Electromagnetic lock operating principle. Electromagnetic lock: types, features of installation, repair and operation

The lock on the door performs several tasks: it protects the room from unauthorized entry and at the same time combines ease of operation with design features. Magnetic locks, which can be found in offices or other premises, are popular. We will tell you in the article how to install them on the front door and which device to choose.

Types

To make sure that installing a lock on the front door is justified, you will have to study in detail the nuances of these mechanisms. Among the huge variety, the following types are distinguished:

• passive,
• electromagnetic.

Passive is characterized by a lack of power supply, which is reflected in its weak holding force.

The electromagnetic does not function without power supply, and the holding force reaches 1 ton.

Depending on the installation method, they are:

• invoices, installed using metal corners and do not interact with the handle;
• mortise, installed in the door leaf;
• semi-mortise, installed in the door, but have separate parts protruding above its surface.

According to the type of locking they are:

• holding;
• shear.

The sliding type is characterized by the fact that to fix the magnet you need a tongue of the device, so it is cut into the door or gate.

This is interesting! Electromotor is a little similar to electromechanical in principle of operation. The difference is that the movement of the levers is possible thanks to a small electric motor.

Electromagnetic is usually used for equipment in underground mines and in other places where there is a danger of explosion.

Design

The main elements are considered:

• core,
• reel,
• frame.

Soft magnetic materials are used to make the core. The winding looks like a coil with 300-1000 rpm copper wire. Non-magnetic materials such as aluminum are suitable for the housing.

Design

This is interesting! A small lock is used as often as a large one. It can be seen on large enterprises in ordinary office buildings.

Equipment

To install, you must purchase and additional elements, included in the kit and without which its operation is impossible.

Equipment:

• the castle itself,
• controller,
• a device for reading information, it is equipped with a code mechanism and other types of products;
• set of keys,
• a set of buttons to ensure exit from the room,
• power unit,
• a set of electrical wires for connecting elements.

Equipment

Electrical diagram

The diagram can be seen in the presented figure. This is an L winding with a core.

In the absence of power, due to self-induction, a damped current continues to flow in it in the same direction, which increases the voltage on the part being used.

If the control is performed by a relay, then sparking of the contacts occurs, which is fraught with rapid wear. Sometimes, to reduce the effect of self-inductance, a bidirectional protective diode is added to the circuit, stopping the increase in voltage when the circuit opens.

Scheme

How does it work

Locks are used on industrial enterprises and in office buildings. But how do they work? - due to the coordinated action of opposite charges with a magnetic field.

This principle of operation allows us to divide these products into active and passive.

Advice! To install on interior doors The passive type is suitable.

The passive lock has a simple but effective design. It does not contain mechanical parts and consists of two elements:

• metal plate,
• magnet

To open such a door, you need to pull the handle, which leads to the opening of the elements.

Electromagnetic model

Two types of penetration

An important criterion for this product is the holding force. This is a high mechanical pull-out load, measured in kg. Each company during production indicates this indicator as products for 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 kg.

For internal doors A parameter of up to 150 kg is sufficient. For steel structure more than 1000 kg will be needed. Conventional sheets are equipped with devices with a holding force of 300 kg to 500 kg.

All locks of this class meet GOST standards, which specify maximum holding force values ​​of 500 kg.

How does supply voltage affect holding force?

The dependence of these quantities can be seen in the presented figure. If the voltage is less than 19 V, then the force indicator drops sharply. When this indicator increases to 12 V, a slight increase in the power indicator is observed. But at 14-15 V the winding can overheat and damage the lock.

Supply voltage

To avoid such problems, it is necessary to perform the installation correctly, paying attention to the voltage, and then be sure to check it. If it is above 115 V, then a resistor is installed to reduce it.

To determine the resistance of a resistor, the formula is used:

R = U / I = 2 V / 0.33 A = 6.06 Ohm,

in this case, the power is determined by the formula:

P = U x I = 2 V x 0.33 A = 0.66 W.

Where U is the required voltage drop of 2 V,

I — operating current of the M1-300 device is 0.33 A.

To determine the resistor value, you can use the table, and its optimal power the number is considered to be at least 1 W.

