When our prehistoric ancestors sought the refuge they would later call home, they used the natural resources around them as a means of shelter.
Ancient people lived in caves. But man is the most brilliant creation of nature. And over time he learned to build abodes for himself.
For centuries, people had to live underground, in trees and under rocks. Over time, a person began to develop skills, he began to use auxiliary means in the construction of his house: wood, metal, brick, stone, ice and animal skins.
Nowadays, in most cases, houses are built of brick and concrete, with some exceptions, for example, cabins, prefabricated buildings and wooden sheds.
However, there are some civilizations in the world that still live in the dwellings used by their ancestors hundreds of years ago.
This article highlights some of the more unusual types of dwellings that man has called home, just as they have been for hundreds of years (since they were first built).
Bamboo houses
Bamboo is a fast-growing, evergreen grass that grows in many places around the world.
Bamboo has been used for housing construction thousands of years ago. It is a particularly durable material, making it ideal for construction.
Constructions modern houses made of bamboo, based on ancient technologies, designed for rapid construction housing especially in disaster areas of Southeast Asia.
Earthen houses, as their name suggests, are dwellings built underground and, along with caves, are probably the oldest method of construction on the planet.
The centuries-old idea of such design has found recognition all over the world, and today there are many buildings called eco-earth dwellings.
House made of timber
Log houses are well known and, as a rule, are used in the construction of holiday homes. The construction of log houses goes back many years, to the times when man was first able to cut off large tree branches. But even today such houses are very popular.
The log house has found its application in mountain and forest areas. Such houses were especially common in areas inhabited by settlers in new lands, such as America and Australia. Today they are a landmark of the European Alps and Scandinavia, here these buildings are called “chalets”.
For many centuries, adobe houses were used as quick way construction of dwellings.
These types of housing are commonly found in dry and hot countries around the world, but most notably on the African continent.
To build them, soil or clay is mixed with water, and sometimes grass is added. The shaped squares are then dried in the sun until they reach the required hardness. After this, they are ready for use just like any other building brick.
Tree houses
Did you think that such houses are built only for children?
In fact, a tree house is quite common occurrence in jungle areas around the world, where the terrain is infested with snakes, dangerous wild animals and crawling insects.
They are also used as temporary shelter in areas prone to flooding and heavy monsoon rains.
Tent house
Tents are a popular means of refuge for outdoor enthusiasts. fresh air, and are also regularly used for quick construction.
Large tents were typically made from animal skins and were used as regular dwellings by many civilizations over the centuries. They are most widespread among nomadic peoples.
Today, tent-shaped housing is used mainly by nomadic peoples, such as the Bedouin tribes of Arabia and Mongolian herders, whose shelter - yurts - have existed for several generations.
Cabana (beach house)
The picture shows a wild boar located on the grounds of a hotel in Ecuador. This small house, which currently serves as a hotel room, is a bamboo frame topped with a grass roof and is typical of the indigenous Indian architecture of South America.
Tod's Huts
These bamboo and rattan houses come from a village located in South India, where locals have been living in such houses for over a thousand years.
Half a dozen of these buildings will be installed in one of the villages, where each of the buildings is used for a specific purpose, such as: living for people, finding animals, preparing food, and so on.
Houses of the Toba Batak tribe
These impressive structures, built in the likeness of a boat, are the huts of the indigenous people on the island of Sumatra.
The dwellings are called jabu and have been used by fishing communities for centuries.
Agree, in our distant childhood we were all interested in homes in one way or another. We read about them in books and popular science magazines, watched them in movies, which means, willy-nilly, at least once in our lives, but we still imagined how great it would be to swap roles with them for a few hours, finding yourself in that distant world full of the unknown and unprecedented.
However, despite the abundance of information, we sometimes cannot answer seemingly completely simple questions. For example, about how they defended their homes, where and how they got food, whether they made supplies for the winter and whether they had any pets.
The article is aimed at introducing readers to the topic. After reading all the sections carefully, everyone will have a more than detailed idea of what the dwellings of ancient people were like.
general information
To more clearly imagine what happened many centuries ago, let's think about the principle by which buildings are built and ennobled. modern houses. Many will agree that the choice of material is primarily influenced by climate. In hot countries you are unlikely to find buildings with thick brick (or panel) walls, and additional funds insulation. In turn, in the northern regions there are no bungalows and open villas.
The primitive dwellings of ancient people were also built taking into account the weather conditions of a particular region. In addition, of course, the presence of nearby bodies of water and characteristics local flora and fauna.
Thus, modern experts claim that Paleolithic hunters in most cases settled on slightly rough, or even completely flat, terrain, in close proximity to lakes, rivers or streams.
Where can you see ancient sites?
We all know that caves are areas of the upper part of the earth's crust, located, as a rule, in mountainous regions of the planet. Today it has been established that most of them were once the dwellings of ancient people. Of course, regardless of the continent, people settled only in horizontal and gently sloping caves. In vertical ones, called mines and wells, the depth of which can reach up to one and a half kilometers, it was inconvenient to live and organize everyday life, and even very dangerous.
Archaeologists have discovered the dwellings of ancient people in different parts our planet: in Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe and the Americas.
Many caves have also been discovered on Russian territory. The most famous are Kungurskaya, Bolshaya Oreshnaya, Denisova and the whole Tavdinsky complex.
What did the ancient man's home look like from the inside?
There is a fairly common misconception that the caves were warm and dry enough for the inhabitants of that time. Unfortunately, this is not so, but rather the opposite. Typically, rock faults are very cold and wet. And this is not surprising: such areas are warmed up quite slowly by the sun, and it is generally impossible to heat a huge cave in this way.
The humid air prevailing around, which in most cases is barely felt in the open air, tends to condense, falling into a closed space, surrounded on all sides by cold stone.
As a rule, the air in a cave cannot be called stale. On the contrary, there are constant drafts formed under the influence of the aerodynamic effect created by the presence of numerous passages and cracks.
As a result, we can conclude that the very first dwellings of ancient people were small, cool caves with walls constantly damp from condensation.
Was it possible to warm up by lighting a fire?
In general, making a fire in a cave, even with modern means, is a rather troublesome and not always effective task.
Why? The thing is that initially it will take a long time to choose a place protected from the wind, otherwise the fire will simply go out. Secondly, heating a cave in this way is the same as if you set yourself the goal of heating an entire stadium, armed with an ordinary electric heater. Sounds absurd, right?
IN in this case one fire is actually not enough, especially considering that cold air will constantly move to your campsite from somewhere inside the stone bag.
Security measures
How did ancient people protect their homes, and was this necessary in principle? Scientists have been trying to get a definite answer to this question for a long time. It was found that in warm climates, sites were usually temporary. People found them by chasing wild animals along the paths and collecting various kinds of roots. Ambushes were set up nearby and the dead carcasses were skinned. Such houses were not guarded: raw materials were collected, rest was arranged, thirst was quenched, simple belongings were collected, and the tribe moved on.
In what is now Eurasia, most of the land was covered with a thick layer of snow. There was already a need for the improvement of a more permanent monastery. The dwelling was often won from the hyena through perseverance, deceit or cunning. During winter cold, the entrances to the cave were often blocked from the inside with stones and branches. This, first of all, was done to prevent the former owner from getting inside.
Section 6. What was inside the house
The dwellings of ancient people, photos of which can often be found in modern popular science literature, were quite simple in their design and contents.
