Based on the name of the type of edged board, you can clearly understand that the board is used for flooring, which is why it must be environmentally friendly.
Attached batten, as well as lining with the help of ridges, which allows one to fit tightly to the other. The main advantages of the floorboard are: long-term operation, good strength and elasticity, and this flooring also has excellent heat and sound insulation.

Beech board

In itself, such a type of wood as beech is a valuable tree species, which has a fine texture, as well as color scheme This wood is dominated by light natural tones. It should also be noted that beech lends itself perfectly to painting in any desired color.
Tables and chairs are often made from beech boards. And also due to its flexible properties this type boards are suitable for creating wooden figures for interior decoration.

Oak board

At all times and centuries, the oak is considered the king of all trees. Oak is the most favorite material for all carpenters and lovers of working with wood. Oak boards are used for the production of elite and most durable furniture, and this type of boards is also used when laying flooring or when covering the roof.
Oak planks They are distinguished by their magnificent appearance and the highest aesthetic qualities.

Lumber is produced by sawing wood into individual parts - plates, quarters, beams and beams, boards, slabs. There is a wide variety of types of lumber.

The thickness of boards made in production conditions can be no more than 100 mm; the width has a value greater than the thickness value multiplied by two. The beams have a thickness of no more than 100 mm; the width should be less than twice the thickness.

How lumber is divided depending on processing

According to the method chosen for processing raw materials, lumber is divided into unedged and edged. The latter are characterized by processing on four sides; on the faces and edges, wane values ​​should only be allowed as determined in accordance with the type of product. Wane is the part of the log surface that remains on the part after mechanical trimming. The result is a piece of board, untreated at the edges, which can be used in architectural structures or for carpentry finishing of buildings.

Uncut lumber has edges that are partially sawn or not sawn at all. Single-sided products have one edge and sawn edges, while the sawn lump is not allowed to have wane that is larger than the parameters allowed for a particular product. This type is used somewhat less frequently in construction. It can be used for cladding various parts of the structure, making flooring, and other options are possible.

Depending on the processing method, materials can be called unmilled or milled, that is, planed. The latter are a material in which at least one of the cavities is planed. In order to produce planed timber, timber is taken only with a certain diameter, so that the blanks for the timber are formed in compliance the right size. The workpieces must be dried - this is done using steam chambers or under natural conditions. Products are obtained by processing raw materials on machines.

Classification of lumber by size, shape

When processing wood using modern technologies perform different types products. The assortment includes bars and sleepers, boards and slats, quarters, slabs, plates and other products. Types of lumber may vary depending on the methods of working with raw materials. You can familiarize yourself with them in more detail.

Types of lumber

The beam, depending on the number of sides subjected to processing, will be called two-edged, three-edged, or four-edged. The thickness and width of products is, as a rule, more than 100 mm. The main area of ​​their use is the construction load-bearing structures, cottages or dachas, since these products can easily withstand significant loads.

The bar is similar to the timber, but has different dimensions. It is made with a thickness of up to 100 mm, the width is less than double the thickness. Used in the furniture and carpentry industry, for finishing buildings, for example, they are made from door frames, crossbars.

Table of shrinkage coefficients and mechanical strength of lumber.

The boards are made from logs or beams of sufficient thickness. Boards can be uncut or trimmed. The thickness can be no more than 100 mm, the width more than double the thickness. Application: wall decoration, flooring, furniture production.

The sleeper is a product with a short length, but wide and thick. This is in some way a type of timber, the size of which is cross section differs in size. The most common application is for making railway tracks.

A croaker is a piece of log, a side cut. In the process of sawing logs into various boards, waste is produced, which is called slab. It is convenient to make temporary buildings like sheds from it; they are also suitable for constructing roof sheathing.

Quarters (obapol) are also obtained from the side parts of logs. One of the surfaces of the product is propylene, the other is not. Convenient to use for making small carpentry products.

