund - funds allocated for social needs, financing of non-production facilities, one-time incentives for employees, compensation payments, etc.

2. ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF THE ENTERPRISE ODO "NOMOS"

The formation of financial resources is carried out at the expense of own and equivalent funds, the mobilization of resources in the financial market and the receipt of funds from the financial and banking system in the order of redistribution.

The initial formation of financial resources occurs at the time of establishment of the enterprise, when the authorized capital is formed. Its sources, depending on the organizational and legal forms of management, are: share capital, share contributions of members of cooperatives, industry financial resources (while maintaining industry structures), long-term credit, budget funds. The size of the authorized capital shows the size of those funds - fixed and working capital - that are invested in the production process.

The main source of financial resources in operating enterprises is the cost of products sold (services provided), various parts of which, in the process of revenue distribution, take the form of cash income and savings. Financial resources are formed mainly from profits (from core and other activities) and depreciation charges. Along with them, sources of financial resources also include:

– proceeds from the sale of disposed assets,

– stable liabilities,

– various targeted revenues (fees for maintaining children in preschool institutions, etc.),

– mobilization of internal resources in construction,

– shares and other contributions of members of the labor collective.

Financial resources can be most fully studied from the perspective of a systems approach. We will consider the system of financial resources of an enterprise to be the totality of the assets of the enterprise that can be used by it as signs of distributed value in the implementation of its activities and for further development and operation.

The system of financial resources of an enterprise can be characterized as economic (since it is subject to economic laws), operating in the field of financial and credit relations, dynamic (i.e. changes over time), open (i.e. interconnected with the environment ), controlled.

Moving on to the consideration of the elements of the resource system, we note that, in our opinion, there are several classifications of elements, identified according to various criteria.

When identifying elements, we will proceed from the previously given definition of financial resources, based on the essence of finance. In this case, it is quite logical to distinguish elements according to the degree of absolute resource availability. It is in this way that they are represented in the assets of the enterprise.

A 1 - (cash and short-term financial investments) - assets that have almost absolute resource availability. Can be immediately used as signs of value.

A 2 - (accounts receivable with a maturity of up to 12 months and other current assets) - assets that have some limitations when used as signs of value. The development of market institutions (for example, factoring companies) and relationships expands the possibilities for using these assets as resources.

A 3 - (raw materials, supplies, work in progress, finished products, long-term financial investments, etc.). They can be accepted as signs of value in isolated cases, or with a sufficiently high degree of their liquidity and demand in the market. Their implementation and transformation into cash takes a long time and is often accompanied by a significant discount.

A 4 - (fixed assets, intangible assets, construction in progress) - are used in exceptional cases (as a rule, in case of insolvency of the payer), or when creating and forming a new enterprise. When converted into monetary form, they are considered difficult to implement. This does not apply to unique equipment, well-known brands, or promising know-how.

The ratio of the corresponding groups of assets and liabilities of an enterprise characterizes its liquidity. It should be noted that almost only resources of group A 1 can be transformed in the shortest possible time and without loss into any other necessary form. The special role of this group is also explained by the fact that money, having (as a rule) absolute liquidity, shows potential opportunities for maneuvering resources when making profitable management decisions. In this case, the external requirements of the market for instant payment with a universal equivalent (money) are confirmed by the corresponding structure of the enterprise’s financial resources and its capabilities. Various options for the formation of resources and the possibility of their use determine the liquidity and financial stability of a business entity. Figure 2.1 shows the action and perception of the highlighted elements.

Figure 2.1. Actions and perceptions of elements

Source:

where A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4 are the corresponding groups of enterprise assets;

P 1, P 2, P 3, P 4 - corresponding groups of liabilities;

Element Perception

element action.

Another criterion for allocating elements of financial resources is ownership. In this case, the elements are: own resources, borrowed resources, temporarily attracted (used) resources. Own financial resources belong to the enterprise itself, and their use does not entail the possibility of losing control over the activities of the enterprise.