Most often it was round or oval inside. According to scientists, on average the width rarely exceeded 6-8 meters with a length of 10-12 m. Inside, according to experts, up to 20 people could fit. Tree trunks cut down or broken in the neighboring forest were used for beautification and insulation. It was not uncommon for such material to flow down the river.
Often the dwellings of ancient people were not a place in a cave, but real huts. The skeleton of the future house was represented by tree trunks inserted into pre-dug recesses. Later, intertwined branches were placed on top. Of course, due to the constantly blowing wind, it was quite cold and damp inside, so the fire had to be maintained both day and night. By the way, scientists were surprised to discover that tree trunks, which play a key role in construction, were reinforced with heavy stones for safety reasons.
There were no doors at all. They were replaced by a hearth built from rock fragments, which not only heated the home, but also served reliable protection from predators.
Of course, in the process of evolution, not only people changed, but also their places of residence.
Houses of ancient Palestinians
In Palestine, modern scientists have managed to excavate the most archaeologically important cities.
It was established that these settlements were mainly built on hills and were well fortified both outside and inside. Very often one of the walls was protected by a cliff or a fast water flow. The city was surrounded by a wall.
Like many others, this culture, when choosing a location, was guided by the presence of a nearby source, the water from which was suitable for drinking and for irrigating crops. In case of a siege, local residents built unique underground reservoirs located under the homes of wealthier townspeople.
Wooden houses were considered a rarity. Preference was mainly given to stone and adobe buildings. In order to protect the room from soil dampness, the structure was built on a stone foundation.
The hearth was located in the central room directly under a special hole in the ceiling. Second floor and availability large quantity Only the wealthiest townspeople could afford windows.
Dwellings of the upper Mesopotamia
Not everyone knows that some of the houses here were two- or even several-story. For example, in the chronicles of Herodotus one can find mention of buildings with three or even four tiers.
The dwellings were covered with a spherical dome, which was sometimes very high. There was a hole at the top that allowed air to penetrate inside. By the way, it should be noted that there were almost never windows on the first floor. And there may be several explanations for this factor. Firstly, local residents tried to protect themselves from external enemies in this way. Secondly, religion did not allow them to flaunt the features of their private lives. Only fairly narrow doors and loopholes, located at the level of human height, went outside.
Terraces were built above brick pillars, performing two functions at once. First of all, they were built so that the owner could relax there, hiding away from human eyes. But that's not all. This area made it possible to protect the roof from direct sunlight, and therefore from overheating. On the upper terrace there were most often open galleries planted with flowers and exotic plants.
In this area the main building material Clay, reed and bitumen were considered. Sometimes in wooden supports special brick or mosaic inlays were made to protect the wood from the ubiquitous ants.
Dwelling of ancient Indian culture
The ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro, located in India, was once surrounded by a powerful wall. There was also sewer system, which from individual houses was directed into the citywide sewer canal, equipped under the pavements.
In general, they preferred to build houses from baked brick, which was considered the most durable and therefore reliable. The outer walls were more than massive, and also had a slight inward slope.
Documents about how ancient people built homes indicate that wealthy locals had a gatekeeper's room in their homes. There was almost always a small central courtyard, into which, for the purpose of additional lighting, numerous windows on the first and second floors certainly looked out.
The yard was paved with bricks, and there was a sewer canal right next to it. As a rule, a luxurious terrace was arranged on the flat roof of the house.
Ancient Greek house
Scientists have found that during the Trojan culture, most dwellings were square or rectangular in shape. There may have been a small portico in front. In a room or part common area, which served as a bedroom, special raised platforms were made for the beds.
As a rule, there were two outbreaks. One was needed for heating, the second for cooking.
The walls were also not quite ordinary. The lower 60 cm were laid out of stone, and a little higher raw brick was used. The flat roof was not supported by anything additional.
The poor preferred to live in round or oval houses, because... it was easier to heat them, and there was no need to have several rooms. The rich in their homes allocated space not only for bedrooms, but also for dining rooms and storage rooms.
The human home is the purest expression of nature that exists. Initially, the form of the house grows entirely from organic feeling. They don't even create it. It has the same inner necessity as a mollusk shell, as Bee hive, like bird's nests, and every feature of the original customs and forms of existence, marriage and family life, tribal routine - all this finds its own image and similarity.
Traditional types and types of dwellings of the peoples of the world were formed over a long historical period and can currently be united within the framework of historical and cultural provinces.
16 such historical, cultural and geographical provinces can be distinguished: Western-Central European, Eastern European, Caucasian, Central Asian-Kazakhstan, Siberian, Central Asian, East Asian, Southeast Asian, South Asian, South-West Asian (Foremost Asian), North African, tropical African, North American, Latin American , Australian, Oceanic. Each province has its own types of housing.
The West Central European province is divided into regions: North European, Atlantic, Central European and Mediterranean. It covers a variety of landscapes - from the cold coasts of Scandinavia and islands in the Atlantic Ocean to the warm subtropics of the Mediterranean. The West Central European province entered the era of the industrial revolution and capitalism earlier than others. Traditional rural settlements of various layouts (cumulus, circular, row, scattered) consist of buildings rectangular in plan; in central Europe they predominate frame houses(half-timbered), in the north - timber frames, in the south - stone and brick; In some areas, residential and utility premises are located under one roof, in others they are built separately.
Eastern European province. includes regions: central and northern (Russian-Belarusian), Baltic, Volga-Kama, southwestern. It occupies the East European Plain from the tundra and taiga of the Arctic Ocean coast to the warm steppes on the shores of the Black and Caspian seas and the Caucasus mountains.
Small villages are common in the north; residential and utility premises were built under one roof; in the south there are larger villages, but outbuildings are located separately; where there was little forest, walls made of wood or stone were coated with clay and whitewashed; the center of the interior was the stove.
Caucasian province. located south of the East European Plain between the Black and Caspian Seas, it covers the diverse landscapes of the Caucasus mountain systems, foothills and mountain plains, and is divided into two regions, the North Caucasus and the Caucasus.
There are a variety of types of settlements and dwellings - from stone tower houses and fortresses to wicker structures and half-dugouts with a stepped ceiling over the hearth; in Eastern Georgia – two-story houses made of stone and wood, balconies, flat or gable roof; in Azerbaijan - one-story adobe dwellings with a flat roof, windows and an entrance to the courtyard.
The Central Asian-Kazakh province occupies the arid plains east of the Caspian Sea, deserts and high mountain systems of the Tien Shan and Pamirs. It is divided into historical and cultural regions: southwestern (Turkmenistan), southeastern (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan), northern (Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan).
In the oases in the south, the traditional rural dwelling is a rectangular adobe with a flat roof; in the mountains, a frame dwelling predominates; among nomads and semi-nomads there is a round yurt with a lattice frame and a felt covering. Winter housing in the north was influenced by Russian settlers.
The Siberian province in northern Asia occupies vast expanses of taiga, tundra and dry steppes from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean.
In permanent settlements, log-framed rectangular dwellings with a gable roof predominate, in the north - dugouts; temporary dwellings - chum, in the northeast - yaranga, in the south among cattle breeders - a multi-cornered yurt.
The Central Asian province occupies the temperate deserts (Gobi, Taklamakan).
The nomads' home is a round yurt (among the Mongols and Turks) or woolen tents (among the Tibetans). Among the agricultural population (Uyghurs, some Tibetans, Itzu), dwellings with walls made of mud brick or cut stone predominate.
The East Asian province occupies the plains of China, the Korean peninsula and the Japanese islands.
