IN Lately In the construction industry, buildings erected using the frame technology method have become quite popular. This type of construction is considered relatively inexpensive and makes it possible to reduce construction time through the use of individual frame elements manufactured in a factory and delivered to the construction site in finished form.
Being an indispensable assistant in the construction of buildings and structures for various purposes, the I-beam or I-beam received its name for its specific profile in the form of 2 connected letters “t”. From here T-profile is called a tee, and the beam is considered an I-beam.
Wooden I-beams: characteristics and design features
Wooden frame technology involves the use of I-beams made of laminated veneer lumber with increased load-bearing characteristics. Thanks to the relatively low section height, you can use wood resources more economically. The use of I-beams, for example, for the manufacture of floors, allows you to increase the load on the structure and significantly reduce construction time. If you have to cover spans of more than 5 m, then the best option would be to use similar I-beams.
What is an I-beam in section? First of all, this is a blank made of OSB or plywood, acting as a stiffening rib, glued between the bars in which the groove has been milled in advance. The height of the beam is determined by the value maximum load and can vary from 140 mm to 470 mm.
What else is attractive about I-beams made of wood?
In addition to increased strength during operation, I-beams excellently retain their original geometry and do not bend when air humidity changes, and their special structure allows installation even in conditions of negative temperatures.
Calibrated dry materials are used as the basis for the manufacture of beams. It should be noted that proper storage completely eliminates the appearance of “helicopters” and “sabers” in the workpieces, so often encountered in the manufacture of floors made of timber or boards.
What is the advantage of lumber beams?
First of all, the absence of cracking and torsion, which can be caused by shrinkage of lumber due to the high moisture content in it. In the future, this will lead to uneven floors and annoying squeaks. I-beams have increased load capacity and can be installed over fairly large areas without any possible defects: cracks, shrinkage, bends. The design of the beam makes it easy to cut holes for electrical wiring, gas and water, sewerage and ventilation.
Compared to structures made from traditional lumber, beams have the following advantages:
- complete absence of bends and exact dimensions I-beam;
- strength - the possibility of using beams in the spans of large doors;
- noiselessness - correct installation ensures complete absence of floor squeaks;
- versatility - beams can be used in floor, wall and ceiling structures;
- stability and wear resistance - not subject to shrinkage and deformation;
- low cost of an I-beam and efficiency - provide significant savings in material resources;
- ease of production of a wooden I-beam using ordinary carpentry tools;
- availability of a warranty for the entire period of operation;
- environmental Safety.
Classification of wooden I-beams
Experts distinguish between 2 types of I-beams.
1. Formwork beams.
They act as an element of formwork floors and are designed to optimally distribute the load from concrete and reinforcement onto the racks. IN in this case A deck of laminated plywood is laid on top. The formwork beam can be made of birch plywood, LVL and coniferous wood, treated with a special waterproof compound that protects the beam from negative impacts external environment.
2. Floor beams.
Using I-beams, you can facilitate the technology of manufacturing “sub-floors”, since the process of sewing cranial beams to the joists becomes unnecessary, and the correct shapes significantly simplify the work on flooring for the further arrangement of finished floors.
Today the building materials market represents I-beams wooden beams up to 15 m long, while some companies provide the opportunity to manufacture beams of the length you need to order, thereby speeding up the assembly of floors at the construction site. By choosing a beam that is suitable in height, you will be able to lay required thickness insulation.
So, to summarize, it should be noted that wooden I-beams, the price of which is very competitive, are considered a modern and most effective building material, since in terms of technical and operational characteristics they are in many ways superior to floors made of natural solid wood, and in terms of structural characteristics they can be put on a par with reinforced concrete and concrete floors.
Some tips for creating flooring using I-beams
To obtain high-quality flooring, you should maintain a higher height of wooden beams with less deflection and higher rigidity of the flooring. By using continuous blocking in floors and ceiling linings, bypassing intermediary elements, you will minimize the level of floor vibration and improve overall performance.