Residual magnetization

An important indicator will be the residual magnetization indicator. It depends on the material from which the armature and magnetic circuit are made, and on the thickness of the anti-corrosion coating of the surfaces.

It is important! When using such a lock, it is necessary to ensure that the indicator does not change upward.

To reduce the influence of the coating on the residual magnetization indicator, it is necessary to use electrically demagnetization, which is based on the voltage phase conversion when the demagnetizing lock is in the active phase.

It is important! It is worth considering that in the absence of electricity this indicator is not compensated, so you need to make an effort to open the door.

Varieties

The installation has several simple rules that are recommended to be followed. But first, let us recall that products with magnetic action are divided into three types:

• Overhead.
• Mortise.
• Semi-mortise.

The easiest installation of an overhead structure, in which you do not need to prepare any holes for fastenings. These include AGB Mediana Polaris or Apecs 5300-MC.

Connection

To do this job you need to prepare standard set tools:

• pencil,
• drill,
• screwdriver,
• hammer and chisel,
• building level and tape measure.

Installation is carried out in several stages:

• On door frame mark the location for mounting the device.
• Markings are applied to the doors for the future location of the response element.
• A stencil is applied, which allows you to determine the number of holes for fastening and their diameter, and only then the counter element is installed.
• Then the mounting element is attached and the device is checked for functionality.

How to choose

All locks of this class are produced with a force range from 40 to 500 kg, so the question of what needs to be selected in a given situation is not accidental. If the choice is made incorrectly, then a product with a holding force of up to 500 kg can be opened even with the help of a shoulder, so you need to be careful when choosing it.

If the door leaf opens towards itself, then the maximum force that can be used will be 120-150 kg. If it opens inward, a force of up to 400 kg is allowed, in some cases even more. To open sliding door, you will have to use from 90 to 150 kg, but here you need to remember that when using 100-150 kg, office interior doors may collapse.

In order for locks to be used effectively, it is necessary to right choice. There are several tips on this matter:

• The coating of the product must be nickel or zinc.
• When selecting a mechanism, consider the type of product, its shape and model.
• Pay close attention to the load rating.
• If the door is heavy, then, in addition to such a mechanism, it is recommended to install a closer.

Doors with a magnetic mechanism have long term operation and almost do not break. Even if the canvas sag, the lock will close without change. The only thing that is not recommended is to repair it yourself. The reason for contacting a specialist may be bad job magnets, non-recognition of a SIM card or other troubles that only a specialist can remove.

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One of the most reliable locking mechanisms can be safely called electromagnetic door lock. It is impossible to find the key to such a bolt. It differs from standard door locking devices in its durability, compactness, installation and ease of operation. There is no need to make a key hole to open it. The principle of operation of a magnetic door lock is based on the occurrence electromagnetic field, thanks to which metal plates are tightly connected. To open the door, you need to send a signal to a special sensor and the circuit will open.

Appearance devices

Electromagnetic lock complete set

To install such an element yourself, you should purchase additional elements in advance, thanks to which the device will operate correctly.

The set consists of:

• the mechanism itself, equipped with a counter steel strip and connecting wires for connecting the power supply;
• controller - it is used to control the device. Connection of additional devices is done through it. For different models controller mechanisms are selected separately.
• signal reading sensor. The door opens both by entering digital code, or using an electronic key, which can look like a key fob or credit card. Depending on the unlocking method used, a specific code panel is installed.
• set of keys. It consists of six positions, but one more is added - the main key. Thanks to him, the remaining keys in the set will be reprogrammed. There are models equipped with only three keys.
• buttons for opening the door from the inside without using keys. Installed with inside rooms directly next to the door.
• power supply with emergency battery. The electromagnetic lock operates from a 220 volt network. But since there are cases of power outages, an additional battery is needed to protect your home. It is installed indoors, and when there is a power outage, it automatically supplies power to the device.
• the electromagnetic lock is connected and auxiliary elements to the network electrical wires according to connection diagrams;
• in addition to the main set, automatic door closers are added. They will extend the service life of the mechanism and reduce wear on the device elements.