Also, the formation of enterprise funds begins from the moment of organization of an economic entity. The enterprise, in accordance with the law, forms an authorized capital - the main initial source of the enterprise's own funds, which in the form of fixed and working capital is used to purchase the enterprise's funds. Funds include additional capital - created due to: an increase in the value of property as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, share premium (due to the excess of the sale price of shares over the nominal value), gratuitously received values for production purposes. It can be used to repay amounts of reduction in the value of property revealed as a result of its revaluation, to repay losses resulting from the gratuitous transfer of property to other enterprises and persons, to increase the authorized capital, to repay losses based on the results of the enterprise’s operation for the reporting year.

In the process of production activities, income from the sale of manufactured products in the form of sales proceeds is transferred to a settlement or currency (if the enterprise exports products) account. Revenue is a source of reimbursement of costs for production, promotion of products to the market, and sales of goods (works, services). Depreciation, therefore, goes as part of the proceeds from sales to the depreciation fund, intended to ensure the reproduction of fixed assets.

The result of the enterprise's activities is profit. After tax payments, net profit is formed, which is spent in accordance with the statutory documents and at the discretion of the business entity. From it are formed: reserve capital and other similar reserves, an accumulation fund, a consumption fund.

Reserve capital is a fund that is formed in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus and constituent documents. Designed to cover losses of the reporting period, payment of dividends in the event of insufficient or no profit. The presence of a fund is the most important condition for ensuring the sustainable financial condition of an enterprise. Reserve funds also include reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities, a redemption fund, a deferred fund created for the redemption of bonds and the redemption of shares.

Accumulation fund - funds intended for the development of production. Their use is associated with an increase in the property of the enterprise and financial investments to make a profit.

Consumption fund - funds allocated for social needs, financing of non-production facilities, one-time incentives for employees, compensation payments, etc.

Remaining profit - retained earnings also characterizes financial stability and can be used for the subsequent development of the enterprise.

Targeted financing and revenues are funds intended for the construction and maintenance of social facilities, as well as revenues for these purposes from legal entities and individuals. Funds can also be allocated to enterprises from the budget, industry and inter-industry funds.

If an enterprise is engaged in foreign economic activity, it forms a foreign exchange fund from incoming foreign exchange earnings, part of which it is obliged to sell to the state.

For the operational management of financial resources, other operating funds can be created: for payment of wages, for payments to the budget, etc.

Having examined the basic concepts and classifications of financial resources and their funds, it is quite logical to move on to consider the functions they perform. I would like to note that it is not worth identifying the functions of finance, as a cost category of distribution relations, and the functions of the financial resources of an enterprise - the material carriers of these relations and the source of activity and development of the enterprise.

The purpose of financial resources in an enterprise is a means of ensuring the production activities of the enterprise, factors of production or a source of the reproduction process. This provision is based on the fact that the main goal of the enterprise is the production of material goods to satisfy social needs. Therefore, the main function of financial resources that realizes their purpose in an enterprise is production. It is advisable to optimally provide financial resources for all stages of the reproduction process, and here we are talking about all kinds of financial resources. It is through financial resources that the enterprise creates property, renews fixed assets, and replenishes working capital. The priority of this function is due to the fact that the flow of its own financial resources, which are the basis of its activities, and, therefore, the pace of economic development of the business entity and the social well-being of workers largely depends on the efficiency and continuity of the enterprise’s production activities.

It should be noted that not all financial resources serve the production sector of the enterprise, since the enterprise has certain obligations to the financial and credit system and employees. Therefore, part of the resources is diverted into the non-productive sphere of the enterprise and performs a non-productive function: reserve capital, accumulation fund, consumption fund and other funds. The emergence of this function is due to the obligations of the enterprise and the need to expand its activities. The role of this function is no less important, since its production activities depend on how timely and fully the obligations of the enterprise are fulfilled.