The quality of the floor when using beams is influenced by the following factors:
- the large height of the beam allows you to get high rigidity floors and less deflection;
- Having a subfloor that is glued to the beams or nailed will provide you with a higher rigidity of the floor and reduce the likelihood of unpleasant squeaks;
- The greater the height of the I-beam, the more optimal and at the same time economical the option for arranging the floor will be.
Following all procedures: correct load calculation, correct installation, choice of support and rational use of fasteners, including gluing, you are guaranteed to receive a high-quality floor.
It should be noted that to make I-beams with your own hands, you will have to use ordinary carpentry tools. The relatively low weight of I-beams and the specific design make it possible to lay communications conveniently and economically, and this will not at all affect the load-bearing capacity of the finished structure. Since the production of beams is carried out in the factory at modern equipment, then the quality of the finished product is controlled by specialists and meets all technical standards and requirements.
YouTube video
The video clearly shows that an I-beam is perfect option to create a reliable and durable floor covering.
Metal I-beams: scope of application and design features
An I-beam is a type of shaped steel in the form of a horizontal or inclined beam, made of low-alloy or carbon steel High Quality.
The dimensions of an I-beam are determined based on the numbers indicating the distance between the outer edges, which can be located at an angle (U) or parallel to each other (P). Values are presented in centimeters.
The scope of application of a metal I-beam is very extensive: construction residential buildings(for reinforcement of elevator shafts), industrial buildings and structures, construction of bridges, columns, tunnels, shafts - that is, in those places where it is necessary to withstand increased loads. The widespread use of I-beams makes it possible to reduce the weight of load-bearing structures, and therefore reduce the overall costs of building a facility. In the field of mechanical engineering, beams are used to design and create complex and heavy equipment and machines.
From point of view engineering features, the beam successfully redistributes vertical and horizontal loads, working in bending. This process is successfully implemented due to the rigidity of the beam profile. The material used for the manufacture of metal beams is various varieties steel and all kinds of alloys, in particular stainless steel, which are quite common in the construction of buildings in conditions favorable to corrosion.
Classification of metal I-beams
The range of I-beams presented on the metal structures market is huge: in addition to the variety of sizes, the beams differ in designations and types. To recognize the beam, you should use the following designations: K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, B1, B2, B3, Ш1, Ш2, Ш3, Ш4.
The letter "K" indicates column beams that can withstand enormous loads. If the beam is intended for smaller loads, then it is better to use wide-flange structures, marked with the letter “Ш”. To create load-bearing structures, such beams play the role of supporting guides. All of the above products are distinguished by the presence of parallel shelves. The manufacturing technology of I-beams is strictly regulated by GOST.
Beams with inclined flanges are divided into traditional (B) and special (M, C), which can be used to create suspended tracks and strengthen mine shafts. Beams marked “B” are manufactured strictly in accordance with GOST 19425-74.
The weight of the beam can be found in a special table. For the convenience of the buyer, the weight of 1 meter of beam is indicated.
Strength metal profile depends on the length of the beam, the shape of the transverse profile, the raw material base and the method of manufacturing this type of rolled metal.
The material used to manufacture welded beams is alloyed and low-alloyed steel sheet. To obtain an I-beam, there can be a welded or hot-rolled manufacturing method. For high-quality welding of beams using welding machines, a layer of flux is used, which allows you to create metal constructions non-standard height and length.
I-beam manufacturing technology
Structurally, an I-beam consists of two belts and a wall, which are connected to each other using corner and butt welds. The process of welding butt seams is a complex and responsible task, which is performed first of all when there are no fastenings in the sheets being welded.
Then the structure is assembled according to the chosen method of welding the waist seams. Most often, it is carried out using one or two machines, when the vertical wall is located in a horizontal state. Having connected all the structural elements, stiffeners are attached to the beam.
To create a beam, the method of manual welding of waist seams can be used. This method radically changes the sequence of assembly of the structure. For example, after installing a vertical wall, stiffeners should be secured to the lower chord, and then install the upper weight and clamp the beam with clamps.