How the lock works

Most users have a question: how is an electromagnetic lock installed and operated? Inside there is a coil wound on a core. The rest of the space is filled with compound.

Depending on the voltage, the force of attraction in the electromagnetic lock changes. The higher it is, the stronger the plates are pressed. But do not put excessive voltage on the lock, this can lead to overheating of the coil. To prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to install a current transformer.

In some individual cases, such devices can be repaired, but it all depends on the extent of the damage. Since the lock is hollow inside, removing the coil will not be difficult. The device can heat up for several reasons. Firstly, due to magnetization reversal metal elements, and, secondly, due to eddy currents.

To eliminate such problems, varnish insulation is installed on the electromagnetic deadbolt. As a result, no currents will arise, and the steel will not be magnetized so much. But still, installing varnish insulation will not completely eliminate the heating effect, so in addition to it, a capacitive capacitor is connected inside parallel to the coil. When the key is brought to the panel, the direction of the field changes and the currents die out. The tension in the electromagnetic lock immediately decreases and the door opens.

Installing an electromagnetic lock

Depending on the model of the locking device, there are sliding and holding locks. In the first case, the device is embedded into the door leaf, since the operating principle is based on fixing the lock tongue with a magnet. But in the second one you don’t need to do this. Here the magnet holds the doors that open. In this case, these magnetic elements are installed around the perimeter of the doorway.

Electromagnetic lock equipment layout diagram

Before starting the installation of an electromagnetic lock, make a marking diagram at the installation location.

The main task is to measure the distance from door hinges. To determine the location of the counter plate on door jamb apply the main element of the lock to the door leaf. After this, a stencil of the plate and fasteners is marked.

After the markings are completed, a hole is made in the door leaf. For wooden products this can be easily done with a hammer and chisel. And for metal doors this is done at the stage of manufacturing the sash. If this does not happen, then to cut out a place for the electromagnetic lock, you will have to disassemble part of the door trim.

Connecting an electromagnetic device

At self-installation locking device, many people ask the question - how to connect an electromagnetic lock? To correctly carry out this procedure, you need at least a little experience working with electricity, knowledge of the principle of operation of a magnetic key and instructions for connecting a specific lock model.

General scheme connections

Connection diagram electromagnetic device It has different variants. It all depends on the installation location, the number of connected elements, and how many apartments the controller works for.

The controller is the main working element of the electromagnetic mechanism. Through it, the elements of the locking device are connected and the signal from the key is sent. To connect the controller, a two-wire wire with minimum cross-section 0.5 mm. Connecting wires The controller is placed in cable ducts, corrugated hoses or walled into the wall of the room.

In some cases, owners install an intercom on the door. For this purpose, the controller is equipped with an input for unlocking the locking element by pressing one button. In this case, the electromagnetic mechanism is designated on the diagram according to the connection with the intercom and controller. The lock will be frequently used in dark time days or in the dark, so it needs to be identified against the background of the wall. In this case, it is advisable that the controller have a power terminal LED backlight, built into the front panel. This will allow you to use the magnetic key without searching for the device to be read.

Electrical diagram controller connections

Often the magnetic lock wiring diagram includes a shunt diode. Many people do not understand why its connection is needed. In fact, if you bypass the circuit, the service life of the calling panel will be extended, the keys and controller will work without interruption, and you will not need to frequently reprogram the keys.

Scheme of using a shunt diode switch

Electromagnetic door lock control

The monitoring and control process is carried out through a controller that performs a number of functions:

• power supply for door locking;
• transmitting a signal to open the device using a key;
• coding and recoding of keys.

Key sets must be programmed before they can be used after installation. This is done when the lock is connected for the first time. The main key from the kit is brought to the controller, through which the mechanism is controlled. After this, the controller is switched to recording mode using a jumper.

When information has been recorded from the main key, the keys from the kit are brought to the reader for further programming. When the procedures are completed with all keys, the controller is switched to operation mode. Basically, the keys for such products are in the form of a keychain. Also found in the form of magnetic cards or intercom tablets. But such keys are extremely rarely used.