The development of market relations has led to the fact that today any business entity is interested in the profitable use of available resources. Therefore, part of the financial resources serving the non-productive sphere of the enterprise is directed to expanded reproduction, that is, they perform an investment function, which is realized through profitable short-term and long-term financial investments.

To ensure liquidity, an enterprise must keep part of its financial resources in cash or in funds and reserves that do not generate income. This part of the resources performs a consumption function. This function, unlike the investment function, does not create surplus value.

– direction of financial resources for the formation of monetary funds of an incentive and social nature;

– use of financial resources for charitable purposes, sponsorship, etc.

Diagram 2.2 shows the structure of profit distribution by the enterprise.

Diagram 2.2. Distribution of financial resources of ODO "Nomos" in 2007.

Source: own development.

The diagram shows that the bulk of the enterprise’s financial resources are spent on settlements with the budget and banks for obligations (taxes and loans). The company allocates a considerable amount of funds for reinvestment, which characterizes the company on the positive side. ALC "Nomos" pays attention to such funds as incentive, social, from which funds are allocated for bonuses and other incentive payments to employees, and also engages in sponsorship (funds are directed mainly to the sponsorship of local kindergartens and schools).

At present, not only the role of enterprise managers and members of the boards of joint-stock companies, but also financial services, which played a secondary role in the conditions of administrative-command management methods, is unusually increasing. Finding financial sources for the development of an enterprise, directions for the most effective investment of financial resources, transactions with securities and other issues of financial management become fundamental for the financial services of enterprises in a market economy. The essence of financial management lies in such an organization of financial management on the part of the relevant services, which allows you to attract additional financial resources on the most favorable terms, invest them with the greatest effect, and carry out profitable transactions in the financial market, buying and reselling securities. Achieving success in the field of financial management largely depends on the behavior of financial services employees, in which initiative, the search for unconventional solutions, the scale of operations and justified risk, and business acumen become the main ones.

2.2. Analysis of the profit of the enterprise ODO "NOMOS"

Profit as an economic category reflects the net income created in the sphere of material production in the process of entrepreneurial activity. Profit is an important indicator characterizing the efficiency of an enterprise.

The importance of profit in the activities of an economic entity can be specified in the following main areas.

1. Profit is a universal indicator characterizing the efficiency of economic activity. Its size and level of relative invested capital and production costs reflect the success of the business and the possibilities for its further development and improvement.

2. Profit is the main source of expanding production and increasing production potential, which, in turn, ensures further growth of profits. In addition, part of the profit can be invested in securities and also bring additional profit to their owner.

3. Profit serves as a source of increasing the level of remuneration of workers and its material incentives.

4. Profit is a source of financing the enterprise’s expenses for maintaining the social sphere on its balance sheet (clinics, sports complexes and other institutions).

5. Profit is the source of payment of dividends to shareholders and owners of enterprises and in this aspect serves as the main motivation for the development of their entrepreneurial initiative.

6. The state itself is interested in the growth of enterprise profits, since tax contributions to the state budget come from this source.

The gross profit of an enterprise takes into account the profit from all types of activities. First of all, gross profit includes profit from the sale of products, calculated by deducting from the total amount of revenue from the sale of these products (works, services), value added tax, excise taxes and production and sales costs included in the cost. Profit from product sales is the main part of gross profit.

The second component of an enterprise’s gross profit is profit from the sale of fixed assets and other property, as well as profit from the sale of other products and services.

The third component of gross profit is profit from non-operating operations, that is, from operations not directly related to the main activities of the enterprise. These non-operating results include the following income (expenses): income from equity participation in the activities of other enterprises; income from property rental; dividends, interest on shares, bonds and other securities owned by the enterprise; amounts of economic sanctions received and paid (fines, penalties, penalties); exchange rate differences on foreign currency accounts and transactions in foreign currency.

An analysis of the composition of profits over time is shown in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3. Composition of gross profit. Source: enterprise balance sheet.