The assembly of an I-beam is greatly simplified by conductors - tilters, which will save you from the need to use tacks, since in this case the elements are mounted using quick-action fixing equipment. This assembly method makes it possible to organize serial and mass production of structures.
The welded beam is most in demand because it has undeniable advantages.
So, in comparison with a rolled beam, its strength parameters are significantly higher, and its weight is 30% lower - this is achieved thanks to the optimal calculation of the section, which, however, also affects the price of the I-beam - making it, of course, more expensive.
Any ceiling is a potential source of heat loss and noise penetration.
In the case of wooden beams, it can be noted that wood conducts sound well. Plus, wooden beams begin to creak over time.
To avoid this, you need to take timely care of the correct sound insulation of the floors (sound insulation).
By its nature, sound is divided into three types:
- impact noise. Reflects the sound of footsteps, falling objects, moving furniture. Characterized by the reduced level index impact noise Lnw;
- airborne (acoustic) noise. Sound waves that travel through the air. The source can be the voice of residents, the sound of television and video equipment, etc. Characterized by insulation index airborne noise Rw.
- structural noise. In fact, this is a type of impact noise, in contrast to which the junctions of building structures are noise conductors.
Selection of soundproofing material for floors
To provide better protection from noise and vibration, sound insulation of interfloor wooden floors carried out using several types of insulators. The main requirement is a high sound absorption coefficient of building materials.
It is better to give preference as the main sound insulator fibrous materials, because their structure ensures that most sounds are damped against it (i.e., maximum sound absorption occurs).
For example, ecowool, mineral and basalt wool have such characteristics. In addition, such soundproofing material also serves as insulation.
Additional insulation from sounds will be created by installing a subfloor made of chipboard or OSB. At the same time, the sheets are not attached to the joists, but are fixed together with screws or nails. On beams, such a floor is supported by its own weight (based on the principle of a floating floor). And due to the absence of a rigid connection to the ceiling, the likelihood of noise penetration from the outside is reduced. 
To prevent sound from penetrating between the ceiling and load-bearing wall, as well as between the ceiling and the chimney, it is recommended to place it in the seam roll insulation, for example, felt or a structure similar to it. And cover the junction with a plinth. Moreover, the plinth is nailed only to the wall. 
Felt attached to the beams also reduces noise levels. 
Placing a polystyrene and/or foil backing, or a backing made of natural cork under the floor covering will also reduce the level of impact noise and vibration. It is worth noting that all types of work on soundproofing floors must be carried out during the construction phase of the building. The arrangement of materials is shown in the figure. 
Soundproofing of wooden floors between floors - standards and requirements
Despite the general approach to the selection of soundproofing material, soundproofing of wooden floors for various purposes is carried out in compliance with different requirements.
- Floor sound insulation non-residential attic on wooden beams is considered to be performed effectively if the airborne noise insulation index Rw is at least 45 dB. Such protection can be provided by a layer of mineral wool with a density of at least 50 kg/m3 laid in a layer of 100 mm. If the height of the beams is less than this value, then logs can be placed on them. And place the next layer of material between the lags. In order to avoid the creation of cold bridges, the logs must be positioned perpendicular to the beams. Then the joints will be covered with the next layer of cotton wool.
- Soundproofing interfloor ceilings will be sufficient if mats made of mineral or basalt wool are used, laid in a layer of at least 200 mm. At a density of 50 kg/m3. If the material density is higher, the layer is reduced proportionally.
Airborne and impact noise insulation index
Standard indicators for sound insulation of floors are prescribed in standards such as SNiP 23-01-2003 “Noise Protection” and SNiP II-12-77 Noise Protection.”
Detailed data displaying the index of the reduced level of impact and airborne noise Rw depending on the location of the ceiling is presented in the table.
In this case, sound insulation is considered sufficient if:
- Rw is equal to or exceeds the standard value;
- Lnw is equal to or lower than the standard value.
You should be aware that the use of soundproofing material does not protect the room from sounds penetrating through the walls. Therefore, sound insulation of the walls needs to be done additionally.
