One of the means of expressing the author’s attitude to the topic of the text is the use of a certain type of speech, which has its own compositional features. The main types of speech are description, narration And reasoning.
Description depicted any phenomenon of reality by listing it permanent or simultaneously present signs or actions(the content of the description can be conveyed in one frame of the camera).
In the description, words denoting qualities and properties of objects (nouns, adjectives, adverbs) are most often used. Verbs are often used in the form of the imperfect past tense, and for special clarity and descriptiveness of the description - in the form of the present tense. Synonyms are widely used - definitions (agreed and uncoordinated) and denominative sentences.
For example:
The sky was clear, clean, pale blue. Light white clouds, illuminated on one side by a pink shine, floated lazily in transparent silence. The East was red and flaming, shimmering in some places with mother-of-pearl and silver. From beyond the horizon, like giant outstretched fingers, golden stripes stretched up the sky from the rays of the sun that had not yet risen. (A.I. Kuprin)

Description helps to see the object, to imagine it in the mind.

Narration- this is a type of speech that is used to talk about any events in their time sequence; sequential actions or events are reported (the content of the narrative can be conveyed only in a few frames of the camera).

In narrative texts, a special role belongs to verbs, especially in the imperfect past tense form ( I came, I saw, I developed etc.).
For example:
And suddenly... something inexplicable, almost supernatural, happened. The mousey Great Dane suddenly fell onto his back, and some invisible force pulled him off the sidewalk. Following this, the same invisible force tightly engulfed the astonished Jack's throat... Jack planted his front legs and shook his head furiously. But an invisible “something” squeezed his neck so tightly that the brown pointer lost consciousness. (A.I. Kuprin)

Narration helps to visualize the actions, movements of people and phenomena in time and space.

Reasoning- this is the type of speech with which any position or thought is proven or explained; talks about cause and effect events and phenomena, assessments and feelings (about what cannot be photographed).

In argumentative texts, a special role belongs to introductory words, indicating the connection of thoughts and the sequence of presentation. (firstly, secondly, so, thus, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand), and subordinating conjunctions with the meaning of cause, effect, concession ( in order to, in order that, since, although, despite the fact that etc.).
For example:
If a writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he is writing about, then the reader will not see anything behind them.
But if the writer sees well what he is writing about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire newness, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. (K. G. Paustovsky)

Attention! The boundaries between description, narration and reasoning are quite arbitrary. At the same time, the text does not always represent any one type of speech. Much more common are cases of their combination in various options: description and narration; description and reasoning; description, narration and reasoning; description with elements of reasoning; narration with elements of reasoning, etc.

Functional and semantic types of speech (description, narration, reasoning)

It is customary to distinguish three main types of speech: narration, description and reasoning.

Narration- a story, a message about an event, action, phenomenon occurring in time.

In a narrative, it is usually possible to determine the place and time of action, actor, the chronological sequence of what is happening. This is the story of what happened. The use of perfective verbs in the past tense is typical (though not mandatory) for narration.

Nikolka locked the safety and put the revolver in his pocket. Climbed through the pile broken bricks, and then, like a fly along a sheer wall, inserting socks into such holes that in peacetime not even a penny would fit.(M.A. Bulgakov. “The White Guard”)

This passage lists the hero's sequential actions. This is storytelling.

Description- this is a type of speech with the help of which any object or phenomenon of reality is depicted by listing its constant or simultaneously present signs or actions.

Werner was short, thin, and weak, like a child; one of his legs was shorter than the other, like Byron; in comparison with his body, his head seemed huge: he cut his hair into a comb, and the irregularities of his skull, discovered in this way, would strike a phrenologist as a strange tangle of opposing inclinations. His small black eyes, always restless, tried to penetrate your thoughts. Taste and neatness were noticeable in his clothes; his thin, wiry and small hands showed off in light yellow gloves. His coat, tie and vest were always black.

(M.Yu. Lermontov. “Hero of Our Time”)

This passage depicts the appearance of the hero. This is a description.

Description can be contrasted with narration in the sense that description represents a static picture of reality, and narration tells about the dynamics of events.

Most often, the appearance or personal qualities of the character, landscape, interior, place and time of action (for example, city and era) are described.