The plate is half of a log, which is obtained by cutting it down the center. The plates have only one straight side. The length depends on the log used as raw material. They are used mainly for the production of the above products - sleepers, beams, and sometimes for the production of solid boards.

How lumber is classified by wood species

For lumber, the grade will also depend on the tree species - they can be deciduous or coniferous.

Coniferous forests include larch, spruce, pine, cedar, and fir. Deciduous trees - oak, birch, beech, aspen, poplar, maple. Coniferous trees are often chosen for the construction of buildings because they are less susceptible to moisture, are easier to process, have good hardness and are quite durable. They can be used to create load-bearing structures. But it should be borne in mind that coniferous species contain a lot of resinous substances, which means that any type of lumber made from them is faster and easier to ignite.

Spruce wood is especially popular. It also contains the smallest amount of resins, so the susceptibility to fire is reduced. Among hardwood Oak has become widespread - it is very strong and durable. Lumber can be divided into four grades. So, selected variety used in the manufacture of parts in shipbuilding, when sheathing car sides, and in other significant areas.

Lumber types and purposes, as well as raw materials for production, types of lumber, varieties and derivatives of wood.

Lumber is a material obtained by longitudinal sawing of logs, followed by longitudinal and transverse (if necessary) division of the resulting parts. The end result is a product a certain shape and sizes, having at least two (front and back) parallel sides. This type of material is produced at special enterprises equipped with band saws, circular saws and other equipment.

Raw materials for production

The primary raw material for the production of lumber is the trunks of almost any tree, previously cleared of branches and bark. Coniferous wood is usually used for the construction of load-bearing structures. Hardwood is most often used for all kinds of finishing work. It is worth noting that waste obtained during the production of lumber is used both in industry and in everyday life.

The most affordable wood for lumber production is poplar and birch. Quite often, pine, spruce, linden, larch, ash and maple wood is used for these purposes. Important The wood used for industry is hornbeam, oak, and cedar.

The lightness of birch does not make the wood less durable, but the beautiful structure and affordable price gave it even more popularity. Larch is considered very moisture resistant, resistant to fungus and mold. Ash wood boasts good elasticity and impact resistance.

Beech is indispensable for making floors, stairs and furniture. Incredibly durable and extraordinary beautiful wood oak, despite enough high price, is very popular. Pine contains a large number of resins, therefore most prone to rapid combustion. Although spruce wood is less durable, it is quite flexible and soft, so it can be easily processed.

Types of lumber

The characteristics of finished lumber depend on the type of wood, the equipment used, adherence to production and drying technology, as well as the cutting method. It is the last factor that affects the texture of the board.

Wood sawing is carried out in several ways, differing in the direction of sawing:

• transverse (across the fibers);
• rustic (at an acute angle to the grain);
• radial (along the radius to the center of the log);
• tangential (tangent).

Cross sawing is used to produce artistic parquet, the rustic method is used to make flooring. Lumber obtained by radial sawing has a very attractive appearance, is durable, resistant to deformation and external influences. Tangential cut forms a beautiful pattern on the surface of the board in the form of interesting arches and rings.

However, some boards may develop flaking on the surface over time. The most popular and expensive are radial lumber, since their surface has a uniform texture, constant dimensions, good mechanical characteristics, degree of shrinkage.

Drying of lumber is carried out as per outdoors, and with the help of special chambers, which are dense closed premises. The first type of product contains up to 20% moisture, the second can be further processed protective equipment, and the moisture content is up to 14%. Lumber cuts can be trimmed (cut along the entire length) and untrimmed.

Depending on the degree of processing, lumber is:

• unedged (although there are no knots, there are untreated sections of logs);
• edged (material profile has rectangular shape due to cutting down defective side parts of the log);
• planed (no roughness on one or more edges).

Classification

The shape, size and mechanical characteristics determine the division of lumber into several types.

timber- This is a log, hewn on all sides, used in the construction of houses, as well as for the manufacture of individual large elements of windows, stairs and others. The thickness of the timber is 100 mm.