Material prepared for the website www.site
Membrane sound insulation of floors in a wooden house along the ceiling
The technique was described on one construction forum by a competent person, judging by the reviews. Those who have already done it say the effect is decent.
Soundproofing wooden beam floors between floors with mineral wool or mineral slabs(heat and sound insulating slabs made of mineral wool, for example, TechnoNikol, Technofas, Rocklight, Izover ISOVER, etc.).
The brand of acoustic insulation is chosen at your discretion; all manufacturers have the same principle. The size and density vary (thickness from 40 to 100 mm, density 30-140 kg/m3). Available in the form of rolls or slabs of certain dimensions.
Attention!
Installation of cotton wool is carried out strictly with safety glasses and a respirator.
The advantage of cotton wool is excellent sound absorption, in particular, high and partially mid frequencies are well damped. The rule here is that the thicker the layer, the more it can absorb (meaning the low frequency spectrum). It should be understood that it is low frequencies that are strongly transmitted through wooden floors and it is very difficult to get rid of their penetration. Why is that? It's simple - wooden floors are light in weight, and the wood acts as a resonator. IN concrete floors It’s easier to achieve sound insulation due to the design features concrete slab and its properties.
However, if desired, it is possible to significantly reduce noise transmission through wooden floors. To do this, you need to make a sound absorber, which is a membrane-type cake.
Sound absorber membrane structure
The pie is made from sheet material, optionally OSB or plywood (no thinner than 10 mm). A sound insulator is placed inside (between the sheets). The following can be used as a sound absorber:
- Mineral wool (mineral wool)
- Basalt fiber
- Minplita
- Construction felt (technical)
If you use mineral wool material, then with a density of at least 30 kg/m3 (the higher the density and thicker, the better).
Construction felt is characterized by high sound absorption parameters, but is prone to water absorption and is fire hazardous (although high-quality antiseptic impregnation reduces the likelihood of fire, i.e. it does not burn openly, but smolders).
Construction (technical) felt - dense material made of wool or synthetic fibers. Characteristics: density - 10-80 kg/m3, thickness 5-40 mm, width different, varies up to 2 meters, thermal conductivity from 0.03 to 0.07 W/(m K). Available in rolls or in sheet form.
The sound absorber between the ceiling and the membrane is made not only for sound insulation, but mainly to dampen the resonance that occurs between the ceiling and the membrane.
For achievement maximum effect sound insulation - the membrane (pie) should not be connected to the ceiling, i.e. must have an independent connection (attached to a separate profile at a distance of 10 cm from the ceiling, forming air cushion). It turns out to be a kind of suspended ceiling.
The soundproofing cake is attached around the perimeter to the walls, and in the middle to the beams only by means of shock-absorbing fasteners (elastic ceiling suspension), and in rare steps, not less than a meter. You can buy factory-made vibration suspensions or make a homemade vibration-damping suspension. If the membrane is screwed directly to wooden floor beams, the entire effect will be lost.
The principle of the technology is to desynchronize the sound vibrations that occur between the ceiling and the membrane. It turns out, so to speak, a ceiling with a resonant absorber.
It is also possible to install such a design - mineral wool is attached with a mesh or slats between the floor beams, and the ceiling is hemmed with plywood or plasterboard as a membrane (i.e. instead of it). But they are not attached to beams, but also independently (i.e. behind the walls), 3-5 cm below the ceiling. With such a device, the role of an absorber will be played by mineral wool attached to the beams.
The method is controversial. Labor-intensive process, heavy weight and most importantly, the sound is partially damped, because the main resonance is transmitted through the lags. The principle of the device is shown in the photo.
Of course, it all depends on the method of installation, as the craftsmen advise, you need to pour sand between the joists and the subfloor, and not just between the floor beams, and install a floating floor system on top.
Scheme of soundproofing floors under plasterboard
Bottom line
Floor soundproofing technology for wooden house unlike brick and concrete buildings, it has a number of features that are directly related to the design of the floors, their properties and sound-conducting characteristics. The methods described above will help to isolate or significantly reduce the penetration of sound waves between floors in frame cottages, as well as in houses made of rounded logs or timber.