If the text talks about regularly repeated actions (for example, describing a character's typical day), then it is a description, not a narrative.

In the morning he drinks two glasses of cold milk: he takes a jug from the cupboard, pours it and drinks without sitting down.

(Y.K. Olesha. “Envy”)

Although this passage lists the character's actions, it is a description, not a narrative, because these actions are regular and repeated every morning.

Reasoning- a series of thoughts on any topic. Such a text sets out the speaker’s point of view and provides arguments for or against this point of view.

The reasoning expresses the point of view of the author or characters, sets out the cause-and-effect relationships of events or phenomena, justification, proof or refutation of any idea. Often the reasoning ends with a conclusion.

The latest statistical census determined the population of the Union republics at one hundred and forty-three million people. If we discard the ninety million peasants who prefer benches, beds, heaps to chairs, and in the East - worn carpets and rugs, then there still remain fifty million people in whose household chairs are essential items.

(I. Ilf and E. Petrov. “Twelve Chairs”)

This passage provides initial information - the population size, from which a conclusion is drawn through logical conclusions - an estimate of the minimum possible number of chairs in the country. This is reasoning.

All happy families are similar to each other, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.

(L.N. Tolstoy. “Anna Karenina”)

One passage of text and even one sentence may contain several types of speech at once. Quite often there is a narrative with elements of description.

U front door Footsteps were heard, and Princess Betsy, knowing that it was Karenina, looked at Vronsky. He looked at the door, and his face had a strange new expression. He joyfully, intently and at the same time timidly looked at the woman entering and slowly rose up. Anna entered the living room. As always, holding herself extremely straight, with her fast, firm and easy step, which distinguished her from the gait of others secular women, and without changing the direction of her gaze, she took the few steps that separated her from the hostess, shook her hand, smiled, and with this smile looked back at Vronsky. Vronsky bowed low and pulled out a chair for her.

The formation of connected human speech has been going on for many millennia. At later stages it developed written form speech. IN modern language The presence of three main types of texts is noted: narration, description, reasoning. Texts differ in their functionality and carry different semantic load, have a certain structure.

their use

Any text is spoken or written for some purpose. Its content largely depends on this. There is a certain set of tools for formatting speech; their use depends on the type of text.

Narration, description, reasoning are the texts that are most often used in oral and written speech.

Description text

The text is created with the purpose of indicating that an object belongs to a certain group. For this purpose, as a rule, it is described characteristic features, functionality, area of ​​use.

To give an idea of ​​the subject, one of the parts of the text must contain its general description. Most often this is done at the beginning or end.
A complete description of an item is impossible without detail. The most important features are described in detail, taking into account the meaning that needs to be conveyed through the text. To the description you can easily ask the questions “what?”, “what?”. This type of text is easy to illustrate. In this case, one picture is enough, which will depict both the general characteristics of an object or phenomenon, and all its important details. The action takes place in a certain place in a specific time period. From expressive means language uses the technique of comparison, contrast, analogies. Simple and are constructions included in the descriptive text.

Narration. Purposes of creating text

The purpose of this text is to describe an event in which the interconnection of individual facts is visible. The reader should understand the development of one or more interrelated stories.

For the most complete understanding of the purpose for which the text is created of this type, it will be useful to consider the chain of narration - story - news. From here it becomes clear that to narrate means to tell.

Characteristic features of the text

If the reader, after familiarizing himself with the content of the text, can answer some questions for himself: “what happened,” “what happened from the very beginning,” “how the story ended,” “what was the culminating moment in the development of events.” This indicates that he is dealing with a type of speech called narration.

Here verbs play a huge role, which can be included in narrative, interrogative, and exclamatory sentences.
A narrative story emphasizes the change of events and their logical sequence. In texts of this type, chronology can be traced. Simple and complex basis of texts belonging to this type.

Narration: Example

As an example, you can take a text from a collection of exercises intended for working with younger children. school age. The story is called "On the Seashore".