Bruschi- this is a “timber in miniature”, less than 100 mm thick, they can be untreated, planed (at least one side is processed) and calibrated (adjusted to specific size). Scope of application: furniture production, lathing, flooring, frames, gazebos and other objects.

Boards made from logs or beams. They come in unedged, edged (having a smooth edge) and edged only on one side. In addition, the boards can be calibrated, that is, they have specified dimensions.

Sleepers– a material with increased strength and minimal sensitivity to temperature fluctuations.

Gorbyl– these are boards obtained by sawing logs, having a flat and semicircular surface.

Lagging- lumber produced from the side of a log, having only one flat side.

Advantages and disadvantages

Man has always been surrounded by objects and wood products. This material was used for the construction of houses and churches, baths and all kinds of outbuildings. The man was surrounded wooden windows, doors, tables, chairs and other furniture. Wood has not lost its popularity even today. On the contrary, thanks positive qualities wood, construction and Decoration Materials made of wood are becoming even more in demand.

Advantages of lumber:

• have high bearing capacity with relatively low weight;
• Despite its sufficient strength, the material is characterized by simplicity and ease of processing (it is flexible to drilling, easy to saw, allows you to produce shapes various shapes and complexity);
• ease and speed of installation;
• Due to its natural origin and environmental friendliness, the material is considered completely safe for human health and environment, does not cause allergies;
• processing does not require expensive and long work;
• external attractiveness;
• the pleasant smell of wood creates a favorable indoor microclimate;
• variety of shapes and sizes of products;
• affordable price.

Minuses:

• ability to quickly ignite, maintain combustion;
• are destroyed under the influence of fungus, mold, and various insects;
• Long-term exposure to water and a humid environment often causes wood to rot.

To protect lumber, make it more wear-resistant and durable, they are treated with special protective substances that can significantly reduce the above-mentioned disadvantages.

Types of lumber

Division into grades is carried out by assessing the condition of the worst side of the face, edge, and section.

Selected lumber should not have rot, mold, cancerous and fungal stains, growths and other foreign inclusions on the surface, as well as cracks from shrinkage. The permissibility of fused healthy knots is two per one meter in length, shallow edge and face cracks are 16%, deep ones are no more than 10%. The scope of application of the products is mainly shipbuilding and automotive construction.

The area of ​​application of first grade lumber is the wood manufacturing industry. This type of material should not have dry, loose knots, healthy knots larger than 1 cm, through cracks larger than 1 cm, wounds overgrown with bark on the wood, young active layers of wood, mold, mechanical damage, various foreign inclusions, rottenness.

The scope of application of materials of the fourth grade is the construction of cabins, utility buildings, gazebos, the production of boxes, loess, pallets and construction formwork.

Wood derivatives

An excellent material for building a house is rounded log. Thanks to a well-thought-out system of locks and a completely even, rounded shape of the material, fairly strong and reliable structures are obtained. This material is considered the most expensive today, and buildings made of rounded logs do not require additional finishing.

No less popular material is profiled timber. There are two ways to produce it: milling and planing. During the construction of houses, the elements are connected very firmly, ensuring a high degree of reliability of the building. In addition, such buildings do not require powerful foundations. Structures made from this lumber do not require additional finishing works.

Glued laminated timber made from whole boards or individual pieces. The material consists of lamellas firmly fastened together. It is distinguished by strength, durability and resistance to external influences.

Plywood is a material consisting of several thinnest layers wood tightly glued together. Due to its strength and good flexibility, this material in demand in the production of furniture, decorative elements and many other products.

Fiberboard obtained by pressing waste wood at very high temperatures with the addition of special binder. Fairly hard wood fiber boards are called hardboard. The sides of such sheets can be either smooth, or one of them is corrugated, the other smooth.

Chipboard is a combination of small wood particles and synthetic resins. MDF is produced from waste from the woodworking industry, free of all impurities. In the manufacture of this type of slabs, no adhesives are used. IN in this case The binding element is lignin, which is released from wood under the influence of high temperatures. The area of ​​application of such lumber is construction and furniture industry.