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An electromagnetic lock is one of the most reliable and easy-to-use locking devices. It is distinguished by its compactness, simplicity of design and can last for long period. To protect your apartment from unexpected guests, you need to know how an electromagnetic lock works. Its installation can be done independently or with the help of qualified specialists.

General information

Before buying an electromagnetic lock, you need to study in detail all the information about this device. With its help you can choose optimal model, which will work well for many years.

Classification of electromagnetic locks

Experts prefer to divide all electromagnetic locks by type of operation and method of control. Both of these classifications combine devices that have a number of general characteristics. All this helps consumers choose the right option, which will work as efficiently as possible and reliably protect residential or office premises.

According to the type of operation, locks are divided into the following types:

In addition to this classification, there is one more. It allows you to select models of locks equipped with special sensors that help control the entire structure.

According to the method of control, the following varieties are distinguished:

Components

In order to better understand the principle of operation of an electromagnetic lock and install it yourself, you need to decide on a set of mechanisms. All additional components are relatively inexpensive and can be found in any specialty store. IN fully equipped the following elements must be present:

In addition to the basic set of elements, the lock can be equipped with a door closer or video intercom. The first device ensures smooth closing of the doors, and the second makes it possible to see and hear the visitor.

Advantages and disadvantages

An electromagnetic lock, like any other device, has not only positive but also negative sides. If you take all of them into account, you can select the optimal settings that will reduce the likelihood of breakdowns and extend the life of the equipment.

Among the advantages, the following should be highlighted::

Despite a large number of advantages, the device also has several disadvantages. They must be taken into account before purchasing the product and starting its installation. Otherwise, you may encounter insurmountable difficulties that will bring a lot of inconvenience to people's lives.

Main disadvantages:

1. Dependence on the power grid. Not all models are equipped with batteries, so if there is a power outage, the doors will open automatically.
2. Price. The price for an electromagnetic lock is slightly higher than for a mechanical one.
3. Appearance. Most users find the device less attractive than a standard lock.

Principle of operation

The electromagnetic lock has a simple device that has an easy-to-understand operating principle. It can be understood not only by an experienced person, but also by a beginner.

The principle of operation of the design:

Self-installation

Despite the initial simplicity of this process, it is necessary to follow the installation procedure and take into account its features. Only in this case can you quickly complete the work and achieve the desired result.

Required materials and tools

In order to properly install the locking device, you need to select everything correctly necessary elements and prepare your tools in advance. These are simple preparatory activities will help you not to be distracted while working and not to waste precious time searching for this or that item.

To install an electromagnetic lock you will need:

Procedure

After finishing preparatory stage You can begin installing the electromagnetic lock. To do this you will need to do certain actions, which require knowledge and skills in this matter.

Installation of the lock is carried out in compliance with the following sequence of actions:

Control circuit

Manufacturers make control as simple and clear as possible. This entire process is carried out through a controller, which can perform the following functions:

• supplying the power necessary to fix the locking mechanism;
• transmission of a signal facilitating the opening of doors;
• key programming;
• changing the access code.

During the first test installed device you need to configure all working keys that will be used in Everyday life. To do this, you should one by one bring all the electric keys to the controller. After this, the device is switched to recording mode via a jumper and programs them. Having completed this operation, the controller is put into operation mode. It is important to note that after setting all the keys, the lock will automatically lock. From now on, it will be possible to open it only using programmed elements.

An electromagnetic lock is a reliable locking device that has a number of advantages. With its help, you can not only protect your property, but also block access to the premises by unwanted persons. At correct installation and following all operating rules, you can maximize the service life of the device and avoid any problems.

With the advent of intelligent access control and management systems, electromagnetic locks have spread and come into everyday use. These devices are not at all similar to the usual locking mechanisms and work on a completely different principle. They can be used as part of standard system security, together with an intercom or independently. Thanks to this versatility, today magnetic locks can be found in large enterprises, business centers, public buildings, in private houses, country cottages, entrances of high-rise buildings.

Electromagnetic locks have a number of undeniable advantages:

invulnerability to hacking traditional way ;

high wear resistance;

failure to jam;

long service life;

high throughput.