"At night there was a strong storm. The wind blew fiercely. The whole house shook from the storm. The sea waves howled menacingly. By morning the storm gradually subsided. Natasha and Seryozha went for a walk to the sea. The girl picked up a small helpless crustacean from the sand. At night the waves threw it onto the seashore . The crustacean weakly moved its paws. Natasha threw the poor thing into the water. He tumbled in the green water and quickly swam away. In a coastal puddle, a fish swam on its side. The boy caught it and quickly released it into the sea. Then Seryozha found two helpless snails. They were almost dry and too needed help. On this day, Seryozha and Natasha saved many sea inhabitants."

Russians folk tales can also serve as an example of narrative texts. In their structure, the plot, plot development, climax and denouement of the action are clearly visible. Narration is found in fiction and scientific literature, as well as in all genres of conversational style.

Definition of types of speech. Working methods

After children have read the narrative text, an example of which is given above, they can be asked to determine its topic and main idea. Having collectively discussed the proposed task, it is appropriate to answer the question “what did Seryozha and Natasha do?” Students list all the actions performed by the characters in the story. It will be useful to evaluate the actions of the characters. In addition, you need to ask the children to talk about the events that preceded the actions of the heroes. The plot is very important in a narrative text.

One of the techniques that helps determine whether a text belongs to a particular type of speech is verbal drawing. To do this, you need to ask the children to determine how many frames of the filmstrip they can compose to convey the content of the text. Schoolchildren discover that one frame cannot convey the entire sequence of events; a series of pictures is needed. After such work, children easily determine that the given story is a narrative. Children can compose an example of this type of text on their own. Moreover, at a certain stage of training they can indicate all its essential features.

Text-reasoning

This type of speech is intended not only to indicate the characteristics of an object, but also to explore them. In addition, it is necessary to prove and justify the existence of relationships, which the narrative does not require at all.

An example of a text-reasoning will necessarily contain a thought intended for proof, as well as conclusions, explanations, reasoning, thanks to which the assumption will be proven.

Logic is very important in the text, so the line of reasoning should be clearly structured. Everything that does not relate to the proof of the thesis is excluded from the article. The design most often uses simple and complex goals, causes, and effects.

Of the questions that are most suitable for a reasoning text, those such as “why?”, “why?”, “why?”

Observing speech types

The general education program in the Russian language should give schoolchildren knowledge of what a text is and its type. Narratives, reasoning, descriptions are given as examples. But the main thing that needs to be taught to children is the ability to prove that a text belongs to one type or another and to independently compose them on a topic given by the teacher.

To master these skills, students must:

• distinguish a text from a set of sentences;
• know the structure of the text, its main parts;
• be able to pose one of the questions to the content of the work, by which it is easy to determine whether it belongs to the type of speech;
• be able to evaluate life situation, in which a certain type of speech must be used.

When working on a text, it is easy to notice that there is such a thing as a combination of its various types in one work. Fragments are included in the presentation not in isolation from each other, but in close connection. Therefore, it is very important not only to learn to distinguish between types of speech, but also to skillfully connect them with each other.

Graduate primary school provided that the work on speech development was carried out systematically, it is easy to determine the type of text: narration, description, reasoning. Work on the ability to compose and combine them with each other continues at subsequent stages of training.

Types of speech - differentiation of speech by generalized meaning into narration, description, reasoning.

Narration - a type of speech in which events are presented in a certain sequence.

A literary narrative text is constructed according to the following compositional scheme:

• exposition
• plot
• action development
• climax
• denouement

Works of the narrative type of speech can begin immediately with the beginning and even the denouement of the action, that is, the event can be transmitted in direct, chronological sequence and in reverse, when we first learn about the denouement, and only then about the action itself.

The expressive and visual power of storytelling lies primarily in the visual representation of action, the movement of people and phenomena in time and space.

Narration characteristic:

• message about developing events, actions or states;
• dynamism;
• leading part of speech - verb or words with the meaning of movement .

Since the narrative reports events, incidents, and actions, a special role here belongs to verbs, especially past perfect forms. They, denoting successive events, help unfold the narrative.