The traditional dwelling is frame-and-post with adobe or lighter (wood, mats) filling, with a flat or gable roof; in the south, pile buildings predominate; in the north, heated benches (kan) are common.
Southeast Asian province - the Indochina Peninsula and the islands of Indonesia and the Philippines. Includes historical and cultural regions: Western Indochinese, Eastern Indochinese, Western Indonesian, Eastern Indonesian, Philippine.
Pile buildings predominate light walls and high roofs.
The South Asian province includes the Deccan Highlands, the lowland valleys of the Indus and Ganges, the high Himalayan mountains in the north, the arid regions (Thar) and low mountains in the west, the abundantly moist Burma-Assam Mountains in the east, and the island of Sri Lanka in the south.
The settlements are mainly street plan; adobe or brick two- and three-chamber houses, with a flat or high roof, predominate; there are frame-and-post buildings; in the mountains - made of stone several floors high; nomads have woolen tents.
The southwest Asian province occupies arid highlands and mountains with oases in river valleys and deserts. It is divided into historical and cultural regions: Asia Minor, Iranian-Afghan, Mesopotamian-Syrian, Arabian.
Rural settlements, as a rule, are large with chaotic buildings, a central market square, dwellings rectangular in plan made of mud brick, adobe or stone with a flat roof and a courtyard; the division into male and female halves remains; the interior decoration consists of carpets, felts, and mats. Nomads live in black tents.
The North African province occupies the Mediterranean coast, the arid subtropical zone of the Sahara Desert and oases from Egypt to the Maghreb. Historical and cultural regions are distinguished: Egyptian, Maghreb, Sudanese.
The settlements of settled farmers are large with disorderly buildings; Fortified settlements with stone towers have been preserved in the mountains. In the center of the settlements there is a market square and a mosque. The houses are rectangular or square in plan, made of mud brick, adobe, stone, with a flat roof and a courtyard. Nomads live in black woolen tents. The division of the home into male (usually front) and female (back) halves is preserved.
The African tropical province occupies the equatorial regions of the continent with tropical forests, wet and dry savannas. Historical and cultural regions are distinguished: West African, West Central, Tropical, East African, South African, Madagascar Island.
Rural settlements are compact or scattered, consisting of small frame-and-pillar dwellings with a round (in savannas) or rectangular (in forests) layout, surrounded by outbuildings (clay bottle-shaped granaries on stands, pens for livestock). The walls are sometimes decorated with relief or painted patterns.
The North American province includes Alaska, the Arctic tundra and taiga, forests and prairies of the temperate zone, and subtropics on the Atlantic coast. Historical and cultural regions are distinguished: Arctic, Canadian, North American. Before European colonization, only Indian people lived here, and in the north - Eskimo peoples. The main types of Indian dwellings vary depending on the areas of residence. Tipis and wigwams are typical for hunters and fishermen of the subarctic; hunters, fishers and gatherers of the northwest coast - large wooden houses with a gable roof; for the gatherers and hunters of California - domed half-dugouts covered with reeds or sequoia boards; farmers of the eastern and southeastern regions - large frame houses covered with bark or grass mats; horse hunters of the Great Plains - teepees; Indians of the eastern Great Plains - large " earthen houses"(half-dugouts) with
hemispherical roofs made of willow bark and grass, covered with a layer of earth. The traditional dwellings of the Eskimos were half-dugouts and frame yarangas.
The housing traditions of the settlers are in many ways similar to European ones.
The Latin American province occupies all of South and Central America from the cold Tierra del Fuego to the tropical rainforests (selva) of the Amazon and the tropics, desert plateaus and mountains of Mexico. Historical and cultural regions are distinguished: Caribbean, Mesoamerican, Andean, Amazonian, Pampas, Fuegian.
The indigenous inhabitants of this province, the Indians, build houses taking into account climatic conditions and historically established traditions. The Indians of central and southern Mexico, Central America and the Greater Antilles are characterized by single-chamber, rectangular dwellings, made of adobes, wood and reeds, with a high two- or four-pitched roof; Indians of the South American tropical lowlands and highlands east of the Andes - large houses for large families and huts for small families; wandering hunters of the steppes and semi-deserts of the temperate zone - toldo.
The Australian province occupies Australia and the island of Tasmania.
Traditional dwellings Australian Aboriginals– wind barriers, awnings, huts.
The Ocean Province consists of three historical and cultural regions: Melanesia (Papuans and Melanesians), Micronesia and Polynesia (Maori and Polynesians).
The dwelling in New Guinea is rectangular, piled, sometimes above ground, in Oceania it is frame-and-post with a high gable roof made of palm leaves.
Isaev V.V. Traditional types and types of dwellings of the peoples of the world. dictionary-reference book / V.V. Isaev; Alt. state tech. University named after I. I. Polzunova. - Barnaul. Publishing house AltSTU, 2009.
Based on materials from the site: http://miro101.ru
Residents of villages in Ancient Rus' built wooden huts. Since there was plenty of forest in the country, everyone could stock up on logs. Over time, a full-fledged house-building craft arose and began to develop.
So by the 16th century.
In princely Moscow, districts filled with log houses were formed that were ready for sale. They were transported to the capital of the principality along the river and sold at low prices, which is why foreigners were surprised at the cost of such housing.
To repair the hut, only logs and boards were required.
Depending on the required dimensions, it was possible to select suitable log house and immediately hire carpenters to assemble the house.
Log cabins have always been in high demand. Due to frequent massive fires, cities (sometimes even due to careless handling of fire) and villages had to be rebuilt.
Enemy raids and internecine wars caused great damage.
How were huts built in Rus'?
The logs were laid in such a way that they were connected to each other at all 4 corners. There were two types of wooden buildings: summer (cold) and winter (equipped with a stove or hearth).
1. To save wood, they used semi-earth technology, when the lower part was dug in the ground, and on top there was a cage with windows (they were covered with a bull's bladder or covered with a shutter lid).
For such housing, light, sandy, not saturated soil was more preferable.
The walls of the pit were lined with boards and sometimes coated with clay. If the floor was compacted, then it was also treated clay mixture.
2. There was another way - laying a finished pine log house in the dug up ground. Crushed stones, stones and sand were poured between the walls of the pit and the future house.
There were no structures inside the floor. And there was no ceiling as such either. There was a roof covered with straw and dry grass and branches, which was supported on thick poles. The standard area of the hut was approximately 16 square meters. m.
The wealthier peasants of Ancient Rus' built houses that were completely above the ground and had a roof covered with boards. A mandatory attribute of such housing was a stove. In the attic, rooms were organized that were mainly used for household needs.
Fiberglass windows were cut into the walls. They were ordinary openings, which in the cold season were covered with shields made of boards, that is, “clouded.”
Until the 14th century. in the huts of wealthy residents (peasants, nobles, boyars), the windows were made not of fiberglass, but of mica. Over time, glass replaced mica plates.
However, back in the 19th century. in villages window glass were a great and valuable rarity.
How did they live in Russian huts?
In Rus', huts were very practical housing, which were installed in such a way as to retain heat.
The entrance to the house was on the south side; there was a blank wall on the north side. The space was divided into 2 parts: cold and warm cages, their area was not the same. The first one was kept livestock and inventory; the warm one was equipped with a stove or hearth, and a bed was placed for rest.
Russian huts were heated in a black way: smoke swirled across the floor and came out of the door, which is why the ceiling and walls were covered with a thick layer of soot. In wealthy houses, the firebox was done in a white way, that is, through a chimney in the stove.
In the houses of the boyars, an additional third floor was built - the chamber.