According to Table 2.3, it can be seen that gross profit decreased in 2007 by 3,408 thousand rubles, or by 12.3% (100 - 87.7). In 2006, the share of profit from sales accounted for 51.72% of gross profit, 38.28% of gross profit was a positive balance of non-operating income over expenses. The positive impact of the balance of non-operating income and expenses is reduced by the influence of the negative balance of operating income over expenses, the share of which is 0.47%.

In 2007, the share of profit from sales decreased slightly (by 0.06 percentage points). The negative impact of operating income over expenses increased significantly - by 3,900 thousand rubles, and its share increased by 17.51 percentage points.

The set of factors influencing the dynamics of an enterprise’s profit can be divided into two groups:

Internal factors depending on the activities of the enterprise;

External factors that develop under the influence of the market environment and do not depend on the activities of the enterprise.

Internal factors include five indicators that determine the amount of profit received and are in the sphere of enterprise personnel management: volume of production and sales of products; cost of products (works, services); established selling price; structure of the product range; high-quality structure of products.

External factors of the market competitive environment include: market conditions; inflation, which distorts real profits, does not allow making business forecasts for the long-term period; unpredictable tax, price, currency, customs policies of the state in conditions of economic crisis.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that making a profit requires great professionalism in production management and at the same time is associated with a significant degree of business risk.

3. WAYS TO IMPROVE MANAGEMENT AND INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF USE OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES AT THE ENTERPRISE

3.1 Improving the methodology for managing the financial resources of an enterprise.

Survival of the company in a competitive environment;

Avoiding bankruptcy and major financial failures;

Leadership in the fight against competitors;

Maximizing the market value of the company;

Acceptable growth rates of the company’s economic potential;

Increase in production and sales volumes;

Profit maximization;

Minimizing costs;

Ensuring profitable activities, etc.

The organizational structure of the financial management system of an economic entity, as well as its personnel composition, can be built in various ways, depending on the size of the enterprise and the type of its activity. For a large company, the most typical feature is the separation of a special service, led by the vice president for finance (financial director) and, as a rule, including accounting and finance departments.

The work of a financial manager requires mental flexibility; he must be a creative person, capable of taking risks and assessing the degree of risk, and perceiving new things in a rapidly changing external environment.

Today, an enterprise faces great difficulties in organizing adequate financial work time. The experience of successfully operating companies has shown that the shortest way to resolve this problem is in the hands of the enterprise manager. Today, two approaches to reorganizing the financial service of a company have received recognition:

If the manager is a professional financier, he himself coordinates the reorganization of the financial service. This is the best option, but in domestic practice it is the exception rather than the rule;

A manager who understands the tasks and functions of a company’s modern financial service, but is not a professional financier and does not know the intricacies of this profession, engages a third-party organization to set up and implement in practice the necessary model for organizing financial work.

Regardless of the chosen approach to the reorganization of the financial service, the company strives to create a certain standard model for organizing financial work that is adequate to market conditions.

The main thing that should be noted in the work of a financial manager is that it either forms part of the work of the top management of the company, or is associated with providing him with analytical information necessary and useful for making financial management decisions.

This emphasizes the exceptional importance of this function. Regardless of the organizational structure of the company, the financial manager is responsible for analyzing financial problems, making decisions in some cases, or making recommendations to senior management.

In a market economy, a financial manager becomes one of the key figures in the enterprise. He is responsible for posing financial problems, analyzing the feasibility of using one or another method of solving them, and sometimes for making the final decision on choosing the most appropriate course of action. However, if the problem posed is of significant importance for the enterprise, he can only be an adviser to senior management personnel.

The financial manager carries out operational financial activities. In general, the activities of a financial manager can be structured as follows:

General financial analysis and planning;

Providing the enterprise with financial resources (managing sources of funds);

Allocation of financial resources (investment policy and asset management).

The identified areas of activity simultaneously determine the main tasks facing the manager. The composition of these tasks can be detailed as follows.