Optimal parameters of floor rigidity in modern construction achieved through the installation of I-beam structures with cross section in the form of the letter H. The metal I-beam has long been known to domestic builders, but the wooden I-beam still raises certain concerns. What are the advantages of using this building material, are there any nuances to its installation and is it possible to produce such a responsible structural element with your own hands?
Universal building material – glued-wood I-beam
Key features of wooden I-beams
The main weight load during the operation of a structure of any type falls on the interfloor, basement and attic floors. Their load-bearing elements must be guaranteed to withstand constant and variable loads, including their own weight, as well as the weight of people and furniture.
At first glance, the teams wooden structures in terms of strength they cannot compete with reinforced concrete or metal, but practice and calculations prove otherwise.
Production of I-beams from wood
The I-section of a timber beam is the result of a combination of three elements—two flanges, usually made from millwood, and a post made from oriented strand board. Often the material for shelves is pine board or LVL timber (lumber glued together from several layers of coniferous veneer, different from plywood and solid wood high stability to horizontal loads).
To improve the working qualities of wood and prevent rotting, the manufacturer dries it in several stages, and to protect against insects and increase fire safety, treats the product with an antiseptic and fire retardant.
The parts of the I-beam are connected to each other with a double tenon on special presses using waterproof glue. This production technology makes it possible to:
- obtain higher bending strength of the product (in comparison with massive beams rectangular section);
- avoid the disadvantages inherent in wood - shrinkage, shrinkage, creaks, shifts and cracks.
Production of I-beams from wood
Once the beam is ready, it can be reinforced with additional overlays - stiffeners. Thus, the load-bearing capacity of a laminated wooden I-beam with equal cross-sectional areas exceeds that of other systems used in low-rise and cottage construction.
Scope and range of I-beams
Today, I-beams made of wood are mainly used in the frame production of houses. IN stone buildings such building material is also being used more and more actively, since it can be used to quickly carry out following works:
- arrangement of all types of floors, as well as truss structure roofs;
- installation of silent floors, interior partitions;
- creation of high-quality monolithic formwork for a concrete foundation;
- all kinds of reconstructions - replacing floor beams, raising the floor level;
- construction of additional premises - attics, gazebos, terraces, etc.
Types of wooden I-beams
To meet growing demand, manufacturers have developed a fairly wide range, making it easy to choose right size and characteristics of beams or racks:
- BDK – glued I-beam, intended for use in short spans;
- BDKU - reinforced beam, characterized by an increased flange width and is used on long spans;
- BDKSh - wide beam, intended for use in extremely loaded structures, rafter systems or on extra-long spans;
- SDKU – reinforced stand, used as a base wall frame;
- SDKSH – wide stand, used in installation wall panels.
About use as structural material LVL timber, the buyer is informed by the letter L in the marking. It also indicates the geometric dimensions of the section, which are important for determining the load-bearing capacity of a wooden I-beam.
Painted beams for floors and ceilings
How to determine the required dimensions of a laminated beam
Selection of the section “by eye” is unacceptable, since the supporting structures may not withstand the load and deform or collapse. It is better to entrust the calculation of the parameters of a wooden I-beam for covering capital structures to an engineer who can take into account operating conditions and work features.
Independent calculations are complicated by the fact that the documents regulating them have many amendments and updated requirements, which are not easy to understand.
Given in open sources data may be out of date, and current information is often not freely accessible.
Interfloor ceiling made of beams
Only structural parts are allowed to be calculated “on the knee” utility rooms small area. When making simplified calculations, it is important to take into account the standard load, the pitch of the beams and the size of the overlapped span. Approximate floor load values look like this:
- to cover an unused attic, the constant load is assumed to be within 50 kg/m2, and the operational load is 90 kg/m2, therefore, the total design load is 130 kg/m2 (rounded up to 150 kg/m2);
- in the case of intensive use of the attic space, the operational load should be increased to 195 kg/m2, which means its total indicator will be equal to 245 kg/m2 (to increase the safety factor it increases to 250);
- when using the attic space as an attic, the weight of floors, partitions, furniture is additionally taken into account and, as a result, the total design load must be at least 300 kg/m2;
- the interfloor wooden floor also includes its own floor structure, and its operational load consists of the weight of people and household items, so its value cannot be less than 400 kg/m2.