Along with the advantages, such locking devices also have some disadvantages. The main one is the need for continuous power supply . If it is missing, the lock loses its ability to hold the door and it opens. Therefore, the presence of a backup power source is required condition operation of such a device.

Magnetic lock design

An electromagnetic type locking device consists of two parts: the lock body and the strike plate (anchor). The latter is a solid metal plate comparable in size to the main body. It is attached to the door leaf and helps keep it in the locked position.

The body of the electromagnetic lock contains only a core made of soft magnetic material and a coil consisting of several hundred turns copper wire, covered with enamel. The most commonly used windings are those with 300 to 1000 turns. The device body itself is often made of of stainless steel, aluminum or other non-magnetic alloys. There are locks in plastic cases, but due to their vulnerability they are practically not used.

Operating principle of electromagnetic locks

An electric current is generated in the winding of the device at the moment voltage is applied. In this case, the closed counter plate (armature) and the core form a magnetic circuit in which a magnetic field arises that holds the door in a locked position. To open it, you need to briefly break the magnetic circuit. This is possible either using a special electronic key or by forcefully pressing the armature. In the latter case, the force required to break the chain is calculated using a special formula, and the final value is indicated in technical specifications devices.

The correct installation of the electromagnetic lock has a great influence on the holding properties of the electromagnetic lock.

In case of a loose fit of the armature to the device body due to unprofessional installation or deformation door leaf an air gap is formed. It creates significant resistance to the electromagnetic field and, as a result, causes a weakening of the lock's holding force. It is worth understanding that this can significantly facilitate the work of intruders in the event of an attempt to break into the door.

Electromagnetic locks are connected to low-current electrical network with a voltage of 12 V, less often - 24 V, through a special converter. UPSs with batteries of the required capacity are used as a source of backup power.

Today, manufacturers produce overhead and mortise magnetic locks designed for installation indoors and outdoors. The latter are protected from the effects of negative weather factors and successfully withstand temperature changes; they can be installed on entrance doors, wickets, and gates.

Almost any door requires the installation of one or another locking mechanism, which is a lock. Depending on where the door is used, the requirements for the locking device vary.

For entrance doors, the priority is resistance to burglary or opening; for interior doors, furniture doors and the like, the main purpose is to prevent spontaneous opening or the ability to block a passage without serious requirements for the complexity of the locking mechanism.

Locks that use the principle of interaction of magnetic fields are usually divided into several types. This:

• Passive. We are familiar with magnetic latches, which have been installed in furniture manufacturing for decades. A metal strip is attached to the cabinet door or shelf, and a permanent magnet is fixed in the body, which holds the door. The pressing force is small, it does not prevent opening, but prevents spontaneous opening.
• Built-in. They are usually used in interior doors. In size, shape, and principle of operation they are similar to conventional mechanical analogues with the difference that the locking occurs using a magnet.
• Active (electromagnetic). Widely used locks to control access to the most various rooms. This type very, and is not the subject of this article. You can read more about it.

If possible, fixing the crossbar can be divided into:

• latch. When the door is closed, the operation occurs automatically, the bolt enters the corresponding groove. To enter or leave the room, you need to turn the handle.
• With locking mechanism. The design may provide a place for installing the cylinder, or a locking bolt mechanism may be installed.

Magnetic lock device

The design of magnetic locks is very simple. If we are talking about the passive variety, then it is based on a primitive combination of a magnet and a metal plate attracting each other.

Built-in ones differ little in appearance from classic ones. The difference comes down to fewer moving parts, such as no return spring. The dimensions of magnetic locks often coincide with regular ones, and are similar to each other, so replacing a failed mechanism with a new one is not difficult.

Application

Magnetic locks are rarely installed in entrance doors. For these purposes, classic locking devices or models with an electric drive and an access control system are used.

Interior doors, furniture doors, gates are those places where the use of magnetic locking devices is more than appropriate. Moreover, it happens that they can be used where the installation of mechanical models is difficult, undesirable or simply impossible.

Mechanical locking on each leaf of the furniture set is not The best decision, neither from aesthetic nor from practical point vision. The simplest passive magnetic clamp is a significantly better option.