As a rule, chambers for the wife or daughters were located there. The type of wood that was used in the construction of housing was important. Representatives of the upper class chose oak, as it was considered the most durable material. The rest built buildings from pine logs.
Old Russian mansions
In Rus', mansions were called huts from wooden log house, which consisted of several buildings connected to each other.
Together the buildings formed the prince's court.
Each component had its name:
- lodge - sleeping area;
- medusha - a pantry for storing supplies of honey and mash;
- soap house - a room for washing, a bathhouse;
- gridnitsa - front hall for receiving guests.
Relatives and associates (combatants, associates) of the prince lived in different parts of the choir.
Decoration of an ancient Russian hut
Furnishings and interior wooden hut organized in accordance with traditions. Most of the space was given to the stove, which was located on the right or left side of the entrance.
This attribute performed several functions at once: they slept on it, cooked food in the stove, and when there was no separate bathhouse in the yard, they also washed in the stove!
A red corner was placed opposite the stove (diagonally) - a place for the owner and guests of honor.
TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA
There was also a place for icons and shrines that protected the home.
The corner opposite the stove was a kitchen space, which was called a woman's kut. The peasant women stayed at the stove for long evenings: in addition to cooking, they did handicrafts there - sewing and spinning by the light of a torch.
The men's kut had its own household chores: they repaired equipment, wove bast shoes, etc.
d.
The huts were furnished with the simplest furniture - benches, tables. They slept on palats - wide benches installed high near the wall of the stove.
Peasant houses were not decorated with decorative elements. In the princes' chambers, carpets, animal skins and weapons were hung on the walls.
HOUSING is a traditional building or natural shelter adapted for human habitation. In addition to its practical function, the home plays an important symbolic role, embodies the idea of a structured human cultural space (space), protected from external chaos, and communicates with previous generations of a family or clan. In this sense, housing means not only the residential building itself, but also a house in the broad sense of the word, including a settlement, a country, and the ecumene as a whole.
The oldest dwelling. An oval arrangement of stones (4.3x3.7 m) in the lower layers of the Olduvai Gorge (1.8 million years ago) is interpreted as the remains of a dwelling.
A similar structure is known in Przezletice in the Czech Republic (about 700 thousand years ago) - the oldest dwelling in Europe. Residential buildings of the end of the early Acheulean (400-300 thousand years ago) - Bilzingslebene in the north of Thuringia (Germany) and Terra Amata (southeast France) - had hearths. In the construction of dwellings of the Moustier era (Molodova I sites in the Middle Dniester region, Chokurcha in the Crimea, etc.) and the Upper Paleolithic, large mammoth bones were used. The interpretation of some Paleolithic structures as dwellings is controversial; Thus, according to some reconstructions, the so-called dwellings of the Anosovo-Mezinsky type (Desninsky Paleolithic, Kostenki), including the building with paired mammoth tusks on the roof from Mezhirichi, are cult complexes.
In the Paleolithic, natural shelters (caves, grottoes, rock overhangs) were also often used for housing, inside of which there could be stone pavements, partitions, structures made from the bones of large animals, etc.
Light temporary dwellings predominated in the Mesolithic. In the Neolithic, stationary dwellings made of clay, stone and wood appeared.
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Structure and interior layout of a traditional home. Originally the home was single space, where the family gathers at its symbolic center (with the invention of fire, its role was usually played by the hearth), and is not divided into interior spaces(single-room dwelling).
The peripheral part of the room is intended for private life and activities (recreation, manual work), for which purpose floorings, bunks, benches, etc. are installed in stationary dwellings. This type of dwelling layout with a hearth in the center was preserved, for example, in the Caucasus (Azerbaijani karadam, Armenian ghlkhatun, Georgian darbazi; compare also Megaron).
The home of an undivided family or larger kin group may consist of compartments or separate rooms for nuclear families (see the article Big House). For the first time, multi-center dwellings such as long houses (4-5 m wide) were found in the Upper Paleolithic at the monuments of the Willendorf-Kostenki cultural unity, in Pensevan (France), etc. In a polygynous family, the home of each of the owner’s wives can be a separate building.
Three-section dwelling with a frame made of mammoth bones from the Paleolithic site of Pushkari I (Ukraine): 1 - plan; 2 - reconstruction (according to P.
I. Boriskovsky).
Separate parts of the home are strictly intended for certain members of the team (head of the family, men, women, children) or types of activities (religious rituals, meals, cooking, work, rest). Later, compartments are allocated for this purpose and, finally, separate rooms (“clean” room for receiving guests, bedroom, kitchen, “women’s quarters”, etc.) - a multi-chamber dwelling. It can also be formed by attaching utility rooms to the housing (canopy, pantry, barn, kitchen, stable, workshop, etc.).
Multi-chamber buildings have been known since the beginning of the Neolithic (Jarmo). Additional rooms, as a rule, were not initially heated; in other cases, the hearth (stove), on the contrary, was placed in the entryway or kitchen extension.
Outbuildings can also stand separately, forming together with the dwelling a single living space - an estate. The layout of the estate has different options: the dwelling and outbuildings can be scattered, grouped into an open courtyard and, finally, tightly adjacent to each other, surrounding the perimeter inner space(enclosed yard).
In the dwellings of the subtropical zone of Eurasia (from Western Europe to Central Asia), this courtyard (sometimes with a garden, fountain, colonnade, etc.) becomes the center of domestic life, for example, in an ancient dwelling (see Pastada).
The complication of the structure of the dwelling could also consist in the appearance of vertical divisions (multi-storey dwellings): the lower floor was often intended for utility rooms, the upper for residential premises, and if there was a 3rd floor, bedrooms or storage rooms were usually placed there (this distribution is preserved, including in European urban dwelling of the New Age).
Multi-storey houses appear in the Neolithic (known from housing models from South-Eastern Europe), becoming characteristic of rich urban housing Ancient world and the Middle Ages. The development of dwellings of this type was influenced by the change architectural styles(see the article Palace). In the 1st millennium BC, apartment buildings spread in the Ancient East and ancient cities (see, for example, Insula).
Multi-storey apartment buildings have become the main type of urban housing since the 19th century.
Plaques depicting the facades of multi-storey buildings from the Old Palace of Knossos.
Faience. 1800-1700 BC.
Based on the type of use, dwellings are divided into stationary, temporary and portable.
Stationary dwellings were built by sedentary and semi-sedentary peoples (farmers, fishermen).
The material and design of stationary dwellings are most dependent on natural conditions. In areas rich in forests, wood is the main building material. In the pre-Neolithic era, only thin poles and branches could be used to build houses; In the Neolithic, with the spread of the stone, then the metal ax, more durable dwellings of log or frame construction appeared.
With the log-timber technique, the building (cage) is made up of logs inserted into grooves cut out at the ends; the roof is cut together with the frame from logs or planks; if there is a lack of timber, it is made from straw or other materials (see the article Izba). Log construction is the most advanced wood construction technique, but requires a large amount of high-quality wood. The frame technique is more economical: the support of the walls is made up of a frame of pillars to which logs, boards or poles are attached.
The roof in a frame dwelling is usually supported by pillars in the end wall or inside the building. The technique of wooden house construction was reflected in many traditional elements of the home, which were then also adopted by stone architecture: a 4-corner plan, a 2-slope roof, an end facade with a pediment, a tower structure, an architectural order, etc.
In areas poor in forests, the role of wood in construction is reduced: the frame is filled with poles or wattle, coated with clay (turf beam technique), mats, turf, etc.