Knowing the required length of the beam and the load acting on it, using the tables you can determine the required section size.
Table for selecting the section of an I-beam for interfloor ceiling residential building with a pitch of 500 mm
Table for selecting the cross-section of an I-beam for the attic floor of a residential building with a pitch of 500 mm
Pros and cons of using OSB H-beams
What benefits can be obtained by replacing construction project ordinary beams on wooden I-beams? Due to the low weight of the structures (a 6-meter beam weighs about 6 kg), significant ease of transportation and installation comes to the fore. As a result, work time is reduced and costs are reduced. Installation of such building materials does not require the use of heavy special equipment, and installation is carried out with standard carpentry tools.
The advantages of using H-shaped beams also include:
- high strength characteristics, allowing to cover long spans (up to 8–12 m) without the use of intermediate supports;
- variety of standard sizes, stability of shapes and geometric parameters;
- absence of disadvantages inherent in natural wood;
- saving living space by laying hidden communications in the niches of I-beams;
- minimizing the risk of cold bridges - wood has low thermal conductivity and heat capacity.
Comparison table of various floor systems
Floor planks, of course, outperform I-beams in price, but the need to create frequent sheathing, support elements, as well as periodic repairs complicate their operation and, as a result, can reduce the resulting savings to zero.
Except high cost wooden I-beams, another disadvantage emerges from real experience - the risk of purchasing counterfeit, unreliable products produced in artisanal conditions.
Making beams at home
To eliminate the possibility of purchasing low-quality building materials, it is recommended to buy beams from manufacturers or intermediaries with a good reputation, or try to make them yourself. Unlike metal products, do-it-yourself wooden I-beams can be made with proper quality if you first familiarize yourself with the technology and a number of nuances industrial production.
Scheme and dimensions of beams
Selection and preparation of material
For the manufacture of supporting beam elements, it is better to choose laminated veneer lumber - its correct geometry contributes to obtaining a high-quality workpiece.
It is optimal if it is made of larch, since it does not lose moisture during operation, but rather gains strength, but you can use timber from any coniferous. Its cross-section is determined by calculation, but in any case should not be less than 30x25 mm.
The material for racks that is quite acceptable in terms of cost and characteristics is multi-layer plywood (for lightly loaded beams) or OSB sheet (for the construction of massive structures). The thickness of plywood or oriented strand board is 24–27 mm, and if necessary, the board can be reinforced with additional stiffeners.
Finished I-beam made of wood
To join the workpieces, you need to select wood glue for water based(for residential use it must be non-toxic, as evidenced by the ECO label). The greatest static and dynamic strength of the connection is provided by polyurethane and casein composition. Before processing, materials must be rejected, sanded and dried.
Often production takes place right at the construction site.
Manufacturing of parts and their assembly
To make an I-beam from wood, you will need the following tools:
- roulette;
- milling machine(option – circular, electric or chainsaw);
- milling discs required thickness, preferably with a trapezoidal profile;
- Hydraulic Press(or channel with clamps).
The most important technological stage is marking - the durability and strength of the product depends on its accuracy.
Even the slightest distortion cannot be allowed, therefore the selection of the fastening ditch must be carried out strictly along the center line drawn during marking. The depth and width of the groove depends on the size of the timber and OSB and is approximately 10% of the width of the rack.
Beam assembly diagram
- Uniform thin layer lubricate contact surfaces.
- Attach the lower and top beam.
- Align and press the parts together.
To avoid skewing of the beam during drying, gluing is best done using a pneumatic or hydro-wedge, which can also be replaced homemade device- analogous to a clamp. To do this, you need to select a channel according to the dimensions of the strip, bend the sheet of metal into the required form. After this, carefully apply it on both sides. metal parts onto the assembled I-beam and secure with clamps. The holding time of the beam depends on the type of glue.