About an hour passed like this. The moon shone through the window, and its beam played across earthen floor huts. Suddenly, a shadow flashed across the bright stripe crossing the floor. I stood up and looked out the window; someone ran past him a second time and disappeared God knows where. I could not believe that this creature would run away along the steep bank; however, he had nowhere else to go. I stood up, put on my beshmet, belted my dagger, and quietly left the hut; a blind boy meets me. I hid by the fence, and he walked past me with a faithful but cautious step. He carried some kind of bundle under his arms and, turning towards the pier, began to descend along a narrow and steep path.

M.Yu. Lermontov

Description - a type of speech that describes the characteristics of objects, phenomena, animals, and humans.

Composition descriptions, its most characteristic elements:

• general idea of ​​the subject;
• description of details, parts, individual features of an object;
• author's assessment, conclusion, conclusion.

The following are widely used in the description:

• words denoting qualities, properties items;
• Verbs in the form of the past tense of the imperfect form, and for special clarity, figurativeness - in the form of the present tense;
• agreed and uncoordinated definitions I;
• nominal and incomplete offers.

The sea hummed menacingly beneath them, standing out from all the noises of this anxious and sleepy night. Huge, lost in space, it lay deep below, far away whitening through the darkness with manes of foam running towards the ground. The chaotic hum of the old poplars outside the garden fence, which grew like a gloomy island on the rocky coast, was also terrifying. It was felt that in this deserted place the night of late autumn now reigned powerfully, and the old big garden, the house packed for the winter and the open gazebos at the corners of the fence were eerie in their abandonment. One sea hummed smoothly, victoriously and, it seemed, more and more majestic in the consciousness of its strength. The damp wind knocked us off our feet on the cliff, and for a long time we were not able to get enough of its soft, penetrating freshness to the depths of our souls.

I.A. Bunin

Reasoning - a type of speech in which some phenomenon, fact, concept is affirmed or denied.

Reasoning differs from narration and description by more complexly constructed sentences and vocabulary.

Reasoning can take the form letters, articles, reviews, reports, student essays, polemical speeches in discussions, polemical dialogues and etc.

The reasoning is based on the following plan:

• thesis (some idea is expressed);
• arguments proving it;
• conclusion, or conclusion.

The thesis must be provable and clearly formulated. The arguments must be convincing and sufficient to prove your thesis.

This is a strange thing - a book. There is, it seems to me, something mysterious, almost mystical. Now another new publication has been published - and immediately it already appears somewhere in the statistics. But in fact, although there is a book, it is not there! Not until at least one reader reads it.

Yes, a strange thing - a book. It stands on the shelf quietly, calmly, like many other objects in your room. But then you pick it up, open it, read it, close it, put it on the shelf and... that’s it? Hasn't something changed in you? Let’s listen to ourselves: after reading the book, didn’t some new string sound in our soul, didn’t some new thought settle in our heads? Don’t you want to reconsider something in your character, in your relationships with people, with nature?

Book …. This is a piece of the spiritual experience of humanity. While reading, we voluntarily or involuntarily process this experience and compare our life gains and losses with it. In general, with the help of a book we improve ourselves.

(N. Morozova)

Bibliography

1. Shuvaeva A.V. Russian language. Express tutor for preparing for the Unified State Exam. Speech. Text. - M.: Astrel, 2008.
2. Speech development lessons for grades 5, 6, 7. Toolkit for teachers. Edited by. Kanakina G.I., Prantsova G.V. - M.: Vlados, 2000.
3. Russian language lessons (collection of material) ().
4. Theory. Tests ().
5. Narration().

Presentation“Types of speech” ().

Homework

Determine the type of speech.

1 option

(1) Accumulated since then scientific knowledge allow us to say that the truth lies in the middle. (2) No trait can develop unless such a possibility is inherent in the genotype. (3) But if development proceeds in different conditions, then the manifestation of the genotype will vary. (4) And most importantly, each characteristic must be helped to develop.

Option 2

1. Reasoning. 2. Narration. 3. Description.

(1) And so a person sits down to write not when he needs to say something, but when he needs to pay the rent. (2) And before our eyes, the fresh sprout of talent turns yellow and dries up. (3) And there is no longer a writer. (4) An aspiring writer, if he respects and values ​​his talent, should not “live” on literature. (5) Earn your livelihood by anything, just not by writing.