In steppe, semi-desert and desert areas, the main type of housing is frame, clay-coated, adobe buildings or houses made of mud brick.
Straw, manure, etc. are added to the clay for strength. (adobe among the peoples of Eurasia, adobe in Central America, etc.).
In Mesopotamia, since the Neolithic, dwellings have been made of clay cut into layers (tof). Mud and adobe dwellings are fragile and need periodic renewal, which gave rise to a special type of settlement in Western and Central Asia - the tell. With the development of cities and monumental architecture, baked bricks began to be used in construction.
In mountainous areas important role how stone is acquired as a building material, often in combination with clay and wood. Clay and stone dwellings usually have flat roof, sometimes serving as a utility platform, in mountain settlements - a yard for houses located above (see Aul).
Communal settlements of such buildings, tightly adjacent to each other with ledges, sometimes form a single multi-story structure: such are the Neolithic settlement of Çatalhöyük in Anatolia and the pueblos of the Indians of the South-West North America. Special type dwellings (first found in the Paleolithic) are known in treeless areas of the tundra, where the bones of large animals are used as a frame for dwellings (see Valkar).
In conditions of complete absence of building material - in the Arctic zone - dwellings made of snow (Eskimo igloos) are known. From the Paleolithic to the present (among the Veddas of Sri Lanka, the Toala of Sulawesi, etc.), natural or artificial caves have been used for dwellings.
The relationship between the building and the soil level also depends on natural conditions. The predominant type of land house is; In areas of the Northern Hemisphere with a cold climate, underground and semi-underground dwellings (dugouts and semi-dugouts) have been common since the Paleolithic, often with a frame or log structure of walls, earthen walls, turf roofs, etc.
For hot and humid areas of the tropical zone of Asia and America, as well as for swampy areas of the temperate zone, pile dwellings are typical (the space under the floor is used in the same way as the 1st floor in multi-storey buildings, - for keeping livestock, utility rooms, etc.).
Pile dwellings on Lake Constance (Southern Germany).
Neolithic. Reconstruction.
According to the plan, the main types of housing are round (oval) and rectangular. Of these, the round or oval plan, as more characteristic of the prototype of a permanent dwelling - a temporary dwelling, is probably the more ancient. A rectangular plan, allowing for a more complex structure of the house, is characteristic of developed and regular forms of dwellings (the transition from earlier round to rectangular dwellings can be traced, for example, in Beida, Jericho, etc.). However, round houses are common in a number of Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures of Western Asia (see Tholos), as well as among the peoples of Africa and South America.
The structure of a home includes not only the building, but also its interior decoration - heating, lighting, furniture, etc.
In the Neolithic in the Middle East, revolving doors on stone heels appeared, vaulted ovens, floors made of compacted clay, paved with stones or covered with lime, sometimes painted black or red, walls covered with plaster, often painted (for example, hunting scenes from Umm- Dabaghiya in Northern Iraq, 6th millennium BC), with economic or religious niches.
Archaic dwellings are characterized by the absence of furniture in the modern sense.
Items internal device either firmly connected to the structure (earthen bunks in dugouts, adobe beds in clay houses, benches and shelves built into the walls in log huts, etc.), or, on the contrary, they represent light utensils (low tables, mats, etc.) .
Temporary dwellings are typical for societies with a nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle - hunters and gatherers, shepherds, etc.
The simplest type of temporary dwelling is a screen or canopy made of branches, leaves and grass, the more developed is a hut or hut on a frame of branches and poles (for example, a wigwam and a wickiup among the Indians of North America). Dwellings in which people live regularly (hunting lodges, temporary dwellings in remote pastures, fields, etc.) are close in design to permanent dwellings.
Nomadic pastoralists developed a collapsible, frame, covered with skins, portable dwelling - tent, tipi, yurt, etc.; for nomads of semi-deserts and deserts North Africa and Asia is characterized by a rectangular tent covered with dark goat hair.
A special type of nomadic dwelling is a tent mounted on a cart (kibitka), boat (among the so-called sea nomads, or Orang Lauts) or sleigh (the so-called sled chum, or beams, among the peoples of the Eurasian tundra).
Lit.: Types of rural housing in foreign European countries. M., 1968; Rogachev A. N. Paleolithic dwellings and settlements // Stone Age on the territory of the USSR. M., 1970; Sokolova 3. P. Dwelling of the peoples of Siberia: (Typology experience).
E. V. Smirnitskaya; TO.
Presentation on the world around us “Dwellings of different nations”
N. Gavrilov (Paleolithic), L. B. Kircho (Neolithic).
The world around class 3
We will visit guests
first
Traditional Russian apartment
Write down what greetings the guest greeted in accordance with the customs of the peoples of your country:
Peace in your home! "Bread and salt", "The rich are those who are happy", They receive them politely: they take both hands and lead them to the red corner. Kiss. Holes. Embrace. Handshake. Hello.
2 Write as a guest in accordance with the customs of the peoples of your land:
The guest was visible and wanted a good trip, and at the same time he said “good riddance.”
Also, it was normal to get on the path and sit on the road. In those days, this meant that the owner of the house wanted the guest that his path was smooth as a tablecloth. Equestrian guests accompany the horse, walking towards the door.
3. Draw a picture or look at a picture of the traditional home of the peoples of your country.
4. Wonderful photos or drawings of the interior arrangements of the traditional dwellings of the peoples of your country.
fifths
project "Young Local Historian". Compare the most important characteristics of an ancient traditional dwelling different nations.
Fill out table 1 using the text from the book.
Table No. 1
|
Khanty and Mansi |
apartment |
|
|
Construction Materials |
— Draw a stick covered with deer skins. |
The house is a fortress, the house is a stone tower. |
| Prag | At the threshold there are shoes and smoke (for spring mosquitoes). Stopping and sitting are not allowed. |
The threshold is high, you can't step it step by step. Whoever crosses the threshold is already a guest. |
| Male half | Sacred space (front opposite entrance) | The last half is behind the fireplace. This is where they receive guests. |
| Female half | Just like the main side of the fire. | The front half is in front of the fireplace. |
| Sacred and honorable place | The front side is opposite the entrance. Housewives are kept here. | Central column of the residential floor, fireplace. |
Explore the most important features a traditional home of one of the nations of your country (optional).
Record the results in Table 2. Compare the results of both tables. Identify common and different properties.
Table No. 2
Write the output: Dwellings different countries have General characteristics and differences.
Every home always has a sacred place; the house is usually divided into male and female parts. The threshold of a house is always a special place in the home of all peoples, with whom many beliefs and customs are associated.
Since ancient times, the houses of different peoples on Earth have been different. The features of traditional dwellings of different peoples depend on the characteristics of nature, the specifics economic life and differences in religious beliefs.
However, there are great similarities. This helps us better understand and respect the habits and traditions of different peoples of Russia and the whole world, that we are hospitable and worthy of representing other people in the culture of our people.
Introduction
Russian national housing - in Russian traditional culture, which was widely used back in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, was a building made of wood (hut), built using log or frame technology. Less commonly, mainly in the south, there were stone and adobe dwellings.
IN traditional form to date, it is almost never found, but its traditions are preserved in the architecture of rural homes, as well as in country house construction.
1. Cage
Basis of Russian national home- cage.
A cage is a quadrangular structure made of wood or stone. Used for living in summer. The heated cage was called a hut.
Rich homeowners called the large cage a gridnitsa. In the gridnitsa feasts were given to boyars, gridits, centurions, etc.