Video: How to make an I-beam from wood
What you need to know about installing beams
The wooden I-beam is ready for installation after being coated with a fire-retardant and antiseptic composition and completely dry. Builders who equip simple floors do not need to have special skills, which cannot be said about building a house from wooden I-beams.
To guarantee safety and reliability frame structure year-round residence It’s better to order from a specialized developer company.
The nuances of laying floor beams
- To insert a beam into a brick or stone wall, even at the stage of its laying, special niches - nests - should be provided.
- If the walls are made of timber or logs, these holes are cut out in them.
- Regardless wall material the bottom of the nests must be covered with a double layer of roofing felt, and the edges of the beams (this only applies when they are mounted in brick or stone) treated with any water-repellent compound, for example, bitumen.
- The length of the supporting end of the beam must be at least 150 mm.
- It is better to start installation from the edge of one of the walls, then proceed to the installation of intermediate beams.
- The installation step is verified with a template, and in order to check the horizontal installation, it is necessary to use a spirit level.
- To achieve a horizontal surface, it may be necessary to place wooden blocks under the supporting ends.
- It is recommended to secure every third beam with anchors or wooden spacers.
- The remaining free cavities in the nests can be filled with vapor-permeable insulation, for example, mineral wool, or filled with construction material cement mortar.
- After the beams are securely fastened, they need to be sheathed with clapboard, board or plasterboard.
Floor beams in a brick wall
List of main steps in building a frame house
The technology used to build frame houses made of plywood and OSB, called Canadian. Previously, beams and boards were used as load-bearing elements, but nowadays they are increasingly being replaced by I-beams. A Canadian cottage does not need a massive base, so it is usually replaced with a lightweight one. strip foundation.
I-beam rafter system
The general sequence of assembling the frame looks like this:
- Installation of wooden frame on the foundation.
- Installation of a basement floor made of I-beams.
- Fastening of row panels and door block directly onto the beam floor.
- Connecting panels together with strips plywood FSF 27 mm thick.
- Installation of interfloor slabs on top of plywood trim.
- Construction of the second floor from wall panels and their piping.
- Installation of attic floors, gables, ridge and rafters.
- Insulation and finishing work - framing the frame, installing the roof and facade.
The resulting housing is lightweight and durable, and its construction is cheaper than brick building the same area. However, there are also critical disadvantages: very high requirements must be placed on the quality of materials, which so far only meets the expensive products of global manufacturers - Nascor or Steiko. Cheap analogues are unreliable and often pose a danger to human health.
Scheme of the structure of a frame house
Sheathed frame inside
A house made of wooden I-beams is very vulnerable to vandal resistance - wooden walls are easily destroyed by a chainsaw, and it is important for the building owners to provide a system for protecting the local area.
However, manufacturers, in an effort to expand the market, are constantly developing technologies, so, most likely, frame houses will get rid of these shortcomings in the near future.
The task of floors in a building is to perform load-bearing and enclosing functions, to ensure the spatial rigidity of the structure, its stability, to separate floors, to connect walls to each other, transferring the load to them. IN low-rise construction There are several arrangement options. One of them is overlap metal beams. They can also be used for attic and basement floors.
Advantages of metal floors
Metal structures, unlike wooden beams, are more reliable in terms of fire safety and resistance to biological hazards (mold, mildew). They:- much stronger than wooden beams, with a smaller thickness they can withstand heavy loads. Their use allows you to save space and give more usable space;
- can be laid on spans up to 24 meters. The I-beam (channel) section of rolled metal remains static, is resistant to changes in the amplitude of the floors, and is not subject to deflection.
The large weight of the metal may require the use of a crane when installing the structure. Resize beams, trim or extend them using welding machine, it will be very difficult. As a result, it is necessary to very accurately measure the dimensions of the spans before ordering rolled metal from the enterprise.