Within the first direction, a general assessment is carried out:

Enterprise assets and sources of their financing;

The magnitude and composition of resources necessary to maintain the achieved economic potential of the enterprise and expand its activities;

Sources of additional financing;

Systems for monitoring the status and efficiency of use of financial resources.

The second direction involves a detailed assessment:

The volume of required financial resources;

Forms of their presentation (long-term or short-term loan, cash);

Degree of availability and time of presentation (availability of financial resources may be determined by the terms of the contract; finance must be available in the right amount and at the right time);

The cost of owning this type of resource (interest rates, other formal and informal conditions for the provision of this source of funds);

The risk associated with a given source of funds (thus, owners' capital as a source of funds is much less risky than a bank term loan).

Making financial decisions using the above estimates is carried out as a result of the analysis of alternative solutions that take into account the trade-off between the requirements of liquidity, financial stability and profitability.

Financial management methods are varied. The main ones are: forecasting, planning, taxation, insurance, self-financing, lending, settlement system, financial assistance system, financial sanctions system, depreciation system, incentive system, pricing principles, trust transactions, collateral transactions, transfer transactions, factoring, rent , leasing. An integral element of the above methods are special rates, dividends, exchange rate quotes, excise tax, discount, etc. The basis of information support for the financial management system is any information of a financial nature:

Financial statements;

Reports from financial authorities;

Information from banking system institutions;

Information on commodity, stock, and currency exchanges;

Other information.

The technical support of the financial management system is an independent and very important element of it. Many modern systems based on paperless technology (interbank settlements, mutual offsets, payments using credit cards, etc.) are impossible without the use of computer networks and application programs.

The functioning of any financial management system is carried out within the framework of the current legal and regulatory framework. These include: laws, presidential decrees, government regulations, orders and directives of ministries and departments, licenses, statutory documents, norms, instructions, guidelines, etc.

The efficiency of using financial resources is characterized by asset turnover and profitability indicators. Consequently, management efficiency can be increased by reducing the turnover period and increasing profitability by reducing costs and increasing revenue.

Accelerating the turnover of working capital does not require capital expenditures and leads to an increase in production volumes and sales of products. However, inflation quickly depreciates working capital, enterprises use an increasing part of it to purchase goods, and non-payments from customers divert a significant portion of funds from turnover.

The company uses current assets as working capital. Funds used as working capital go through a certain cycle. Liquid assets are used to purchase goods and products; goods and products are sold on credit, creating accounts receivable; debtor accounts are paid and collected, turning into liquid assets.

Any funds not used for working capital needs may be used to pay liabilities. In addition, they can be used to purchase fixed capital.

One of the ways to save working capital, and therefore increase its turnover, is to improve inventory management. Since the enterprise invests in the formation of inventories, storage costs are associated not only with warehouse costs, but also with the risk of damage and obsolescence of goods, as well as with the time cost of capital, i.e. with the rate of return that could be obtained from other investment opportunities with an equivalent degree of risk.

The economic and operational results from storing a certain type of current assets in one volume or another are specific to this type of asset. A large inventory of goods in the warehouse (related to the expected sales volume) reduces the possibility of stockouts when demand is unexpectedly high.

Increasing working capital turnover comes down to identifying the results and costs associated with storing inventories and establishing a reasonable balance between inventories and costs. To speed up the turnover of working capital at an enterprise, it is advisable to:

Planning the purchase of necessary goods;

Use of modern warehouses;

Improving demand forecasting;

Fast delivery of goods to customers (both wholesale and retail).

The second way to accelerate working capital turnover is to reduce accounts receivable.

The level of accounts receivable is determined by many factors: the type of goods, market capacity, the degree of market saturation with these goods, the settlement system adopted by the enterprise, etc. Accounts receivable management involves, first of all, control over the turnover of funds in settlements. The acceleration of turnover in dynamics is considered as a positive trend. The selection of potential buyers and the determination of the terms of payment for goods provided for in contracts are of great importance.