Gridnitsa is a receptionist. At a later time, instead of the word gridnitsa, they began to use the name povalusha, dining hut. Internal walls tumblers in rich houses signed their names. The povalusha was placed at a distance from the living quarters, usually in the front part of the mansion.
The bedroom was called the lodge, or odrina. Bozhnitsa is a house church.
Logs were connected in the region, in the cut, in the paw, to the castle, in a mustache. Brus contacted in a mustache, into the timber, in a jamb, in the corner.
One row of logs or beams is the crown. The height of the cage was measured in crowns, for example, “the height of the fifth crown.”
The cage was installed on the sole, i.e. directly on the ground, on poles, cuttings and stumps. The cutting and cuttings are a prototype of the foundation.
The logs were laid with moss; such a structure was called “in the moss.”
Rich people insulated their mansions with low-quality flax, hemp, and tow. The walls and ceilings were covered with linen or felt.
The floors were laid on luggage, or beds. In the basements the floor could have been made of logs.
The ceiling (ceiling) was laid on mats. The ceiling is made of logs or beams split in half.
The interior decoration of the cage was called “dressing up the inside.”
The internal walls were lined with teso, or linden boards. The ceiling was covered with clay. Sifted earth was poured over the ceiling for insulation.
2. Izba
Izba (istba, istka, gridnya) is a heated cage. The hut was heated in black. Smoke came out through wooden chimney(smoke), or through open windows and doors.
Poor people's huts were black and underground, i.e. installed directly on the ground.
The windows of the black hut are from 6 to 8 inches long and 4 inches wide - designed to let out smoke.
They were located almost under the ceiling and had no frames. Such windows were called volokova - they were covered with a board or a special cover. Wealthy people had a cage with glass windows installed opposite the hut - a summer home. The covered passage between the hut and the cage is the canopy. Under the cage there was a blind basement (moss) in which livestock was kept or a storeroom was arranged.
Rich people have white huts with a chimney.
3. Mansions
Mansions are a collection of buildings in one yard.
All buildings were erected separate groups, which were connected by passages or passages. Thus, the mansions consisted of several mansions.
Tsars (princes) lived on upper floors. The lower floors were first called poruby, and then basement.
The mansions were built without a specific plan. Huts, upper rooms, canopies, and porches were added to existing buildings as needed and where it was convenient for the owner.
No attention was paid to the symmetry of the building.
Large mansions were reinforced with iron: staples, squares, supports, etc.
Mansions were divided into:
Chamber mansions
Apartment (bed) mansions are living quarters. Usually there are three or four upper rooms: the front vestibule, the cross or prayer room and the bed room. In addition to these rooms there could also be: a front room, a back hallway and others.
Often the rooms did not have special names, but were called the third (after the front vestibule and the antechamber), the fourth, etc. The soap house (bathhouse) was often located in the basement of the mansion.
The princess's half, the mansions of children and relatives were placed separately from the owner's mansion, and were connected by passages and vestibules.
The private mansions were located in the depths of the courtyard.
Chamber mansions
Non-residential mansions are non-residential premises for ceremonial meetings, receptions, feasts, etc. The restless mansions consisted of large premises. They were arranged in the front part of the mansion, in front of the residential mansions. The premises of the non-resting choir were called gridnya, dining hut, povalusha, upper room.
For about 200 years, the Hall of the Faceted Chamber, with an area of 495 m², remained the most big hall in Russian architecture.
3.3. Outbuildings
The third part of the mansion contains outbuildings: stables, barns, washrooms, armories, cooking huts, etc.
To dry clothes, open roofed towers were built above the port washrooms.
4. Basement
Basement - the lower floor of the house, mansion. Servants, children, and servants lived in the basement. Cellars were located in the basements. The cowgirl is a storeroom with a treasury, i.e. property. Princes and kings set up treasuries in the basements of stone churches.
Residential basements with glass windows and stoves, non-residential basements with blank walls, often without doors.
In this case, the entrance to the basement was arranged from the second floor.
5. Upper room
The upper room was located on the second floor - above the basement. Gorenka has been mentioned in written sources since 1162.
Gorenka comes from the word mountain, i.e. high.
The upper room was distinguished from the hut by its red windows. A red window is a large window with a frame, or deck.
Red windows could be combined with fiberglass windows. The upper room also differed from the hut in its stove. The stove in the upper room is round, quadrangular, with tiles, like a Dutch one; in the hut there is a Russian stove.
The upper rooms were divided by walls into rooms - closets (from the word bedchamber) and closets.
Svetlitsa
Svetlitsa is a room with red windows. There were more windows in the little room than in the upper room. The light room is the brightest, most illuminated room in the home. Windows in the small room were cut through all four walls, or three. In the upper room, windows were located in one or two walls. And in the little room, unlike the upper room, there is no stove, or rather, the combustion part of the stove. Only a warm stove side or chimney, plastered and whitewashed, or painted.
Svetlitsa were most often located in the women's half of the house.
They were used for handicrafts or other work.
7. Canopy
Canopy is a covered space (passages) between cages, huts, and upper rooms. The canopy was an integral part of the princely mansion, which is why the princely palace in ancient times was often called the canopy or sennitsa.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the expression “in the sovereign’s vestibule” was common.
Sennik - unheated canopy, with a small number of portico windows. In the summer it was used as a bedroom. No earth was poured onto the roof of the hay barn, as was done in heated rooms. Senniks were used to make a marriage bed. The ground overhead should not have been a reminder of impending death.
In the women's half of the house, the canopy was larger.
They were used for girls' games and entertainment.
Storerooms were built in the entryway, towers were built above the entryway, and a substructure was installed below.
Canopy located outside common roof, not covered, or covered with a canopy, were called a passage or porch.
Terem (attic, tower) - the third (or higher) floor of the mansion, located above the upper room and basement. In the towers, red windows were located on all walls. Turrets were added to the towers - lookouts. The epithet “high” was always applied to the tower. Around the towers there were walkways - parapets and balconies fenced with railings or bars.
9. Roof
The roof was connected by a longitudinal beam - knyaz (knyazyok) or horse (kokon).
Tree trunks with hooks - chickens - were attached to this beam. Overhangs and gutters were laid on the chicken hooks. The roof was lathed and covered with planks and birch bark.
In the mansions, the roof was arranged like a tent - with slopes on four sides. A bull was placed under the prince. Roofs were also built in the form of barrels and cubes. Often all types of roofing were combined in one mansion.
Roofs were often made with a break at the bottom - with police. Politsa could also be located between floors; they were made of boards with a figured ending. The roof was covered with a fine lattice, and the top was covered “in scales.”
Scale roofing was usually painted in green color. At the top of the roof there was an ensign - a weather vane, and carved crests were installed on the prince.
The upper attics were built not only with four, but also with six and eight walls.
Stairs
The porch for the cages was installed on logs or on beams. The stairs were placed on a string on which the steps were installed. The stairs were broken - i.e. organized recreation (sites). Stairs were almost always enclosed with railings with balusters or bars.
In large mansions, a locker was installed under the stairs.
11. Gate
The yard was surrounded by a fence - a dam. The dam was made from hewn logs. The gates were installed on poles or pillars.
The gate has one panel, in rich houses - two panels with a gate.
Traditional dwellings of different peoples
Sometimes triple gates were installed - with two wickets. The gate was covered with a small roof with policemen (gutters). The rooftop was decorated with turrets, tents, barrels, and carved ridges. The wealth of the owner of the house was judged by the richly decorated gates.