Block house is a material obtained from rounded logs by sawing according to the “square in a circle” principle. Thanks to good noise and heat insulation, strength and attractiveness, this lumber is highly valued in the exterior decoration of houses.

Lining- lumber used for all kinds of finishing work. Although the material is small in thickness, it is very durable, resistant to deformation, cracks and crevices. The external attractiveness of the lining, simplicity and ease of installation made it even more popular.

Lumber is a unique wood processing product that is indispensable in construction, furniture and other types of industry.

Despite all the achievements of technological progress and a whole series of progressive scientific discoveries, in its real life we often strive for the classic, traditional, natural. Let's remember that most people will give preference to farm food products, natural fabrics, and when it comes to housing, then undeniable advantage will be for wooden buildings. Yes, wooden houses in terms of durability they cannot be compared with stone houses, but if you look at the entire list of advantages and disadvantages of both types of buildings, it turns out that stone houses here they lose, and significantly. This article will be for those who have decided to bring a piece of nature, namely a tree, into their permanent “habitat”.

For most of you, it will not be news that wood is used in construction itself, that is, for the construction of load-bearing frames and even foundations, as well as in finishing work, both internal and external. In construction, wood is most often used in the form of beams (they, in turn, are also divided into subtypes), boards, which can be edged, unedged and planed. These are what we will talk about next.

Unedged boards are so called because the tree bark has not been removed from their surface, or only partially removed. Such boards may not have such an aesthetic appearance, but for rough work, appearance is not important. Another feature of this type of boards is that they may have unequal widths and unfinished edges.

Edged boards are, accordingly, boards from which the tree bark has been completely removed. These boards can be used, for example, for cladding walls outside or inside, for making floors, roofing and the like.

One of the most popular types of edged boards are the so-called planed boards

These are edged boards that are processed to planer. Their main advantage is perfectly smooth edges without errors, unlike simple edged boards, all the corners of such boards are straight, and it itself will not leave splinters in your palms.

It is clear that the cheapest will be unedged boards, more expensive - edged, and the most expensive - planed. Of course, some decide to buy edged boards and independently bring them to the quality of planed boards, but this is not at all as simple a point as it seems; it requires special knowledge. It turns out that sawing logs into boards can be done in several ways (let us introduce a few terms): radial, semi-radial and tangential. They all differ in the angle of inclination of the cutting line in relation to the annual rings of the tree. We will not go into technical details, but note the difference in the results.

When radially cut, the board has a high wear resistance, it is less susceptible to deformation during drying, but boards obtained by this method will cost more than others, because this type of cut involves high consumption source materials.

Tangential cutting at the output produces boards that are inferior in properties to their “brothers” obtained radial cut, but in this case the material consumption is much less than with radial cutting.

The semi-radial cutting method is intermediate between the two mentioned above; it ensures that the resulting boards are of a quality similar to the first, and at a price similar to the second.

Now let's talk about the materials from which construction boards are made

Most often, boards are made from coniferous trees (larch, spruce, pine), less often - from deciduous trees. The choice of one material or another depends on what you are going to use the board for. For example, it is not recommended to use coniferous boards for interior decoration those rooms in which the air is often heated to high temperature(for example, baths, saunas), since resin will be released from them.

In fact, when correct operation wood is very durable. By the way, larch is one of the most rot-resistant tree species. Incredible fact, but the famous Venice rises above the water, resting on beams made of Russian larch, which have not rotted or collapsed under water for several centuries.

When choosing construction boards, take into account following parameters: wear resistance (strength), moisture resistance, and deformation during drying.

What are the benefits of using wood in the construction or decoration of a house (apartment)? Firstly, it is environmental pure material. If you choose the right material for the board, it will serve you for a long time. In many cases additional processing antifungal compounds - basic reinsurance. Secondly, the use of wood in the interior is a classic. Pleasant to the eye, unique texture. Thirdly, the very smell of wood in the house creates an atmosphere of comfort and warmth.