The use of such locking devices in interior doors is fashion trend our time. Outwardly not much different from mechanical analogues, the use of magnets indicates the absence of a protruding bolt.

If, when closing a door, the main cause of noise is the click of the locking mechanism being activated, and before that the bolt hit the counterpart on the jamb, then replacing the mechanical lock with a magnetic one, produced by a well-known company, well designed and manufactured, will really make the closing process quiet. First of all, this applies to children's rooms, so as not to wake up a sleeping child by clicking the triggered latches.

If we talk about small children, whose research activities becomes a headache for parents, then in this case magnetic locks will come to the rescue. Models are available that are designed to prevent the opening of cabinets, shelves, and bedside tables.

They are installed secretly on the inside of the sash, and the door can only be opened by bringing the magnetic key to the corresponding place where the latch itself is located. Only then will access to the closet or drawer open.

This prevents children from accessing the contents of furniture or kitchen cabinets, especially if funds are stored there household chemicals or trash can. By the way, this compartment can become a subject of interest not only for small family members, but also for some animals. The ability to open a door is not something impossible for them.

We will talk about another application of magnetic locking mechanisms below.

Functions

It is no secret that no lock guarantees absolute protection, and the breaking time depends on the qualified installation, the characteristics of the mechanism, and also on whether the lock itself is protected. No matter how unexpected it may sound, a mechanism designed to protect a room from unauthorized persons entering it will do this more successfully if it is protected itself.

To do this, they produce armored linings that are installed on the entrance or other door and protect the cylinder from opening. There are models that use a magnetic key to provide access to the lock.

IN closed position such an overlay completely covers the cylinder, preventing it from being drilled, broken, or simply pushing foreign objects into it.

When you present the magnetic key, the cover of the armor plate moves, opening a hole for a regular key.

Exploitation

Operation of magnetic door locks no different from traditional analogues. The main condition is professional installation, precise adjustment to ensure that the bolt fits exactly into its proper place in the door frame. The locking device itself, if made with high quality, can last a long time.

Many models have a crossbar made of plastic. IN ordinary life this does not impair the characteristics of the mechanism, since the operation and scope of application do not provide for their installation in doors that may be subject to any serious mechanical loads.

Passive models are easy to install. They do not require milling grooves; the most you need to do is to slightly “recess” the base of the lock or strike plate into the body of the door or frame. Fit accuracy in in this case not as critical as in the case of using mortise models.

Advantages and disadvantages of magnetic locks

There are a number of advantages and positive properties, including:

• More quiet operation when the latch is activated.
• A minimum of moving parts increases the reliability of the design.
• The symmetrical body allows you to easily install the lock in doors that open in any direction - left or right.
• Many companies adhere to standard sizes in the manufacture of their own models, which makes replacement easier.
• The absence of a protruding bolt in an open door makes its appearance more aesthetically pleasing. In mechanical models, a bolt accidentally blocked in the extended position when trying to close the door can damage the casing, which is excluded in this type of mechanism.

There are also disadvantages:

• Passive models slightly reduce the doorway and also do not have great strength pressing. Their purpose is to prevent them from swinging open due to a gust of wind and from opening themselves.
• Mortise models are more picky about the quality of installation and the accuracy of fitting of the parts - the lock itself and the counter part installed on the door frame.

It is necessary to make a reservation about the (almost) silent operation of such locks. The reason for the door closing loudly may be the door itself.

If the door frame is made of wood and there is no seal on it, no super-quiet operation of the locking mechanism will help reduce the noise from the loud knock of the door leaf on the frame.

Another reason that the effect of the promised quiet operation of the lock is not observed may be the contact of the metal bolt with the magnet in the escutcheon mounted in the door frame. Manufacturers who take a responsible approach to the development of their models install foam rubber, rubber or other gaskets that prevent mechanical contact of metal parts.

Manufacturers and models

Many manufacturers produce magnetic locks. You can find a large number of models produced by Chinese companies. There are also serious companies, primarily Italian, offering high-quality locks.

RENZ

Italian manufacturer producing a variety of door fittings. Products are different good quality and low price.

FUARO

Chinese manufacturer offering big choice a variety of accessories

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