The only restrictions in the use of floors on metal beams are the financial side, as well as the size and type of structure. The load-bearing part of the building, the walls of the building, must withstand the weight of rolled metal, so before purchasing materials, you need to calculate the loads on the beam floors.
Calculation of beam floors
When choosing the section of I-beams, channel or angle, take into account the installation pitch (no more than one meter), the width of the span, the total load from the roof and roll-up. For the attic floor, the calculated value is 75 kg/sq.m. m. When installing interfloor and basement floor the working load almost doubles (150 kg/sq. m), so the cross-section of long products is also increased. He must have sufficient bearing capacity.Types of interfloor ceilings on metal beams
During the construction of private houses and cottages, rolls onto the floors using metal beams are done:- wooden, when the openings between the channels are filled with boards. This is a combustible fill option;
- using a lightweight reinforced concrete slab (fireproof filling);
- monolithic;
- monolithic on the load-bearing corrugated sheet, the latter has a high profile and additional stiffening ribs.
When using prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs they are laid on the upper and lower shelves of the I-beam, caulking the lower reinforced concrete slabs with cement mortar and pouring sound insulation on them. A mesh is welded to the beams below, on which the ceiling is plastered. You can put OSB on top, and then the floor.
The reinforced concrete monolith has best characteristics in comparison with reinforced concrete slabs. Thanks to its monolithic structure, it has better thermal insulation and noise absorption parameters. Getting started with calculations monolithic ceiling on metal beams, take the outer perimeter of the load-bearing wall as a basis. To create the formwork, use waterproof plywood and support it with temporary supports. To independently calculate the thickness of the slab, select the range of reinforcement or mesh for reinforcement, use the appropriate reference books and manuals on design and reinforcement reinforced concrete structures, SNIPs.
Manufacturing a monolithic floor using a profiled sheet - relatively new technology. Corrugated sheeting is secured on top of the steel beams with self-tapping screws ( permanent formwork), they also fasten the sheets together. To eliminate subsidence of the profiled sheets, temporary supports are placed under them. To increase the strength of the structure, reinforcing rods are placed in the grooves of the corrugated sheet.
Correct calculations, compliance with installation technology and quality of materials - all this determines the quality of the interfloor covering.
Wooden I-beam system for wall, roof and floor structures
I-beams are light in weight, have precise dimensions and have high load-bearing capacity. Beams are not subject to shrinkage, torsion, deflection and other geometric defects. When installing wooden I-beams, you do not need to use lifting or other special equipment.
I-beams STEICO joist, STEICO wall are convenient for installation and can be easily processed with conventional hand and electric cutting tools.
The use of wooden I-beams reduces thermal bridges and reduces heat loss.
The wall of I-beams STEICO joist, STEICO wall is made of solid NFB board, which has the highest bending strength.
The beam shelves are made of specially treated, dried and graded wood. The walls of the beams are made of particularly strong solid fiberboard. It is possible to manufacture beam flanges from LVL of timber.
The distance between beam flanges can be filled insulating materials made of soft fiberboard, which significantly reduces the effect of thermal fasting.
To protect beams from insects and to ensure fire safety, they can be treated with fire-biological protective compounds.
STEICO joist I-beams are used for installation rafter system, interfloor coverings, construction of house frames.
STEICO joist beams are lightweight but have high load-bearing capacity. The quality class of wood used in the production of STEICO joist beams is L36, has a tensile strength of 22 N/mm2
Wooden I-beams STEICO joist are produced in lengths up to 16 meters, which is especially important during installation roofing systems and interfloor ceilings.
An important issue when building a house remains the installation of water supply, sewerage, ventilation and electrical wiring systems. The use of STEICO joist beams allows the installation of utilities inside the ceilings.
Specifications
STEICO wall I-beams are used for the construction of building frames, installation of internal and external walls, as well as for reconstruction or insulation. The use of STEICO wall beams allows you to obtain a perfectly flat structure of internal or external walls.
The quality class of wood used in the production of STEICO wall beams is L17, has a bending strength of 11 N/mm2
Specifications 