Of course, in this article we did not set out to talk about construction boards in all technical details. Now you know that they come in three types (try to remember which ones). Produced mainly from coniferous trees. The choice of material when producing a board depends on the purpose for which it will be used. Construction boards can be obtained by several types of cuts, which differ in the number consumables, as well as the strength of the resulting boards.

We wish you completed repairs, beautiful interiors and original ideas!

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Lumber - what they are (wood species, types, grades and types)

Types of lumber

Lumber can be divided into geometric parameters, quality and scope. They are made from several main softwood and hardwood species. Also House master can select material according to the following criteria.

According to the nature of edge processing, sawn timber can be:

• edged- with edges sawn perpendicular to the faces and wane;
• single-sided edged
• with one sawn edge and wane;
• unedged- with partially sawn or unsawed edges and wane;
• planed- having planing processing on one face or both edges;
• calibrated- dried and processed in accordance with specified sizes.

Explanation: wane is a part of the tree bark that remains on the lumber after it has been cut.

Lumber range

Most often, buyers subdivide lumber by assortment or type of homogeneous products.

Plates obtained by sawing a log lengthwise into two parts. The plates have only one side sawn. They are used for the manufacture of sleepers, joinery, boards, and bars.

Quarter- a log sawn lengthwise into parts A. Used for the manufacture of carpentry, moldings and other small products. Dimensions depend on the size of the logs or plates.

Gorbyl - side part logs are waste when sawing logs into boards. Only one side of the slab is sawn, while the oval surface of the log is preserved on the other. It is used for the installation of lathing under the roof, for the construction of temporary and auxiliary buildings, for the manufacture of picket fences.

Boards- a type of lumber whose width is two or more times greater than its thickness. The thickness of the boards is from 13 to 100 mm, the width is from 50 to 260 mm. Boards with a thickness of 13 to 35 mm are called thin, the rest are called thick. The wide sides of the boards are called faces, the narrow sides are called edges.

Based on the processing of the side edges, boards are divided into edged, in which the edges are sawn, and unedged, the edges of which are partially sawn or not sawn at all.

Batten- lumber cut from the top and bottom, on the sides of which there is a groove and a tenon. It is because of this that the installation of floorboards does not require special construction skills and tools.

Bar- lumber, the width of which is no more than double the thickness, and the thickness itself does not exceed 100 mm. Available in the same thickness, length and types as the boards. They are used for lathing walls, making carpentry, furniture, and installing clean floors.

Bars- lumber whose width and thickness exceed 100 mm. Most often, coniferous and hard deciduous wood species are used for their production: pine, spruce, cedar, fir, larch, oak, hornbeam. The thickness of the beams is from 110 to 2D0 mm, the width is from 110 to 280 mm, the length is from 1 to 9.5 m. The frames of wooden buildings are erected from the beams.

Lining, or cladding board, is a widely used material for interior and exterior finishing. The thickness of the lining according to GOST is set from 12 to 25 mm, width - up to 150 mm, length - up to 6 m. For external cladding lining is used from coniferous and aspen, for internal - from coniferous and deciduous species. Eurolining has standard thickness 13, 16 and 19 mm with a width of 80,100,110 and 120 mm, length up to 6 m. The eurolining profile may differ, but its characteristic element is a deeper tongue-and-groove connection and selection with inside boards.

Block house- a type of eurolining with imitation of the surface of a rounded log. When covering flat walls with this board, the surface obtained is like that of a chopped wooden wall.

WOOD SPECIES

Tree species are divided into coniferous and deciduous. It is better to use coniferous wood for construction, and hardwood for finishing.

Main tree species used in construction

Pine(Photo 1) - the most popular wood for construction, easy to process, quite strong and flexible at the same time. It is used in the construction of load-bearing structures and for the manufacture of joinery.

Larch(Photo 2) - this wood is appearance resembles pine, but has greater density and strength. Due to its high resin content, it has increased resistance to rotting under conditions of variable humidity. Good for building a bathhouse or an open-air gazebo.