Option 3

1. Reasoning. 2. Narration, 3. Description 4. Reasoning and description.

(1) Just as an artist creates a landscape painting, so an entire people gradually, involuntarily, perhaps even, stroke by stroke over the course of centuries, creates the landscape and landscape of their country. (2) The face of old, pre-revolutionary Russia was determined, for example, to a large extent by those hundreds of thousands of churches and bell towers that were located throughout its expanses in predominantly elevated places and which determined the silhouette of each city - from the largest to the smallest, as well as hundreds monasteries, countless wind and water mills. (3) Tens of thousands of landowner estates with their parks and pond systems also contributed a considerable share to the landscape and landscape of the country. (4) But first of all, small villages and villages with willows, wells, bathhouses, paths, gardens, carved platbands, shepherd's horns, thatched roofs, small individual fields (V. Soloukhin).

Option 4

1. Reasoning. 2. Description. 3. Narration and description. 4. Reasoning and description.

(1) The children were crying, the light bulb, blinking due to power surges, splashed beams of yellow light, the smell of something stale and musty filled the lungs. (2) Suddenly, a boy in a blue blouse, who had escaped from his mother’s arms, buried himself at my feet. (3) I stroked his fluffy head, and the baby looked at me with trusting eyes. (4) I smiled. (5) The young mother sat him down.

Option 5

1. Reasoning and storytelling. 2. Description. 3. Narration and description. 4. Reasoning and description.

(1) Duel! (2) Only this discharge of murderous force could quickly restore moral balance. (3) The scoundrel knew that his meanness could be punished not by a fine in a year by a court verdict, but tonight. (4) Tomorrow morning at the latest. (5) The vulgar man did not speak ambiguities out loud, fearing immediate retribution. (6) Gossip was forced to be careful. (7) In the menacing light of dueling rules, the word quickly turned into lead. (8) What about Pushkin? (9) What an irreparable and senseless death... (10) Yes, irreparable, but not senseless. (11) Yes, “a slave of honor,” but of honor!

Today we will briefly consider what a type of speech is. The type of speech is the mode of presentation that the author uses to convey his ideas. The method itself depends on what the text contains, that is, on the nature of the information. What types of speech are there in Russian? There are three main types of speech: narration, description and, of course, reasoning.

To convey the action itself in a time sequence, a type of speech called narration is used. Description is used to convey the details of a static picture or some situation. Reasoning is required in order to convey the development of the author’s thoughts that relate to a particular issue. All types of speech that exist in the Russian language can be recognized by their characteristic distinctive features.

Narration

This is one of the most common types of speech. It is in a logical and temporal sequence that the actions in the narrative are presented; they follow each other. The narration is characterized by past tense verbs in the perfect and imperfect forms. But besides them, verbs in the present tense are also used (they describe an action that occurs as if in front of the reader’s eyes), verbs of the future tense. The narrative text has three parts: the beginning, the development of actions and the denouement. Often the story is written in the first or third person. Expressive forms are also used in the narration, for example: “Aha!”, “Here!”, “How he will jump out to meet him!” etc.

Description

As for the description, in it the author gradually introduces different characteristics all kinds of phenomena of reality. The picture that the author characterizes with the help of a description is static, and all its features are present at the same time. We can use this type of speech in any style. For example, in scientific style the description needs to be more precise. And if the style is artistic, the description should emphasize the vivid details of what is being described.

There are many types of description. The main ones are descriptions of a person, an animal, a place, an environment, and even a condition. Even in the description, they often focus on the characteristics of a person or object, and these characteristics appear simultaneously. For example, if we talk about a beloved girl, it is impossible not to mention her hair, smile, eyes, tenderness of hands, sensitive heart.

Reasoning

In an argument, the author can put forward a thesis at the very beginning. Then it needs to be proven, opinions expressed for or against, or both. And at the end you need to draw a conclusion. In reasoning, it is imperative to develop the idea logically. There is a constant movement from thesis to arguments, and arguments lead to conclusions (or conclusion). It is necessary to give logical arguments in which mandatory examples should be included. If you do it differently, then the reasoning itself will not work. Most often, reasoning is used in journalistic and artistic styles speech. Often in the argumentative text there are introductory words: thus, firstly, secondly, on the one hand, although, however, etc.

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