Above the gate from the outside and inside installed icons or a cross. For example, above the Spassky Gate of the Spassky Tower there is a niche with an icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands.
The frames of the red windows were painted. A pressed bag of fish (from which the pressed caviar comes from) was pulled onto the frames - such a window was called a pais window. Bull bladder, mica (such windows were called mica endings), and oiled cloth were also used. Until the 18th century glass windows(glass windows) were rarely used.
Red windows are lifting and hinged, fiberglass windows are hinged and sliding.
The frame of the mica ends consisted of four metal rods. In the center of the lead-bound window was placed the most big piece mica in the form of a circle, small pieces of mica were located around different shapes and small trimmings. In the 17th century, mica windows began to be painted.
Glass windows were made in the same way as mica ones: in a metal frame and lead binding. Colored glass with paint painting was also used.
Inserts or shutters were used to protect against cold and wind.
The inserts were covered with cloth; they could be blind or with mica windows. At night and in cold weather, the windows were closed from the inside bushings. The sleeve is a shield of the same size as the window. Upholstered in felt and cloth. Shields are simple got into trouble, or hung on hinges and closed.
There are usually three windows on one wall. The windows were covered curtains from taffeta, cloth and other fabrics. The curtains were hung from wires on rings.
Often all three windows on one wall were covered with one curtain.
13. Construction professions
Carpenters were often called woodcutters. The head of the carpentry team is the carpenter elder. Stone masonry apprentice, murol - architect. The fictional one is an engineer.
14. Gallery
M.P. Klodt. "Terem of the Princesses." 1878
Ryabushkin “The Hawthorn Tree with its Nannies Entering the Garden.” 1893.
Carved ridges were installed above the roof princes.
A. Vasnetsov. “Messengers. Early morning in the Kremlin. Beginning of the 17th century." 1913.
A. Vasnetsov. "The Prince's Court." There is a tower on the right.
A. Vasnetsov. "The Moscow Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy." In the foreground is a port wash. Stove smoke comes out of the glass windows.
A. Vasnetsov. “Old Moscow.
Street in Kitai-gorod, early 17th century.”
V. Vasnetsov. "In the Moscow Kremlin." Before the fire of 1696, the Red Porch was covered with a hip roof.
V. Vasnetsov. "Buffoons in Moscow."
V. Vasnetsov. “The Princess at the Window (Princess Nesmeyana).” 1920. Mica ending.
A. Maksimov. "In the prince's estate." 1907
15. Museums
Examples of Russian national architecture are presented in museums:
Vitoslavlitsy - Veliky Novgorod;
Irkutsk Architectural and Ethnographic Museum "Taltsy";
Kizhi Museum-Reserve (Official website) - Karelia;
Architectural and Ethnographic Museum "Khokhlovka" - Perm;
Malye Korely - Arkhangelsk;
Ethnographic Museum of the Peoples of Transbaikalia - Ulan-Ude.
Literature
Ivan Zabelin Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries.
M.: Transitkniga, 2005. - ISBN 5-9578-2773-8
Bibliography:
Buzin, V.S. Ethnography Eastern Slavs. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Publishing House, 1997.
Podolskaya, O.S. The Light of Our Home - documentary film, Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.
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Traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world
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1 slide
2 slide
Home is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Home gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, their culture and the peculiarities of their way of life are revealed. Appearance dwellings, building materials and construction method depend on environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter what it looks like, all nations consider it the center around which the rest of the world is located. Let's get acquainted with the dwellings of different peoples inhabiting our planet.
3 slide
Izba is a traditional Russian dwelling. Previously, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. The roofs were covered with silver aspen ploughshare. A four-walled frame, or cage, was the basis of any wooden building. It consisted of rows of logs laid on top of each other. The house had no foundation: repeatedly rebuilt and well-dried cages were placed directly on the ground, and boulders were rolled onto them from the corners. The grooves were laid with moss, so that there was no dampness in the house. The top had the shape of a high gable roof, a tent, an onion, a barrel or a cube - all this is still used in the Volga and northern villages. In the hut there was always a red corner, where there was a shrine and a table (a place of honor for elders, especially for guests), a woman’s corner, or kut, a men’s corner, or konik, and a zakut - behind the stove. The stoves took a central place in the entire space of the home. A live fire was kept in it, food was prepared here and people slept here. A floor was laid above the entrance, under the ceiling, between two adjacent walls and the stove. They slept on them and stored household utensils.
4 slide
Igloo is an Eskimo dwelling built from blocks of snow, which, due to its porous structure, is a good heat insulator. For the construction of such a house, only the snow that leaves a clear imprint of a person’s foot is suitable. Large knives cut out blocks in the thickness of the snow cover different sizes and lay them in a spiral. The building is given a domed character, thanks to which it retains heat in the room. They enter the igloo through a hole in the floor, to which a corridor leads, dug in the snow below floor level. If the snow is shallow, a hole is made in the wall, and a corridor of snow slabs is built in front of it. Thus, cold winds do not penetrate inside the home, heat does not escape outside, and the gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. Inside the hemispherical igloo there is a canopy made of reindeer skins, separating the living part from the snow walls and ceiling. Eskimos build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour. Dwelling of the Eskimos of Alaska. Incision.
5 slide
Saklya (Georgian sakhli - “house”) - dwelling Caucasian highlanders, which is often built directly on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, the leeward side of the mountain slope is chosen for construction. Saklya is made from stone or clay. Its roof is flat; with a terrace-like arrangement of buildings on a mountain slope, the roof of the lower house can serve as a yard for the upper one. Each sakla has one or two small windows and one or two doors. Inside the rooms there is a small fireplace with a clay chimney. Outside the house, near the doors, there is a kind of gallery with fireplaces, clay floors and carpets. Here in the summer women cook food.
6 slide
Houses on stilts are built in hot, damp places. Such houses are found in Africa, Indonesia, and Oceania. The two- or three-meter piles on which the houses are erected keep the premises cool and dry even during the rainy season or during a storm. The walls are made of woven bamboo mats. As a rule, there are no windows; light enters through cracks in the walls or through the door. The roof is made of palm branches. Steps decorated with carvings usually lead to the interior spaces. The doorways are also decorated.
7 slide
Wigwams are being built North American Indians. Long poles are stuck into the ground, the tops of which are tied. The structure is covered on top with branches, tree bark, and reeds. And if the skin of a bison or deer is stretched over the frame, then the dwelling is called a tipi. A smoke hole is left at the top of the cone, covered with two special blades. There are also domed wigwams, when tree trunks dug into the ground are bent into a vault. The frame is also covered with branches, bark, and mats.
8 slide
Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The structure is erected on a pre-prepared platform made of poles tied to branches. The structure, balancing on the branches, cannot be overloaded, but it must support the large gable roof that crowns the building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a fireplace for cooking, and the upper one, a flooring made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near a reservoir. They get to the hut along long stairs connected from poles.
Slide 9
Felij is a tent that serves as a home for Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara Desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as searing simoom or sirocco are not scary for nomads sheltering in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.
10 slide
From time immemorial, a Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun has been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such housing is the safest during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed; they also serve as a window (shoji). In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure covered with translucent paper that allows light to pass through. And in the cold season they are covered with wooden panels. Internal walls (fushima) are also movable shields in the form of a frame, covered with paper or silk and helping to divide a large room into several small rooms. A mandatory element of the interior is small niche(tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which people walk without shoes. The tile or thatch roof has large overhangs that protect paper walls houses from rain and scorching sun.