This is interesting: almost 400 thousand piles from the Urals larches from the early Middle Ages and still provide reliable support for the buildings of Venice. When the larch piles were examined, the conclusion about their strength was that they seemed to have petrified.

Spruce(Photo 3) - common conifer, the wood of which is characterized by low resin content. However, when used in damp places, spruce quickly rots. Made from spruce building construction, operated in dry conditions.

Main wood species used for finishing

Oak (Photo 4)- the most common wood for interior decoration and furniture production. Its wood is distinguished by high strength and hardness, resistance to decay, and flexibility. Has a noble beautiful texture and color, it is quite easy to process. Over time, the oak darkens a little, which gives the products a touch of noble antiquity. The strength and durability of oak makes it an excellent material for making furniture, parquet, stairs, and doors.

Beech (Photo 5) has dense and durable wood, not inferior to oak, slightly pinkish in color with a reddish tint and characteristic strokes. Relatively easy to give in machining, but quickly reacts to changes in humidity, for which experts classify it as a capricious breed. Beech has become popular in last years as an alternative to more expensive oak.

Ash has heavy, hard and durable wood, similar in appearance and structure to oak wood. Ash even surpasses oak in hardness, has high flexibility, and can be sanded well. Ideal for making stairs.

Walnut (Photo 6) somewhat inferior to oak in strength, but has beautiful color, due to which it is widely used for interior decoration, for example for the manufacture door frames, arches or wall panels.

Cherry (Photo 7) It is not used so often, but because of its beautiful pinkish-brown color, it is used to make classic kitchen fronts.

Exotic woods

Wenge- durable hard wood of unusually rich color, from light brown to dark coffee with a purple tint. Used for the manufacture of interior and decorative items.

Mahogany(Photo 11) (mahogany) has even more durable wood, from which ships were made in the 18th-19th centuries. Now it is a material for expensive furniture. Produced in the form of boards and quarter cuts. Works great under varnish.

Rosewood(Photo 9) is the most expressive type of wood. Designers all over the world love it for its original design and high strength. Well varnished, but with mirror polished Problems may arise due to the oils it contains. It holds screws and nails well, but requires pre-drilling the mounting holes.

Bubingo (Photo 10)- African breed of reddish-pink color with dark veins. Well polished and painted. Doesn't like materials on water based. When in contact with metal, raw wood turns blue. Used for the production of furniture, panels, parquet and musical instruments.

Lacewood has wood of pinkish or reddish-brown color. A clear sign of the breed is the large medullary rays, which form a clearly visible silky pattern reminiscent of snake skin. Wood does not release moisture easily, so it takes a long time to dry. Lacewood is good for furniture, decorative items, knife handles and musical instruments.

Lumber table

Table of sizes and cubic capacity of lumber
Size, mm	Volume 1 piece, m 3	Quantity, pcs., linear m, or area, m 3
timber
100 x 100 x 6,000	0,06	16.67 pcs.
100 x 150 x 6,000	0,09	11.11 pcs.
150 x 150 x6 000	0,135	7.61 pcs.
150 x 200 x 6,000	0,18	5.56 pcs.
200 x 200 x 6,000	0,26	6.17 pcs.
Edged board
22 x 100 x 6,000	0,0132	65.66 m2
22 x 150 x 6,000	0,0198	65.66 m2
25 x 100 x 6,000	0,015	60 m 2
25 x 150 x 6,000	0,0225	60 m 2
32 x 100 x 6,000	0,0192	31.25 m2
32 x 150 x 6,000	0,0288	31.25 m2
60 x 100 x 6,000	0,026	25 m2
60 x 150 x 6,000	0,036	25 m2
50 x 100 x 6,000	0,03	20 m2
50 x 150 x 6,000	0,065	20 m2
Bar
60 x 60 x 3000	0.0068	626.99 linear m
50 x 60 x 3,000	0,006	500.01 linear m
50 x 50 x 3,000	0,0075	399.99 linear m
Batten
36 x 106 x 6,000

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