The selection is carried out using formal criteria: compliance with payment discipline in the past, the buyer’s forecast financial capabilities to pay for the volume of goods requested by him, the level of current solvency, the level of financial stability, the economic and financial conditions of the seller’s enterprise (overstocking, degree of need for cash, etc. .).

The most common methods of influencing debtors to pay off debts are sending letters, telephone calls, personal visits, and selling debt to special organizations (factoring).

The third way to reduce working capital costs is to make better use of cash. From the perspective of investment theory, cash represents one of the special cases of investing in inventory. Therefore, general requirements apply to them. First, you need a basic reserve of cash to carry out current calculations. Secondly, certain funds are needed to cover unforeseen expenses. Thirdly, it is advisable to have a certain amount of free cash to ensure possible or projected expansion of activities.

Another important tool for increasing the efficiency of using financial resources is the management of the enterprise's fixed production assets and intangible assets. The main issue in their management is the choice of depreciation method.

There are four methods for calculating depreciation: straight-line write-off, based on the volume of work performed, the declining balance method, and the cumulative method.

Uniform write-off is based on the standard service life of fixed assets; depreciation rates are established based on the physical and moral service life of labor tools and express the standard period for reimbursement of their value. An economically sound determination of the amount of depreciation charges requires a correct valuation of fixed assets.

From time to time, there is a need to revaluate fixed assets in order to determine their replacement cost and bring them into line with real economic conditions. The higher the inflation rate, the more often such revaluation is required.

The second method of calculating depreciation is based on the volume of work performed. It is based on the assumption that the greater the volume of work performed, the greater the wear and tear, i.e. depreciation is solely a result of the operation of the asset. The time period does not matter.

The third method is cumulative - based on the sum of numbers. According to this method, depreciation is determined as the product of the calculated coefficient and the depreciable value of the object, the specified coefficient is calculated by the ratio of the number of years remaining until the end of the client’s service (in reverse order) to the number of years that make up its service life - a cumulative number.

The fourth method, the declining balance method, provides for the calculation of depreciation from the residual value of the object, that is, the original cost minus accumulated depreciation. This method, along with the previous one, refers to accelerated depreciation. Accelerated depreciation - provides that the main amount of depreciation is accrued in the first years of operation. This not only allows you to speed up the renewal of fixed assets, but is also a method of reducing inflationary losses. The accelerated depreciation method ensures quick reimbursement of a significant part of the costs, benefiting from the time factor. However, the accelerated depreciation policy leads to an increase in production costs and, consequently, the selling price.

The success of financial resource management directly depends on the capital structure of the enterprise. Capital structure can help or hinder a company's efforts to increase its assets. It also has a direct impact on profit margins because the fixed interest components of profits paid on debt obligations are independent of the company's projected level of activity. If a company has a high proportion of debt payments, it may be difficult to find additional capital.

It is considered an axiom that the capital structure should correspond to the type of activity and requirements of the company. The ratio of debt to risk capital should be such as to provide a satisfactory return on investment. Flexibility in changing the capital structure may be a necessary element for success. It is usually easier to negotiate short-term loans than medium- and long-term ones. Short-term capital can accommodate expected and unexpected fluctuations in cash flow, whereas Wednesday Long-term capital is required mainly for long-term projects (for example, foreign expansion programs).

The more competitive the industry, the greater the pressure on its participants in terms of investments in updating and modernizing equipment and facilities, research, training, and computerization. None of these areas are likely to see a quick return on investment in a year or even a little more. Moreover, the uncertainty of demand, manifested in changes in consumer behavior, in the irregularity of the business cycle, and competition, will be reflected in the errors that usually accompany the process of determining profit. When managing financial resources, it is necessary to decide how to determine both the cost of capital taken as the basis for calculations and its increment (disposal).