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Yurts are a special type of housing used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kyrgyz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. The yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature changes. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours and is convenient to transport. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter - on a wooden platform. Having chosen a parking place, first of all they place stones under the future hearth, and then install the yurt according to the established procedure - with the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The frame is covered with felt from the outside, and the door is made from it. Felt covers keep the fireplace cool in the summer and keep the fireplace warm in the winter. The top of the yurt is tied with belts or ropes, and some peoples with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with fabric. Light comes through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the home, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to listen carefully to the sounds outside.
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Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. The nomadic Chukchi camps numbered up to 10 yarangas and were extended from west to east. The first from the west was the yaranga of the head of the camp. Yaranga is a tent in the form of a truncated cone with a height in the center from 3.5 to 4.7 meters and a diameter from 5.7 to 7–8 meters. The wooden frame was covered with reindeer skins, usually sewn into two panels with belts; the ends of the belts in the lower part were tied to sledges or heavy stones for immobility. The hearth was in the center of the yaranga, under the smoke hole. Opposite the entrance, at the back wall of the yaranga, a sleeping area (canopy) made of skins in the form of a parallelepiped was installed. The average size the canopy is 1.5 meters high, 2.5 meters wide and about 4 meters long. The floor was covered with mats, with thick skins on top of them. The bed head - two oblong bags filled with scraps of skins - was located at the exit. In winter, during periods of frequent migrations, the canopy was made from the thickest skins with the fur inside. They covered themselves with a blanket made from several deer skins. To illuminate their homes, the coastal Chukchi used whale and seal oil, while the tundra Chukchi used fat rendered from crushed deer bones, which burned odorless and soot-free in stone oil lamps. Behind the curtain, at the back wall of the tent, things were stored; at the sides, on both sides of the hearth, there are products.
For every person, a home is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather and allows you to feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the ancient traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.
Dwellings of the peoples of the north
The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are the tent, booth, yaranga and igloo. They still remain relevant today, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.
This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who engage in reindeer herding. These include the Komi, Nenets, Khanty, and Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in tents, but build yarangas.
The tent is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles, covered with burlap in the summer, and with skins in the winter. The entrance to the home is also covered with burlap. The cone-shaped chum allows snow to slide over its surface and not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the home there is a fireplace, which is used for heating and cooking. Thanks to high temperature source, precipitation seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporates. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the chum, snow is raked from the outside to its base. The temperature inside the tent ranges from +13 to +20°C.
The whole family, including children, is involved in installing the chum. Skins and mats are placed on the floor of the home, and pillows, feather beds and sheepskin sleeping bags are used for sleeping.
The Yakuts lived in it winter period time. The booth is a rectangular structure made of logs with a flat roof. It was quite easy and quick to build. To do this, they took several main logs and placed them vertically, and then connected them with many smaller diameter logs. What was unusual for Russian dwellings was that the logs were placed vertically, slightly at an angle. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark and then with earth. This was done in order to insulate the home as much as possible. The floor inside the booth was trampled sand; even in severe frosts, its temperature did not drop below -5°C.
The walls of the booth consisted of a large number of windows, which were covered with ice before severe cold, and in the summer with calf afterbirth or mica.
To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a fireplace, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.
This snow shelter was built by the Eskimos. They lived poorly and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged home.
The igloo was a structure made from ice blocks. It was dome-shaped and about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.
When building an igloo, a prerequisite was that the entrance be below floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, this location of the entrance allowed maximum heat retention.
Light entered the home through ice blocks, and heat was provided by fat bowls. An interesting point was that the walls of the igloo did not melt from the heat, but simply melted, which helped maintain comfortable temperature inside the home. Even in the forty-degree frost, the temperature in the igloo was +20°C. The ice blocks also absorbed excess moisture, allowing the room to remain dry.
Nomad dwellings
The yurt has always been the dwelling of nomads. Now it continues to be a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Altai. A yurt is a round-shaped dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles arranged in the form of gratings. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the exit of smoke from the fireplace.
Things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a fireplace, stones for which are always carried with you. The floor is usually covered with skins or boards.
This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and disassembled just as quickly. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, heat is retained inside, and heat or extreme cold practically does not change the indoor climate. The round shape of this structure gives it stability, which is necessary in strong steppe winds.
Dwellings of the peoples of Russia
This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.
The wall and floor of the dugout consisted of a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of planks and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and covered with earth on the outside, and the floor was covered with clay.
The disadvantage of such housing was that the smoke from the fireplace could only escape through the door, and the proximity groundwater made the room very damp. However, the dugout had significantly more advantages. These include:
Safety. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It is preserved as severe frosts, and in the heat.
Does not allow loud sounds and noise to pass through.
Virtually no repair required.
A dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.
The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, and the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was secured. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made with a gable roof, which saved material. To keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When the house settled, it became dense and covered all the cracks. In those days there was no foundation and the first logs were placed on compacted ground.
The roof was covered with straw on top, as it served as a good means of protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were coated with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in maintaining heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century - through the chimney.
Dwellings of the European part of our continent
The most famous and historically valuable dwellings in the European part of our continent are: hut, hut, trullo, rondavel, palasso. Many of them still exist.
It is an ancient traditional dwelling of Ukraine. The hut, unlike the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and the peculiarities of its structure were explained by the small area of forests.
The mud hut was built on a wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin tree branches, which were coated with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reeds. The floor was earthen or plank. To insulate the home, its walls were coated from the inside with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could last up to 100 years.
This stone structure- traditional dwelling of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklas were one-room ones with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and there was a hole in it for the smoke to escape. In mountainous areas, sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. At the same time, the roof of one home is the floor of another. This construction was due not only to convenience, but also served additional protection from enemies.
This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is distinguished by the fact that it was created using dry masonry technology, that is, stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by removing one stone, the entire house could be destroyed. The fact is that in this area of Italy it was prohibited to build houses, so if an official came to check, the trullo was quickly destroyed.
The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from the cold. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof had a cone shape. Sometimes, boards were placed on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus a second floor was formed.
This is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwestern Iberian Peninsula). Pallasso was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so the main building material was stone. The dwellings were round in shape with a cone-shaped roof. The roof frame was made of wood, and the top was covered with straw and reeds. There were no windows in the pallaso, and the exit was located on the east side.
Due to the peculiarities of its structure, the pallaso protected from cool winters and rainy summers.
Indian Dwellings
This is the home of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various rituals. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible, curved trunks held together by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or hides. At the top of the wigwam there is a hole for the smoke to escape. The entrance to the home is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a fireplace and places for sleeping and resting; food was prepared outside the wigwam.
Among the Indians, this dwelling was associated with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left behind everything unclean. The chimney was believed to help establish a connection with the heavens and provide an entry point for spiritual power.
The Great Plains Indians lived in teepees. The dwelling has the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made of poles made of pine or juniper. They were covered with bison or deer skin on top and reinforced with pegs at the bottom. Inside the dwelling, a special belt went down from the junction of the poles, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction in strong winds. In the center of the dwelling there was a fireplace, and along the edges there were places for rest and utensils.
The tipi combined all the qualities that were necessary for the Indians of the Great Plains. This dwelling was quickly disassembled and assembled, easily transported, and protected from rain and wind.
Ancient dwellings of other nations
This is the traditional home of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof; the walls consist of stones held together with sand and manure. The inside is coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The base of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. It is covered with reeds on top.
The traditional housing of different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experiences, preserves history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them worthy of admiration and reverence. Knowing their characteristics and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build a durable home and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.