CONCLUSION

In the context of economic transformations being carried out in the country, the issues of organizing finances and the optimal movement of financial resources, both at the macro level and at the level of business entities, are of particular importance. The importance of this provision is due to the fact that finance, being a cost category, has a significant impact on the stage of the reproduction process in the country, and this influence is even more noticeable and significant at the lower level of management - enterprises.

Financial resources have a significant impact on all stages of the reproduction process, thereby adapting the proportions of production to social needs. The significance of financial resources is also due to the fact that the majority of them are created by enterprises in the sphere of material production, and then redistributed to other parts of the national economy.

The main source of financial resources for enterprises is profit. Enterprises receive the bulk of their profits from the sale of products and services. Profit from the sale of products for the enterprise as a whole depends on four factors of the first level of subordination: the volume of product sales, its structure; cost; level of average selling prices.

The volume of product sales can have a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. Increasing sales of profitable products leads to a proportional increase in profits. If the product is unprofitable, then with an increase in sales volume, the amount of profit decreases.

The structure of commercial products can have both a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. If the share of more profitable types of products in the total volume of its sales increases, then the amount of profit will increase, and vice versa, with an increase in the share of low-profitable or unprofitable products, the total amount of profit will decrease.

The cost of production and profit are inversely proportional: a decrease in cost leads to a corresponding increase in the amount of profit and vice versa.

Changes in the level of average selling prices and the amount of profit are in direct proportion: with an increase in the price level, the amount of profit increases and vice versa.

The gross profit of an enterprise takes into account the profit from all types of activities. Gross profit includes

Profit from the sale of products, calculated by deducting from the total amount of revenue from the sale of these products (works, services), value added tax, excise taxes and production and sales costs included in the cost;

Profit from the sale of fixed assets and other property, as well as profit from the sale of other products and services;

Profit from non-operating operations, that is, from operations not directly related to the main activities of the enterprise (income from equity participation in the activities of other enterprises; income from leasing property; dividends, interest on shares, bonds and other securities and other income).

It is necessary to emphasize the importance of the optimal balance of resources located in the production and non-production spheres, generating income or being consumed. This will allow, on the one hand, to ensure the continuity of the production process and implementation of the production program, and on the other hand, to fully fulfill external and internal obligations, not forgetting about liquidity and profitable use of available resources. It should be noted that the more resources are involved in profitable turnover, the more efficient the entire production and economic activity of the enterprise, and, consequently, the mechanism for the reproduction of economic growth is implemented.

ALC "Nomos" forms an accumulation fund, which is about 20%. The remaining funds are allocated to the consumption fund.

Nomos ALC distributes its financial resources in many areas, the main of which are:

– payments to bodies of the financial and banking system due to the fulfillment of financial obligations. These include; tax payments to the budget, payment of interest to banks for using loans, repayment of previously taken loans, insurance payments, etc. (42.1%);

– investment of own funds in capital costs (reinvestment) associated with the expansion of production and its technical renewal, transition to new advanced technologies, use of know-how, etc.;

– direction of financial resources for the formation of monetary funds of an incentive and social nature.

The bulk of the enterprise's financial resources is spent on settlements with the budget and banks for obligations (taxes and loans). The company allocates a considerable amount of funds for reinvestment, which characterizes the company on the positive side. ALC "Nomos" pays attention to such funds as incentive, social, from which funds are allocated for bonuses and other incentive payments to employees, and also engages in sponsorship (funds are directed mainly to the sponsorship of local kindergartens and schools).

The efficiency of using financial resources is characterized by asset turnover and profitability indicators. Consequently, management efficiency can be improved by reducing the turnover period and increasing profitability by reducing costs and increasing revenue.

An important tool for increasing the efficiency of using financial resources is the management of the enterprise's fixed production assets and intangible assets. The main issue in their management is the choice of depreciation method. There are four methods for calculating depreciation: straight-line write-off, based on the volume of work performed, the declining balance method, and the cumulative method.

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Management of enterprise financial resources. Management of financial resources of the enterprise LLC "Lenta"